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  • 1
    Call number: 9/M 04.0603
    In: Geological Society special publication
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VI, 379 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt , 26 cm
    ISBN: 186239153X
    Series Statement: Geological Society special publication 224
    Classification:
    Tectonics
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    London : The Geological Society
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 9/M 96.0040
    In: Geological Society special publication
    Description / Table of Contents: Salt produces some of the most complex and beautiful deformation features on the Earth's surface, although few of these surface exposures have been examined in detail, as they are usually situated in remote hostile regions. However, salt diapirs have become a recent focus of attention because of their strategic importance in controlling hydrocarbon reserves, while their unique physical properties enable storage of hydrocarbons and toxic waste. The volume commences with analyses of outcrop, cave, mine and borehole information which add to our general understanding of internal diapir deformation patterns and overburden tectonics. Seismic imaging has also increased our knowledge of halokinesis, and several papers are presented on regional case studies. Numerical and physical modelling have provided a broader knowledge of geometry and processes. Such studies have led to new insights into what is physically possible. This volume draws on all these different approaches and should be a useful source of reference for both academic and industrial geologists.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 310 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISBN: 1897799446
    Series Statement: Geological Society special publication 100
    Classification:
    Tectonics
    Language: English
    Note: Ian Davison, Ian Alsop, and Derek Blundell: Salt tectonics: some aspects of deformation mechanics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:1-10, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.01 --- Outcrop, Mine and Borehole Studies --- Stanisław Burliga: Kinematics within the Kłodawa salt diapir, central Poland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:11-21, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.02 --- Ian Davison, Dan Bosence, G. Ian Alsop, and Mohammed H. Al-Aawah: Deformation and sedimentation around active Miocene salt diapirs on the Tihama Plain, northwest Yemen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:23-39, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.03 --- Amos Frumkin: Uplift rate relative to base-levels of a salt diapir (Dead Sea Basin, Israel) as indicated by cave levels / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:41-47, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.04 --- Manuel Hoyos, Miguel Doblas, Sergio Sánchez-Moral, Juan Carlos Cañaveras, Salvador Ordoñez, Carmen Sesé, Enrique Sanz, and Vicente Mahecha: Hydration diapirism: a climate-related initiation of evaporite mounds in two continental Neogene basins of central Spain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:49-63, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.05 --- M. Sans, A. L. Sánchez, and P. Santanach: Internal structure of a detachment horizon in the most external part of the Pyrenean fold and thrust belt (northern Spain) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:65-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.06 --- Denys B. Smith: Deformation in the late Permian Boulby Halite (EZ3Na) in Teesside, NE England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:77-87, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.07 --- C. J. Talbot and M. Alavi: The past of a future syntaxis across the Zagros / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:89-109, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.08 --- Regional Case Studies --- Peter G. Buchanan, Daniel J. Bishop, and David N. Hood: Development of salt-related structures in the Central North Sea: results from section balancing / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:111-128, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.09 --- H. S. Edgell: Salt tectonism in the Persian Gulf Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:129-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.10 --- Fivos Spathopoulos: An insight on salt tectonics in the Angola Basin, South Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:153-174, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.11 --- S. A. Stewart, M. J. Harvey, S. C. Otto, and P. J. Weston: Influence of salt on fault geometry: examples from the UK salt basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:175-202, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.12 --- Max Zirngast: The development of the Gorleben salt dome (northwest Germany) based on quantitative analysis of peripheral sinks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:203-226, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.13 --- Physical Modelling --- G. Ian Alsop: Physical modelling of fold and fracture geometries associated with salt diapirism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:227-241, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.14 --- H. Koyi: Salt flow by aggrading and prograding overburdens / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:243-258, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.15 --- P. Szatmari, M. C. M. Guerra, and M. A. Pequeno: Genesis of large counter-regional normal fault by flow of Cretaceous salt in the South Atlantic Santos Basin, Brazil / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:259-264, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.16 --- Numerical and Geophysical Modelling --- Harvey A. Cohen and Stuart Hardy: Numerical modelling of stratal architectures resulting from differential loading of a mobile substrate / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:265-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.17 --- K. Petersen and I. Lerche: Temperature dependence of thermal anomalies near evolving salt structures: importance for reducing exploration risk / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:275-290, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.18 --- Alexei N. B. Poliakov, Yuri Yu. Podladchikov, Ethan Ch. Dawson, and Christopher J. Talbot: Salt diapirism with simultaneous brittle faulting and viscous flow / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 100:291-302, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.100.01.19
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  • 3
    Description / Table of Contents: In this timely volume, geoscientists from both industry and academia present a contemporary view of salt at a global scale. The studies examine the influence of salt on synkinematic sedimentation, its role in basin evolution and tectonics, and ultimately in hydrocarbon prospectivity. Recent improvements in seismic reflection, acquisition and processing techniques have led to significant advances in the understanding of salt and sediment interactions, both along the flanks of vertical or overturned salt margins, and in subsalt plays such as offshore Brazil. The book is broadly separated into five major themes covering a variety of geographical and process-linked topics. These are: halokinetic sequence stratigraphy, salt in passive margin settings, Central European salt basins, deformation within and adjacent to salt, and salt in contractional settings and salt glaciers.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 624 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781862393417
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Description / Table of Contents: Faults and their deeper level equivalents, shear zones, are localized regions of intense deformation within the Earth. They are recognized at all scales from micro to plate boundary, and are important examples of the nature of heterogeneous deformation in natural rocks. Faults and shear zones are significant as they profoundly influence the location, architecture and evolution of a broad range of geological phenomenao The topography and bathymetry of the Earth’s surface is marked by mountain belts and sedimentary basins that are controlled by faults and shear zoneso In addition, faults and shear zones control fluid migration and transport including hydrothermal and hydrocarbon systems. Once faults and shear zones are established, they are often long-lived features prone to multiple reactivation over very large time-scales. This collection of papers addresses lithospheric deformation and the rheology of shear zones, together with processes of partitioning and the unravelling of fault and shear zone histories.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (379 Seiten)
    ISBN: 186239153X
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2010-06-21
    Description: Fold and fabric patterns developed within a major Caledonian thrust nappe in NW Scotland reflect a progressive increase in regional D2 strain towards the basal ductile detachment. Within the upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies thrust sheet, the main gently east-dipping foliations and SE-plunging transport-parallel lineations maintain a broadly similar orientation over c. 600 km2. Associated main phase, thrust-related folds (F2) are widely developed, and towards the base of the thrust sheet display progressive tightening and increasing curvilinearity of fold hinges ultimately resulting in sheath folds. Secondary folds (F3) are largely restricted to high-strain zones and are interpreted as flow perturbation folds formed during non-coaxial, top-to-the-NW ductile thrusting. These features are consistent with a structural model that incorporates plane strain pure-shear flattening with a superimposed and highly variable simple shear component focused into high-strain zones. The increase in strain over a distance of 30 km across strike is similar to the increasing deformation observed when structures are traced along strike to the north, and which are apparently related to proximity to basement-cover contacts. A U-Pb zircon age of 415{+/-}6 Ma obtained from a syn-D2 meta-granite confirms that regional deformation occurred during the Scandian phase of the Caledonian orogeny.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2010-06-21
    Description: The Moine Supergroup of NW Scotland is a thick sequence of early Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks, with minor igneous intrusions, that display evidence for multiple phases of regional deformation and metamorphism. The descriptions and interpretations of the Moine Schists' provided by the 1907 memoir (Peach et al. 1907) have been proved to be essentially correct and have laid the groundwork for a century of distinguished and influential research that has reached far beyond the confines of NW Scotland. The Survey workers recognized the sedimentary protoliths of these rocks, realized that they had been deposited unconformably on inliers of reworked basement gneisses that now occupy the cores of major folds, and understood the likely complexity of folding and the kinematic significance of mineral lineations. Further advances in understanding of the Moine rocks were mainly achieved through two techniques that were not available to the Survey workers of 100 years ago - geochronology and palaeomagnetism. Isotopic studies have confirmed the view of the Survey workers that the Moine rocks are of Precambrian age, and furthermore have demonstrated a complex, polyorogenic history.
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  • 7
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    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 272: 75-101.
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Variable patterns of displacement in shear zones may result in arcuate fold and fault traces as recognized by Mike Coward and co-workers in the early 1980s. Within such deformation zones, localized perturbations in flow may undergo acceleration (surging flow) or deceleration (slackening flow) with respect to the adjacent regions. Such flow cells may govern the orientation and geometries of folds and fabrics and thereby provide evidence of the scale and nature of deformation associated with heterogeneous flow in the high-strain zones. The length/width ratio of individual flow cells (measured in the direction of flow) may vary from 〈1 to 〉1 for situations when flow cells are, respectively, dominated by layer-parallel shear (LPS) or layer-normal shear (LNS). Folds initiating at high angles to transport are associated with LPS, whereas LNS may generate folds with slight clockwise (sinistral LNS) or anticlockwise (dextral LNS) trends relative to flow. Continued progressive deformation may subsequently modify and reduce angular relationships between folds and fabrics, but these geometric obliquities are generally preserved. Using examples from the Moine metasediments of northern Scotland, we show that folding displays predictable geometric patterns that can be related to the development of flow perturbation cells associated with Caledonian ductile thrusting under mid-crustal conditions. The differing relative timing of folds and individual ductile thrusts reflects the complexity of flow cells within ductile imbricates and additionally highlights the progressive foreland-directed propagation of ductile thrusting. These geometric relationships developed during contractional shear are compared with those generated in extensional systems, to provide an overall framework for the study of perturbation patterns. The geometric arrangement of mean fold axial planes about the flow direction results in their intersection forming parallel to the transport direction. This relationship permits transport directions to be calculated via the axial-planar intersection method (AIM), and also allows comparison with other techniques devised primarily for the study of soft-sediment deformation and palaeoslope analysis.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: The Moine Thrust Zone and overlying Moine Nappe represent classic ground in Scottish geology in which Neoproterozoic Moine metasedimentary rocks were translated towards the WNW over the Laurentian foreland comprising Lewisian basement gneisses and a Cambrian cover succession during Caledonian orogenesis at c. 430 Ma. Systematic mapping of both the Moine Nappe and underlying Moine Thrust Zone in the Loch Hope to Whiten Head region of Sutherland extends the tectonic stratigraphy developed in other parts of the thrust zone to the little-studied north coast section. An apparent continuum of deformation is recognized from the Moine Nappe down into the underlying thrust zone with a consistent gently ESE-dipping foliation associated with down-dip mineral and extension lineations. The polyphase fold history present within the Moine Nappe and the thrust zone results from progressive deformation during thrusting. Thrust-related fold axes and bedding-cleavage intersections are typically subparallel to the transport direction in high-strain zones, whereas gently north- or south-plunging attitudes are common in lower strain portions of the thrust zone. Thrusts are commonly deformed by folds developed within their footwalls, consistent with a foreland-propagating sequence of deformation. The newly defined Lochan Riabhach Thrust is interpreted as an out-of-sequence' structure that sliced at low angles across the thrust zone and toward the WNW after initial thrust stacking. Comparison with the downfaulted segment of the Moine Nappe and thrust zone exposed on the foreland at Faraid Head demonstrates cross-strike continuity of the thrust sheet template and structural history for at least 15 km to the NW.
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  • 9
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    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 224: 1-9.
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Faults and their deeper-level equivalents, shear zones are localized regions of higher strain which effectively accommodate differential movement in the Earth's crust and mantle during deformation of the lithosphere. Shear zones may be more precisely defined as approximately tabular regions of concentrated deformation and flow across which adjacent relatively undeformed rock units are offset. They are recognized at all sizes from micro to plate boundary scale (Ramsay 1980; Sornette et al. 1990) (Figs 1 & 2). Faults and shear zones are therefore important examples of the heterogeneous nature of deformation in natural rocks, and profoundly influence the location, architecture and evolution of a broad range of geological phenomena (e.g. Rutter et al. 2001). The topography and bathymetry of the Earth's surface is marked by mountain belts and sedimentary basins which are controlled by faults and shear zones. In addition, faults and shear zones control fluid migration and transport, including hydrothermal fluids and hydrocarbons of economic significance (e.g. McCaig 1997). Magma transport, emplacement and eruption are also frequently controlled by faults and shear zones, as are earthquakes. Once faults and shear zones are established, they are often long-lived features prone to multiple reactivation over very large time-scales (e.g. Holdsworth et al. 1997). Faults and shear zones are typically arranged into complex interlinked networks that permit 3D strain in response to plate tectonic forces (Dewey et al. 1986). However, analysis of ductile shear zones is complicated as they are only directly accessible to geoscientists after exhumation to the Earth's surface. In such ... This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract.
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  • 10
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    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 224: 177-199.
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Deformation within shear zones can be both temporally and spatially variable, resulting in multiple generations of folds which display a range of scales and overprinting relationships in mylonitic rocks associated with high strain zones. Despite such complexities, two main fold associations are broadly recognized in many shear zone settings: early tight to isoclinal sheath folds, often with mylonitic limbs that are post-dated by one or more local generations of synshearing folds which are preserved within, or root downwards into mylonitic high strain zones. These latter structures locally fold the mylonitic foliation and lineation whilst displaying geometric characteristics that are kinematically compatible with the movement regime of the major shear zone. Using examples related to ductile thrusting in Moine metasediments of north Scotland, we show that both types of fold display predictable geometric patterns on fabric topology plots. Fold axes and axial surfaces display consistent changes in asymmetry and sense of obliquity relative to local, transport-parallel mineral lineations that can be used to map out a series of culminations and depression zones. The sheath folds preserve more acute, but almost identical geometric patterns compared to the later synshearing folds, with culmination and depression zones often coinciding in location and scale. Detailed analysis also demonstrates that the distribution of finite strain is systematically linked to the architecture of all folds and that clear and predictable relationships exist between the fabric topologies of both the sheath folds and synshearing folds. These consistent topological relationships could be explained in terms of a fold evolution model, where sheath folds represent a more highly deformed and evolved variety of synshearing folds originally generated during perturbations in ductile flow. However, an alternative fold inheritance model predicts that the gross structural architecture generated during sheath folding may subsequently control the geometry and govern the orientation of the synshearing folds. Both models may be widely applicable in a broad range of shear zone environments.
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