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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metachromasia of basic dyes induced by mercuric chloride. II (1974)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 78 (1974), S. 536-540 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100598a016
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gram positivity induced in Escherichia coli by chloroform-methanol treatment (1968)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 16 (1968), S. 150-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extraction of lipid by chloroform-methanol from Escherichia coli induces Gram positivity in the cells of this bacterium. It has been observed that approximately 1.5 times more lipid is extracted from Escherichia coli than from Staphylococcus aureus by this treatment. An increase of 1.5–1.8 fold in the retention of dye has been evident in the case of S. aureus where as this was 70–90 fold in the case of E. coli, which is 1/4th of the normal retention by S. aureus. The more lipid present in the cell wall or cell membrane, the less retention of dye seems to be exhibited by the bacteria. This also substantiates our model for Gram reaction presented in a previous communication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280611
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Escherichia coli exhibiting gram positivity after cetyl pyridinium chloride treatment (1967)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 10 (1967), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Treatment with a solution of the detergent cetyl pyridinium chloride develops gram positivity in E. coli as is evident from the increased retention of crystal violet by the bacteria. Since cetyl pyridinium chloride has been found to remove larger quantity of lipid from E. coli than from the normal gram positive bacteria S. aureus, it is reasonable to think that lipid content in a bacteria may have an important role in determining the gram character of it. Gram negative bacteria generally contain more lipid than the gram positive ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304873
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stoichiometry of metachromatic dye binding by deoxyribonucleic acid (1973)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 36 (1973), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary DNA is a weak chromotrope and induces less hypsochromic and hypochromic metachromasia in basic dyes. DNA induced metachromasia is also more susceptible to the presence of salts. In the presence of excess polyanion as well as salts, the spectral shift to a shorter wave-length, which is observed when DNA and dye are present in equivalent amounts, does not appear. The compounds of DNA with dye like methylene blue and acridine orange are not stoichiometric generally; DNA and dye form 1∶1 compound only when forced by the presence of excess of dye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310118
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extraction of crystal violet-iodine complex from gram positive bacteria by different solvents and its implication on gram differentiation (1968)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 14 (1968), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Crystal violet from Gram stained S. aureus can be extracted completely by 95% ethanol if the stained bacteria is pre-treated with dilute sodium thiosulphate solution. Thiosulphate removes iodine form the cell component-dye-iodine complex instantaneously and renders the dye extractable by the differentiating medium. 1∶1 alcoholic solutions of aniline, dimethyl aniline, nitro-benzene, benzene, toluene or xylol can also extract the color from the stained S. aureus; the extraction with the first three solvents is almost exhaustive while with the latter solvents extraction is appreciable but incomplete. These solvents can form charge-transfer complexes with iodine. The findings indicate that the stability of the cell component-dye-iodine complex determines the Gram-character of the cell. A model hasbeen presented for the Gram cell component-dye-iodine complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306318
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small molecules as chromotropes in metachromasia (1971)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 27 (1971), S. 36-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interactions of cationic dye methylene blue with small polyanions like inositol hexasulfate, adenosine-triphosphate, ammonium molybdate, potassium ferro- and ferricyanide have been studied spectrophotometrically and conductometrically to ascertain the chromotropic characters of these polyanions. Results show that while almost all of them bind the dye stoichiometrically, none of them except ammonium molybdate is a chromotrope in the sense in which heparin, chondroitin sulfate etc. are. Inositol hexasulfate induces an intermediate spectra, though not perfectly metachromatic as is the case with inositol hexaphosphate. It is concluded that a chromotrope need not be a macromolecule to induce metachromasia in a dye solution, but the minimum number of charges per polyanion to give it a chromotropic character will vary with the nature of the polyanion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263366
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metachromasia induced by inositol-hexa-phosphate with toluidine blue (1969)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 18 (1969), S. 202-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Metachromasia with toluidine blue could be induced by inositol hexaphosphate, the smallest chromotrope molecule so far reported. 2. The metachromatic compound, pink in color, and distinct from orthochromatic dye, could be separated by centrifugation. This complex could as well be decomposed by dil. HCl. 3. The stoichiometry of the metachromatic complex has been studied and the molar ratio of dye: phytate has been shown to vary with varying proportions of dye and phytate used in the reaction mixture and a maximum value of 10 could be obtained suggesting a steric hindrance for the attachment of dye to the phytate-molecule. 4. The divalent cations like, Ba++, Mg++, and Mn++ interfered with the formation of metachromatic complex, possibly competing with the dyes for the anionic sites of the phytate molecule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306167
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metachromasia of basic dyes induced by mercuric chloride. I (1973)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 34 (1973), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interactions of the cationic dye methylene blue with mercuric chloride have been studied conductometrically, analytically and spectrophotometrically. Methylene blue produces red colored precipitate with mercuric chloride; in presence of large excess of mercuric chloride a strong metachromasia is induced in the dye. Metachromasia induced by mercuric chloride is more hypsochromic as well as hypochromic than that induced by chromotopes like heparin. The complexes formed between methylene blue and mercuric chloride have variable compositions, the complex responsible for the red metachromatic color of the dye has the composition 2 dye: 1 HgCl2. A model has been proposed for the metachromatic complex consisting hexa-coordinated mercury, dye is coordinated to the mercury by donating the lone pair electrons of terminal nitrogen. The non-metachromatic dye capri blue also interacts with mercuric chloride but without any change in the visible spectrum. Potassium iodide also gives metachromatic reddish blue colored precipitate with methylene blue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303986
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoreduction of dyes catalysed by organic and bio-molecules (1974)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 40 (1974), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Photoreduction of methylene blue in the presence of various organic and biomolecules has been studied spectrophotometrically and potentiometrically. During the photoreduction, the emf of the system measured against calomel electrode increases and attains a plateau long before the complete reduction of the dye. This indicates that the emf developed in this system is not that of the dye/leucodye in which case the plateau of the emf value would be expected at the complete reduction of the dye. The emf has been interpreted to be mainly that of dye/dye free radical, although dye/leucodye and dye free radical/leucodye may contribute to the emf value of the system. The free radical may be formed in the system immediately after exposure to light or even in the dark at high pH. Photoreduction of methylene blue in the presence of EDTA is completely inhibited by excess magnesium ions. By using various compounds to act as electron donors in the photoreduction, it has been found that compounds having the general formula R1R2·N·CH2COOH can cause the reduction of methylene blue where R1 and R2 may be−CH2COOH or alkyl or aryl substitution. Photoreduction becomes faster with more than one−CH2COOH group in the compounds. Glycine or N-methyl glycine fails to act as a catalyst, N-phenyl glycine or N:N-diethyl glycine catalyses the photoreduction. N-phenyl- or N-ethyl amino diacetic acid causes faster photoreduction of methylene blue. Analgin causes photoreduction even in dark. The dye capri blue is not photoreduced by EDTA though there is an increase in the emf of the system on its exposure to light; but the presence of methylene blue in the system catalyses its photoreduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00501962
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Abtrennung des metachromatischen Bestandteils von Methylenblau und Chondroitinsulfat durch Ultrazentrifugation (1962)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 184 (1962), S. 89-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01840298
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