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  • 1
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    New ages for the last Australian megafauna: continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: All Australian land mammals, reptiles, and birds weighing more than 100 kilograms, and six of the seven genera with a body mass of 45 to 100 kilograms, perished in the late Quaternary. The timing and causes of these extinctions remain uncertain. We report burial ages for megafauna from 28 sites and infer extinction across the continent around 46,400 years ago (95% confidence interval, 51,200 to 39,800 years ago). Our results rule out extreme aridity at the Last Glacial Maximum as the cause of extinction, but not other climatic impacts; a "blitzkrieg" model of human-induced extinction; or an extended period of anthropogenic ecosystem disruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, R G -- Flannery, T F -- Ayliffe, L K -- Yoshida, H -- Olley, J M -- Prideaux, G J -- Laslett, G M -- Baynes, A -- Smith, M A -- Jones, R -- Smith, B L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1888-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. rgrobe@unimelb.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; *Birds ; Body Constitution ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Humans ; *Mammals ; Optics and Photonics ; *Reptiles ; Thorium ; Time ; Uranium
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extinctions of herbivorous mammals in the late Pleistocene of Australia in relation to their feeding ecology: No evidence for environmental change as cause of extinction (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Pty
    Austral ecology 29 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-9993
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   There has been debate over the cause of the extinction of ‘megafauna’ species during the late Pleistocene of Australia. One view is that environmental change, either natural or human-induced, was the main factor in the extinctions. Some support for this comes from the observation that, among herbivores, most of the species that went extinct were apparently browsers rather than grazers. Browsers would presumably have been more dependent on shrubland and woodland habitats than grazers, and it has been argued that such habitats might have contracted in response to aridity or changed fire regimes in the late Pleistocene. Here, we test this idea by comparing extinction rates of browsers and grazers in the late Pleistocene, controlling for body mass in both groups. We show that in both browsers and grazers the probability of extinction was very strongly related to body mass, and the body mass at which extinction became likely was similar in the two groups. It is true that more browsers than grazers went extinct, but this is largely because most very large herbivores in the late Pleistocene were browsers, not because large browsers were more likely to go extinct than similarly sized grazers. This result provides evidence against some forms of environmental change as a cause of the extinctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01389.x
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  • 3
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    Timing and dynamics of Late Pleistocene mammal extinctions in southwestern Australia (2010)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-02
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    Rapid Pliocene adaptive radiation of modern kangaroos (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: Differentiating between ancient and younger, more rapidly evolved clades is important for determining paleoenvironmental drivers of diversification. Australia possesses many aridity-adapted lineages, the origins of which have been closely linked to late Miocene continental aridification. Using dental macrowear and molar crown height measurements, spanning the past 25 million years, we show that the most iconic Australian terrestrial mammals, "true" kangaroos (Macropodini), adaptively radiated in response to mid-Pliocene grassland expansion rather than Miocene aridity. In contrast, low-crowned, short-faced kangaroos radiated into predominantly browsing niches as the late Cenozoic became more arid, contradicting the view that this was an interval of global browser decline. Our results implicate warm-to-cool climatic oscillations as a trigger for adaptive radiation and refute arguments attributing Pleistocene megafaunal extinction to aridity-forced dietary change.
    Keywords: Evolution, Paleontology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Late-Holocene mammal fauna from southern Australia reveals rapid species declines post-European settlement: Implications for conservation biology (2016)
    Sage
    In: Holocene
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-27
    Description: The arrival in Australia of Europeans and the species they brought with them initiated a sharp decline in native mammalian biodiversity. Consequently, one-third of the original or pre-European terrestrial mammal fauna is now extinct or threatened with extinction. Although the distributional ranges of many Australian mammals have contracted markedly, modern distributions are frequently used as baselines for conservation management and understanding ecological requirements. However, these often poorly reflect pre-European distributions, particularly in areas where biodiversity declines were rapid and occurred soon after European arrival. Here we analyse two late Holocene mammalian assemblages from Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia, and reconstruct the pre-European terrestrial non-volant mammal fauna. The region was previously estimated to have lost perhaps 30% of its original terrestrial non-volant mammal fauna, but our results indicate a loss of almost 50%. We provide the first local records of the murids Mastacomys fuscus, Pseudomys australis, P. gouldii, P. novaehollandiae and P. shortridgei , and confirm the past occurrence of the now-extinct Conilurus albipes . Our study contributes new knowledge of species biogeography and ecology and will help refine restoration targets.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6836
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-0911
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Sage
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  • 6
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    Taxonomic review of the late Cenozoic megapodes (Galliformes: Megapodiidae) of Australia (2017)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-15
    Description: Megapodes are unusual galliform birds that use passive heat sources to incubate their eggs. Evolutionary relationships of extant megapode taxa have become clearer with the advent of molecular analyses, but the systematics of large, extinct forms ( Progura gallinacea , Progura naracoortensis ) from the late Cenozoic of Australia has been a source of confusion. It was recently suggested that the two species of Progura were synonymous, and that this taxon dwarfed into the extant malleefowl Leipoa ocellata in the Late Pleistocene. Here, we review previously described fossils along with newly discovered material from several localities, and present a substantial taxonomic revision. We show that P. gallinacea and P. naracoortensis are generically distinct, describe two new species of megapode from the Thylacoleo Caves of south-central Australia, and a new genus from Curramulka Quarry in southern Australia. We also show that L. ocellata was contemporaneous with larger species. Our phylogenetic analysis places four extinct taxa in a derived clade with the extant Australo-Papuan brush-turkeys Talegalla fuscirostris , L. ocellata , Alectura lathami and Aepypodius bruijnii . Therefore, diversity of brush-turkeys halved during the Quaternary, matching extinction rates of scrubfowl in the Pacific. Unlike extant brush-turkeys, all the extinct taxa appear to have been burrow-nesters.
    Keywords: palaeontology, taxonomy and systematics, evolution
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 7
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    The impact of European colonization on the late-Holocene non-volant mammals of Yorke Peninsula, South Australia (2012)
    Sage
    In: Holocene
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-23
    Description: Over the last 200 years Australia has suffered the greatest rate of mammal species extinction of any continent. This demands extensive biodiversity research, but unfortunately has been hampered by poor documentation of Australia’s native species at the time of European colonization. Late-Holocene fossil mammal assemblages preserved in caves, rockshelters and surface lag deposits from deflated sand dunes can provide a more complete understanding of pre-European ecological conditions than can be developed from our knowledge of present biodiversity. In South Australia, few regions have experienced greater landscape modification and biodiversity loss than Yorke Peninsula. We investigate the composition, richness, evenness and age of two owl accumulations from southeastern and southwestern Yorke Peninsula and contrast them with a surface lag deposit assemblage probably accumulated by humans. We then examine the pre-European biogeography of the fauna recovered. The three assemblages have similar species richness, but differ dramatically in composition and evenness. The biases imposed by differing accumulation agents can explain compositional differences between owl and human assemblages, but not the differences between the respective owl accumulations. We argue that key substrate differences – one area is dominated by sand and the other by calcrete – have favoured distinct vegetation communities that fostered distinctly different mammal assemblages from which raptors accumulated prey. The ecological requirements of the extant mammals appear to be reflected in the fossil assemblages, providing support for the application of uniformitarian principles and confidence in the relevance of late-Holocene fossil assemblages to modern conservation and natural resource management.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6836
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-0911
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Sage
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