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  • 1
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    A single regulatory gene is sufficient to alter bacterial host range (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-03
    Description: Microbial symbioses are essential for the normal development and growth of animals. Often, symbionts must be acquired from the environment during each generation, and identification of the relevant symbiotic partner against a myriad of unwanted relationships is a formidable task. Although examples of this specificity are well-documented, the genetic mechanisms governing it are poorly characterized. Here we show that the two-component sensor kinase RscS is necessary and sufficient for conferring efficient colonization of Euprymna scolopes squid by bioluminescent Vibrio fischeri from the North Pacific Ocean. In the squid symbiont V. fischeri ES114, RscS controls light-organ colonization by inducing the Syp exopolysaccharide, a mediator of biofilm formation during initial infection. A genome-level comparison revealed that rscS, although present in squid symbionts, is absent from the fish symbiont V. fischeri MJ11. We found that heterologous expression of RscS in strain MJ11 conferred the ability to colonize E. scolopes in a manner comparable to that of natural squid isolates. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses support an important role for rscS in the evolution of the squid symbiosis. Our results demonstrate that a regulatory gene can alter the host range of animal-associated bacteria. We show that, by encoding a regulator and not an effector that interacts directly with the host, a single gene can contribute to the evolution of host specificity by switching 'on' pre-existing capabilities for interaction with animal tissue.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713604/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713604/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mandel, Mark J -- Wollenberg, Michael S -- Stabb, Eric V -- Visick, Karen L -- Ruby, Edward G -- F32 GM078760/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM078760-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059690/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059690-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM059690-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 RR012294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 RR012294-13/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007215/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007215-33/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 12;458(7235):215-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07660. Epub 2009 Feb 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. mmandel@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19182778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aliivibrio fischeri/*genetics/*growth & development ; Animal Structures/microbiology ; Animals ; Biofilms/growth & development ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Symbiosis/genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Symbiont recognition and subsequent morphogenesis as early events in an animal-bacterial mutualism (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-06
    Description: Bacterial colonization of the developing light organ of the squid Euprymna scolopes is shown to be highly specific, with the establishment of a successful association resulting only when the juvenile host is exposed to seawater containing one of a subset of Vibrio fischeri strains. Before a symbiotic infection the organ has elaborate epithelial structures covered with cilia and microvilli that are involved in the transfer of bacteria to the incipient symbiotic tissue. These structures regressed within days following infection; however, they were retained in uninfected animals, suggesting that the initiation of symbiosis influences, and is perhaps a prerequisite for, the normal developmental program of the juvenile host.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McFall-Ngai, M J -- Ruby, E G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 6;254(5037):1491-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-0371.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1962208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*microbiology ; Luminescence ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    MICROBIOME. A unified initiative to harness Earth's microbiomes (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alivisatos, A P -- Blaser, M J -- Brodie, E L -- Chun, M -- Dangl, J L -- Donohue, T J -- Dorrestein, P C -- Gilbert, J A -- Green, J L -- Jansson, J K -- Knight, R -- Maxon, M E -- McFall-Ngai, M J -- Miller, J F -- Pollard, K S -- Ruby, E G -- Taha, S A -- Unified Microbiome Initiative Consortium -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Oct 30;350(6260):507-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aac8480. Epub 2015 Oct 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉See the supplementary materials for authors' affiliations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26511287" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Earth (Planet) ; Ecosystem ; Interdisciplinary Studies ; *Microbiota ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel effects of a transposon insertion in the Vibrio fischeri glnD gene: defects in iron uptake and symbiotic persistence in addition to nitrogen utilization (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 37 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Vibrio fischeri is the sole species colonizing the light-emitting organ of the Hawaiian squid, Euprymna scolopes. Upon entering the nascent light organ of a newly hatched juvenile squid, the bacteria undergo morphological and physiological changes that include the loss of flagellation and the induction of bioluminescence. These and other events reveal a pattern of genetic regulation that is a response to the colonization of host tissue. In this study, we isolated and characterized a glnD::mTn5Cm mutant of V. fischeri. In addition to the predicted defects in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization, this glnD mutant had an unexpected reduction in the ability to produce siderophore and grow under iron-limiting conditions. Although the glnD mutant could colonize juvenile squid normally over the first 24 h, it was subsequently unable to persist in the light organ to the usual extent. This persistence phenotype was more severe if the mutant was pregrown under iron-limiting conditions before inoculation, but could be ameliorated by the presence of excess iron. These results indicate that the ability to respond to iron limitation may be an important requirement in the developing symbiosis. Supplying the glnD gene in trans restored normal efficiency of nitrogen use, iron sequestration and colonization phenotypes to the glnD::mTn5Cm mutant; thus, there appears to be a genetic and/or metabolic linkage between nitrogen sensing, siderophore synthesis and symbiosis competence in V. fischeri that involves the glnD gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01984.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic respiration in the polychaete Euzonus (Thoracophelia) mucronata (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 35 (1976), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The intertidal polychaete Euzonus mucronata (Treadwell) is found in great numbers within beach sands that undergo periodic anoxia. Short-term exposures (2 to 4 h) to anaerobicity are withstood through the use of a supply of oxyhemoglobin to support continued aerobic metabolism. Longer periods of environmental anoxia activate an anaerobic metabolism capable of sustaining life for up to 20 days, and characterized by the excretion of succinate and propionate. These two mechanisms appear to be adaptations to the variations in occurrence and duration of anoxia within the intertidal sands inhabited by E. mucronata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390936
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioluminescence in the symbiotic squid Euprymna scolopes is controlled by a daily biological rhythm (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 179 (1996), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Biological rhythm ; Bioluminescence ; Symbiosis ; Vibrio fischeri ; Euprymna scolopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In most symbioses between animals and luminous bacteria it has been assumed that the bacterial symbionts luminesce continuously, and that the control of luminescent output by the animal is mediated through elaborate accessory structures, such as chromatophores and muscular shutters that surround the host light organ. However, we have found that while in the light organ of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes, symbiotic cells of Vibrio fischeri do not produce a continuously uniform level of luminescence, but instead exhibit predictable cyclic fluctuations in the amount of light emitted per cell. This daily biological rhythm exhibits many features of a circadian pattern, and produces an elevated intensity of symbiont luminescence in juvenile animals during the hours preceding the onset of ambient darkness. Comparisons of the specific luminescence of bacteria in the intact light organ with that of newly released bacteria support the existence of a direct host regulation of the specific activity of symbiont luminescence that does not require the intervention of accessory tissues. A model encompassing the currently available evidence is proposed for the control of growth and luminescence activity in the E. scolopes/V. fischeri light organ symbiosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193435
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and flagellation of Vibrio fischeri during initiation of the sepiolid squid light organ symbiosis (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 159 (1993), S. 160-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Vibrio fischeri ; Euprymna scolopes ; Symbiosis ; Growth ; Flagellation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A pure culture of the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri is maintained in the light-emitting organ of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes. When the juvenile squid emerges from its egg it is symbiont-free and, because bioluminescence is part of an anti-predatory behavior, therefore must obtain a bacterial inoculum from the surrounding environment. We document here the kinetics of the process by which newly hatched juvenile squids become infected by symbiosis-competent V. fischeri. When placed in seawater containing as few as 240 colony-forming-units (CFU) per ml, the juvenile became detectably bioluminescent within a few hours. Colonization of the nascent light organ was initiated with as few as 1 to 10 bacteria, which rapidly began to grow at an exponential rate until they reached a population size of approximately 105 cells by 12 h after the initial infection. Subsequently, the number of bacteria in the established symbiosis was maintained essentially constant by a combination of both a 〉20-fold reduction in bacterial growth rate, and an expulsion of excess bacteria into the surrounding seawater. While V. fischeri cells are normally flagellated and motile, these bacteria did not elaborate these appendages once the symbiosis was established; however, they quickly began to synthesize flagella when they were removed from the light organ environment. Thus, two important biological characteristics, growth rate and flagellation, were modulated during establishment of the association, perhaps as part of a coordinated series of symbiotic responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250277
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unbalanced growth as a normal feature of development of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 420-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus ; Unbalanced growth ; Growth kinetics ; Bacterial DNA replication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we have investigated the rates and spatial patterns of chromosome replication and cell elongation during the growth phase of wild-type and facultatively prey-independent mutant strains of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. For the facultatively prey-independent mutants, the total DNA content of synchronously growing cultures was found to increase exponentially, as the multiple chromosomes within each filamentous cell replicated simultaneously. Cell mass, measured as total cellular protein, also increased exponentially during this period, apparently by means of multiple elongation sites along the filament wall. The relative rates of DNA and protein synthesis were unbalanced during growth, however, with the cellular concentration of DNA increasing slightly faster than that of protein. The original cellular DNA: protein ratio was restored in the progeny cells by continued protein synthesis during the septation period that follows the termination of DNA replication. Because of technical problems, these experiments could not be conducted on the wild-type cells, but similar results are assumed. This unusual pattern of unbalanced growth may represent an adaptation by bdellovibrios to maximize their progeny yield from the determinate amount of substrate available within a given prey cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446922
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cryptic luminescence in the cold-water fish pathogen Vibrio salmonicida (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 171 (1999), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsVibrio salmonicida ; Luminescence ; Luciferase ; Autoinducer ; Quorum sensing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recent discovery that the fish pathogen Vibrio salmonicida is closely related to the luminous bacteria Vibrio fischeri and Vibrio logei suggested that V. salmonicida might also be capable of bioluminescence. Interestingly, cells of V. salmonicida were found to produce light in culture, but only when exposed to either an aliphatic aldehyde and/or the major V. fischeri autoinducer N-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone, a transcriptional activator of the luminescence (lux) genes. An extract of spent medium of V. salmonicida that should contain any V. salmonicida acyl-homoserine lactone autoinducer, when added to V. fischeri cells, led to an induction of their luminescence. These results show that V. salmonicida is a newly recognized luminous bacterial species that apparently both produces an autoinducer activity and responds to exogenous V. fischeri autoinducer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050700
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  • 10
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    H-NOX-mediated nitric oxide sensing modulates symbiotic colonization by Vibrio fischeri (2010)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-19
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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