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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnesium deficiency enhances resistance to paraquat toxicity in bean leaves (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 15 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Effects of deficient (20mmol m−3) and sufficient (1000 mmol m−3) magnesium (Mg) supply and of varied light intensity (100 μmol m−2 s−1 to 580 μmol m−2 s−1) on paraquat-dependent chlorophyll destruction in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants grown in nutrient solution were studied over a 12-d period using leaf discs or intact primary leaves. Treatment of leaf discs with 10mmol m 3 paraquat for 15h caused severe chlorophyll loss, especially with increasing light intensity. This chlorophyll destruction by paraquat was very much higher in Mg-sufficient than Mg-deficient leaves. The occurrence of paraquat resistance in Mg deficient leaves was already apparent after 6d growth in nutrient solution, i.e. before any decrease in chlorophyll or growth by Mg deficiency was evident. Also, following foliar application of paraquat (10–140 mmol m−3) to intact plants, Mg-deficient plants were much more resistant to paraquat, even following longer exposure duration (72 h) and four to 14 times higher paraquat concentrations than those received by Mg sufficient plants. From experiments where exogenous scavengers of superoxide radical (O2.-), hydroxyl radical (OH·) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were applied to leaf discs, it appears that O2.-, and partly, OH· are the main O2 species which contribute to chlorophyll destruction by paraquat. The results demonstrate that Mg-deficient bean plants become highly resistant to O2.--mediated and light-induced paraquat injury. The mode of this paraquat resistance is attributed to well-known stimulative effects of Mg deficiency on O2.- and H2O2 scavenging enzymes and antioxidants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01028.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth enhancement by silicon in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants depends on imbalance in phosphorus and zinc supply (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus L. ; chlorosis ; phosphorus toxicity ; zinc deficiency ; silicon supply
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Based on results from water culture experiments with tomato and cucumber plants where severe leaf chlorosis and depression in flower and fruit formation occurred without silicon (Si) supply, Miyake and Takahashi (1978; 1983) concluded that Si is an essential mineral element for these two plant species. Using the same nutrient solution which is high in phosphorus (P) but low in zinc (Zn) we could confirm these results. Severe chlorosis occurred in cucumber when Si was omitted, and the addition of Si prevented these visual symptoms. Simultaneously the concentrations of P drastically decreased in the leaves and the proportions of water extractable Zn increased. Normal growth and absence of chlorosis were, however, also obtained without the addition of Si when either the external concentration of P was lowered or of Zn was increased. Short-term experiments revealed that Si has no direct effect on uptake or translocation of P to the shoot. According to these results, the experimental evidences so far are insufficient for the classification of Si as an essential mineral element for cucumber. Instead, Si may act as beneficial element under conditions of nutrient imbalances, for example, in P and Zn supply and corresponding P-induced Zn deficiency. The mechanism by which Si increases the physiological availability of Zn in leaf tissue is not yet clear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009262
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of withdrawal of phosphorus on nitrate assimilation and PEP carboxylase activity in tomato (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; nitrate assimilation ; PEP carboxylase ; phosphorus deficiency ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in a complete nutrient solution for 8 days were transferred to a P-free solution of pH 6.0. Within 2 days of transfer the rate of alkalinization of the nutrient solution declined and by 4 days the solution had become acid. Nitrate transferred from roots to leaves was depressed over this period, and the rate of nitrate reductase activity in the leaves (the main site of assimilation of nitrate in tomato) had declined by 60% within 5 days of transfer. The activity of PEP carboxylase in the leaves of the P-deficient plants increased after 3 days, eventually becoming 3 times greater than in the leaves of plants adequately supplied with P. The PEP carboxylase activity in the roots of the P-deficient plants increased within 2 days, becoming 4 times greater after 8 days' growth. These results are discussed in relation to mechanisms for enhancement of P acquisition and maintenance of cation and anion uptake during P-deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011079
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dry matter production and distribution of zinc in bread and durum wheat genotypes differing in zinc efficiency (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bread wheat ; durum wheat ; genotypes ; zinc concentration ; zinc deficiency ; zinc efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six bread wheat (Triticum aestivum cvs. Kiraç-66, Gerek-79, Aroona, ES 91-12, ES-14 and Kirkpinar) and four durum wheat (Triticum durum cvs. BDMM-19, Kunduru-1149, Kiziltan-91 and Durati) genotypes were grown under controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solution for 20 days to study the effect of varied supply of Zn (0 to 1 µM) on Zn deficiency symptoms in shoots, root and shoot dry matter production, and distribution of Zn in roots and shoots. Visual Zn deficiency symptoms, such as whitish-brown lesions on leaves, appeared rapidly and severly in durum wheats, particularly in Kiziltan-91 and Durati. Among the durum wheats, BDMM-19 was less affected by Zn deficiency, and among the bread wheats Kiraç-66, ES 91-12, Aroona and Gerek-79 were less affected than ES-14 and Kirkpinar. Under Zn deficiency, shoot dry matter production was decreased in all genotypes, but more distinctly in durum wheat genotypes. Despite severe decreases in shoot growth, root growth of all genotypes was either not affected or even increased by Zn deficiency. Correspondingly, shoot/root dry weight ratios were lower in Zn-deficient than in Zn-sufficient plants, especially in durum wheat genotypes. The distinct differences among the genotypes in sensitivity to Zn deficiency were closely related with the Zn content (Zn accumulation) per shoot but not with the Zn concentration in the shoot dry matter. On average, genotypes with lesser deficiency symptoms contained about 42% more Zn per shoot than genotypes with severe deficiency symptoms. In contrast to shoots, the Zn content in roots did not differ between genotypes. Shoot/root ratios of total Zn content were therefore greater for genotypes with lesser deficiency symptoms than for genotypes with severe deficiency symptoms (i.e. all durum wheat genotypes). The results suggest that the enhanced capacity of genotypes for Zn uptake and translocation from roots to shoot meristems under deficient Zn supply might be the most important factor contributing to Zn efficiency in wheat genotypes. The results also demonstrate that under severe Zn deficiency, Zn concentration in the shoot dry matter is not a suitable parameter for distinguishing wheat genotypes in their sensitivity to Zn deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015300
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of zinc by rye, bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars differing in zinc efficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotypic variation ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; zinc efficiency ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effect of zinc (Zn) nutritional status on uptake of inorganic 65Zn was studied in rye (Secale cereale, cv. Aslim), three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum, cvs. Dagdas, Bezostaja, BDME-10) and durum wheat (Triticum durum, cv. Kunduru-1149) cultivars grown for 13 days in nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions. The cultivars were selected based on their response to Zn deficiency and to Zn fertilization in calcareous soils under field conditions. When grown in Zn-deficient calcareous soil in the field, the rye cultivar had the highest, and the durum wheat the lowest Zn efficiency. Among the bread wheats, BDME-10 showed higher susceptibility to Zn deficiency and Bezostaja and Dagdas were less affected by Zn deficiency. Similarly to field conditions, in nutrient solution visual Zn deficiency symptoms (i.e. necrotic lesions on leaf blade) appeared to be more severe in Kunduru-1149 and BDME-10 and less severe in rye cultivar Aslim. Under Zn deficiency, shoot concentrations of Zn were similar between all cultivars. Cultivars with adequate Zn supply did not differ in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn, but under Zn deficiency there were distinct differences; rye showed the highest rate of Zn uptake and the durum wheat the lowest. In the case of bread wheat cultivars, 65Zn uptake rate was about the same and not related to their differential Zn efficiency. Under Zn deficiency, rye had the highest rate of root-to-shoot translocation of 65Zn, while all bread and durum wheat cultivars were similar in their capacity to translocate 65Zn from roots to shoots. When Zn2+ activity in uptake solution ranged between 117 p M and 34550 pM, Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient bread wheat genotypes were again similar in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn. The results indicate that high Zn efficiency of rye can be attributed to its greater Zn uptake capacity from soils. The inability of the durum wheat cultivar Kunduru-1149 to have a high Zn uptake capacity seems to be an important reason for its Zn inefficiency. Differential Zn efficiency between the bread wheat cultivars used in this study is not related to their capacity to take up inorganic Zn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004684102704
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of varied zinc supply on re-translocation of cadmium (109Cd) and rubidium (86Rb) applied on mature leaf of durum wheat seedlings (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cadmium (Cd) ; Cd re-translocation ; durum wheat ; Rb re-translocation ; Triticum durum ; zinc (Zn) ; Zn deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effect of varied zinc (Zn) supply (0, 0.1, 1, 5 μM) on re-translocation of radio-labeled cadmium (109Cd) and rubidium (86Rb) from mature leaf to root and other parts of shoot was studied in 11-day-old durum wheat (Triticum durum cv. C-1252) plants grown in nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions. Application of 109Cd and 86Rb was carried out by immersing the tips (3 cm) of mature leaf in radio-labeled solutions for 10 s at three different times over a 42 h period. Differences in Zn supply for 11 days did not affect plant growth nor did it cause visual leaf symptoms, such as necrosis and chlorosis, at either the lowest or the highest Zn supply. Only at the nil Zn supply (0 μM), shoot and root dry weights tended to decrease and increase, respectively, causing a lower shoot/root dry weight ratio. Partitioning of more dry matter to roots rather than shoots, a typical phenomena for Zn-deficient plants in nutrient solution experiments, indicated existence of a mild Zn deficiency stress at the nil-Zn treatment. Irrespective of Zn supply, plants could, on average, retranslocate 3.8% and 38% of the total absorbed 109Cd and 86Rb from the treated leaf to roots and other parts of shoots within 42 h, respectively. At nil-Zn treatment, 2.8% of the total absorbed 109Cd was re-translocated from the treated leaf, particularly into roots. The highest re-translocation of 109Cd (6.5%) was found in plants supplied with 0.1 μM Zn. Increases in Zn supply from 0.1 μM reduced 109Cd re-translocation from 6.5% to 4.3% at 1 μM Zn and 1.3% at 5 μM Zn. With the exception of the nil-Zn treatment, the proportion of re-translocated 109Cd was greater in the remainder of the shoot than in the roots. Contrary to the 109Cd results, re-translocation of 86Rb was not (at 0, 0.1 and 1 μM Zn), or only slightly (at 5 μM), affected by changing Zn supply. The results indicate an inhibitory action of increased concentrations of Zn in shoot tissues on phloem-mediated Cd transport. This effect is discussed in relation to competitive inhibition of Cd loading into phloem sap by Zn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004777631452
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on differential response of wheat cultivars to boron toxicity (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; durum ; genotypical variation ; boron toxicity ; boron concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out to study the differential responses of different wheat cultivars to boron toxicity in field, greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. In field trials carried out at two locations, both of which are known to contain toxic amounts of water-extractable B, significant correlations were obtained between toxicity symptoms and grain yields. The only durum cultivar included in this group of experiments (Kunduru 1149) was the most sensitive of the 21 cultivars trialed. The most tolerant cultivars were of local origin. Genotype-environment interaction was considerably large. Twenty-nine bread wheat and three durum wheat cultivars were compared in a greenhouse experiment with and without the application of 40 mg L-1 B. Again, the durums were the most sensitive cultivars. The most tolerant cultivars were either selections from local populations or had at least one parent of local origin. The detrimental effect of B on root dry matter production was much higher than on shoot dry matter (45 and 26%, respectively), but genotypical variation was greater in shoot growth retardation. While this implies the possible role of reduced translocation, high concentrations of B in the shoots of tolerant cultivars (though lower than in the sensitive cultivars) indicated the existence of other contributing mechanisms, such as tissue tolerance. Also, greater genotypical variation in older leaves showed that reduced uptake might be more important than reduced translocation in some cases. Due to the lack of correlation between results from the field and the controlled-environment studies, it was concluded that screenings should be undertaken in both situations as a means of verification. Another conclusion drawn was that symptom scoring for B tolerance was more reliable than measuring plant B concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018312124300
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of zinc nutritional status on activities of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzymes in bean leaves (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: hydrogen peroxide ; hydrogen peroxide detoxification ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; protein synthesis ; superoxide radical ; superoxide dismutase ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of varied zinc (Zn) supply on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate (AsA) peroxidase, glutathione (GSSG) reductase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase was studied in leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants grown for 15 days in nutrient solution. Zinc deficiency severely decreased plant growth and the leaf concentrations of soluble protein and chlorophyll. Resupply of Zn to deficient plants for up to 72h restored protein concentrations more rapidly than chlorophyll and plant growth. With the exception of guaiacol peroxidase, the activities of all enzymes were significantly decreased by Zn deficiency, in particular GSSG reductase and SOD. Within 72h of resupplying Zn to deficient plants, the enzyme activities reached the level of the Zn sufficient plants. The results indicate severe impairment in the ability of Zn-deficient leaves to enzymically scavenge O2 - and H2O2. Consequences and reasons of this impairment are discussed in terms of photooxidation of chloroplast pigments and inhibition of the biosynthesis of the related scavenger enzyme proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025000
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc deficiency as a critical problem in wheat production in Central Anatolia (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bread wheat ; calcareous soil ; Central Anatolia ; durum wheat ; genetic differences ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a soil and plant survey, and in field and greenhouse experiments the nutritional status of wheat plants was evaluated for Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in Central Anatolia, a semi-arid region and the major wheat growing area of Turkey. All 76 soils sampled in Central Anatolia were highly alkaline with an average pH of 7. 9. More than 90% of soils contained less than 0.5 mg kg-1 DTPA-extractable Zn, which is widely considered to be the critical deficiency concentration of Zn for plants grown on calcareous soils. About 25% of soils contained less than 2.5 mg kg-1 DTPA-extractable Fe which is considered to be the critical deficiency concentration of Fe for plants. The concentrations of DTPA-extractable Mn and Cu were in the sufficiency range. Also the Zn concentrations in leaves were very low. More than 80% of the 136 leaf samples contained less than 10 mg Zn kg−1. By contrast, concentrations of Fe, Mn and Cu in leaves were in the sufficient range. In the field experiments at six locations, application of 23 kg Zn ha-1 increased grain yield in all locations. Relative increases in grain yield resulting from Zn application ranged between 5% to 554% with a mean of 43%. Significant increases in grain yield (more than 31%) as a result of Zn application were found for the locations where soils contained less than 0.15 mg kg-1 DTPA-extractable Zn. In pot experirnents with two bread (Triticum aestivum, cvs. Gerek-79 and Kirac-66) and two durum wheats (Triticum durum, cvs. Kiziltan-91 and Kunduru-1149), an application of 10 mg Zn kg-1 soil enhanced shoot dry matter production by about 3.5-fold in soils containing 0.11 mg kg-1 and 0.15 mg kg-1 DTPA-extractable Zn. Results from both field observations and greenhouse experiments showed that durum wheats were more susceptible to Zn deficiency than the bread wheats. On Zn deficient soils, durum wheats as compared to bread wheats developed deficiency symptoms in shoots earlier and to a greater extent, and had lower Zn concentration in shoot tissue and lower Zn content per shoot than the bread wheats. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that (i) Zn deficiency is a critical nutritional problem in Central Anatolia substantially limiting wheat production, (ii) durum wheats possess higher sensitivity to Zn deficient conditions than bread wheats, and (iii) wheat plants grown in calcareous soils containing less than 0.2 mg kg-1 DTPA-extractable Zn significantly respond to soil Zn applications. The results also indicate that low levels of Zn in soils and plant materials (i.e. grains) could be a major contributing factor for widespread occurrence of Zn deficiency in children in Turkey, whose diets are dominated by cereal-based foods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015299
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of high zinc efficiency of Aegilops tauschii and Triticum monococcum in synthetic hexaploid wheats (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aegilops tauschii ; synthetic wheats ; Triticum monococcum ; zinc deficiency ; zinc efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of varied zinc (Zn) supply on shoot and root dry matter production, severity of Zn deficiency symptoms and Zn tissue concentrations was studied in two Triticum turgidum (BBAA) genotypes and three synthetic hexaploid wheat genotypes by growing plants in a Zn-deficient calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions with (+Zn=5 mg kg-1 soil) and without (−Zn) Zn supply. Two synthetic wheats (BBAADD) were derived from two different Aegilops tauschii (DD) accessions using same Triticum turgidum (BBAA), while one synthetic wheat (BBAAAA) was derived from Triticum turgidum (BBAA) and Triticum monococcum (AA). Visible symptoms of Zn deficiency, such as occurrence of necrotic patches on leaves and reduction in shoot elongation developed more rapidly and severely in tetraploid wheats than in synthetic hexaploid wheats. Correspondingly, decreases in shoot and root dry matter production due to Zn deficiency were higher in tetraploid wheats than in synthetic hexaploid wheats. Transfer of the DD genome from Aegilops tauschii or the AA genome from Triticum monococcum to tetraploid wheat greatly improved root and particularly shoot growth under Zn-deficient, but not under Zn-sufficient conditions. Better growth and lesser Zn deficiency symptoms in synthetic hexaploid wheats than in tetraploid wheats were not accompanied by increases in Zn concentration per unit dry weight, but related more to the total amount of Zn per shoot, especially in the case of synthetic wheats derived from Aegilops tauschii. This result indicates higher Zn uptake capacity of synthetic wheats. The results demonstrated that the genes for high Zn efficiency from Aegilops tauschii (DD) and Triticum monococcum (AA) are expressed in the synthetic hexaploid wheats. These wheat relatives can be used as valuable sources of genes for improvement of Zn efficiency in wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004504726214
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