Signatur:
AWI G3-92-0286
;
AWI G3-18-76411
In:
Studies in Polar research
Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis:
This book describes the effects of cold climates on the surface of the earth. Using scientific principles, the authors describe the evolution of ground thermal conditions and the origin of natural features such as frost heave, solifluction, slope instabilities, patterned ground, pingos and ice wedges. The thermodynamic conditions accompanying the freezing of water in porous materials are examined and their fundamental role in the ice segregation and frost heave processes is demonstrated in a clear and simple manner. This book concentrates on the analysis of the causes and effects of frozen ground phenomena, rather than on the description of the natural features characteristic of freezing or thawing ground. Its scientific approach provides a basis for geotechnical analyses such as those essential to resource development.
Materialart:
Monographie ausleihbar
Seiten:
XVI, 306 Seiten
,
Illustrationen
Ausgabe:
First published 1989, Re-issued in this digitally printed version 2008
ISBN:
0521424234
Serie:
Studies in polar research
URL:
https://external.dandelon.com/download/attachments/dandelon/ids/DE0049CD582CCE3B6A9E0C12577340041027F.pdf
Sprache:
Englisch
Anmerkung:
Contents:
Symbols. -
Preface. -
Acknowledgements. -
1 PERIGLACIAL CONDITIONS. -
1.1 The significance of freezing in soils and rocks. -
1.2 Freezing and thawing in porous materials. -
1.3 Climate and ground freezing. -
1.3.1 Permafrost. -
1.3.2 Ephemeral freezing. -
1.4 Characteristics of permafrost. -
1.5 Manifestations of freezing and thawing of the ground. -
2 MORPHOLOGY OF PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND. -
2.1 Frozen ground as a geological material. -
2.2 Ice in the ground. -
2.2.1 Excess ice. -
2.2.2 Frost-heave ice: segregation ice. -
2.2.3 Intrusive ice; ice wedge ice, and other forms. -
2.2.4 Ice of external origin: buried glacier, snow, lake and river ice; icings. -
2.2.5 Age of ice in permafrost. -
2.2.6 Distribution of ground ice. -
2.2.7 Submarine frozen ground. -
2.2.8 Micromorphology of freezing soils. -
2.2.9 Pedology and soil freezing. -
2.3 Gas hydrates (clathrates). -
2.4 World distribution of permafrost. -
2.4.1 Land permafrost. -
2.4.2 Submarine distribution. -
2.5 Seasonal freezing. -
3 CLIMATE AND FROZEN GROUND. -
3.1 Introduction. -
3.2 Seasonal frost and permafrost. -
3.3 Climate and permafrost distribution. -
3.4 The importance of microclimates. -
3.5 The surface energy balance. -
3.5.1 The nature of surface interactions. -
3.5.2 A buffer layer model. -
3.5.3 Effects of surface changes. -
3.6 Possible effects of climatic change. -
3.7 Summary. -
4 THE GROUND THERMAL REGIME. -
4.1 Introduction. -
4.2 Heat flow in the ground. -
4.2.1 The heat conduction equation. -
4.3 Thermal properties. -
4.3.1 Thermal conductivity. -
4.3.2 Heat capacity. -
4.3.3 Thermal diffusivity. -
4.4 Ground thermal conditions. -
4.4.1 Geothermal heat flow and permafrost thickness. -
4.4.2 Effects of climatic change. -
4.4.3 Seasonal temperature variations. -
4.5 Lateral variations in ground temperatures. -
4.5.1 Influence of water bodies. -
4.6 Summary. -
5 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 1: SLOPES AND SUBSIDENCES. -
5.1 Freezing and thawing and displacements of the ground. -
5.2 Instability of soil on slopes: overview. -
5.3 The mystery of solifluction. -
5.3.1 Origin of small movements. -
5.3.2 Creep in the frozen state. -
5.4 Rock glaciers. -
5.5 Effects of thawing: landslides and slumps. -
5.5.1 Loss of cohesive strength. -
5.5.2 Soil consolation and strength during thaw. -
5.5.3 Thermokarst. -
5.6 The extent and variety of movements on slopes. -
6 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 2: STRUCTURES AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY OF LEVEL GROUND. -
6.1 Surface characteristics. -
6.2 Features characterised by accumulation of ice. -
6.2.1 Pingos. -
6.2.2 Palsa. -
6.2.3 Hydrolaccoliths. -
6.3 Differential freeze-thaw effects. -
6.3.1 Uplift of stones. -
6.3.2 Soil hummocks. -
6.3.3 Earth circles. -
6.3.4 Stone polygons and rings. -
6.4 Thermal contraction and cracking. -
6.4.1 Soil and ice wedges. -
7 THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF FROZEN SOILS. -
7.1 Soil: A porous system. -
7.1.1 'Freezing points' and latent heat. -
7.1.2 Proportions of ice and water. -
7.1.3 Water contents and thermal properties. -
7.2 Energy status, or potential, of soil water. -
7.2.1 Freezing point depression, potential, and free energy. -
7.2.2 Potential of water in freezing soils. -
7.3 Pressure and temperature relations. -
7.4 Origin of frost heave and frost heave pressures. -
7.5 Permeability of frozen soils. -
7.6 Frost heave as a thermodynamic-rheologic process. -
8 HYDROLOGY OF FROZEN GROUND. -
8.1 Introduction. -
8.2 Surface hydrology. -
8.2.1 Bank stability in permafrost regions. -
8.3 Groundwater. -
8.3.1 Icings and frost blisters. -
8.3.2 Water supply. -
8.4 Hydrodynamics of frozen ground. -
8.4.1 Unfrozen water content. -
8.4.2 Gradients of water potential due to freezing temperatures. -
8.4.3 Moisture transfer mechanisms. -
8.4.4 Moisture transport in saturated soils. -
8.4.5 Moisture transport in unsaturated soils. -
8.5 Ice segregation and frost heaving. -
8.5.1 Coupled heat and moisture flow at freezing temperatures. -
8.5.2 The hydrodynamic model. -
8.5.3 The rigid ice model. -
8.5.4 Extreme forms of ice segregation. -
8.6 Seasonal hydrodynamics in permafrost. -
8.6.1 Water migration beyond the fringe. -
8.6.2 Development of aggradational ice. -
9 THE MECHANICS OF FROZEN GROUND. -
9.1 Introduction. -
9.2 The frozen soil system. -
9.2.1 Properties of the ice. -
9.2.2 The strength of soils. -
9.3 Deformation of frozen ground. -
9.3.1 Characteristics of creep. -
9.3.2 The origins of creep. -
9.4 Strength characteristics of frozen soils. -
9.4.1 Rates of strain and processes of deformation. -
9.5 Temperature dependence of creep rate and strength. -
9.6 Effect of soil composition. -
9.6.1 Size of soil particles. -
9.6.2 Ice content. -
9.6.3 Pore water salinity. -
9.7 Effect of normal and confining stresses on strength and deformation. -
9.7.1 Internal, thermodynamically controlled stresses. -
9.8 Field situations. -
9.8.1 Role of temperature and pressure variations. -
10 GEOCRYOLOGY PAST AND FUTURE. -
10.1 Geocryology and geotechnique. -
10.2 Energy exchange and climate instability. -
10.3 Thermodynamic and mechanical properties of frozen ground. -
10.4 Submarine and other extreme conditions for permafrost. -
References. -
Index.
Standort:
AWI Lesesaal
Standort:
AWI Lesesaal
Zweigbibliothek:
AWI Bibliothek
Zweigbibliothek:
AWI Bibliothek
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