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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do guppies play TIT FOR TAT during predator inspection visits? (1988)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 23 (1988), S. 395-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cooperative behavior during predatorinspection visits of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) was examined. Wild caught guppies from Trinidad were tested on two types of mirror. In one treatment individual guppies were tested using a long mirror that ran parallel to the path toward the predator. In the second treatment, guppies were tested with a shorter mirror that was placed at an angle of thirty-two degrees to the path toward the predator. Guppies in both mirror treatments showed consistent behavior throughout a trial, with subjects in the straight-mirror treatment spending more time near the predator. It appears that guppies employ a “conditional-approach” strategy during predator inspections. The conditional-approach strategy instructs a player to swim toward the predator (inspect) on the first move of a game and subsequently only to move forward if the other player swims beside it. “Conditional-approach” is analogous to a TIT FOR TAT strategy, the difference being that the conditional-approach strategy makes no assumptions about the player's payoff matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303714
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male-male association patterns and female proximity in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Association pattern ; Mate choice ; Guppy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract If males differ in their ability to attract potential mates, and are able to perceive such differences, theory predicts they should distribute themselves in a manner that increases their probability of obtaining potential matings. The relationship between male-male association patterns and the proximity of females in social groups, however, remains virtually unexplored. Experimental analysis of this relationship in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, demonstrates that in preference tests males showed a strong tendency to associate with other males that were further away from potential mates than they were themselves. Male guppies pursue a behavioral strategy that involves categorizing other males based on their proximity (and possibly relative attractiveness) to females, remembering the identity of such individuals, and using this information when choosing between other males as associates. Such a strategy may increase a male's chances of being the individual chosen by a female assessing nearby males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050080
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nepotism vs Tit-For-Tat, or, why should you be nice to your rotten brother? (1991)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 5 (1991), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Nepotism ; Tit-For-Tat ; game theory ; kin selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary It is well known that interactions among relatives facilitate the evolution of altruistic behaviours. Game theoretic models show, however, that guarded altruism (such as Tit-For-Tat) can evolve among non-relatives when individuals interact many times and ‘cheating’ behaviours can be punished. Strangely, no one has yet asked whether the guarded altruism that evolves among non-relatives might also evolve among close relatives, supplanting unconditional altriusm. We present a series of one-locus sexual haploid models in which Tit-For-Tat, unconditional altruists and selfish individuals interact in groups of full siblings. Tit-For-Tat frequently (but not always) replaced unguarded altruism, in which case the strategic ‘rules’ for interacting with kin vs non-kin are identical. Even when Tit-For-Tat is selected at a single locus, however, by withholding altruism for non-reciprocating relatives it may qualify as an ‘outlaw’ from the standpoint of modifier genes at other loci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214233
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can altruism evolve in purely viscous populations? (1992)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 6 (1992), S. 331-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: altruism ; selection ; inclusion fitness ; group selection ; population viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Limited dispersal is often thought to facilitate the evolution of altruism by increasing the degree of relatedness among interacting individuals. Limited dispersal can have additional effects, however, such as local population regulation, that inhibits the evolution of altruism. Many models of structured populations assume that a viscous stage of the life cycle alternates with a global mixing stage, which allows the advantages of interactions among close relatives without the disadvantages of local population regulation. Here we analyse a computer simulation model of ‘pure’ population viscosity, in which offspring are always deposited close to parents and no global mixing stage exists. As expected, limited dispersal generates a high coefficient of relatedness among interacting individuals. Patches of altruists, however, are unable to ‘export’ their productivity to other regions of the landscape and are easily invaded by selfish types from neighbouring patches. Unlike models of alternating viscosity, in which high relatedness and local population regulation can be decoupled, these two opposing effects are inextricably linked in purely viscous populations, which therefore are not conducive to the evolution of altruistic traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02270969
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