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  • 1985-1989  (12)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 39-45 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The fracture surface micromorphology of noon 66 and its blends was examined. A patchy appearance, found at low ΔK values when levels of imbibed moisture and impact modifier are low, is believed to result from a void coalescence mechanism. At higher water contents and levels of impact-modification, the fracture surface assumes a rumpled appearance with numerous secondary fissures oriented normal to the crack direction; the inter-rumple spacings, however, do not correspond to the macroscopic growth rate, A model to explain rumple formation is presented. The fatigue fracture surface appearance of unmodified nylon 66 is found to depend on both moisture content and test temperature. Trans-spherulitic fracture is found when the test temperature is below the glass transition temperatureT g (measured at 110 Hz) for a given water content, while at higher test temperatures a high degree of drawing is evident. It is concluded that the fracture surface micromorphology of nylon 66 and its blends depend strongly on the viscoelastic state of the polymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 22 (1987), S. 3576-3580 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Crack tip heating in cyclically loaded short-fibre polymer matrix composites occurs by a combination of hysteretic heating and frictional heating. While the former mechanism is caused by plastic and viscoelastic deformations within the polymeric matrix, the latter is due to interfacial friction between matrix and fibres, and crack surface interference associated with crack closure. The relative contribution of these two principal mechanisms depends upon a number of variables including the viscoelastic and plastic characteristics and frictional properties of the matrix polymer, the degree of interfacial adhesion, the fibre content and fibre orientation distribution and the loading conditions. The results confirm that even in a tension/tension loading mode, frictional heating may play a dominant role, at least in some systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 22 (1987), S. 4015-4030 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fatigue-crack profiles and fracture surfaces of several short glass fibre-reinforced polymers were examined to gain insight into the mechanisms of cyclic damage and fatigue-crack propagation in these materials. Several distinctly different features were noted between fracture surfaces generated by stable fatigue crack growth and those produced by monotonic or unstable fracture. Among the most significant differences were the higher degree of single and multiple fibre fracture generally observed on stable fatigue-crack growth fracture surfaces, and the variations in the interfacial failure site in well-bonded systems. While the former effect is attributed to the occurrence of crack closure and the build-up of compressive stresses in the crack-tip damage zone during unloading, the differences in the interfacial failure mode are related to the adverse effect of fatigue loading on the interfacial bond strength. No features could be identified that would allow a quantitative correlation between the applied stress intensity factor level or the crack growth rates and characteristic fracture surface details.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The fatigue crack propagation (FCP) response of impact-modified nylon was investigated as a function of rubbery second phase content and absorbed water level. Particular attention was given to the influence of these material variables on the amount of hysteretic heating as measured With an infrared microscope. FCP resistance was raised when heating was localized near the crack tip, but lowered by more generalized specimen heating. Variations in FCP behaviour were found to depend strongly on changes in the dynamic storage and loss moduli resulting from hysteretic heating, with the heating-induced modulus changes being more important than the absolute temperature increase of the sample. The combination of rubbery phase end absorbed water produced greater specimen heating and, in general, produced poorer FCP resistance than with the presence of either factor ahne.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1466-1476 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxies toughened with two reactive liquid rubbers, an epoxy-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (ETBN) and an amino-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (ATBN), were prepared and studied in terms of their structure property relationships. A two-phase structure was formed, consisting of spherical rubber particles dispersed in an epoxy matrix. A broad distribution of rubber particles was observed in all the materials with most of the particles ranging in size from 1 to 4 μm, but some particles exceeding 20 μm were also found. Impact strength, plane strain fracture toughness (KIC), and fracture energy (GIC) were increased, while Young's modulus and yield strength decreased slightly with increasing rubber content and volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Both GIC and KIC were found to increase with increasing apparent molecular weight between crosslinks and decreasing yield strength. The increased size of the plastic zone at the crack tip associated with decreasing yield strength could be the cause of the increased toughness. An ATBN-toughened system containing the greatest amount of epoxy sub-inclusion in the rubbery phase demonstrated the best fracture toughness in this series. In the present systems, rubber-enhanced shear deformation of the matrix is considered to be the major toughening mechanism. Curing conditions and the miscibility between the liquid rubber and the epoxy resin determine the phase morphology of the resulting two-phase systems. Kerner's equation successfully describes the modulus dependence on volume fraction for the two-phase epoxy materials.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxies containing epoxy-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (ETBN) or amino-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (ATBN) were prepared and studied in terms of fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance and toughening mechanisms. Rubber incorporation improves both impact and FCP resistance, but results in slightly lower Young's modulus and Tg As Tg increases, the degree of toughening decreases. Rubber-induced shear yielding of the epoxy matrix is believed to be the dominant toughening mechanism. Decreasing fatigue resistance with increasing cyclic frequency is observed for both neat and rubber-toughened epoxies. This result may be explained by the inability of these materials to undergo possible beneficial effects of hysteretic heating. FCP resistance is linearly proportional to Mc1/2, where Mc is the apparent molecular weight between crosslinks determined on the rubber-toughened material. FCP resistance also increases with increasing static fracture toughness KIC. ATBN-toughened epoxies demonstrated better fatigue resistance than ETBN-toughened systems.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 27 (1989), S. 2251-2268 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Network formation (branching) theory was used to examine the relationships between network structure and concomitant sound and vibration damping. For a series of model polyether-based polyurethane networks with varying stoichiometry and composition, the glass transition temperature Tg, was found to increase with increasing concentration of elastically active network chains, EANCs, as well as the ratio of branch OH group concentration to the total OH group concentration ρ. The values of (tan δ)max, the peak height of tan δ at Tg, linearly decrease with increasing concentration of EANCs, regardless of the ρ values. However, the loss area (LA), equal to the integral of the linear loss modulus-temperature curve, is independent of the concentration of EANCs and/or ρ. Utilizing group contribution analysis techniques, the value of the main chain -O- group contribution, LA-O-, is 19.1 GPa·K/g, a rather large value. This finding gives insight into why polyether urethanes are preferred for many damping applications.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 517-524 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A semi-empirical expression for predicting phase continuity and inversion in polymer blends and simultaneous interpenetrating networks (SINs) was developed and examined experimentally. A rheological model based on the volume fraction, φ, and viscosity, η, led to the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{{\rm \eta }_{\rm 1} }}{{{\rm \eta }_{\rm 2} }} \cdot \frac{{\phi _{\rm 2} }}{{\phi _{\rm 1} }} \cong 1 $$\end{document} as the criteria for dual phase continuity for phases 1 and 2. This relation was evaluated for two systems: a castor oil polyester-urethane/polystyrene SIN, and a mechanical blend of polystyrene and polybutadiene. Literature data was also examined. A gradual phase inversion was found, with a region of dual phase continuity in between. While predictions of phase continuity were confirmed for the mechanical blends, they were not confirmed for the SIN system. This was probably due to rapid gelation at the point of phase inversion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1987-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1986-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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