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  • 1990-1994  (22)
  • 1965-1969  (13)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and properties of Mn-bearing yoderite and of Mn-bearing kornerupine as by-product (1993)
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 48 (1993), S. 115-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Synthese von Yoderiten mit chemischen Zusammensetzungen nahe denjenigen der natürlichen, blau gefärbten Varietät gelang in Ausbeuten bis zu 95% aus Gelen bei hohen Versuchsdrücken (15, 16 kbar) und Temperaturen von 650 bzw. 800°C. Die Sauerstoffugazität wurde durch den Puffer Mn2O3/MnO2 kontrolliert. Aus Mikrosondenanalysen und Wasserbestimmungen wurden folgende chemische Formeln von Yoderit bestimmt: Mg1.90(Al6.01Fe3+ 0.28Mn3+ 0.11)Σ=6.40Si3.80O18.21(OH)1.79 and Mg1.86(Al5.77Fe3+ 0.36Mn3+ 0.04)Σ=6.17Si4O18.20(OH)1.80. Die Stabilisierung der Yoderitstruktur allein durch Mangan wurde durch die Synthese manganhaltigen, aber eisenfreien Yoderits, Mg1.85(Al6.26Mn3+ 0.10)Σ=6.36Si3.91O18.15(OH)1.85 belegt. Sämtliche synthetisierten Yoderite besitzen die typische dunkelblaue Farbe, wie sie vom natürlichen Mineral bekannt ist, und zeigen einen Pleochroismus von dunkelblau ‖ b zu farblos ⊥ b. Dies unterstützt die ursprüngliche auf spektroskopischen Untersuchungen basierende Vermutung, daß Mangan für die blaue Farbe von Yoderit verantwortlich ist. Im Vergleich zu Eisen wird Mn3+ in geringerem Ausmaß in die Yoderit-struktur eingebaut, wobei die hier erreichte maximale Menge von 0.11 Mn3+ p.F.E. unter derjenigen der natürlichen Yoderite von Mautia Hill, Tansania, liegt (dort 0.15 Mn3+ p.F.E.). In einigen Versuchsprodukten koexistierte mit Yoderit auch Fe-Mn haltiger Kornerupin, der einen ausgeprägten Pleochroismus von dunkelgrün ‖ b zu hellrot ‖ c besitzt. Kornerupin enthält im Vergleich zu Yoderit mehr Mangan. Chemische Analysen dieser Phase belegen den Einbau von zweiwertigem Mangan, obwohl wahrscheinlich Spuren von Mn3+ die Farbe von Kornerupin verursachen. Mit Yoderit koexistierender Braunit besitzt Mg und Al, die für Mn2+ bzw. Mn3+ substituiert wurden. Trotz hoher Sauerstoffugazität enthält Granat, der aus einem Fe-freien Gel erhalten wurde, ausschließlich zweiwertiges Mangan und stellt einen Mischkristall zwischen Pyrop und Spessartin dar (Py79Spess21).
    Notes: Summary Yoderite with compositions close to those of the natural purple variety were synthesized from gels at high water pressures (15–16 kbar) and temperatures (650, 800°C) at the oxygen fugacities of the Mn2O3/MnO2-buffer with yields up to 95%. Chemical formulae based on microprobe data and water analyses are Mg1.90(Al6.01Fe3+ 0.28Mn3+ 0.11)Σ=6.40Si3.8O18.21(OH)1.79 and Mg1.86(Al5.77Fe3+ 0.36Mn3+ 0.04)Σ=6.17Si4O18.20(OH)1.80. Manganiferous, but iron-free yoderite with the formula Mg1.85(Al6.26Mn3+ 0.10)Σ=6.36Si3.91O18.15(OH)1.85 was also obtained and proves that Mn3+ alone may stabilize the yoderite structure, although this does not necessarily imply thermodynamic-stability. All these synthetic yoderites exhibit the typical purple color known from the natural mineral with pleochroism of dark blue ‖ b to colorless ⊥ b, which confirms the earlier spectroscopic conclusion that Mn is responsible for the purple color of yoderite. Compared to ferric iron, Mn3+ is incorporated into yoderite in much smaller amounts, although the maximum attained here (0.11 p.f.u.) is still below the 0.15 found in new analyses of natural yoderite from Tanzania. In some runs yoderite coexisted with kornerupine containing Mn and Fe as well and showing spectacular pleochroism from dark green ‖ b to light red ‖ c. Relative to yoderite Mn is fractionated into kornerupine. The analytical data suggest that most of the manganese is incorporated as Mn2+, although some Mn3+ may be the reason for the color. Coexisting braunite contains high amounts of Mg and Al substituting for Mn2+ and Mn3+, respectively. Garnet obtained from the Fe-free gel contains only Mn2+ and has the end member composition Pyrope79Spessartine21 despite high oxygen fugacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01163091
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ein synthetisches Zwischenglied zwischen dioktaedrischen und trioktaedrischen Glimmern (1965)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 52 (1965), S. 182-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00623240
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetische Amphibole mit OH-Überschuß im System Na2O−MgO−SiO2−H2O (1969)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 56 (1969), S. 414-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593623
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Möglichkeit der Entstehung ultrabasischer Magmen bei Gegenwart geringer Alkalimengen (1968)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 57 (1968), S. 349-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Mixtures of forsterite and enstatite show partial melting in the pressure range 1–5 kb at very low temperatures (approximately 550–700° C), if small amounts of K2O are added in the presence of excess H2O. Since alkalies and water are also expected to be minor constituents of the material forming the earth's mantle, they may cause, in this region, the formation of ultrabasic crystal mushes that may intrude into higher levels, i. e. the earth's crust. The presence of alkalies in ultrabasic melts before or during their emplacement may result in alkali metasomatism of the adjoining country rocks, because most of these alkalies are being incorporated at still lower temperatures in a gas phase leaving the intrusion.
    Abstract: Résumé On a trouvé qu'en présence de K2O et d'un excès d'eau des mélanges de forsterite et d'enstatite peuvent être fondues en partie à des températures très basses (550–700° C), sous une pression d'un à 5 kilobars. La présence des alkalis et de l'eau dans l'enveloppe pierreuse externe est probable. Conséquemment on pourrait supposer la formation de magmas d'ultrabasite par ces components dans l'enveloppe pierreuse externe. Ces magmas pourraient pénétrer dans des étages élevés. La présence des alkalis dans les magmas d'ultrabasite, avant et aussi bien au cours de la formation de ces dernières, pourrait se manifester par des métasomatoses d'alkali dans la roche encaissante, puisque à des températures encore plus basses les alkalis sont présents en phase volatile; cette phase peut quitter l'intrusion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mischungen von Forsterit und Enstatit werden bei Zugabe von wenigen Prozent K2O in Anwesenheit eines Wasserüberschusses unter Drucken von 1 bis 5 Kilobar bereits bei sehr niedrigen Temperaturen (etwa 550–700° C) teilweise aufgeschmolzen. Da auch in den Gesteinen des Erdmantels die Gegenwart von Alkalien und Wasser zu erwarten ist, können diese Komponenten zur Bildung von Ultrabasit-Schmelzbreien im Oberen Erdmantel führen, welche in höhere Stockwerke, d. h. in die Erdkruste, intrudieren können. Die Anwesenheit von Alkalien in Ultrabasitschmelzen vor und während deren Platznahme kann sich durch Alkalimetasomatosen im Nebengestein äußern, da die Alkalien bei noch niedrigeren Temperaturen vorwiegend in eine leichtflüchtige Gasphase eingehen, welche die Intrusion verläßt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01821250
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potassic cordierites: characteristic minerals for high-temperature, very low-pressure environments (1990)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 105 (1990), S. 162-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The mineral chemistry of cordierites from three different sanidinite facies localities-1) volcanic xenoliths from the Eifel, Germany; 1) buchites of the Blaue Kuppe, Germany; 3) paralavas from the Bokaro coalfield, India-is characterized by unusually high potassium contents up to 1.71 wt%, equivalent to 0.22 K atoms per formula unit (p.f.u.) based on 18 oxygens. Significantly, these cordierites are either hexagonal highcordierites (indialites) with Δ=0 or exhibit intermediate Δ-values 0〈Δ〈0.20 relative to well Al,Si-ordered orthorhombic low-cordierite. Based on microprobe analyses, the predominant substitutional mechanism for alkali incorporation is Alk[Channel]+Al[4] for □+Si[4], thus leading to Al/Si-ratios deviating considerably from the value 4:5 in ideal cordierite M2[Al4Si5O18]. The most highly substituted cordierite from Blaue Kuppe is about (K0.22Na0.07)[Ch](Mg1.33Fe 0.66 2+ )[6][Al4.16Si4.79O18]. Bokaro cordierites are further characterized by obvious (Al+Si)-deficiencies against the ideal value of 9.0 p.f.u., a tendency of which is apparent in most Blaue Kuppe analyses as well. As the tetrahedral deficiencies are often equivalent to excess cations in the octahedra, we assume that ferric iron fills up the remaining tetrahedral sites, again linked with the introduction of potassium according to K+Fe3+ for □+Si. In comparison with the available experimental data, these natural potassic cordierites are considered stable high-temperature phases regarding their compositions, but not their structural states. Although the substitution KAl for Si in Mg-cordierite is known to lower the maximum Δ-value to be attained, the hexagonal nature of the cordierites must be due to very rapid crystallization and subsequent quenching. The higher Δ-values of the Blaue Kuppe cordierites might be caused by their topotactic origin from preexisting biotite. The complicated twin and domain patterns of the hexagonal Eifel and Bokaro cordierites as observed in thin section could perhaps be attributed to structural modulations as postulated recently for hexagonal cordierite shortly after its growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678983
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  • 6
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    Zn-rich högbomite formed from gahnite in the metabauxites of the Menderes Massif, SW Turkey (1993)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 113 (1993), S. 314-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Gahnite, ZnAl2O4, present as an accessory mineral in regionally metamorphosed low-grade diasporites, has reacted in adjacent higher-grade, corundum-bearing metabauxite equivalents (emeries) to form Zn-rich högbomite, (Zn,Fe2+,Mg,Ni)t-2x (Ti,Sn)xAl2O4, of the 4H polytype. Commonly, the initial högbomite crystals grew epitactically along the octahedral faces of gahnite, which was subsequently dissolved, so that högbomite now forms spectacularly intergrown sets of eight crystals in perfect crystallographic orientation to each other. This indicates a metamorphic reaction, probably involving a fluid, transporting mainly the elements Zn and Al. Reactant Ti minerals in the diasporites were rutile and titanian hematite (10–15 mol% FeTiO3). In the emeries högbomite coexists with still more Ti-rich hematites containing between 26 and 37 mol% FeTiO3. The overall reaction relations involving partial reduction may be subdivided into the intial univariant reaction, gahnite+diaspore+Ti-hematite+rutile=högbomite+H2O+O2. This was followed, in the absence of gahnite, by compositional readjustments of högbomite and Ti-hematite and the appearance of magnetite. Core to rim zoning profiles indicate that, with continued growth, the högbomite crystals became poorer in Zn and Ti, but richer in Fe2+, while the Ti-contents of coexisting hematite increased. Högbomite formation at the expense of gahnite started at temperatures as low as about 400° C for an estimated pressure of 5–6 kbar.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286924
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metastability of an osumilite end member in the system K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and its possible bearing on the rarity of natural osumilites (1967)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 14 (1967), S. 343-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein synthetisches Endglied der Osumilitgruppe mit der Formel KMg2Al3[Si10Al2-O30]·xH2O wurde durch kurzzeitige Hydrothermalversuche bei 650–700° C, 1 kb $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ aus einem Glas der entsprechenden Zusammensetzung mit voller Ausbeute dargestellt. Seine optischen und röntgenographischen Eigenschaften sind denen natürlicher Osumilite nahe verwandt. Bei niedrigeren und höheren Temperaturen und Wasserdrucken entstanden zusätzlich noch andere Phasen, und zwar um so mehr, je länger die Versuchszeiten gewählt wurden. In sehr langen Versuchen von 3 Monaten und darüber wird der synthetische Osumilit wieder abgebaut, selbst unter den PT-Bedingungen seiner Bildung. Dies bedeutet, daß die Phase unter solchen Bedingungen ein metastabiles Kristallisationsprodukt ist. Die stabilen Abbauprodukte sind, in der Reihenfolge zunehmender Temperatur: Muscovit+amesitischer Chlorit+Quarz; eastonitischer Phlogopit+Cordierit+ Muscovit+ Quarz und Cordierit+Kalifeldspat+Quarz. Ein natürlicher Osumilit von Sakkabira, Japan, wurde unter ähnlichen Bedingungen ebenfalls abgebaut. Diese Versuchsergebnisse sprechen dafür, daß das seltene Mineral Osumilit vielleicht eine metastabile Phase ist, die sich bevorzugt in Bereichen der Sanidinitfacies bildet wegen der dort im allgemeinen raschen, nicht zum Gleichgewicht führenden Kristallisation. Natürliche, myrmekitartige Verwachsungen von Cordierit, Kalifeldspat und Quarz aus metamorphen Gesteinen können möglicherweise durch den Abbau von früher in diesen Gesteinen vorhandenen Osumilitphasen gedeutet werden.
    Notes: Abstract A synthetic end member of the osumilite group with a composition KMg2Al3[Si10Al2-O30]·xH2O was obtained as a single phase through short-time hydrothermal treatment of a glass of the appropriate composition at 1 kb $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ and 650–700° C. Its optical and x-ray properties are close to those of natural osumilites. At temperatures outside the range 650 to 700°C, and at higher pressures osumilite could not be synthesized as a single phase, even in short runs. With experiment durations of 3 months and more the synthesized osumilite breaks down under the PT conditions of its formation, indicating that it is metastable under these conditions. The stable breakdown products, in the order of increasing temperatures, are: muscovite+amesitic chlorite+quartz; eastonitic phlogopite+cordierite+muscovite+quartz; and cordierite+K-feldspar+quartz. Natural osumilite of Sakkabira, Japan, treated under similar conditions also broke down. These results suggest that the rare mineral osumilite may represent a metastable phase due to rapid and non-equilibrium crystallization common in sanidinite-facies environments. Natural myrmekite-like intergrowths of cordierite with quartz and K-feldspar occurring in metamorphic rocks may be the result of the breakdown of pre-existing osumilite phases in these rocks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373812
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  • 8
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    Stability relations of K2Mg5Si12O30, and end member of the merrihueite-roedderite group of meteoritic minerals (1969)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 22 (1969), S. 190-207 
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    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The phase K2Mg5Si12O30 was synthesized both hydrothermally and dry under a variety of pressures and temperatures, and its stability relations were determined. Under hydrothermal conditions it exhibits a lower stability limit lying at 595°C, 1 kb, and 650°C, 2 kb, due to its breakdown into the hydrous assemblage quartz+KMg2.5Si4O10(OH)2 (a mica phase). Its upper temperature stability under hydrothermal conditions is given by its incongruent melting to MgSiO3+liquid. Near 820° C at a fluid pressure of approximately 6.5 kb the two univariant curves for these breakdown reactions intersect thus limiting the stability field to lower fluid pressures. — Under anhydrous conditions K2Mg5Si12O30 becomes unstable at pressures between approximately 7 and 32.5 kb due to its incongruent melting to the assemblage MgSiO3+quartz (or coesite)+liquid; this melting curve has a pronounced negative slope. No subsolidus breakdown assemblage was encountered at 32.5 kb down to temperatures as low as 750°C. This behavior is probably due to the instability of other ternary compounds in the system K2O-MgO-SiO2 at high pressures and thus to the existence of very low-temperature eutectics involving only binary and unary solid phases plus liquid. It is likely that these stability relations provide a model for those of the natural minerals merrihueite and roedderite which contain Na and Fe+2 partly substituting for K and Mg and which were encountered in several meteorites. Therefore, the cosmic events leading to the formation of these minerals must have taken place at relatively low pressures and high temperatures, especially when water was present. The bulk compositions of these minerals appear to be incompatible with average chondritic matter under equilibrium conditions. Hence merrihueite and roedderite are not likely to be found in equilibrated chondrites which contain feldspars instead.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00387953
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  • 9
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    Pb−Sr−Nd isotopic behavior of deeply subducted crustal rocks from the Dora Maira Massif, Western Alps, Italy-II: what is the age of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism? (1991)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 108 (1991), S. 22-33 
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    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Pb, Nd and Sr isotope data are reported from two localities on mineral separates from Mg-rich metapelites and associated rocks that have been subducted to depths of at least 100 km, for which metamorphic conditions are estimated at 28–33 kilobars pressure and 700°–800° C, and then returned to the surface. Initial isotope ratio data from the granitoid country rock are similar to those found in the metapelites. The initial ratios indicate predominantly recycled, aged granitic crustal materials for the sources of all of the samples. Five zircon samples, 4 from pyrope megacrysts and 1 from fine-grained pyrope quartzite lenses in the metapelites accurately define a chord yielding intercept ages of 304±10 and 38.0±1.4 Ma in a concordia diagram. Zircon from the country rock also plots along the chord. The zircon data, together with initial Nd and Sr data, indicate that the sedimentary sources of the rocks were derived mainly or entirely from sialic Hercynian rocks. Ellenbergerite from pyrope megacrysts and monazite from the fine-grained ground mass yield slightly younger ages of 30–34 Ma, apparently reflecting lower blocking temperatures than that of zircon. Sm−Nd data from a pyrope megacryst give an errorchron corresponding to an age of 38 Ma, in agreement with the zircon date. A major question concerns the timing of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. Experimental data suggest that pyrope and quartz/coesite as well as ellenbergerite formed by various metamorphic reactions. If, as generally assumed, the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism occurred ca. 100 Ma ago, our data require that the zircon did not experience measurable lead loss at that time, but lost major amounts of lead 38 Ma ago during late Alpine metamorphism. Estimates of diffusion rates for Nd in pyrope further suggest that the apparent Sm/Nd age of 38 Ma for the megacryst is not consistent with that model. Those problems are resolved if the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism occurred 38–40 Ma ago, but problems remain from Ar/Ar dates of 100 Ma on phengite, an inferred 120 Ma age for zircon lead loss from another study, and possibly by the very rapid uplift required if the metamorphism is that young.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307323
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  • 10
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    The pyrope-coesite rocks and their country rocks at Parigi, Dora Maira Massif, Western Alps: detailed petrography, mineral chemistry and PT-path (1991)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 108 (1991), S. 1-21 
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    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Both the coarse- and fine-grained varieties of the partly coesite-bearing pyrope-quartzites, their interlayered jadeite-kyanite rocks, and the biotite-phengite gneiss country rock common to all of them were subjected to detailed petrographic and textural studies in order to determine the sequence of crystallisation of their mineral constituents, which were also studied analytically by microprobe. Prior to pyrope and coesite growth, the Mg-rich metapelites were talc-kyanite-chlorite-rutile-ellenbergerite schists which — upon continued prograde metamorphism — developed first pyrope megacrysts in silica-deficient local environments at the expense of chlorite + talc + kyanite, and subsequently the smaller pyrope crystals with coesite inclusions from reacting talc + kyanite. Based on geobarometrically useful mineral inclusions as well as on experimentally determined phase relations, a prograde PT-path — simplified for water activity = 1 — is constructed which passes through the approximate PT-conditions 16 kbar and 560° C, 29 kbar and 720° C, and finally up to 37 kbar at about 800° C, where the Mg-rich metapelite was a pyrope-coesite rock with phengite, kyanite, and talc still present. During the retrograde path, pyrope was altered metasomatically either into phlogopite + kyanite + quartz or, at a later stage, to chlorite + muscovite + quartz. Both assemblages yield PT-constraints, the latter about 7–9 kbar, 500–600° C. The country rock gneisses have also endured high-pressures of at least 15 kbar, but they provide mostly constraints on the lowest portion of the uplift conditions within the greenschist facies (about 5 kbar, 450° C). Microprobe data are presented for the following minerals: pyrope, ellenbergerite, dumortierite (unusually MgTi-rich), jadeite, vermiculite (formed after Na-phlogopite?), paragonite, and for several generations of phengite, chlorite, talc, phlogopite, dravite, and glaucophane in the high-pressure rocks, as well as for biotite, chlorite, phengites, epidote, garnet, albite, and K-feldspar in the country rock gneisses. An outstanding open problem identified in this study is the preservation of minerals as inclusions within kyanite and pyrope beyond their PT-stability limits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307322
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