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  • 1995-1999  (33)
  • 1970-1974  (18)
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  • 1
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    Recognition of unique carboxyl-terminal motifs by distinct PDZ domains (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: The oriented peptide library technique was used to investigate the peptide-binding specificities of nine PDZ domains. Each PDZ domain selected peptides with hydrophobic residues at the carboxyl terminus. Individual PDZ domains selected unique optimal motifs defined primarily by the carboxyl terminal three to seven residues of the peptides. One family of PDZ domains, including those of the Discs Large protein, selected peptides with the consensus motif Glu-(Ser/Thr)-Xxx-(Val/Ile) (where Xxx represents any amino acid) at the carboxyl terminus. In contrast, another family of PDZ domains, including those of LIN-2, p55, and Tiam-1, selected peptides with hydrophobic or aromatic side chains at the carboxyl terminal three residues. On the basis of crystal structures of the PSD-95-3 PDZ domain, the specificities observed with the peptide library can be rationalized.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Songyang, Z -- Fanning, A S -- Fu, C -- Xu, J -- Marfatia, S M -- Chishti, A H -- Crompton, A -- Chan, A C -- Anderson, J M -- Cantley, L C -- CA66263/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK34989/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056203/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):73-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8974395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanylate Kinase ; Helminth Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Kinesin/chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Myosins/chemistry/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase/chemistry/metabolism ; Peptide Library ; Peptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry/metabolism ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of enlarged back gaps in vertical giant magnetoresistance read heads (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5321-5323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: To fully exploit the capability of vertical head sensors, it is necessary to increase the gap immediately after the front contact region located at the air bearing surface. Because of fringing of the flux as it leaves the sensor and passes to the shields, the effective gap is less than the physical gap. An analysis has been performed using an electrical, SPICE, analog model for the field equations to determine the relationship between the change in the physical gap and the effective gap in terms of the signal decay along the sensor [A. V. Pohm, R. S. Beech, J. M. Anderson, and W. C. Black, IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 2392 (1997)]. Three enlarged half gaps were considered: one with an abrupt increase, one with a slope of two, and one with a slope of one. The analysis considered mostly back gaps which were ten times larger than the front gaps, going from 0.1 to 1.0 μm, for example. The results show an abrupt step yields an effective slope of 0.9 and a physical step with a slope of 1 yields an effective slope of 0.75. The effective slopes are being used to more accurately model the decay of signal flux along vertical head sensors. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370239
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of write field rise times on the switching thresholds of pseudo spin valve memory cells (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 4771-4772 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A number of experiments were performed on submicron, giant magnetoresistance, pseudospin valve, memory elements which showed that the write thresholds are significantly reduced if the rise time of the word write pulses are less than 2 ns and the elements are in the proper initial states. Tested elements had cell widths of 0.3 and 0.17 μm and total lengths of about 1.8 μm. The active lengths were 1.0 to 1.2 μm. Rise times used in the tests were 1.25, 2, and 4 ns. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370476
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE OF TIGHT JUNCTIONS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 60 (1998), S. 121-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tight junction creates a regulated barrier in the paracellular pathway and, together with the actin-rich adherens junction, forms a functional unit called the apical junction complex. A growing number of tight junction-associated proteins have been identified, but functions are defined for only a few. The intercellular barrier is formed by rows of the transmembrane protein occludin, which is bound on the cytoplasmic surface to ZO-1 and ZO-2. These proteins are members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein family and are likely to have both structural and signaling roles. Junctional plaque proteins without known functions include cingulin, p130, and 7H6; single reports describe ZA-1TJ and symplekin. Many cellular signaling pathways affect assembly and sealing of junctions. Transducing proteins, which localize within the junction, include both heterotrimeric and rho-related GTP-binding proteins, PKC-zeta and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Control of perijunctional actin may be the unifying mechanism for regulating paracellular permeability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.121
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Signal-to-noise optimization in narrow vertical and horizontal giant magnetoresistent head sensors (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4840-4840 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An analysis was performed on the optimum distance that vertical or horizontal M–R sensors should extend into a read head gap in order to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio of the amplified signal excluding media noise. The optimum distance depends on the decay length of the signal flux in the gap, sensor resistance, lead resistance, equivalent resistance of the amplifier, gap uniformity, sensor width, signal field sensitivity of the average sensor permeability, and bias field magnitudes. To a first approximation for typical values of the parameters, the optimum distance ranges from 1 to 2.5 times the decay length in the gap. Vertical sensors were found to utilize more effectively a nonuniform gap because the magnetic material can extend under the rear contact. The magnetization at the back edge of a horizontal sensor is essentially pinned by demagnetizing fields. Because sensor current densities are typically high, a 100 °C operating temperature was assumed. Also, because run length limited codes are used, the 1/f noise contribution of the GMR material was not considered in the calculations.© 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364849
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Blueprint for Survival” (1972)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 235 (1972), S. 405-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR,—As professional biologists we wish to record our strong disapproval of your attitude to environmental issues as expressed in recent editorials, and in particular your derisory criticism of The Ecologist's "Blueprint for Survival" (Nature, 235, 63 ; 1972). It is now widely acknowledged ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/235405b0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large Time Asymptotics for Brownian Hitting Densities of Transient Concave Curves (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of theoretical probability 10 (1997), S. 921-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9230
    Keywords: Brownian motion ; hitting density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract With appropriate regularity assumptions on the increasing concave function x=β(t)〈0, the hitting time density p(t) for a transient curve x=β(t) by a 1-dimensional Brownian motion is shown to satisfy $$p(t) \sim \frac{{(1 - r)}}{{\sqrt {2\pi } }}\frac{{\beta (t) - t\beta '(t)}}{{t^{3/2} }}e^{ - (\phi ^2 (t))2} {\text{, as }}t \to \infty $$ Here r is the probability of eventually hitting the curve and φ(t)=t −1/2β(t).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022662616608
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The breakdown and decomposition of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa mill.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaf litter in two deciduous woodland soils (1973)
    Springer
    Oecologia 12 (1973), S. 275-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes in the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and polyphenol content of chestnut and beech leaves were measured during the first year after fall. Chestnut leaves had an initial carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen content (by weight) of 48.71%, 5.56% and 0.77% respectively; beech had a similar carbon and hydrogen content (47.77% and 5.36%) but less nitrogen (0.56%). Both leaf litter types showed percentage increases in nitrogen content during the study period but only the beech showed absolute increases in nitrogen content of up to 66.7% of the initial weight present in the leaves. The percentage increases in the nitrogen content of chestnut litter were largely attributable to more rapid losses of non-nitrogenous leaf constituents while the weight of nitrogen present in the leaves remained relatively constant. The percentage carbon and hydrogen contents of the chestnut and beech litter showed changes of less than 1% throughout the year, indicating that carbohydrate losses were directly proportional to weight losses. Soil animals fed on chestnut leaves to a far greater extent than beech leaves; this difference did not appear to be directly attributable to differences between the nitrogen contents or C/N ratios of the two leaf litter species. The gross polyphenol contents of chestnut and beech litter showed an intraspecific inverse correlation with the feeding activities of soil animals on the leaves, but did not account for interspecific differences in leaf palatability since chestnut leaves were eaten when they contained higher polyphenol concentrations than beech leaves. However, there was an interspecific negative correlation between palatability and the presence of protocatechuic and gallic acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347567
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of elephant dung in an arid, tropical environment (1974)
    Springer
    Oecologia 14 (1974), S. 111-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Carbon dioxide evolution from elephant dung and bare soil was measured in relation to the chemical composition of the decomposing organic material, temperature and moisture. Carbon mineralisation from the dung was extremely rapid during the first 48 hours after deposition but micro-organism activity became progressively more limited by moisture after this initial period, and was at a comparatively low rate after two weeks when the dung was dry. Under high moisture controlled conditions CO2 evolution from the dung was primarily temperature limited, but a decrease in the carbon mineralisation rate and the temperature response over the 14 day experimental period suggested that the availability of carbon and nutrient resources also became limiting to micro-organism activity. Carbon dioxide evolution from the soil was negligible under normal conditions but both the soil and dry dung showed a rapid increase in CO2 evolution rates following the addition of water. The implication of these results for the dynamics of soil organic matter during the wet and dry seasons and for the ecology of dung beetles is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00344902
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The breakdown and decomposition of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaf litter in two deciduous woodland soils (1973)
    Springer
    Oecologia 12 (1973), S. 251-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Weight losses from sweet chestnut and beech leaves, attributable to biotic and abiotic breakdown processes, leaching and microbial decomposition have been studied using tethered leaves and litter bags. The experimental sites were two adjacent areas of deciduous woodland. In one area (the Castanea site) a mor-like moder humus form has developed under a stand dominated by coppiced chestnut, in the other a mull-like moder underlies a stand of coppiced beech (the Fagus site). Chestnut leaves in the Castanea site are primarily comminuted by abiotic processes (wind, rain, hygroscopic movements, etc.) and soil animals make a relatively small contribution to leaf litter breakdown. After 31 months in the field 36.03% of the initial weight of chestnut leaves remained in the fine mesh bags against 22.82% in the coarse mesh bags. Weight losses from the coarse and fine mesh bags containing beech litter were not significantly different after 31 months when a mean weight of 57.10% of the litter remained. In the Fagus site, leaf litter breakdown was mainly due to the feeding activities of earthworms. However, chestnut leaves were more readily selected than beech leaves. After 8 months in the field nearly 45% more chestnut leaf material had been lost from the coarse mesh bags than from the fine mesh bags. Weight losses from the coarse and fine mesh bags containing beech litter were not significantly different after 31 months, when a mean weight of 43.30% of the litter remained. The leaching and decomposition rates of either type of leaves were not significantly different in the two sites. Chestnut leaves in fine mesh bags lost weight at twice the rate of beech leaves under similar conditions during the first 20 months of the study; however, most of the weight losses from beech and up to 75% of the losses from chestnut were attributable to leaching rather than to microbial decomposition. The rates of weight losses from the chestnut litter in fine mesh bags declined over the last year of the study, but beech maintained approximately constant weight loss rates for 31 months in the field. This difference may be due to different rates at which similar proportions of water soluble materials were leached from the leaves. A major defect in the litterbag technique is demonstrated. The litter bags maintain the micro-environmental characteristics of the surface litter layers and do not follow the breakdown and decomposition pattern of the leaf litter year class from which the experimental material was drawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347566
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