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  • 1
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    Translating dosage compensation to trisomy 21 (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-19
    Description: Down's syndrome is a common disorder with enormous medical and social costs, caused by trisomy for chromosome 21. We tested the concept that gene imbalance across an extra chromosome can be de facto corrected by manipulating a single gene, XIST (the X-inactivation gene). Using genome editing with zinc finger nucleases, we inserted a large, inducible XIST transgene into the DYRK1A locus on chromosome 21, in Down's syndrome pluripotent stem cells. The XIST non-coding RNA coats chromosome 21 and triggers stable heterochromatin modifications, chromosome-wide transcriptional silencing and DNA methylation to form a 'chromosome 21 Barr body'. This provides a model to study human chromosome inactivation and creates a system to investigate genomic expression changes and cellular pathologies of trisomy 21, free from genetic and epigenetic noise. Notably, deficits in proliferation and neural rosette formation are rapidly reversed upon silencing one chromosome 21. Successful trisomy silencing in vitro also surmounts the major first step towards potential development of 'chromosome therapy'.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848249/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848249/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jiang, Jun -- Jing, Yuanchun -- Cost, Gregory J -- Chiang, Jen-Chieh -- Kolpa, Heather J -- Cotton, Allison M -- Carone, Dawn M -- Carone, Benjamin R -- Shivak, David A -- Guschin, Dmitry Y -- Pearl, Jocelynn R -- Rebar, Edward J -- Byron, Meg -- Gregory, Philip D -- Brown, Carolyn J -- Urnov, Fyodor D -- Hall, Lisa L -- Lawrence, Jeanne B -- 1F32CA154086/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 2T32HD007439/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- F32 CA154086/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM053234/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM085548/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM096400 RC4/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MOP-13680/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- R01 GM053234/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085548/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RC4 GM096400/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 HD007439/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 15;500(7462):296-300. doi: 10.1038/nature12394. Epub 2013 Jul 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23863942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/*genetics ; DNA Methylation ; *Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Down Syndrome/*genetics/therapy ; Gene Silencing ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Male ; Mice ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Neurogenesis ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics/*metabolism ; Sex Chromatin/genetics ; X Chromosome Inactivation/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Spin-degenerate surface and the resonant spin lifetime transistor in wurtzite structures (2010)
    American Institute of Physics
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-15
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 3
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    Mid-latitude afforestation shifts general circulation and tropical precipitation (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    Mid-latitude afforestation shifts general circulation and tropical precipitation [Environmental Sciences] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-18
    Description: We show in climate model experiments that large-scale afforestation in northern mid-latitudes warms the Northern Hemisphere and alters global circulation patterns. An expansion of dark forests increases the absorption of solar energy and increases surface temperature, particularly in regions where the land surface is unable to compensate with latent heat flux due to water limitation. Atmospheric circulation redistributes the anomalous energy absorbed in the northern hemisphere, in particular toward the south, through altering the Hadley circulation, resulting in the northward displacement of the tropical rain bands. Precipitation decreases over parts of the Amazon basin affecting productivity and increases over the Sahel and Sahara regions in Africa. We find that the response of climate to afforestation in mid-latitudes is determined by the amount of soil moisture available to plants with the greatest warming found in water-limited regions. Mid-latitude afforestation is found to have a small impact on modeled global temperatures and on global CO2, but regional heating from the increase in forest cover is capable of driving unintended changes in circulation and precipitation. The ability of vegetation to affect remote circulation has implications for strategies for climate mitigation.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    Climate response due to carbonaceous aerosols and aerosol-induced SST effects in NCAR community atmospheric model CAM3.5 (2013)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-05
    Description: This study used the Community Atmospheric Model 3.5 (CAM3.5) to investigate the effects of carbonaceous aerosols on climate. The simulations include control runs with 3 times the mass of carbonaceous aerosols as compared to the model's default carbonaceous aerosol mass, as well as no-carbon runs in which carbonaceous aerosols were removed. The slab ocean model (SOM) and the fixed sea surface temperature (SST) were used to examine effects of ocean boundary conditions. Throughout this study, climate response induced by aerosol forcing was mainly analyzed in the following three terms: (1) aerosol radiative effects under fixed SST, (2) effects of aerosol-induced SST feedbacks, and (3) total effects including effects of aerosol forcing and SST feedbacks. The change of SST induced by aerosols has large impacts on distribution of climate response; the magnitudes in response patterns such as temperature, precipitation, zonal winds, mean meridional circulation, radiative fluxes, and cloud coverage are different between the SOM and fixed SST runs. Moreover, different spatial responses between the SOM and fixed SST runs can also be seen in some local areas. This implies the importance of SST feedbacks on simulated climate response. The aerosol dimming effects cause a cooling predicted at low layers near the surface in most carbonaceous aerosol source regions. The temperature response shows a warming (cooling) predicted in the north (south) high latitudes, suggesting that aerosol forcing can cause climate change in regions far away from its origins. Our simulation results show that direct and semidirect radiative forcing due to carbonaceous aerosols decreases rainfall in the tropics. This implies that carbonaceous aerosols have possibly strong influence on weakening of the tropical circulation. Most changes in precipitation are negatively correlated with changes of radiative fluxes at the top of model. The changes in radiative fluxes at top of model are physically consistent with the response patterns in cloud fields. On global average, low-level cloud coverage increases, and mid- and high-level cloud coverage decreases in response to changes in radiative energy induced by aerosol forcing. An approximated moisture budget equation was analyzed in order to understand physical mechanism of precipitation changes induced by carbonaceous aerosols. Our results show that changes in tropical precipitation are mainly dominated are mainly dominated by the dynamic effect (i.e., vertical moisture transport carried by the perturbed flow).
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 6
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    Sulfate Aerosol Control of Tropical Atlantic Climate over the Twentieth Century (2011)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-15
    Description: The tropical Atlantic interhemispheric gradient in sea surface temperature significantly influences the rainfall climate of the tropical Atlantic sector, including droughts over West Africa and Northeast Brazil. This gradient exhibits a secular trend from the beginning of the twentieth century until the 1980s, with stronger warming in the south relative to the north. This trend behavior is on top of a multidecadal variation associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. A similar long-term forced trend is found in a multimodel ensemble of forced twentieth-century climate simulations. Through examining the distribution of the trend slopes in the multimodel twentieth-century and preindustrial models, the authors conclude that the observed trend in the gradient is unlikely to arise purely from natural variations; this study suggests that at least half the observed trend is a forced response to twentieth-century climate forcings. Further analysis using twentieth-century single-forcing runs indicates that sulfate aerosol forcing is the predominant cause of the multimodel trend. The authors conclude that anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions, originating predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere, may have significantly altered the tropical Atlantic rainfall climate over the twentieth century.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 7
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    Coordinated Abrupt Weakening of the Eurasian and North African Monsoons in the 1960s and Links to Extratropical North Atlantic Cooling (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-14
    Description: Previous modeling and paleoclimate studies have suggested that cooling originating from the extratropical North Atlantic can abruptly weaken the Eurasian and North African monsoons. The climatic signature includes a widespread cooling over the Eurasian and North African continents and an associated increase to surface pressure. It is explored whether such coordinated changes are similarly exhibited in the observed twentieth-century climate, in particular with the well-documented shift of Sahel rainfall during the 1960s. Surface temperature, sea level pressure, and precipitation changes are analyzed using combined principal component analysis (CPCA). The leading mode exhibits a monotonic shift in the 1960s, and the transition is associated with a relative cooling and pressure increase over the interior Eurasia and North Africa, and rainfall reduction over the Sahel, South Asia, and East Asia. The local circulation changes suggest that the rainfall shift results from the regional response of the summer monsoons to these continental-wide changes. A similar CPCA analysis of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations forced by twentieth-century-observed forcings shows similar results, suggesting that origins of the climate shift reside in the sea surface temperature changes, specifically over the extratropical North Atlantic. Finally, an AGCM forced with extratropical North Atlantic cooling appears to simulate these climate impacts, at least qualitatively. The result herein shows that the observed climate signature of the 1960s abrupt shift in Eurasian and North African climate is consistent with the influence of the abrupt high-latitude North Atlantic cooling that occurred in the late 1960s. A definitive causal relationship remains to be shown, and mechanisms elucidated.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 8
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    Climate response due to carbonaceous aerosols and aerosol-induced SST effects in NCAR community atmospheric model CAM3.5 (2013)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-20
    Description: This study used Community Atmospheric Model 3.5 (CAM3.5) to investigate the effects of carbonaceous aerosols on climate. The simulations include control runs with carbonaceous aerosols and no carbon runs in which carbonaceous aerosols were removed. The Slab Ocean Model (SOM) and the fixed Sea Surface Temperature (SST) were used to examine effects of ocean boundary conditions. Throughout this study, climate response induced by aerosol forcing was mainly analyzed in the following three terms: (1) aerosol radiative effects under fixed SST, (2) effects of aerosol-induced SST feedbacks , and (3) total effects including effects of aerosol forcing and SST feedbacks. The change of SST induced by aerosols has large impacts on distribution of climate response, the magnitudes in response patterns such as temperature, precipitation, zonal winds, mean meridional circulation, radiative fluxes and cloud coverage are different between the SOM and fixed SST runs. Moreover, different spatial responses between the SOM and fixed SST runs can also be seen in some local areas. This implies the importance of SST feedbacks on simulated climate response. The aerosol dimming effects cause a cooling predicted at low layers near the surface in most of carbonaceous aerosol source regions. The temperature response shows a warming (cooling) predicted in the north (south) high latitudes, suggesting that aerosol forcing can cause climate change in regions far away from its origins. Our simulation results show that warming of the troposphere due to black carbon decreases rainfall in the tropics. This implies that black carbon has possibly strong influence on weakening of the tropical circulation. Most of these changes in precipitation are negatively correlated with changes of radiative fluxes at the top of model. The changes in radiative fluxes at top of model are physically consistent with the response patterns in cloud fields. On global average, low-level cloud coverage increases, mid- and high-level cloud coverage decreases in response to changes in radiative energy induced by aerosol forcing. An approximated moisture budget equation was analyzed in order to understand physical mechanism of precipitation changes induced by carbonaceous aerosols. Our results show that changes in tropical precipitation are mainly dominated by dynamic effect, i.e. vertical moisture transport carried by the perturbed flow.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
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    Sulfate Aerosol Control of Tropical Atlantic Climate over the Twentieth Century (2011)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The tropical Atlantic interhemispheric gradient in sea surface temperature significantly influences the rainfall climate of the tropical Atlantic sector, including droughts over West Africa and Northeast Brazil. This gradient exhibits a secular trend from the beginning of the twentieth century until the 1980s, with stronger warming in the south relative to the north. This trend behavior is on top of a multi-decadal variation associated with the Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation. A similar long-term forced trend is found in a multimodel ensemble of forced twentieth-century climate simulations. Through examining the distribution of the trend slopes in the multimodel twentieth-century and preindustrial models, the authors conclude that the observed trend in the gradient is unlikely to arise purely from natural variations; this study suggests that at least half the observed trend is a forced response to twentieth-century climate forcings. Further analysis using twentieth-century single-forcing runs indicates that sulfate aerosol forcing is the predominant cause of the multimodel trend. The authors conclude that anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions, originating predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere, may have significantly altered the tropical Atlantic rainfall climate over the twentieth century
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC.JA.00186.2012 , Journal of Climate; 24; 10; 2540-2555
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Permanent El Niño and the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciations: Mechanism and comparison with other hypotheses (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-12
    Print ISSN: 2572-4517
    Electronic ISSN: 2572-4525
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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