ALBERT

Description: The Indian mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar observations during the passage of 37 convective systems are utilized to investigate the characteristics of vertical air velocity w in different convection categories (shallow, deep, and decaying) and also the differences in draft core statistics from the wet to dry spell. The radar and optical rain gauge measurements show pronounced differences in core statistics (in terms of their vertical structure, draft strength, size, number, and the elevation angle) and surface rainfall characteristics from the dry to wet spell. The shallow convective cores are preponderant in the dry spell. Composite w profiles, retrieved from all deep cases and also from individual convection cases, depict an upper-tropospheric peak in the wet spell and a bimodal distribution (peaks at 5 and 11–13 km) in the dry spell, illustrating that they are characteristic features of wet and dry spells. The average vertical extents of the cores are nearly equal (about 8 km) in both spells of the monsoon; however, the core-base (and top) altitudes are different. In both wet and dry spells, the composite w profile for all cores show similar vertical variation to that of for updraft cores, while the composite w for downdraft cores do not show much variation with altitude, indicating that the updraft cores dictate the vertical structure of composite w. The core size varies considerably (a factor of 2) with altitude in both spells of the monsoon. Although nearly equal in the lower troposphere in both phases of the monsoon, the core size is larger by 1–2 km in the dry spell in the middle and upper troposphere. Consistent with the longer lifetime (bigger core size) of cores in the dry spell, the cores are more inclined (with a mean elevation angle of 30°) in the dry spell. The surface rainfall distribution is wider and has large number of intense rainfall rates in the wet spell. The mean rainfall rate for the wet spell is also larger by a factor of 2, consistent with earlier studies.