ALBERT

Notes: The late Quaternary vegetation communities of the south-central highlands of Victoria are constructed from analyses of pollen and charcoal, and macroscopic plant remains preserved in Sphagnum bogs. The sites, located in eucalypt forest or woodland, form an altitudinal sequence with the component Eucalyptus species varying with altitude and with small pockets of Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. in close proximity to the higher sites. The record from the sites above 900 m covers the last 32 000 years, and the record from the lower sites extends from at least 12 000 BP. Around 32 000 BP the region was predominantly covered by a mosaic of alpine feldmark and herbfield, with small patches of Eucalyptus and Nothofagus woodland close to sea level when summer temperatures were probably 5°C lower than present. Lowest values, probably 7°–8°C below present, occurred between 19 800 and 16 900 BP, when alpine communities were most widespread and much of the Central Highlands was treeless. Around 12 000 BP alpine taxa disappeared or were greatly reduced, first at the lower sites. There was an associated rise in the treeline with the movement upslope of Nothofagus and eucalypt forest as a result of a general increase in temperature and probably effective precipitation. By 6000 BP wet eucalypt forest and Nothofagus reached their maximum postglacial extent at all sites, possibly related to a further increase in temperature, at least 2°C lower than present, and higher effective precipitation. A continuing increase in temperature, or an increase in continentality, and a decrease in effective precipitation led to increased fire hazard and retraction of rainforest and wet sclerophyll or tall open forest toward present-day values. Nothofagus disappeared from the sites below 900 m. The activities of humans pose further threats to remaining forest communities. The record of vegetation and environmental change derived from the local and regional picture from eight sites reinforces and complements that from the individual sites. For example, combining the records overcomes to some extent taphonomic problems such as the effect of streams that flow close to all sites, and other limitations including problems of dating, poor preservation and variable sedimentation rates.