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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 119 (1978), S. 172-190 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The behaviour patterns and the vocalisations of captive European and Himalayan goldfinches(Carduelis carduelis) and of three species of greenfinches (European-Chloris chloris, Himalayan-Chloris spinoides, and Chinese-Chloris sinica) have been studied in order to contribute to the questions of the taxonomic positions and to the problem of evolution in the acoustical communication system during speciation. The following general conclusions were reached: 1. The Chinese greenfinch is not a connecting link between greenfinches and goldfinches. 2. The morphological similarity between the Chinese greenfinch and the gray-headed goldfinch must be based on parallelism. 3. The gray- and black-headed goldfinches and the 3 species of greenfinches form two, clearly distinguished, groups of Carduelid finches. 4. In the gold- and greenfinches the tours, rhythmical repetitions of identical vocal patterns, form the frame of the song. 5. Group specific differences between the songs of gold- and greenfinches were found on the following levels of the hierarchical organisation: a) silent intervals between tours (there is no phrase in the greenfinch); b) rhythmical timing of tours; c) shape and frequency range of the subordinate song elements. 6. In the 3 species of greenfinches and the different subspecies of goldfinches the variation of song is limited to few predictable characteristics, primarily to the frequency modulation of the single song elements, whereas the rhythmical timing by the silent intervals between the vocal patterns remains constant. The variation of songs between different species of greenfinches is as small as between adjacent breeding populations of the European greenfinch. Thus the genetically determined song program, which channels vocal learning, remains astonishingly constant during the differentiation of subspecies in goldfinches and the evolution of the 3 morphologically very different species of greenfinches.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde überprüft, ob der China-Grünling(Chloris sinica) systematisch ein Bindeglied zwischen dem Grünling(Chloris chloris) und dem Stieglitz(Carduelis carduelis) darstellt. Mehrjährige Gefangenschaftsbeobachtungen an asiatischen und europäischen Stieglitzrassen und an den 3 Grünlingsarten Grünling, Himalaya-(Ch. spinoides) und China-Grünling(Ch. sinica) zeigten folgende Resultate: 1. Der China-Grünling ist ein echter Grünling, der in keinem Verhaltensmerkmal nähere Beziehungen zum Stieglitz zeigt. 2. Die Merkmalsübereinstimmungen zwischen den asiatischen, grauköpfigen Stieglitzrassen und dem China-Grünling in der Flügelzeichnung und Gefiederfarbe beruhen auf einer Parallelentwicklung. 3. Die verschiedenen Rassen des Stieglitzes und die 3 untersuchten Grünlings-Arten bilden zwei in sich geschlossene, ohne Übergangsformen voneinander getrennte Cardueliden-Gruppen. 4. Das generelle Gesangsprogramm, die Festlegung auf eine arttypische, den Einzellauten übergeordnete, rhythmische Gliederung des Gesangs blieb während der Rassenbildung des Stieglitzes und der Bildung der 3 Grünlingsarten unverändert. Alle Stieglitze singen in Strophen, die bei den 3 Grünlingsarten übereinstimmend fehlen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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