ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Foreword. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction: The Essentials of Environmental Physics. - 1.1 The Economic System. - 1.2 Living in the Greenhouse. - 1.3 Enjoying the Sun. - 1.4 Transport of Matter, Energy and Momentum. - 1.5 The Social and Political Context. - 6 References. - 2 Basic Environmental Spectroscopy. - 2.1 Introduction to the Solar Spectrum. - 2.1.1 Black Body Radiation. - 2.1.2 The Emission Spectrum of the Sun. - 2.2 Interaction of Light with Matter. - 2.2.1 The Transition Electric Dipole Moment. - 2.2.2 The Einstein Coefficients. - 2.2.3 Lambert-Beer's Law. - 2.3 Biomolecules, Ozone and UV Light. - 2.3.1 The Spectroscopy of Biomolecules. - 2.3.2 Solar UV and Life. - 2.3.3 The Ozone Filter. - Exercises. - References. - 3 The Global Climate. - 3.1 The Energy Balance: A Zero-Dimensional Greenhouse Model.- 3.2 Elements of Weather and Climate. - 3.3 Climate Variations and Modelling. - Excursion ??.Two Simple Examples of Chaos. - Exercises. - References. - 4 Energy for Human Use. - 4.1 Heat Transfer. - 634.2 Energy from (mainly) Fossil Fuels. - 4.2.1 Thermodynamic Variables. - 4.2.2 Conversion of Heat into Work and Vice Versa; Available Work. - Excursion 4A. Efficiency of a 'Real' Heat Engine. - Excursion 4B. Loss of Exergy in Combustion. - 4.2.3 Heat Engines: Conversion of Heat into Work. - 4.2.4 Internal Combustion Engines: Conversion of Chemical Energy into Work. - 4.2.5 Heat Pipes. - 4.2.6 Electricity. - 4.2.7 Energy storage and energy transport. - 4.2.8. Reducing pollution. - Excursion 4C. Energy Savings by Co-generation. - 4.2.9 Refrigeration. - 4.2.10 Transportation. - 4.3 The Price of Energy Conversion. - 4.4 Renewable Energy Sources. - 4.4.1 Solar Heat and Solar Electricity. - Excursion 4D. The Grätzel Cell. - 4.4.2 Wind Energy. - 4.4.3 Waves. - 4.4.4 Bioenergy. - 4.4.5 Hydropower and Fuel Cells. - 4.5 Nuclear Energy. - 4.5.1 Power from Nuclear Fission. - 4.5.2 Power by Nuclear Fusion. - 4.5.3 Radiation and Safety. - Excursion 4E. Electromagnetic Radiation and Health. - 4.5.4 Managing the Fuel Cycle ; Waste. - Exercises. - References. - 5 Transport of Pollutants. - 5.1 Diffusion. - Excursion 5A. Conservation of Mass. - 5.2 Flow in Rivers. - 5.3 Ground Water Flow. - 5.4 The Equations of Fluid Dynamics. - 5.5 Turbulence. - Excursion 5B. Turbulent Diffusion. - 5.6 Gaussian Plumes in the Air. - 5.7 Turbulent Jets and Plumes. - 5.8 Particle Physics. - Exercises. - References. - 6 Noise. - 6.1 Basic Acoustics. - 6.2 Human Perceptions and Noise Criteria. - 6.3 Reducing the Transmission of Sound. - 6.4 Active Control of Sound. - Exercises. - References. - 7 Spectra and Examples of Environmental Spectroscopy. - 7.1 Overview of Spectroscopy. - 7.1.1 Population of Energy Levels and Intensity. - 7.1.2 The Transition Dipole Moment: Selection Rules. - 7.1.3 Line Widths. - 7.2 Atomic Spectra. - 7.2.1One-Electron Atoms. - 7.2.2 Many-Electron Atoms. - 7.3 Molecular Spectra. - 7.3.1 Rotational Transitions. - 7.3.2 Vibrational Transitions. - 7.3.3 Electronic Transitions in Molecules. - 7.4 Scattering. - 7.4.1 Raman Scattering. - Excursion 7A. Resonance Raman Scattering. - 7.4.2 Rayleigh Scattering. - 7.4.3 Mie Scattering. - 7.5 Spectroscopy of the Inner Electrons of Atoms and Molecules. - 7.5.1 X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy. - 7.5.2 X-Ray Absorption Spectra. - 7.5.3 The Auger Effect. - 7.5.4 Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS and XPS). - 7.6 Examples of Environmental Analysis. - 7.6.1 Monitoring Pollution of the Upper Atmosphere with Satellites. - 7.6.2 Lidar: A Technique to Measure the Location of Atmospheric Pollution. - Excursion 7B. Lidar Measurements of Stratospheric Ozone. - Excursion 7C. Aerosol Concentrations in the Karkonosze Mountains, Poland. - 7.6.3 Energy-Selective Spectroscopy o fMolecules. - 7.6.4 Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). - Exercises. - References. - 8 The Context of Society. - 8.1 Risk Estimation. - 8.2 Limits on Cheap Resources. - 8.3 Saving Energy Resources and Nature. - 8.4 Reviewing Our Thinking. - Excursion 8A. Self-Organized Criticality. - Exercises. - Essay Questions. - References. - Appendix A Gauss, Delta and Error Functions. - Appendix ? Some Vector Differentiations. - Appendix ? Physical and Numerical Constants. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Environmental physics, second edition presents a broad discussion of the physics which is used to analyse, prevent or reduce environmental problems. Both experimental and theoretical techniques are covered, including environmental spectroscopy, the generation of energy for human use, the transport of pollutants and the study of noise. Importantly, the final chapter places these issues firmly in the context of human society. New features: excursions on special topics such as the Grätzel solar cell, co-generation of heat and power, chaos, self-organized criticality; greater emphasis on the interpretation of spectra; more student exercises and more information to help the reader solve them; a manual with worked-out exercises is available for instructors. Environmental physics, second edition is a highly topical and timely textbook which will be invaluable to all students of environmental physics or environmental science, at both the undergraduate and postgraduate level. Environmental scientists who need to know how physical methods can be used to help their work, will also find this book extremely useful.