ALBERT

Description: Biological mixing in deep‐sea sediments is described in terms of a time‐dependent eddy diffusion model where mixing takes place to a depth L at constant eddy diffusivity D. The differential equation that describes this model has been solved for an impulse source of tracer delivered to the plane surface that forms the top of the mixed layer. The solution then serves as a Green's function, which can be used to determine the distribution of tracer in depth and in time for a surface input of tracer specified as any arbitrary function of time. The characteristic properties of the solution are dependent on the dimensionless parameter D/Lυ, where υ is the sedimentation rate. If D/Lυ is greater than 10, the surface layer becomes homogeneous, and the model is identical to the homogeneous layer model proposed by Berger and Heath (1968). If D/Lυ is less than 0.1, little mixing can take place before the sediments are buried, and so the surface concentration propagates downward into the sediments with little dispersion. For all values of D/Lυ the weighted mean depth of the concentration distribution is the depth at which an impulse source would be found in the sediment if no mixing had taken place. The microtektite data of Glass (1969, 1972) and Glass et al. (1973) indicate that abyssal sediments are mixed from the surface to a maximum mixing depth that ranges between 17 and 40 cm below the surface. Mixing occurs at rates between 1 and 100 cm2 kyr−1. Higher mixing rates may occur nearer the surface, but microtektite distributions cannot be used to estimate these rates in the presence of the deeper, slower mixing. Estimates for D based on dimensional analysis of sediment reworking rates for nearshore organisms (103–106 cm2 kyr−1) are used to predict abyssal mixing rates between 1 and 103 cm2 kyr−1 by invoking the assumption that mixing is proportional to biomass. Plutonium distributions in deep‐sea sediments (Noshkin and Bowen, 1973) indicate abyssal mixing rates ranging from 100 to 400 cm2 kyr−1.