Call number:
9781630810504 (e-book)
Type of Medium:
12
Pages:
1 Online-Ressource (1.014 Seiten)
,
Illustrationen
ISBN:
9781630810504 (e-book)
URL:
Fulltext @ Ebook Central (AWI only)
Language:
English
Note:
CONTENTS
Preface
Photo Credits
Computer Codes
1 Introduction
1-1 Why Microwaves for Remote Sensing?
1-2 A Brief Overview of Microwave Sensors
1-3 A Short History of Microwave Remote Sensing
1-3.1 Radar
1-3.2 Radiometers
1-4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
1-5 Basic Operation and Applications of Radar
1-5.1 Operation of Remote-Sensing Radars
1-5.2 Applications of Remote-Sensing Radars
1-6 Basic Operation and Applications of Radiometers
1-6.1 Radiometer Operation
1-6.2 Applications of Microwave Radiometry
1-7 Image Examples
2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
2-1 EM Plane Waves
2-1.1 Constitutive Parameters
2-1.2 Maxwell's Equations
2-1.3 Complex Permittivity
2-1.4 Wave Equations
2-2 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
2-2.1 Uniform Plane Waves
2-2.2 General Relation between E and H
2-3 Wave Polarization in a Lossless Medium
2-3.1 Linear Polarization
2-3.2 Circular Polarization
2-3.3 Elliptical Polarization
2-4 Plane Wave Propagation in Lossy Media
2-4.1 Low Loss Dielectric
2-4.2 Good Conductor
2-5 Electromagnetic Power Density
2-5.1 Plane Wave in a Lossless Medium
2-5.2 Plane Wave in a Lossy Medium
2-5.3 Decibel Scale tor Power Ratios
2-6 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence
2-6.1 Boundary between Lossless Media
2-6.2 Boundary between Lossy Media
2-7 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence
2-7.1 Horizontal Polarization—Lossless Media
2-7.2 Vertical Polarization
2-8 Reflectivity and Transmissivity
2-9 Oblique Incidence onto a Lossy Medium
2- 10 Oblique Incidence onto a Two-Layer Composite
2-10.1 Input Parameters
2-10.2 Propagation Matrix Method
2-10.3 Multiple Reflection Method
3 Remote-Sensing Antennas
3-1 The Hertzian Dipole
3-2 Antenna Radiation Characteristics
3-2.1 Antenna Pattern
3-2.2 Beam Dimensions
3-2.3 Antenna Directivity
3-2.4 Antenna Gain
3-2.5 Radiation Efficiency
3-2.6 Effective Area of a Receiving Antenna
3-3 Friis Transmission Formula
3-4 Radiation by Large-Aperture Antennas
3-5 Rectangular Aperture with Uniform Field Distribution
3-5.1 Antenna Pattern in x-y Plane
3-5.2 Beamwidth
3-5.3 Directivity and Effective Area
3-6 Circular Aperture with Uniform Field Illumination
3-7 Nonuniform-Amplitude Illumination
3-8 Beam Efficiency
3-9 Antenna Arrays
3-10 N-Element Array with Uniform Phase Distribution
3-10.1 Uniform Amplitude Distribution
3-10.2 Grating Lobes
3-10.3 Binomial Distribution
3-11 Electronic Scanning of Arrays
3-12 Antenna Types
3-12.1 Horn Antennas
3-12.2 Slot Antennas
3-12.3 Microstrip Antennas
3-13 Active Antennas
3-13.1 Advantages of Active Antennas
3-13.2 Digital Beamforming with Active Antennas
4 Microwave Dielectric Properties of Natural Earth Materials
4-1 Pure-Water Single-Debye Dielectric Model (f 〈 50 GHz)
4-2 Saline-Water Double-Debye Dielectric Model (f〈 1000 GHz)
4-3 Dielectric Constant of Pure Ice
4-4 Dielectric Mixing Models for Heterogeneous Materials
4-4.1 Randomly Oriented Ellipsoidal Inclusions
4-4.2 Polder-van Santen/de Loor Formulas
4-4.3 Tinga-Voss-Blossey (TVB) Formulas
4-4.4 Other Dielectric Mixing Formulas
4-5 Sea Ice
4-5.1 Dielectric Constant of Brine
4-5.2 Brine Volume Fraction
4-5.3 Dielectric Properties
4-6 Dielectric Constant of Snow
4-6.1 Dry Snow
4-6.2 Wet Snow
4-7 Dielectric Constant of Dry Rocks
4-7.1 Powdered Rocks
4-7.2 Solid Rocks
4-8 Dielectric Constant of Soils
4-8.1 Dry Soil
4-8.2 Wet Soil
4-8.3 εsoil in 0.3-1.5 GHz Band
4-9 Dielectric Constant of Vegetation
4-9.1 Dielectric Constant of Canopy Constituents
4-9.2 Dielectric Model
5 Radar Scattering
5-1 Wave Polarization in a Spherical Coordinate System
5-2 Scattering Coordinate Systems
5-2.1 Forward Scattering Alignment (FSA) Convention
5-2.2 Backscatter Alignment (BSA) Convention
5-3 Scattering Matrix
5-3.1 FSA Convention
5-3.2 BSA Convention
5-3.3 Stokes Parameters and Mueller Matrix
5-4 Radar Equation
5-5 Scattering from Distributed Targets
5-5.1 Narrow-Beam Scatterometer
5-5.2 Imaging Radar
5-5.3 Specific Intensities for Distributed Target
5-6 RCS Statistics
5-7 Rayleigh Fading Model
5-7.1 Underlying Assumptions
5-7.2 Linear Detection
5-7.3 Square-Law Detection
5-7.4 Interpretation
5-8 Multiple Independent Samples
5-8.1 N-Look Amplitude Image
5-8.2 N-Look Intensity Image
5-8.3 N-Look Square-Root Intensity Image
5-8.4 Spatial Resolution vs. Radiometric Resolution
5-8.5 Applicability of the Rayleigh Fading Model
5-9 Image Texture and Despeckle Filtering .
5-9.1 Image Texture
5-9.2 Despeckling Filters
5-10 Coherent and Noncoherent Scattering
5-10.1 Surface Roughness
5-10.2 Bistatic Scattering
5-10.3 Specular Reflectivity
5-10.4 Bistatic-Scattering Coefficient
5-10.5 Backscattering Response of a Smooth Surface
5-11 Polarization Synthesis
5-11.1 RCS Polarization Response
5-11.2 Distributed Targets
5-11.3 Mueller Matrix Approach
5-12 Polarimetric Scattering Statistics
5-13 Polarimetric Analysis Tools
5-13.1 Scattering Covariance Matrix
5-13.2 Eigenvector Decomposition
5-13.3 Useful Polarimetric Parameters
5-13.4 Image Examples
5-13.5 Freeman-Durden Decomposition
6 Microwave Radiometry and Radiative Transfer
6-1 Radiometric Quantities
6-2 Thermal Radiation
6-2.1 Quantum Theory of Radiation
6-2.2 Planck's Blackbody Radiation Law
6-2.3 The Rayleigh-Jeans Law
6-3 Power-Temperature Correspondence
6-4 Radiation by Natural Materials
6-4.1 Brightness Temperature
6-4.2 Brightness Temperature Distribution
6-4.3 Antenna Temperature
6-5 Antenna Efficiency Considerations
6-5.1 Beam Efficiency
6-5.2 Radiation Efficiency
6-5.3 Radiometer Measurement Ambiguity
6-6 Theory of Radiative Transfer
6-6.1 Equation of Radiative Transfer
6-6.2 Brightness-Temperature Equation
6-6.3 Brightness Temperature of a Stratified Medium
6-6.4 Brightness Temperature of a Scatter-Free Medium
6-6.5 Upwelling and Downwelling Atmospheric Brightness Temperatures
6-7 Terrain Brightness Temperature
6-7.1 Brightness Transmission Across a Specular Boundary
6-7.2 Emission by a Specular Surface
6-7.3 Emissivity of a Rough Surface
6-7.4 Extreme Surface Conditions
6-7.5 Emissivity of a Two-Layer Composite
6-8 Downward-Looking Satellite Radiometer
6-9 Polarimetric Radiometry
6-10 Stokes Parameters and Periodic Structures
7 Microwave Radiometric Systems
7-1 Equivalent Noise Temperature
7-2 Characterization of Noise
7-2.1 Noise Figure
7-2.2 Equivalent Input Noise Temperature
7-2.3 Noise Temperature of a Cascaded System
7-2.4 Noise Temperature of a Lossy Two-Port Device
7-3 Receiver and System Noise Temperatures
7-3.1 Receiver Alone
7-3.2 Total System Including Antenna
7-4 Radiometer Operation
7-4.1 Measurement Accuracy
7-4.2 Total-Power Radiometer
7-4.3 Radiometric Resolution
7-5 Effects of Receiver Gain Variations
7-6 Dicke Radiometer
7-7 Balancing Techniques
7-7.1 Reference-Channel Control Method
7-7.2 Antenna-Channel Noise-Injection Method
7-7.3 Pulsed Noise-Injection Method
7-7.4 Gain-Modulation Method
7-8 Automatic-Gain-Control (AGC) Techniques
7-9 Noise-Adding Radiometer
7-10 Summary of Radiometer Properties
7-11 Radiometer Calibration Techniques
7-11.1 Receiver Calibration
7-11.2 Calibration Sources
7-11.3 Effects of Impedance Mismatches
7-11.4 Antenna Calibration
7-11.5 Cryoload Technique
7-11.6 Bucket Technique
7-12 Imaging Considerations
7-12.1 Scanning Configurations
7-12.2 Radiometer Uncertainty Principle
7-13 Interferometric Aperture Synthesis
7-13.1 Image Reconstruction
7-13.2 MIR Radiometric Sensitivity
7-14 Polarimetric Radiometer
7-14.1 Coherent Detection
7-14.2 Incoherent Detection
7-15 Calibration of Polarimetric Radiometers
7-15.1 Forward Model for a Fully Polarimetric Radiometer
7-15.2 Forward Model for the Polarimetric Calibration Source
7-15.3 Calibration by Inversion of the Forward Models
7-16 Digital Radiometers
8 Microwave Interaction with Atmospheric Constituents
8-1 Standard Atmosphere
8-1.1 Atmospheric Composition
8-1.2 Temperature Profile
8-1.3 Density Profile
8-1.4 Pressure Profi