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  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • 1
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    AAPG Bulletin / Bulletin American Association of Petroleum Geologists
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) | GeoScienceWorld
    Online: 1.1917 – (GFZ only)
    Print: 34(12).1950 – 93(4).2009 (Location: A17, Kompaktmagazin, 9/7 - 10/6)
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    Formerly as: The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin; Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists; Bulletin of the Southwestern Association of Petroleum Geologists  (1917–1980)
    Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) , GeoScienceWorld
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606 , 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld ; petrology ; Erdöl ; Erdölgeologie ; Erdölgewinnung ; Erdgas ; Erdgasgeologie
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  • 2
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    Environmental Geosciences
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) | GeoScienceWorld | formerly Blackwell Publishing
    Online: 4.1997 – (GFZ only)
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    Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) , GeoScienceWorld , formerly Blackwell Publishing
    Print ISSN: 1075-9565
    Electronic ISSN: 1526-0984
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Keywords: GeoScienceWorld
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  • 3
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    Petroleum systems of the Eastern Cordillera, foothill basins, and associated Llanos basin: Impacts on the prediction of large scale foreland and foothill petroleum accumulations (2015)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 0149-1423
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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  • 4
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    Cenozoic paleogeography of the Andean foreland and retroarc hinterland of Colombia (2015)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Description: New biostratigraphic zonations, core descriptions, sandstone petrography, facies analysis, and seismic information are compared with published detrital and bedrock geo- and thermochronology to build a Cenozoic paleogeographic reconstruction of the Andean retroarc region of Colombia, encompassing the ancestral Central Cordillera, Middle Magdalena Valley, Eastern Cordillera, and Llanos basin. We identify uplifted sediment source areas, provenance domains, depositional environments, and thickness changes to propose a refined paleogeographic evolution of eastern Colombia. We conclude that Cenozoic evolution of the northernmost Andes includes (1) a period of contractional deformation focused in the Central Cordillera and Middle Magdalena Valley that may have started by the Late Cretaceous, although thermochronological data points to maximum shortening and exhumation during the late Paleocene; (2) a period of slower deformation rates or even tectonic quiescence during the middle Eocene; and (3) a renewed phase of contractional deformation from the late Eocene to the Pleistocene/Holocene expressed in provenance, bedrock thermochronology, and increased subsidence rates in the Llanos foreland. The sedimentary response in the Llanos foreland basin is controlled by source area proximity, exhumation and shortening rates, relationships between accommodation and sediment supply, as well as potential paleoclimate forcing. This new reconstruction changes the picture of Cenozoic basin evolution offered by previous reconstructions, providing an updated chronology of deformation, which is tied to a more precise understanding of basin evolution.
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 0149-1423
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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  • 5
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    Temporal and spatial distribution of tectonic events as deduced from reworked palynomorphs in the eastern Northern Andes (2015)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Description: In Colombia, palynology has been widely used as a biostratigraphic tool in oil exploration over the last two decades and, as a result of these efforts, an understanding of the chronostratigraphic range of thousands of palynomorph species is now available. Furthermore, because of their relative resistance to physical and chemical degradation, palynomorphs can often survive several tectonic-erosive cycles, allowing them to be used as unique tracers of long-term sedimentological changes. In this work, we use the palynological record from wells and outcrops in the Llanos foothills and the Llanos basin of Colombia to establish the intensity of Cenozoic reworking and its relationship to the tectonic evolution of the Colombian Andes. Using this approach, we were able to discern several tectonic episodes associated with the uplift of the Eastern Cordillera. We documented three periods of either faster erosion in the hinterland or more widespread areas being eroded in the catchment areas (late Paleocene–early Eocene, early to mid Miocene and Pliocene) and two periods of tectonic quiescence (mid-Eocene and mid–late Miocene). These periods correlate well with the deposition of different elements of the petroleum systems in the Llanos basin of Colombia (seals and reservoirs).
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 0149-1423
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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  • 6
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    Controls on petroleum composition in the Llanos basin, Colombia: Implications for exploration (2015)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Description: Physical and geochemical characteristics of produced petroleum from the central region of the Llanos basin, Colombia, were analyzed to understand the petroleum charge history and alteration processes. Petroleum properties in the study area are the result of the complex charge history of the oil fields. The amount of gas in fluids is controlled by the migration distance from the late or, possibly, the current generation kitchen located beneath the foothill deformation zone. Gas influx decreases toward the foreland domain, as indicated by lower values of the gas–oil ratio and saturation pressure. The API gravity of the oil samples is mainly controlled by the intensity of biodegradation. Marine-sourced oils accumulated in shallow reservoirs of the foreland prior to the onset of Andean deformation. Those fluids were subjected to different levels of biodegradation, depending on the time they remained at reservoir temperatures lower than 80°C (176°F) and before being buried to their maximum depth. Geochemical data suggest multiple charge pulses from different source kitchens of two main types of source rocks, as well as different biodegradation levels. The proposed petroleum charge and alteration model allows prediction of the temperature history of a reservoir and the most likely physical properties of the petroleum at a specific location. The model can be used as an exploration tool to assess the risk of charge prior to drilling in unexplored areas of the basin.
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 0149-1423
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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  • 7
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    Precambrian-Pleistocene tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the southern Llanos basin, Colombia (2015)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Description: The Llanos basin, located in the eastern region of Colombia, northwestern South America, is an Andean foreland basin between the Eastern Cordillera (Colombian Andes) and the Guyana Precambrian shield. The basin is the latest stage of a complex multiphase evolution that began in the Paleozoic at the latest. A Paleozoic–Pleistocene basin evolution model is presented based on a regional, two-dimensional, industry seismic data set and well-log observations for the southern part of the basin. Five tectono-stratigraphic sequences were identified: (1) lower Paleozoic depocenters preserved along inverted Neoproterozoic basement blocks; (2) an upper Paleozoic marine sequence folded and faulted in the late Paleozoic during assembly of Pangea; (3) Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene shallow marine sediments deposited in a distal foreland basin related to uplift of the Western and Central Cordilleras of Colombia, the sequence pinches out against a Paleozoic hinge or foreland bulge area; (4) an Eocene–Miocene foreland basin related to uplift of the Eastern Cordillera resulting in a wedge geometry; and (5) Pliocene–Pleistocene fluvial deltaic rocks overfilling the foreland basin. Reactivation of Paleozoic structures occurs at the top of this sequence with the development of anticlinal structures. Present-day stress fields indicate that subduction of the Nazca plate beneath South America may be responsible for reactivation of Paleozoic structures. Inversion of north–south structures with the Neoproterozoic basement is interpreted to be responsible for the Paleozoic and Pleistocene deformation, whereas Cenozoic deformation is related to the two main stages of foreland development of the basin. To the east, where the Paleoproterozoic basement is present, no deformation is interpreted.
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 0149-1423
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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  • 8
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    Petroleum system modeling in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia using geochemistry and timing of thrusting and deformation (2015)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Description: In the present study, stratigraphic data from cores and outcrop sections are integrated with data on thermal maturity, organic facies, and thermochronometric information to reconstruct the tectonic and associated petroleum system evolution of the eastern foothills thrust belt along the Colombian Eastern Cordillera, one of the most prolific hydrocarbon provinces in northern South America. Sedimentary and tectonic burial of the foreland autochthon caused maturation of the Coniacian to Santonian shallow marine Chipaque Formation, resulting in successive and diachronous episodes of hydrocarbon migration and trapping. One-dimensional and two-dimensional maturation modeling indicates that oil generation from the Chipaque Formation began at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (55 Ma) in the southern parts of what is now the Eastern Cordillera and progressed to the north. By the late Oligocene, tectonic inversion of the Eastern Cordillera exhumed most of these kitchens, terminating the oil generation from the Chipaque Formation. Kitchens migrated northward and eastward during the Oligocene and early Miocene. Because of the absence or subsequent erosion of traps, it is likely that the southernmost source rocks expelled most of their oil without any appreciable accumulation. Our modeling indicates that there were two important kitchens during the Cenozoic. The larger of the two was located in the present-day Eastern Cordillera, and it was most productive in the late Eocene–early Oligocene. The second kitchen, which generated oil throughout the Neogene, was located in the foredeep of the Llanos basin, adjacent to the mountain front. Considerable amounts of oil from this recent pulse have accumulated in both deep and shallow reservoirs along the eastern foothills. The modeled reservoir charge history also explains the substantial biodegradation of oils in reservoirs that are today much too deep to support the process. Biodegradation must have occurred when the reservoirs were shallower and at cooler temperatures, and they remained active until the reservoirs were buried to depths where temperatures were high enough to prevent further bacterial activity.
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 0149-1423
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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  • 9
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    Kinematic restoration of contractional basement structures using thermokinematic models: A key tool for petroleum system modeling (2015)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Description: In this paper, we demonstrate a workflow for constructing kinematic restorations in complex foothill areas devoid of growth strata and other indicators for the chronology of deformation. Our initial reconstructions utilize thermochronometric data, a well-documented structural geometry, and a first-order conversion of exhumation rates into tectonic rates. We then utilize models obtained from the new in-house–developed software FetKin to build a first version of the thermokinematic restoration. The FetKin approach is geared primarily toward testing and further calibration and refinement of the kinematic restoration, based on the extent to which the model result agrees with thermochronometric data from the study area in the form of both discrete ages and inverse-modeled time–temperature envelopes. This analysis also provides rates of shortening and time–temperature paths throughout the model space that can be used to make first-order predictions of when different source rocks entered the oil window. These capabilities are demonstrated in a pilot case study along a cross section in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. The improved confidence in the reconstruction that this technique provides allows us to show increasing shortening rates in this part of the Andes during the Neogene reaching up to 5 mm/yr (0.20 in./yr) by the Pliocene, and constrain the timing of generation from the most important oil kitchens for the Eastern Cordillera-Llanos basin petroleum system. This approach, therefore, proves to be a useful method for creating high-resolution and high-fidelity kinematic restorations.
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 0149-1423
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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  • 10
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    FetKin: Coupling kinematic restorations and temperature to predict thrusting, exhumation histories, and thermochronometric ages (2015)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Description: FetKin is a C++ program for forward modeling thermochronological ages on a two-dimensional geological cross section. Modeled ages for various thermochronometers are computed from time–temperature histories that result from coupling the modeled kinematics of deformation obtained from commercial software for balanced reconstructions (2DMove) and a finite element computation of temperatures. Additional capabilities include the ability to accommodate (1) a smooth change of topological relief; (2) the influence of variation in rock physical properties; and (3) multikinetic modeling of fission-track ages and length distributions, as well as apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He and muscovite $$^{40}\mathrm{Ar}/^{39}\mathrm{Ar}$$ systems. A joint first-order analysis of the impact of erosion parameters and material properties improves age predictions and allows for a more complete analysis of observed cooling ages based on their modeled thermal histories. Thus, this paper presents a new software tool that has been developed as a basic support for the methodological approach used to build the kinematic restorations shown in this volume, which are the basic input for petroleum systems modeling and prediction in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera and Llanos foothills basin.
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 0149-1423
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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