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  • 1
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    Protection Strategy against Spruce Budworm (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks are a dominant natural disturbance in the forests of Canada and northeastern USA. Widespread, severe defoliation by this native insect results in large-scale mortality and growth reductions of spruce (Picea sp.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests, and largely determines future age–class structure and productivity. The last major spruce budworm outbreak defoliated over 58 million hectares in the 1970s–1980s, and caused 32–43 million m3/year of timber volume losses from 1978 to 1987, in Canada. Management to deal with spruce budworm outbreaks has emphasized forest protection, spraying registered insecticides to prevent defoliation and keep trees alive. Other tactics can include salvage harvesting, altering harvest schedules to remove the most susceptible stands, or reducing future susceptibility by planting or thinning. Chemical insecticides are no longer used, and protection strategies use biological insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) or tebufenozide, a specific insect growth regulator. Over the last five years, a $30 million research project has tested another possible management tactic, termed an ‘early intervention strategy’, aimed at area-wide management of spruce budworm populations. This includes intensive monitoring to detect ‘hot spots’ of rising budworm populations before defoliation occurs, targeted insecticide treatment to prevent spread, and detailed research into target and non-target insect effects. The objective of this Special Issue is to compile the most recent research on protection strategies against spruce budworm. A series of papers will describe results and prospects for the use of an early intervention strategy in spruce budworm and other insect management.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; SD1-669.5 ; pheromone mating disruption ; spruce budworm ; insecticide application ; multi-spectral remote sensing ; simulation ; apparent fecundity ; Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) ; Pinaceae ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; circadian rhythm ; forest protection ; early intervention strategy ; insect population management ; moth ; survival ; Phialocephala scopiformis ; moths ; optimized treatment design ; spatial-temporal patterns ; monitoring ; modelling ; science communication ; decision support system ; population control ; area-wide management ; tortricidae ; insect susceptibility ; egg recruitment ; annual defoliation ; treatment threshold ; Maine ; dispersal ; growth rate ; forest pests ; Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) ; mixed effect models ; intertree variance ; endophytic fungi ; Acadian region ; insecticides ; defoliation ; Abies balsamea ; Picea glauca ; immigration ; defoliation prediction ; early intervention ; Quebec ; phenology ; aerobiology ; economic losses ; spatial autocorrelation ; foliage protection ; computable general equilibrium model ; economic and ecological cost: benefit analyses ; hardwood content ; plant tolerance ; Lepidoptera ; migration ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    New Insights into Parvovirus Research (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Viruses in the Parvoviridae family constitute one of the most diverse and intriguing fields of research. While they all share an ssDNA genome and a small capsid, they can differ widely in structure, genome organization and expression, virus–cell interaction, and impact on the host. Exploring such diversity and unraveling the inherent complexity in these apparently simple viruses is an ongoing endeavor and commitment for the scientific community. The translational implications of research on parvoviruses are relevant. Within the family, some viruses are important human and veterinary pathogens, in need of diagnostic methods and antiviral strategies; other viruses have long been studied and engineered as tools for oncolytic therapy, or as sophisticated gene delivery vectors, and can now display their wide and expanding applicative potential. This Special Issue of Viruses collects recent contributions in the field of parvovirus research, with a focus on new insights and research on unresolved issues, as well as new approaches exploiting systemic methodologies. Evolution, structural biology, viral replication, virus–host interaction, pathogenesis and immunity, and viral oncotherapy are a selection of the topics addressed in the issue that can be of relevance to the community involved in parvovirus research and of interest to a wider audience.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC109-216 ; antivirals ; Bombyx mori bidensovirus ; Bocaparvovirus ; human bocavirus 1 ; equine parvovirus-hepatitis ; NS2 ; NS1 ; X-ray crystallography ; BIRC3 (cIAP-2) ; glycans ; children ; antibody interactions ; new viruses ; alpaca ; cidofovir ; rodent protoparvoviruses ; clinical trials ; structural biology ; DNA virus ; human bocavirus ; caspase-3 ; viral communities ; uncoating ; PLA2 ; phospholipase-A2 ; oncolytic virus immune therapy ; Parvoviridae ; viral ecology ; Cryo-EM ; AAV ; metagenomics ; phylogeny ; oncolytic viruses ; mite ; parvovirus evolution ; Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 ; adeno-associated virus ; telbivudine ; capsid stability ; virus ; homology modeling ; human airway epithelia ; sequence analysis ; acute gastroenteritis ; bisulfite PCR ; next-generation sequencing ; single stranded DNA virus ; overlapping promoters ; virus diversity ; prognosis ; oncolytic activity ; genome ; hydroxyurea ; Lepidoptera ; genome externalization ; antiviral compounds ; circulating angiogenic cells ; tumor microenvironment ; coumarin derivatives ; nuclear targeting ; densovirus ; receptor interactions ; cell cycle arrest ; transcription profile ; brincidofovir ; canine parvovirus ; endogenous viral elements ; inflammatory cardiomyopathy ; erythroid progenitor cells ; RNA-seq ; insect ; chapparvovirus ; RT-qPCR ; trafficking ; AAV2 ; agricultural pests ; Adeno-associated virus ; myocarditis ; diagnosis ; parvovirus ; feline panleukopenia virus ; chitin ; B19V ; transcription mapping ; flavonoids ; immunomodulation ; erythrovirus ; apoptosis ; adenoviral vector ; anti-cancer ; divalent cations ; protease ; genetics ; preclinical ; arthropod ; peritrophins ; biocontrol ; dilated cardiomyopathy ; insect parvovirus ; combination therapies ; intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) ; virus phylogeny ; evolution ; second generation parvovirus treatments ; commercial horse serum ; parvovirus B19 ; canine chapparvovirus ; CpG methylation ; RACE ; H-1PV ; viral metagenomics ; horses ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Forest Insects and Pathogens in a Changing Environment: Ecology, Monitoring & Genetics (IUFRO Joint Meeting of WP7.03.05 & 7.03.10) (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: After the successful conclusion of the Joint Meeting of IUFRO’s 7.03.05 & 7.03.10 working parties and given the exciting and novel studies that have been presented in the framework of this meeting, we decided to present some of these studies in the current Special Issue of Forests. To make this issue more appealing and interesting to everyone in the field of Forest Protection, studies that cover a wide range of topics were selected, ranging from ecology and phylogeography to forest management and protection. More importantly, as these studies refer to pests and pathogens from different parts of the world, it is expected that the knowledge gained can be further used in the protection of natural environment worldwide.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; phenols ; flying ability ; Mediterranean forests ; wood borer insects ; Coraebus florentinus ; human-mediated transport ; ITS ; American chestnut ; sterols ; aggregated retention ; multivariate analysis ; Ips duplicatus ; Forestry Reclamation Approach ; triterpenes ; stand type ; Xyleborini ; birch ; Japanese red pine pure forests ; Scolytinae ; biological control ; Cephalcia kunyushanica ; deciduous forest ; silvicultural interventions ; fungal phytopathogens ; pathogen ; soil properties ; hypovirulence ; ammonium phosphite ; chestnut blight ; mtDNA ; latitude ; Cryphonectria parasitica ; occurrence ; distribution ; ash dieback ; ethanol ; phylogeography ; Carpathian Mountains ; Buprestidae ; stand characteristics ; oak ; vector ; Phytophthora ; black timber bark beetle ; infection level ; Romania ; coniferous forest ; Trypodendron laeve ; clearcutting ; Fraxinus excelsior ; selective pruning ; chlorophyll-a fluorescence ; forest management ; Ips sexdentatus ; disease management ; spread ; forest health ; ambrosia beetle ; Quercus ; invasive pathogens ; invasion ; biological invasion ; Lepidoptera ; ink disease ; functional group ; Betula ; mine reclamation ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    A preliminary molecular phylogeny of shield-bearer moths (Lepidoptera: Adeloidea: Heliozelidae) highlights rich undescribed diversity (2018)
    In:  Various articles (1055-7903) vol.120 (2018) p.129
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-25
    Description: Heliozelidae are a widespread, evolutionarily early diverging family of small, day-flying monotrysian moths, for which a comprehensive phylogeny is lacking. We generated the first molecular phylogeny of the family using DNA sequences of two mitochondrial genes (COI and COII) and two nuclear genes (H3 and 28S) from 130 Heliozelidae specimens, including eight of the twelve known genera: Antispila, Antispilina, Coptodisca, Heliozela, Holocacista, Hoplophanes, Pseliastis, and Tyriozela. Our results provide strong support for five major Heliozelidae clades: (i) a large widespread clade containing the leaf-mining genera Antispilina, Coptodisca and Holocacista and some species of Antispila, (ii) a clade containing most of the described Antispila, (iii) a clade containing the leafmining genus Heliozela and the monotypic genus Tyriozela, (iv) an Australian clade containing Pseliastis and (v) an Australian clade containing Hoplophanes. Each clade includes several new species and potentially new genera. Collectively, our data uncover a rich and undescribed diversity that appears to be especially prevalent in Australia. Our work highlights the need for a major taxonomic revision of the family and for generating a robust molecular phylogeny using multi-gene approaches in order to resolve the relationships among clades.
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Multilocus phylogeny ; taxonomy ; family-level phylogeny ; Australia
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 5
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    Species-level para- and polyphyly in DNA barcode gene trees: strong operational bias in European Lepidoptera (2016)
    In:  Various articles (1063-5157) vol.65 (2016) nr.6 p.1024
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-24
    Description: The proliferation of DNA data is revolutionizing all fields of systematic research. DNA barcode sequences, now available for millions of specimens and several hundred thousand species, are increasingly used in algorithmic species delimitations. This is complicated by occasional incongruences between species and gene genealogies, as indicated by situations where conspecific individuals do not form a monophyletic cluster in a gene tree. In two previous reviews, non-monophyly has been reported as being common in mitochondrial DNA gene trees. We developed a novel web service “Monophylizer” to detect non-monophyly in phylogenetic trees and used it to ascertain the incidence of species non-monophyly in COI (a.k.a. cox1) barcode sequence data from 4977 species and 41,583 specimens of European Lepidoptera, the largest data set of DNA barcodes analyzed from this regard. Particular attention was paid to accurate species identification to ensure data integrity. We investigated the effects of tree-building method, sampling effort, and other methodological issues, all of which can influence estimates of non-monophyly. We found a 12% incidence of non-monophyly, a value significantly lower than that observed in previous studies. Neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods yielded almost equal numbers of non-monophyletic species, but 24.1% of these cases of non-monophyly were only found by one of these methods. Non-monophyletic species tend to show either low genetic distances to their nearest neighbors or exceptionally high levels of intraspecific variability. Cases of polyphyly in COI trees arising as a result of deep intraspecific divergence are negligible, as the detected cases reflected misidentifications or methodological errors. Taking into consideration variation in sampling effort, we estimate that the true incidence of non-monophyly is ~23%, but with operational factors still being included. Within the operational factors, we separately assessed the frequency of taxonomic limitations (presence of overlooked cryptic and oversplit species) and identification uncertainties. We observed that operational factors are potentially present in more than half (58.6%) of the detected cases of non-monophyly. Furthermore, we observed that in about 20% of non-monophyletic species and entangled species, the lineages involved are either allopatric or parapatric—conditions where species delimitation is inherently subjective and particularly dependent on the species concept that has been adopted. These observations suggest that species-level non-monophyly in COI gene trees is less common than previously supposed, with many cases reflecting misidentifications, the subjectivity of species delimitation or other operational factors.
    Keywords: DNA barcoding ; gene tree ; Lepidoptera ; mitochondrial COI ; mitochondrial cox1 ; paraphyly ; polyphyly ; species delimitation ; species monophyly
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 6
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    Identification of the female-produced sex pheromone of the leafminer Holocacista capensis infesting grapevine in South Africa (2015)
    In:  Various articles (0098-0331) vol.41 (2015) p.724
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-24
    Description: We report the first identification of a sex pheromone in a heliozelid moth, Holocacista capensis van Nieukerken & Geertsema. This leafminer recently infested grapevine in South Africa. Compared to solvent extraction of pheromone glands, solid phase microextraction (SPME) proved to be highly effective for collection of the pheromone from calling females. The volatiles collected by SPME were analyzed by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD). Three compounds eliciting electrophysiological activity from the male antenna were identified as (Z)-5-tetradecenal, (Z)-7-tetradecenal, and (Z)-9-hexadecenal by coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). GC/MS analysis of dimethyldisulphide (DMDS) derivatives of fatty acyl moieties in pheromone gland extracts confirmed the presence of the corresponding putative pheromone precursors with double bonds in the same position and with Z geometry. Field trapping experiments in a South African vineyard confirmed that both (Z)-5-tetradecenal and (Z)-7-tetradecenal are essential for the attraction of male H. capensis, whereas addition of (Z)-9-hexadecenal to the blend did not affect the attractiveness. The composition of the pheromone is discussed in relation to the phylogeny of this family of moths.
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; leafminer ; Heliozelidae ; Holocacista capensis ; primitive moth ; vineyard pest ; Vitis vinifera ; (Z)-5-tetradecenal ; (Z)-7-tetradecenal ; Lepidoptera
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 7
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    Biozönotische Analyse des „Teufelsmoores bei Gresenhorst“ (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) mittels der Lepidopteren und aquatischen Insekten (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: In 2010 the assemblages of the Lepidoptera and selected groups of merolimnic insects in the bog “Teufelsmoor near Gresenhorst” were examined. The goal was to conclude by bioindication on ecological deficits. The method of Standorttypieindex, the ecological profiles and preferences of discovered species due to hygrophila and the food plants were used. It was found that the bog still has a high regeneration potential. The habitat deficits mainly lie in a mild disorder of water balance, in the structural deficits of Lagg, in the lack of forest wane and the surrounding coniferous forests. It can be derived proposals for ecological restoration projects.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Im Jahre 2010 wurden die Vergesellschaftungen der Lepidopteren und ausgewählte Gruppen merolimnischer Insekten im Teufelsmoor bei Gresenhorst untersucht. Ziel war es, mittels Bioindikation ökologische Defizite zu ermitteln. Dazu kamen der Standorttypieindex, die ökologischen Profile sowie Präferenzen nachgewiesener Arten bezüglich Hygophilie und Fraßpflanzen zur Anwendung. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass das Moor noch ein hohes Regenerationspotential hat. Die Naturraumdefizite sind vorwiegend in leichten Störungen des Wasserhaushaltes, in der Trockenlegung und teilweisen Aufforstung des Laggs, im fehlenden natürlichen Waldmantel und den umgebenden Nadelforsten begründet. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit der geologischen Entstehung des Moores dargestellt und diskutiert. Es werden Vorschläge für ökologische Sanierungen abgeleitet.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Lepidoptera ; Insecta ; bog ; peatland ; nature conservation ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 8
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    Biozönosen tagfliegender Lepidopteren im Moorkomplex des Riisitunturi-Nationalparkes (Nordost-Finnland) (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: In the years 2004 and 2005 a cross section of 10 kilometres was observed to determine the communities of Lepidoptera in the north of the “Wilderness Area” of the Riisitunturi National Park. 18 species of butterflies and Geometrids were found. Only 3 species (Colias palaeno, Carsia sororiata, Vaccinia optilete) have their main habitat in the open bog areas nearby the summits. They prefer the warm and sheltered areas. The biocoenoses in the valleys of brooks crossing the mires and in the bogs and raised bogs of the wooded foothills are more divers. The first-mentioned habitat shows a mixed biocoenosis consisting of species of the open bogs and of two skippers (Caterocephalus palaemon, Pyrgus centaureae). Geometrids (i. a. Xanthorhoe annotinata, Entephria caesiata, Ematurga atomaria), Hairstreaks, Blues and Fritillaries (Callophrys rubi, Lycaena idas, Boloria aquilionaris, Clossiana euphrosyne) dominate in the wooded areas.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Im Norden des Riisitunturi-Nationalparks wurden entlang eines 10 Kilometer langen Transektes in den Jahren 2004 und 2005 Untersuchungen zu den Lepidopterenvergesellschaftungen verschiedener Habitate vorgenommen. Dabei konnten insgesamt 18 Arten an Tagfaltern und tagfliegenden Spannern nachgewiesen werden. Nur 3 Arten haben ihre hauptsächlichen Lebensräume auf den gipfelnahen offenen Moorflächen (Colias palaeno, Carsia sororiata, Vaccinia optilete), wobei sie die geschützteren Randbereiche bevorzugen. Wesentlich diverser ist die Vergesellschaftung, die in den Talungen moorquerender Bäche und der tiefer gelegenen Waldbereiche mit Arm- und Zwischenmooren auftritt. Findet sich im erstgenannten Habitat eine Mischbiozönose aus den Arten der offenen Hochmoorflächen und zwei Dickkopffaltern (Caterocephalus palaemon, Pyrgus centaureae), so dominieren in den Wäldern neben verschiedenen Spannerarten (u.a. Xanthorhoe annotinata, Entephria caesiata, Ematurga atomaria), v.a. Bläulinge und Scheckenfalter (Callophrys rubi, Lycaena idas, Boloria aquilionaris, Clossiana euphrosyne).
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; peatland ; Finnland ; Lepidoptera ; Hochmoor ; bog ; Insecta ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 9
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    Zur Struktur der Vergesellschaftung tagfliegender Lepidopteren in Mooren Neufundlands (Kanada, Provinz Neufundland und Labrador) und ein Vergleich zu den Zoozönosen finnischer Aapa-Moore (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: Peat bogs of different types characterize the island of Newfoundland. In the summer of 2008 and 2009 butterflies were observed on the ombrotrophic plateau bogs of the West Coast and on the domed bogs of the National Park „Terra Nova“. In the presented paper the assemblages of butterflies are described and justified by the autecological complexes of species. In addition, the discovered assemblages were compared with these of semi-natural Finnish Aapa-Mires. These mires have similar habitat structures. It was found that more mire-adapted species occur in the bogs of Newfoundland than in Finland (8 species in Newfoundland, 5 species in Finland), but the assemblages consist of the same families (Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae). The preferred food plants of the caterpillars are often from the same botanical groups. The species prefer also similar habitats. Thus, there are clear parallels in the settlement of butterflies despite of the different species.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Neufundland wird von Mooren unterschiedlicher Typen geprägt. Vornehmlich auf den ombrotrophen Plateau-Mooren der Westküste und auf den Hochmooren des Nationalparkes „Terra Nova“ wurden im Sommer 2008 und 2009 die tagfliegenden Schmetterlinge erfasst. In der vorliegenden Publikation werden deren Vergesellschaftungen bezogen auf einzelne Habitateinheiten beschrieben und anhand der autökologischen Anspruchskomplexe der Arten begründet. Zudem wird ein Vergleich zu den Lepidopteren-Vergesellschaftungen naturnaher finnischer Aapa-Moore gezogen. Diese weisen ein ähnliches Habitatgefüge für die Lepidopteren auf. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass in den beobachteten Mooren zwar mehr tyrphophile Arten vorkamen (8 Arten in Neufundland, 5 Arten in Finnland), aber die gleiche Familienstruktur vorhanden war (Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae). Die bevorzugten Fraßpflanzen der Raupen gehören häufig zu ähnlichen botanischen Gruppen. In beiden Regionen werden zudem von den Imagines adäquate Habitate bevorzugt. Trotz der unterschiedlichen Arten gibt es somit deutliche Parallelen in der Besiedlung.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Lepidoptera ; Kanada ; Finnland ; Canada ; Hochmoor ; bog ; mire ; peatland ; Insecta ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 10
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    Lepidopteren- und Trichopterenzoozönosen des Naturschutzgebietes „Rugenseemoor“ (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) und ihre Bedeutung als typspezifisches zoologisches Leitbild (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: Over two years the nature reserve „Rugenseemoor“ was investigated due to the composition of the biocoenoses of Lepidoptera and Trichoptera. Altogether 105 species of Macrolepidoptera and 15 species of Trichoptera were found. The nearly natural biocoenosis of Lepidoptera consists to a great extent of hygrophilous and mesophilous taxa. Their larvae prefer woods and herbal vegetation of semi-humid and humid areas. The association is composed of species originated from related wooden areas (taxa of floodplain forests and mixed deciduous forests), to which a less part of taxa of bogs is added. The association of Trichoptera almost show natural condition, too. They have elements of raised mosses and little pools in forests. Draining and nutrient input has poor effects on the composition of Trichoptera biocoenosis. The nature reserve „Rugenseemoor“ fits as a type-specific zoological ideal for acidic transitional bogs.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Das Naturschutzgebiet (NSG) „Rugenseemoor“ wurde über zwei Jahre hinweg bezüglich der Zusammensetzung seiner Lepidopteren- und Trichopterenbiozönosen untersucht. Insgesamt sind 105 Makrolepidopteren- und 15 Trichopterenarten nachgewiesen worden. Die weitgehend naturnahe Lepidopterenbiozönose besteht vornehmlich aus hygrophilen bis mesophilen Arten, deren Raupen hauptsächlich an Gehölzen und der krautigen Vegetation feuchter bis frischer Standorte fressen. Die gehölzbewohnenden Lepidopteren stammen vielfach aus den angrenzenden Waldflächen (Bruch- und Laubmischwaldarten). Hinzu kommt ein geringerer Anteil an Taxa, die sich direkt auf Arm- und Zwischenmooren entwickeln. Die Trichopterenvergesellschaftung weist ebenfalls relativ naturnahe Biotopverhältnisse aus. Sie kann derzeitig am ehesten mit einem Konglomerat aus Arten der Zwischenmoore und kleinerer Waldgewässer beschrieben werden. Durch Entwässerung und Nährstoffeintrag verursachte Degradationen wirken bis heute in abgeschwächter Form auf die Zusammensetzung der Biozönose. Das NSG „Rugenseemoor“ eignet sich mit wenigen Einschränkungen als typspezifisches zoologisches Leitbild für Sauer-Zwischenmoore.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Lepidoptera ; Insecta ; Trichoptera ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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