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  • Articles  (65)
  • Bolivia
  • J24
  • J31
  • Educación
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: Este documento de trabajo examina los vínculos entre el aprendizaje de la alfabetización, el desarrollo de competencias y el mundo del trabajo, en línea con el tema del Día Internacional de la Alfabetización (ILD, por sus siglas en inglés) 2018. Su objetivo es identificar acciones de política que ayudan a integrar el aprendizaje de la alfabetización y el desarrollo de competencias, con el objetivo de apoyar las vías hacia el empleo.
    Description: OPENASFA INPUT Documento de trabajo preparado para la Conferencia Internacional sobre “Alfabetización y desarrollo de competencias” (París, 7 de septiembre de 2018)
    Description: Published
    Description: Not Known
    Keywords: Desarrollo de competencias ; Alfabetización ; Educación ; Desempleo ; Igualdad de género
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 20pp.
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  • 2
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    Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNyM), UNLP | La Plata, Argentina
    In:  pastorarenas@yahoo.com.ar | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/15308 | 196 | 2014-08-26 01:02:06 | 15308 | Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Este artículo tiene por finalidad mostrar cómo un grupo de investigación dedicado a la etnobotánica resolvió el problema de conservar, ordenar y organizar una colección de material que no reúne las condiciones para ser incorporada en un herbario. Al mismo tiempo, se hace una breve revisión de varios tópicos y referencias sobre los distintos tipos de colecciones que realiza un etnobotánico y se sugieren ideas de cómo proceder con ellas.En apretada síntesis, el material documental que abarca la investigación etnobotánica compromete varios tipos de elementos, todos ellos habitualmente obtenidos in situ: a) material de herbario, b) órganos vegetales, trozos, fragmentos, material semielaborado (fibras, cordeles, etc.), c) material elaborado (artesanías, artefactos u objetos que conforman la cultura material), d) piezas complejas (tejidos, vestimentas, embarcaciones, mobiliario, adornos ceremoniales, etc. ), e) material de descarte o accesorio (tapones, tizones, envoltorios, parasoles, elementos de sostén o apoyo momentáneo, utensilios efímeros, etc.).
    Description: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP
    Description: ProBiota: Programa para el estudio y uso sustentable de la biota austral
    Description: Debe citarse: ARENAS P. & N. M. KAMIENKOWSKI. 2014. La documentación del material vegetal incompleto o fragmentario en la investigación etnobotánica, ProBiota, FCNyM, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina, Serie Técnica y Didáctica 26: 1-17. ISSN 1515-9329.
    Keywords: Biology ; Argentina ; Bolivia ; Paraguay ; Etnobotany-Etnobotánica ; Colections-Colecciones
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 17
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  • 3
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    Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNyM), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) | La Plata, Argentina
    In:  hlopez@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/15338 | 196 | 2014-09-01 01:02:18 | 15338 | Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: A través de esta nueva serie tratamos de conocer diferentes aspectos personales de los integrantes de la comunidad ictiológica iberoamericana.Esta iniciativa, comparte el espíritu y objetivo de las semblanzas nacionales buscando informalmente, otro punto de unión en la “comunidad de ictiólogos iberoamericanos”.Quizás esté equivocado en mi apreciación, pero creo que vale la pena este intento, ya que, con la colaboración generosa e insoslayable de los integrantes de este “universo”, señalaremos un registro en el tiempo de la Ictiología Neotropical.
    Description: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP
    Description: ProBiota: Programa para el estudio y uso sustentable de la biota austral
    Description: Debe citarse: LÓPEZ, H. L. & J. PONTE GÓMEZ. 2014. Semblanzas Ictiológicas Iberoamericanas: Takayuki Yunoki. FCNyM, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina, Serie Técnica y Didáctica 24(09): 1-12. ISSN 1515-9329.
    Keywords: Biology ; Sociology ; Latin America-Iberoamérica ; Bolivia ; Ichthyology-Ictiología ; Biographical sketchs-Semblanzas ; Takayuki Yunoki
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 12
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  • 4
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    Villegas Editores | Bogotá D.C., Colombia
    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: Es un intento por resolver preguntas, algunas preguntas. Es un empeño por iniciar un debate y un juicio crítico a ese pasado desconocido en su integralidad y sólo vislumbrado con sesgo por quienes lo vivieron. Es un ensayo con rigor documental y formato académico que espera estimular e l hallazgo de errores, aciertos y perfiles humanos que moldearon lo que hoy tenernos. Es un eslabón escrito en esa gran cadena de acontecimientos sucesivos que se pierden en la memoria y el tiempo. Es un primer paso por traer esos momentos, a quienes vivimos momentos que serán leídos en el futuro, ojalá impresos. Entrevistas, discusiones con protagonistas, lecturas, bibliotecas donde el mar es una referencia y 110 una razón de ser, viajes, interpretaciones de un comentario de alguien que fue presente y realidad, crítica aguda de un pensamiento o una orden que cambió el destino de un ser humano o una institución. Horas eternas de intentos. giros de una hélice que estuvo parada, de velas al pairo de una nave que nunca dio marcha atrás. Un universo demasiado grande para describir, pero unas páginas que ayudan a entenderlo.
    Description: Published
    Description: Not Known
    Keywords: Expedición científica ; Educación ; Comercio ; Buque de investigación ; Autoridad ; Investigación oceanográfica ; Boya ; Gobierno ; ASFA_2015::E::Expeditions ; ASFA_2015::S::Scientific research ; ASFA_2015::H::Historical account ; ASFA_2015::M::Marine transportation ; ASFA_2015::E::Education
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings
    Format: 175pp.
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  • 5
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    Villegas Editores | Bogotá D.C.
    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: El propósito es mostrar lo que no se ha mostrado. Un mundo acuático de contrastes. La tarea inédita que llena de orgullo a quienes tenemos el privilegio de servir dentro del Ministerio de Defensa y la Armada Nacional en Dimar, con un norte claro y un trazado de navegación que se construye día a día con el aporte de todos. Ese país marítimo de realidades y la nación que encuentra en los ríos y en los mares todo un mundo de oportunidades.
    Description: Published
    Description: Not Known
    Keywords: Expedición científica ; Educación ; Comercio ; Buque de investigación ; Autoridad ; Investigación oceanográfica ; Boya ; Gobierno ; ASFA_2015::R::Research vessels ; ASFA_2015::M::Maritime structures ; ASFA_2015::O::Oceanographic institutions ; ASFA_2015::P::Ports
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings
    Format: 223pp.
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  • 6
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    Villegas Editores | Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El propósito es mostrar lo que no se ha mostrado. Un mundo acuático de contrastes. La tarea inédita que llena de orgullo a quienes tenemos el privilegio de servir dentro del Ministerio de Defensa y la Armada Nacional en Dimar, con un norte claro y un trazado de navegación que se construye día a día con el aporte de todos. Ese país marítimo de realidades y la nación que encuentra en los ríos y en los mares todo un mundo de oportunidades.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Expedición científica ; Educación ; Comercio ; Buque de investigación ; Autoridad ; Investigación oceanográfica ; Boya ; ASFA_2015::C::Commerce ; ASFA_2015::S::Site investigation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings , Not Known
    Format: 223pp.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez-Llamazares, Alvaro -- Rocha, Ricardo -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 9;523(7559):158. doi: 10.1038/523158c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain; and University of Helsinki, Finland. ; University of Lisbon, Portugal; and University of Helsinki, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26156363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Economic Development ; Environmental Policy/*trends ; Hydrocarbons
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-07-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friedman-Rudovsky, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 20;337(6092):285-7. doi: 10.1126/science.337.6092.285.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; *Earth (Planet) ; Forestry/*methods ; Trees/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friedman-Rudovsky, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 11;336(6082):666-7. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6082.666.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582241" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bolivia ; Capsules ; Chagas Disease/prevention & control/transmission ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Insect Vectors ; *Insecticides ; *Juvenile Hormones ; *Paint ; *Triatoma ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-05-10
    Description: The vast majority of Mesozoic and early Cenozoic metatherian mammals (extinct relatives of modern marsupials) are known only from partial jaws or isolated teeth, which give insight into their probable diets and phylogenetic relationships but little else. The few skulls known are generally crushed, incomplete or both, and associated postcranial material is extremely rare. Here we report the discovery of an exceptionally large number of almost undistorted, nearly complete skulls and skeletons of a stem-metatherian, Pucadelphys andinus, in the early Palaeocene epoch of Tiupampa in Bolivia. These give an unprecedented glimpse into early metatherian morphology, evolutionary relationships and, especially, ecology. The remains of 35 individuals have been collected, with 22 of these represented by nearly complete skulls and associated postcrania. These individuals were probably buried in a single catastrophic event, and so almost certainly belong to the same population. The preservation of multiple adult, sub-adult and juvenile individuals in close proximity (〈1 m(2)) is indicative of gregarious social behaviour or at least a high degree of social tolerance and frequent interaction. Such behaviour is unknown in living didelphids, which are highly solitary and have been regarded, perhaps wrongly, as the most generalized living marsupials. The Tiupampan P. andinus population also exhibits strong sexual dimorphism, which, in combination with gregariousness, suggests strong male-male competition and polygyny. Our study shows that social interactions occurred in metatherians as early as the basal Palaeocene and that solitary behaviour may not be plesiomorphic for Metatheria as a whole.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ladeveze, Sandrine -- de Muizon, Christian -- Beck, Robin M D -- Germain, Damien -- Cespedes-Paz, Ricardo -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jun 2;474(7349):83-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09987. Epub 2011 May 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleontology, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. sandrine.ladeveze@naturalsciences.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21552278" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bolivia ; Female ; *Fossils ; Male ; Marsupialia/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Sex Characteristics ; *Social Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2010-09-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petherick, Anna -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 2;467(7311):17. doi: 10.1038/467017a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811429" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alligators and Crocodiles ; Animals ; Bolivia ; Cold Temperature ; *Disasters ; Dolphins ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; *Rivers
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe the Miocene–Quaternary geological–structural evolution of the region between the Salar de Uyuni and de Atacama, Andes of Chile and Bolivia. We recognized four main tectonic events based on fold geometry, fault kinematics and stratigraphic data. The oldest event, of Miocene age, is characterized by folding and reverse faulting of the sedimentary successions with an E–W direction of shortening in the northern part of the studied area and a WNW–ESE shortening in the southern part. The following two events, of Pliocene age, are characterized by lower shortening amounts; they occurred first by reverse faulting with a NW–SE-trending greatest principal stress (ó1, computed with striated fault planes) and a vertical least principal stress (ó3), followed by pervasive strike-slip faulting with the same NW–SE-trending ó1 and a horizontal NE–SW ó3. The fourth event, dating to the late Pliocene–Quaternary is characterized by normal faulting: the ó3 still trends NE–SW, whereas the intermediate principal stress ó2 exchanged with ó1. Volcanism accompanied both the contractional, transcurrent and extensional tectonic phases. The Mio–Pliocene compression appears directly linked to a rapid convergence and an apparently important coupling between the continental and oceanic plates. The E–W to WNW–ESE direction of shortening of the Miocene structures and the NW–SE ó1 of the Pliocene structures seem to be more linked to an intra-Andean reorientation of structures following the WNW-directed absolute motion of the South-American Plate. The extensional deformations can be interpreted as related to gravity forces affecting the highest parts of the volcanic belt in a sort of asymmetrical (SW-ward) collapse of the belt.
    Description: Published
    Description: 114-135
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Chile ; Bolivia ; Andes ; Fault ; Fold ; Tectonic phases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe the Miocene-Quaternary geological-structural evolution of the region between the Salar de Uyuni and de Atacama, Andes of Chile and Bolivia. We recognised four main tectonic events based on fold geometry, fault kinematics and stratigraphic data. The oldest event, of Miocene age, is characterized by folding and reverse faulting of the sedimentary successions with an E-W direction of shortening in the northern part of the studied area and a WNW-ESE shortening in the southern part. The following two events, of Pliocene age, are characterized by lower shortening amounts; they occurred first by reverse faulting with a NW-SE-trending greatest principal stress (1, computed with striated fault planes) and a vertical least principal stress (3), followed by pervasive strike-slip faulting with the same NW-SE-trending 1 and a horizontal NE-SW 3. The fourth event, dating to the late Pliocene-Quaternary is characterised by normal faulting: the 3 still trends NE-SW, whereas the intermediate principal stress 2 exchanged with 1. Volcanism accompanied both the contractional, transcurrent and extensional tectonic phases. The Mio-Pliocene compression appears directly linked to a rapid convergence and an apparently important coupling between the continental and oceanic plates. The E-W to WNW-ESE direction of shortening of the Miocene structures and the NW-SE 1 of the Pliocene structures seem to be more linked to an intra-Andean re-orientation of structures following the WNW-directed absolute motion of the South-American Plate. The extensional deformations can be interpreted as related to gravity forces affecting the highest parts of the volcanic belt in a sort of asymmetrical (SW-ward) collapse of the belt.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Chile ; Bolivia ; Andes ; tectonic phases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 53 no. 2, pp. 462-464
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: A large amount of unidentified material of the Neotropical genus Guatteria (Annonaceae) is lying on herbarium shelves around the world. Here twelve species are described in an attempt to reduce this amount of unidentified material. Next to this, previously unidentified material is now assigned to G. asplundiana, G. microcarpa, G. pastazae, and G. scalarinervia, four previously described but poorly known species, thus providing a clearer circumscription of these species. Furthermore, G. discolor and G. megalophylla appear to have a wider distribution than previously thought. Lastly, G. macrantha, a curious species only known from the type, is excluded from the genus and referred to Uvaria. With the description of twelve new species and the synonymizing of one, the total number of species in Guatteria adds up to over 300, thus rivalling Inga (Fabaceae) and Ocotea (Lauraceae) for the status of largest genus of Neotropical trees.
    Keywords: Annonaceae ; Guatteria ; Neotropics ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Colombia ; Ecuador ; Peru
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2007-09-22
    Description: Coupled climate-carbon cycle models suggest that Amazon forests are vulnerable to both long- and short-term droughts, but satellite observations showed a large-scale photosynthetic green-up in intact evergreen forests of the Amazon in response to a short, intense drought in 2005. These findings suggest that Amazon forests, although threatened by human-caused deforestation and fire and possibly by more severe long-term droughts, may be more resilient to climate changes than ecosystem models assume.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saleska, Scott R -- Didan, Kamel -- Huete, Alfredo R -- da Rocha, Humberto R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 26;318(5850):612. Epub 2007 Sep 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. saleska@email.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885095" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Brazil ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Peru ; *Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; *Rain ; Seasons ; *Trees/metabolism ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Bolivia ; Female ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Indians, South American/history ; Life Expectancy ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Population Groups/history
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    In:  Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants (0006-5196) vol.50 (2005) nr.3 p.555
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: We describe Hymenophyllum apteryx M. Kessler & Sundue, H. assurgens M. Kessler & A.R. Sm. and H. latisorum M. Kessler & A.R. Sm. as new to science.
    Keywords: Hymenophyllum ; Bolivia ; Andes
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 18
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    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 50 no. 3, pp. 555-560
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: We describe Hymenophyllum apteryx M. Kessler & Sundue, H. assurgens M. Kessler & A.R. Sm. and H. latisorum M. Kessler & A.R. Sm. as new to science.
    Keywords: Hymenophyllum ; Bolivia ; Andes
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reyes-Garcia, V -- Godoy, R -- Vadez, V -- Apaza, L -- Byron, E -- Huanca, T -- Leonard, W R -- Perez, E -- Wilkie, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1707.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tropical Conservation and Development Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; *Ethnobotany ; *Indians, South American ; *Knowledge ; Phytotherapy ; Plants, Edible ; Plants, Medicinal ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2049.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bertholletia/growth & development ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; *Nuts ; Peru ; Population Density ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schulze, Ernst-Detlef -- Mollicone, Danilo -- Achard, Frederic -- Matteucci, Giorgio -- Federici, Sandro -- Eva, Hugh D -- Valentini, Riccardo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1669.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Post Office Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Brazil ; *Carbon ; *Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Greenhouse Effect ; International Cooperation ; *Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: A comparative analysis of 23 populations of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) across the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Bolivian Amazon shows that the history and intensity of Brazil nut exploitation are major determinants of population size structure. Populations subjected to persistent levels of harvest lack juvenile trees less than 60 centimeters in diameter at breast height; only populations with a history of either light or recent exploitation contain large numbers of juvenile trees. A harvesting model confirms that intensive exploitation levels over the past century are such that juvenile recruitment is insufficient to maintain populations over the long term. Without management, intensively harvested populations will succumb to a process of senescence and demographic collapse, threatening this cornerstone of the Amazonian extractive economy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peres, Carlos A -- Baider, Claudia -- Zuidema, Pieter A -- Wadt, Lucia H O -- Kainer, Karen A -- Gomes-Silva, Daisy A P -- Salomao, Rafael P -- Simoes, Luciana L -- Franciosi, Eduardo R N -- Cornejo Valverde, Fernando -- Gribel, Rogerio -- Shepard, Glenn H Jr -- Kanashiro, Milton -- Coventry, Peter -- Yu, Douglas W -- Watkinson, Andrew R -- Freckleton, Robert P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2112-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. C.Peres@uea.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bertholletia/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Statistical ; *Nuts ; Peru ; Population Density ; Principal Component Analysis ; Regression Analysis ; Time Factors ; *Trees
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    Publication Date: 2002-11-26
    Description: Mitochondrial DNA sequences isolated from ancient dog remains from Latin America and Alaska showed that native American dogs originated from multiple Old World lineages of dogs that accompanied late Pleistocene humans across the Bering Strait. One clade of dog sequences was unique to the New World, which is consistent with a period of geographic isolation. This unique clade was absent from a large sample of modern dogs, which implies that European colonists systematically discouraged the breeding of native American dogs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leonard, Jennifer A -- Wayne, Robert K -- Wheeler, Jane -- Valadez, Raul -- Guillen, Sonia -- Vila, Carles -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 22;298(5598):1613-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA. Leonard.Jennifer@NMNH.SI.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/classification/*genetics ; Bolivia ; Breeding ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Dogs/classification/*genetics ; Europe ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Mexico ; North America ; Peru ; Phylogeny ; Time ; Wolves/genetics
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    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Long sediment cores recovered from the deep portions of Lake Titicaca are used to reconstruct the precipitation history of tropical South America for the past 25,000 years. Lake Titicaca was a deep, fresh, and continuously overflowing lake during the last glacial stage, from before 25,000 to 15,000 calibrated years before the present (cal yr B.P.), signifying that during the last glacial maximum (LGM), the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru and much of the Amazon basin were wetter than today. The LGM in this part of the Andes is dated at 21,000 cal yr B.P., approximately coincident with the global LGM. Maximum aridity and lowest lake level occurred in the early and middle Holocene (8000 to 5500 cal yr B.P.) during a time of low summer insolation. Today, rising levels of Lake Titicaca and wet conditions in Amazonia are correlated with anomalously cold sea-surface temperatures in the northern equatorial Atlantic. Likewise, during the deglacial and Holocene periods, there were several millennial-scale wet phases on the Altiplano and in Amazonia that coincided with anomalously cold periods in the equatorial and high-latitude North Atlantic, such as the Younger Dryas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baker, P A -- Seltzer, G O -- Fritz, S C -- Dunbar, R B -- Grove, M J -- Tapia, P M -- Cross, S L -- Rowe, H D -- Broda, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):640-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Duke University, Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Durham, NC 27708, USA. pbaker@geo.duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11158674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Bolivia ; Diatoms ; *Fresh Water ; *Geologic Sediments ; Peru ; Plankton ; *Rain ; Temperature ; Time ; *Tropical Climate
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    Publication Date: 2000-12-23
    Description: Amazonian rain forest-savanna boundaries are highly sensitive to climatic change and may also play an important role in rain forest speciation. However, their dynamics over millennial time scales are poorly understood. Here, we present late Quaternary pollen records from the southern margin of Amazonia, which show that the humid evergreen rain forests of eastern Bolivia have been expanding southward over the past 3000 years and that their present-day limit represents the southernmost extent of Amazonian rain forest over at least the past 50,000 years. This rain forest expansion is attributed to increased seasonal latitudinal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which can in turn be explained by Milankovitch astronomic forcing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayle, F E -- Burbridge, R -- Killeen, T J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2291-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. fem1@leicester.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Pollen ; Rain ; Time Factors ; *Trees
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    Journal of economics 72 (2000), S. 275-294 
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: human capital ; economic integration ; overlapping generations ; F15 ; J24
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the patterns of economic integration and endogenous growth in a two-country overlapping-generations world, in which the formation of children's human capital is financed by parents. It explores the influence of cross-border external effects in human capital on growth. Interestingly, world integration can enhance (reduce) long-run growth in both countries if cross-border external effects in human capital are sufficiently strong (weak).
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    Journal of economics 71 (2000), S. 133-147 
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: vertical differentiation ; strategic effects ; intra-industry trade ; skilled-unskilled wage premia ; D4 ; J24 ; L13 ; L15
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In a vertically differentiated Cournot oligopoly where the high-quality variant of the good requires the use of high-quality labor, firms may either all supply the same quality or differentiate their product. In differentiated configurations the number of firms choosing to supply the high-quality variant is generally above the optimum. The opening of trade between symmetric countries entails a pro-competitive effect that raises welfare through a reduction in average quality. This result contrasts with previous findings concerning the opening of trade in vertically differentiated oligopolistic industries (Gabszewicz, Shaked, Sutton, and Thisse,International Economic Review 22 [1981]; Shaked and Sutton, in Kierzkowski, ed.,Monopolistic Competition and International Trade, Oxford 1984).
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    Journal of population economics 13 (2000), S. 509-525 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J15 ; J31 ; J61 ; N11 ; Key words: United States immigration history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Early twentieth century observers argued that recent American immigrants were inferior, and in particular less skilled, than the old. I estimate wage equations for 1909 allowing for different effects by nationality and for different characteristics on arrival. I then apply the estimated wage differentials to the immigrant composition to measure the effect of changing composition on immigrant earnings. Finally I ask how immigrant earning power changed relative to that of native Americans. I conclude that immigrant “quality” in terms of earnings did decline due to shifting composition but these effects are very small compared with those reported in studies of the post-second World War period.
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    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Anadenanthera ; Bolivia ; Centrolobium ; Copaifera ; regeneration ; tropical dry forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A comparative study of the regeneration ecology ofthree lesser-known leguminous timber species wasconducted in the seasonally dry forests of SantaCruz, Bolivia to determine species regenerationstrategies and make silvicultural recommendationsfor these species. The study included arepresentative from each subfamily of Leguminosae:Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. Conc.) Benth.(Mimosaceae), Copaifera chodatiana Kunth.(Caesalpinaceae), and Centrolobium microchaeteC. Martius (Fabaceae). After production in themid-late dry season, seeds of all species sufferedhigh (〉30%) rates of predation. For seedssurviving predation, Anadenanthera germinatedwithin three days after the first rains and a highgermination capacity (82%), but most seedlings diedfrom inadequate light or during subsequent periodsof drought. Copaifera germinated more slowlybut had high germination capacity (85%). Centrolobium had very low germination capacity(4%) and germinative energy. Most successfulregeneration of Centrolobium occurred viasprouting from damaged roots on or near loggingroads where it had a density of 261 root sprouts/ha.Anadenanthera regenerated best from seedin areas with soil disturbance or burning. Theregeneration of these species will likely increaseunder more intensive logging and/or post-harvestcompetition control treatments in logging gaps. Themore shade-tolerant Copaifera is most suitedto the current regime of light selective logging,but all three species are likely to be responsive topost-harvest competition control treatments. Impacts of controlled and natural fire were mixed,but generally seedling regeneration and growth wereeither not significantly affected or were increasedby fire.
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Bolivia ; carbon (C) cycle ; carbon offsets ; climatechange ; emission trading ; Kyoto Protocol ; land-use change and forestry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The Noel Kempff Climate Action Project in Bolivia, nowin its third year, is breaking ground to establishcredible and verifiable methods to quantify greenhousegas (GHG) benefits of land-use change and forestry (LUCF)projects. Developed under the United Nations FrameworkConvention Climate Change (FCCC) Activities ImplementedJointly pilot phase, the project conserves naturalforests that would otherwise have been subjected tocontinued logging and future agricultural conversion.Carbon (C) monitoring began with a C inventory of theproject area in 1997. The total amount of C in theproject area was 118 Tg (Tg = 1012g) ± 4%(95% confidence interval). Periodic monitoring ofrelevant C pools (occurring in 1999 and every 5 yrthereafter) occurs over the 30-year life of theproject to establish the difference between thewith-project and projected without-project scenarios. Permanent sample plots were established both insidethe project area to monitor changes in C pools overtime and in a proxy logging concession near theproject area to determine changes in C pools inforests that have been impacted by logging. Ground-based monitoring is complemented by datacollection on forest industry trends and land-usechange patterns. Remote sensing was used to developa vegetation stratification map of the area, and workis ongoing to investigate the potential application ofdual-camera aerial videography to improve theefficiency of monitoring over time.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 225 (2000), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Triuridaceae ; Triuridopsis intermedia ; Taxonomy ; myco-heterotrophic plants ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofTriuridopsis (Triuridaceae) is described. It shows a number of similarities to the genusTriuris. This is the first record of the family for Bolivia.
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    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 215-272 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J21 ; J23 ; J31 ; Key words: Wages ; cohort size ; youth labor market
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Using two different measures of relative cohort size – one indicating the size and placement of an individual's own birth cohort, and the other, the ratio of young to prime age adults in the United States in that year – it has been possible to isolate strong effects of the population age structure on wages in the United States over the past thirty-three years. These effects have been strong enough that virtually all of the observed change in the experience premium, and a substantial proportion of the changes in the college wage premium, can be explained by the relative cohort size variables alone. Even changes in the amount of within-group variance in wages appear to be largely a function of changing age structure, and absolute wage levels have been strongly affected by these demographic changes, suggesting that population growth can have positive effects on the economy.
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    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 197-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J23 ; J24 ; J31 ; J32 ; J64 ; Key words: Youth unemployment ; employment ; employment subsidies ; adult unemployment ; overlapping generations models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Young people of working age tend to be particularly prone to labor market inefficiencies that keep their wages excessively high and their employment excessively low. These inefficiencies are usually magnified through unemployment benefit systems. This paper examines how these problems can be tackled through “employment vouchers,” i.e. hiring subsidies or tax breaks for the unemployed. It examines how vouchers to the young unemployed should differ from those to the adult unemployed. The employment vouchers considered here reduce unemployment and impose no cost on the government, since they are financed by the induced fall in government expenditures on unemployment benefits. Among other things, we find that young workers should receive lower vouchers as displacement of the old rises and as deadweight from providing vouchers to the old increases.
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    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 63-89 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Immigrants ; illegal aliens ; earning ; language skills ; legalized aliens ; JEL classification: J24 ; J31 ; J61 ; J15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper uses the data on males and females from the 1989 Legalized Population Survey (LPS), a sample of aliens granted amnesty under 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, to analyse English language proficiency and earnings. We use a model of English language proficiency that is based on economic incentives, exposure and efficiency variables that measure the costs and benefits of aquiring English language skills. Consistent with the model, in this sample of former illegal aliens, English language proficiency is greater for those with more schooling, who immigrated at a younger age, who have been in the United States longer, with a more continous stay, and who have less access to other origin language speakers where they live. Earnings are higher by about 8% for men and 17% for women who are proficient in both speaking and reading English, compared to those lacking both skills.
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    Human ecology 27 (1999), S. 135-165 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Overlapping patchworks ; Mountain landscapes ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Overlapping patchworks of farm spatial units are characteristic of the mountain landscapes of Andean regions of Peru and Bolivia. Patchiness and overlap (200-600 m) are shaped by the broad tolerances of major crops, high variability/low predictability of habitat factors, multifaceted cropping rationales of cultivators including their linkages to extraregional influences, and, to varying extents, the sociospatial coordination of crop choice among farmers. Indian peasant farmers manage overlapping patchworks using a concept of farm spaces as loosely bounded. They apply a naming system to farm spatial units based primarily on topographic features in order to serve their cultural, social, and political purposes. Key processes suggest a regionalglobal model of overlapping patchworks. The model elucidates the roles of landscape flexibility and uncertainty in conservation-with-development. Implications are shown by farm units of diverse food plants and prospects for in situ conservation. Findings caution against universality of the zone model of mountain agriculture.
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 253-271 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J61 ; J24 ; J31 ; Key words: Immigrants ; language ; Israel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper uses the 1983 Census of Israel to analyze Hebrew speaking skills and the effects of Hebrew fluency on the earnings of adult male immigrants. Hebrew fluency increases with a longer duration in Israel, the presence of children in the household, marrying after immigration, living in an area in which a smaller proportion speak one‘s mother tongue, a younger age at migration, a higher level of schooling and varies by country of birth. Earnings increase monotonically with the use of Hebrew. Speaking English as a second language is associated with higher earnings, even when country of origin is held constant.
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J61 ; J24 ; J31 ; Key words: US immigrant assimilation ; cohort quality ; consequences of immigration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Empirical research on US immigrants is reviewed: their productivity and assimilation; their contribution and use of public services; and their impact on native Americans. I discuss the characteristics of cohorts of immigrants that enter the United States at different times, and then quantify the assimilation of immigrants, typically in terms of economic productivity of immigrants compared with natives. Few have found quantifiable negative effects of immigrants on native wages or unemployment in local labor markets, but a more general equilibrium approach than has been empirically implemented may be needed to draw any conclusions regarding the distributional consequences of immigration.
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    Journal of population economics 10 (1997), S. 377-386 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Child labor ; educational attainment ; Bolivia ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The paper addresses the issue of child labor in relation to the educational attainment of working children. The empirical analysis is based on household surveys in Bolivia and Venezuela. It was found that labor force participation is non-trivial among those below the legal working age or supposed to be in school. Working children contribute significantly to total household income. The fact that a child is working reduces his or her educational attainment by about 2 years of schooling relative to the control group of non-working children. Grade repetition, a common phenomenon in Latin America, is closely associated with child labor. JEL classification: J13, J21, I21
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 29-48 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: economic development ; human capital ; J24 ; J31 ; O10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I elucidate the sources of growth of human capital in the course of economic development. On the supply side (Section 1) I include the growth of family income, urbanization, the demographic transition, and the rising cost of time.The supply side alone cannot explain the continuous growth of human capital as it implies a self limiting decline in rates of return below those in alternative investments. Such declines are offset by growing demands for human capital in the labor market. Growth of demand for labor skills is a function of capital accumulation and of technological changes. Evidence on this hypothesis is summarized in Section 2 and on supply responses to growing demand for human capital in Section 3. Changes in the skill and wage structures in the labor market are an important part of the evidence.The reciprocal relation between economic growth and the growth of human capital is likely to be an important key to sustained economic growth. A caveat applies to indirect effects of economic growth on family instability, which may lead to a deterioration of childhood human capital in some sectors of society.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 75-93 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: inequality ; neighborhoods ; spillovers ; J24 ; J62 ; O15 ; O40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the dynamics of income inequality by studying the evolution of human capital investment and neighborhood choice for a population of families. Parents affect the conditional probability distribution of their children's income through the choice of a neighborhood in which to live. Neighborhood location affects children both through local public finance of education as well as through sociological effects. These forces combine to create incentives for wealthier families to segregate themselves into economically homogeneous neighborhoods. Economic stratification combines with strong neighborhoodwide feedback effects to transmit economic status across generations, leading to persistent income inequality.
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    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 449-486 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: nonconvergence ; persistence ; history ; D91 ; J13 ; J24 ; 011 ; 041
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper lists theoretical reasons why neoclassical models of one-sector growth imply that nations with identical economic structures need not converge to the same steady state or balanced growth path, and outlines the empirical significance and policy implications of conditional nonconvergence. We survey poverty traps in both convex and nonconvex economies with complete market structures. Among the potential causes of traps are subsistence consumption; distorted international trade in intermediate inputs; demographic transitions when fertility is endogenous; technological complementarities in the production of consumption goods, financial intermediation services, manufactures, or human capital; coordination failures among voters; various restrictions on borrowing; indivisibilities in human capital formation or child rearing; and monopolistic competition in product or factor markets.
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    Empirical economics 21 (1996), S. 483-499 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Union coverage ; sectoral wages ; statutory extension of collective agreements ; the Netherlands ; J51 ; J31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the impact of union coverage on sectoral wages in the Netherlands. The semi-elasticity of the wage rate with respect to union coverage appears to be around 0.05; it is higher in the industrial than in the other sectors. The impact of union coverage on wages appears to be lower in the Netherlands than in the US and the UK. Union coverage increases the weight of internal (sector-specific) factors in wage determination and decreases the weight of external (labour market) factors. Apparently, unions increase the role of rent sharing in wage formation and stabilize employment.
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 43 (1996), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Bolivia ; field survey ; Pachyrhizus ahipa ; potential non-food crop ; subtropical crop ; tuber legume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field survey/collection trip to Bolivia was carried out in 1994 in order to examine the present status of the leguminous tuber/root crop Pachyrhizus ahipa. The germplasm available prior to the field trip was very limited, only one accession of known origin and two of unknown origin were available for genetic analysis and agronomic evaluation. However, in order to ensure that information on cultivation practices, genetic variation and the need for conservation initiatives would become available to the biosystematic Yam Bean Project (funded by the EU/STD3 Programme), a detailed questionnaire was developed and used in the survey. The field trip succeeded in establishing the urgent need for conservation measurements, the considerable genetic variation available within the extant landraces, and the objectives of any future breeding programme. This species possesses numerous agronomically attractive traits.
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    Journal of risk and uncertainty 10 (1995), S. 99-125 
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: numerical simulation ; hedonic equilibrium ; compensating wage differentials ; job safety ; workers' compensation insurance ; OSHA ; C68 ; J28 ; J31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Using a computable hedonic equilibrium model of the labor market, we numerically simulate the interactions between workers and firms as tempered by the state and federal regulations intended to influence workplace safety. We compute the changes needed for OSHA to become economically meaningful and determine the impact on safety from further expanding the experience rating of workers' compensation insurance premiums. Most importantly, we show how numerical simulation can serve as a complementary research tool to econometric models. Simulation is well suited for studying extreme policy changes and locating structural conditions pivotal in determining economic outcomes.
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    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 65-77 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: invertebrates ; salt lakes ; Altiplano ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Based upon a short reconnaissance (March 1991), the chemicalnature and principal invertebrate fauna of seven saline lakes on the Altiplano of southern Bolivia are discussed (Lago de Uru-uru, Pastos Grandes, Lago Ramiditas, Lago Hedionda, Lago Cañapa, Laguna Colorado, pool at L. Colorado). Salinities ranged between 4.4 and 156 g L−1. The fauna was depauperate. Except at the lowest salinities (〈5 gL−1), rotifers were absent. At high salinities (〉≈50 g L−1), onlyArtemia, Boeckella poopoensis, ephydrids and a dolichopodid were present.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Bolivia ; diatom ; Late Glacial ; paleohydrology ; paleosalinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study is focused on the endorheic Uyni-Coipasa Basin located in the southern Bolivian Altiplano. Stratigraphical and fossil diatom studies based on a detailed radiocarbon chrnology revealed six phases in water-level changes and paleosalinity variations. At 15,430±80 yr B.P., lacustrine conditions settled in the southern Bolivian Altiplano. A saline lake, characterized by benthic meso-metasaline species, reached ∼+4 m altitude above the present bottom of the basin. After 15,430±80 yr B.P., the level rapidly rose to ∼+27 m, as suggested by a tychoplanktonic mesosaline flora. Between ∼14,500 years and ∼13,000 years, finely lanminated sediments at ∼+32 m contained successively a dominance of epiphytic mesosaline to hypersaline species and tychoplanktonic oligosaline diatoms, indicating weak fluctuations in water-level and salinity. At 13,000 years, strong changes in the diatom flora occurred; epiphytic oligo-hypersaline diatoms were replaced by planktonic meso-polysaline species. They indicate a deep salt lake (the lake reached ∼+100 m). After ∼12,000 years, the lake level abruptly dropped, as suggested by fluviatile sediments with a benthic mesopolysaline diatom flora. The main lake was replaced by shallow saline ponds. A wet pulse occurred at ∼11,400 years, characterized by low water level (∼+7 m) and high salinity. This lacustrine phase remained until 10,400 yr B.P. These data indicate changes in Precipitation minus Evaporation (P-E). Our regional interpretations are based on a comparison with teh available data on the northern (Lake Titicaca) and southern (Lipez are) Bolivian Altiplano and on the northern Chilean Altiplano (Atacama Desert).
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  • 47
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    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 133-147 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: J24 ; J31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we calculate the rate of return to enterprise-related training (ERT) using a simultaneous equations self-selection model of investment in ERT and wages. For participants the expected rate of return to a year of ERT is approximately 28%. For non-participants the rate of return is negative. Although the average rate of return is high, the marginal rate of return is zero or negative. We further find that investments in ERT are not significantly determined by expected returns.
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  • 48
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    Biodiversity and conservation 4 (1995), S. 719-727 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Bolivia ; palm ; diversity ; uses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract El área de estudio está localizada en la región sur de la Provincia Iturralde, del Departmento de La Paz, al oeste de Bolivia. Está caracterizada por una mezcla de tipos de vegetación, que incluye desde bosques montanos tropicales hasta bosques de tierras bajas y sabanas. Se encuentra en un rango altitudinal de 400–1850 m, con un promedio de temperature de 24–28°C y una precipitación de 2000–5000 mm por año. La riqueza de palmas en esta región es la más alta reportada para Bolivia: 19 géneros, que significan el 70% del total de géneros de palmas registrado para Bolivia y 29 especies de palmas (34%). Tres elementos fitogeográficos están mezclados e integrados en el área: en ca. 4.5 ha se encuentran palmas de los Andes, de la Amazonia y del Centro brasileño (cerrado). Aproximadamente el 66% de las especies de palmas está concentrado en los bosques montanos entre 500–1800 m, que alcanzan su mayor límite altitudinal en el área y donde la especie más común es Iriartea deltoidea. Cerca al 55% de las especies de palmas es utilizado por la gente local—como el grupo originario Tacanas y colonos-para la obtención de material de construcción, diferentes calidades de techos, frutos para alimento y bebidas, fibras para productos artesanales, medicinas y artesanías.
    Notes: Abstract The study site is located in the southern part of the Iturralde Province, Department of La Paz, in western Bolivia. This area is generally characterized by mixed vegetation types from the tropical mountain forests as well as lowland forests and savannas. It lies in an altitudinal range of 400–1850 m, with an average temperature of 24–28°C and a rainfall of 2000–5000 mm per year. The richness in palms of this region is the highest reported for Bolivia; it comprises 19 genera, 70% of all genera known in Bolivia and 29 palm species (34%). Three main phytogeographic elements are mixed and integrated in the area; palms from the Andean, Amazonian, and Central Brazilian (Cerrado) units are found in approximately 4.5 ha. Nearly 66% of these palm species are concentrated in the mountain forests between 500–1800 m, reaching the highest altitudinal limit in this area, of which the most common species is Iriartea deltoidea. Approximately 55% of the palm species are used by local people — the original ethnic group, the Tacanas, and settlers— in order to get materials for construction, different qualities of thatching, fruit for food and beverages, fibres for artesanal products, medicines and handicrafts.
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  • 49
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    In:  Bijdragen tot de dierkunde vol. 64 no. 2, pp. 75-85
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: The advertisement calls of eight Bolivian species of Scinax are described including information on the calling behaviour of each species. A characteristic audiospectrogram and oscillogram are presented for each species, as well as numerical information about the spectral and temporal features of the calls. Two phenograms based on the characteristics of the mating calls are constructed, the first one using a traditional multivariate technique (UPGMA) and the second one using audiospectrogram correlation, a new technique that allows holistic comparisons of single vocalizations.
    Keywords: Anura ; Hylidae ; Scinax ; Bolivia ; advertisement calls ; ecology ; phylogeny
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 50
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    Empirical economics 19 (1994), S. 343-360 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C32 ; E24 ; J31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Using a maximum likelihood cointegration approach we find two long-run relationships between central government, local government, and private sector wages in Sweden. This means that there is one common trend for the three sectoral wages. Private sector wages are weakly exogenous for the estimation of the long-run relationships. This suggests that the private sector is the wage leader. Testing linear restrictions on the estimated cointegrating space, we reject stationarity for the three relative wages using likelihood ratio-tests. The hypotheses of homogeneity for the two cointegrating vectors, i.e., that wages do not diverge in the long run, is also rejected.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bolivia ; chromosome numbers ; genebank ; germplasm ; Solanum sect. Petota ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We conducted joint Bolivia/The Netherlands/United States wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota Dumort.) germplasm collecting expeditions in Bolivia from February 1-April 15, 1993, and January 1-February 26, 1994. The goals of the expeditions were to collect germplasm and gather data for continuing taxonomic studies of the approximately 43 taxa of Bolivian wild potatoes accepted by current taxonomists. We made 223 collections, 135 as true seed collections, 54 as tubers, 19 only as herbarium collections. Two recent taxonomic treatments of Bolivian wild and cultivated potatoes have clarified the taxonomy and distribution of these plants, but there are continuing disagreements between treatments regarding species boundaries and interrelationships. These disagreements, and the variability we observed in natural populations, present problems for identifications. We summarize the state of germplasm collections for Bolivia, provide our field data regarding the taxonomy of Bolivian wild potatoes, provide recommendations for future collecting, and provide new chromosome counts for S. hoopesii, S. ugentii, and S. yungasense.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: transfer function ; ostracods ; water depth ; salinity ; Mg/Ca ratio ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides quantitative information concerning the response of ostracods to environmental variability in order to reconstruct past environments. Ostracod faunas from modern sediments of Bolivian lakes and swamps were studied. Ostracod distribution is controlled by several ecological characteristics such as lake-level and water chemistry. Statistical results indicate that three transfer functions (on water depth, Total dissolved Salts and water in Mg/Ca ratio) can be developed, from ostracod species frequencies in lacustrine sediments, with some restrictions for the two last ones.
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  • 53
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    Biodiversity and conservation 3 (1994), S. 751-756 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Bolivia ; national parks ; flora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The protected areas of Bolivia cover 10.2% of its territory, but only 60% of this surface is considered to be of conservation value. Protected areas are unevenly distributed over the eight phyto-geographic regions of Bolivia. The Pantanal is not represented in any conservation unit. Inventories and basic information are usually lacking as plant surveys have been carried out mostly outside protected areas.
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  • 54
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    Empirical economics 18 (1993), S. 543-556 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C25 ; J24 ; J60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary The study introduces a distinction between two types of labor mobility. Direct job to job changes (which are assumed to be voluntary) and job changes after experiencing an unemployment spell (assumed to be involuntary). Exploiting the close relationship between those two phenomena we adopt a bivariate regression framework for our empirical analysis of data on male individuals in the German labor market. To account for the non-negative and discrete nature of the two counts of job changes in a ten year interval a new econometric model is proposed: the bivariate Poisson regression proves to be superior to the univariate specification. Further, the empirical content of distinguishing between two types of mobility is subject to a test, and, in fact, supported by the data: The hypothesis that both measures are observationally equivalent can be rejected.
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  • 55
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    Hydrobiologia 267 (1993), S. 257-267 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Benthos ; macroinvertebrates ; faunistical survey ; saline lakes ; Bolivia ; Sud Lipez region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The benthic invertebrates fauna of most of the saline lakes of the Sud Lipez region (Bolivia, Altiplano) has been until now quite unstudied. Samples collected during an extensive survey of 12 lakes and two small inflow rivers allow a first list of the main macroinvertebrates living in these biotopes. The heterogeneous nature of these saline lakes with their freshwater springs and phreatic inflows offers a variety of habitats to macroinvertebrates. The benthic fauna in lakes with salinities 〉 10 g l−1 is not so low in density but includes few species and is dominated by Orthocladiinae and Podonominae larvae. In contrast, the freshwater springs and inflows are colonized by a diverse fauna, with a mixture of both freshwater and saline taxa, but dominated by Elmidae and Amphipoda. The lakes are quite isolated and, apart from some cosmopolitan organisms, their fauna can be quite distinctive.
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  • 56
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    Plant systematics and evolution 185 (1993), S. 17-33 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Pyrenocarpous lichens ; Verrucariaceae ; Catapyrenium ; Dermatocarpon ; Catapyrenium analogicum spec. nova ; C. andicolum spec. nova ; C. chilense comb. nov. ; C. corticolum comb. nov. ; C. exaratum spec. nova ; C. lachneoides spec. nova ; C. podolepis spec. nova ; C. ruiz-lealii comb. nov. ; C. squamulosum var.argentinum comb. nov. ; Systematics ; taxonomy ; Flora of Argentina ; Bolivia ; Brasilia ; Chile ; Ecuador ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Uruguay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 13 species of the lichen genusCatapyrenium are reported from South America. Five species (C. analogicum, C. andicolum, C. exaratum, C. lachneoides, andC. podolepis) are described as new. A key to the species known from South America is presented. Remarks on taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the species are given.
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  • 57
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    Hydrobiologia 241 (1992), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Copepoda ; Calanoida ; Centropagidae ; Bolivia ; Altiplano ; fresh water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species and genus of freshwater calanoid, Neoboeckella loffleri, is described from shallow, high-altitude waters. N. kinzeli (Löffler), 1955, is also included in the new genus. Neoboeckella, like Hemiboeckella Sars from Australia, is characterized inter alia by an exceptionally high degree of sexual dimorphism in size.
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  • 58
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    Pure and applied geophysics 136 (1991), S. 449-458 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; focal mechanism ; intraplate earthquakes ; Bolivia ; Andean Cordillera ; seismotectonics ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Intraplate seismic activity in Bolivia is mainly located in the central region (16°–19°S, 63°–67°W) which includes the East Andean Cordillera and the Sub-Andean Sierras. At this region there is a bend in the trend of the main geological structures from NW-SE in the north to N-S in the south. Focal mechanisms have been calculated for 10 earthquakes of magnitudes 4.9–5.6, using first motionP-waves from long period instruments. Their solutions correspond to reverse faulting, some with a large component of strike-slip motion. Their solutions can be grouped into two types; one with pure reverse faulting on planes with azimuth NW-SE and the other with a large strike-slip component on planes with azimuths nearly N-S or WNW-ESE. The maximum stress axis (P-axis) is practically horizontal (dipping less than 5°) oriented in a mean N56°E direction. This orientation may be related with the direction of compression resulting from the collision of the Nazca plate against the western margin of the South American continent. Wave-form analysis of long-periodP-waves for one event restricts the focal depth to 8 km in the Sub-Andean region. Seismic moments and source dimensions determined from spectra of Rayleigh waves are in the range of 1016–1017Nm and 17–24 km, respectively. The Central Bolivia region can be considered as a zone of intraplate deformation situated between the Bolivian Altiplano and the Brazil shield.
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  • 59
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    International journal of biometeorology 35 (1991), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: High altitude ; Hypoxia ; Endocrine ; Pituitary-adrenal axis ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis is part of the response to the stress of initial exposure to hypoxia, but there is evidence to suggest that it persists after homeostatic stability has been regained and acclimatization achieved. The adrenal glands of five lifelong residents of La Paz, Bolivia, who had lived at altitudes in the range 3600–3800 m, were significantly larger than those in age-matched controls from sea level (15.3g vs 10.4g;P〈0.001) and appeared hyperplastic. The pituitary glands of the highlanders were not significantly different in size from those of the controls (0.67 g vs 0.51 g), but contained larger populations of corticotrophs expressed in terms of the total cell population of their anterior lobes (25.6% vs 19.4%;P〈0.001). In conjunction with other studies of this endocrine axis in man and animals exposed to a hypoxic environment, these data suggest that greater amounts of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) are required to maintain normal adrenocortical function under such circumstances, probably as a result of hypoxic inhibition of adrenocortical sensitivity to stimulation. Physiological hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex may be common in people living at high altitude.
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    International journal of biometeorology 35 (1991), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: High altitude ; Pulmonary vascular disease ; Alymara Indian ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A histological study of the pulmonary vasculature in a young male high-altitude Aymara Indian revealed four aspects of interest. There was muscularization of the terminal portion of the pulmonary arterial tree to involve pulmonary arterioles as small as 15 μm in diameter, thus forming a basis for the slightly increased pulmonary vascular resistance of native highlanders. Intimal longitudinal muscle was found in pulmonary arteries and arterioles and thought to be due to chronic alveolar hypoxia. Inner muscular tubes similar to those found in chronic obstructive lung disease were present. Pulmonary veins and venules also showed intimal muscularization suggesting that alveolar hypoxia affects vascular smooth muscle cells per se irrespective of their situation. The nature of the remodelling in a pulmonary blood vessel depends on a combination of hypoxia and haemodynamics.
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  • 61
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    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1990), S. 20-23 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: High altitude ; Pulmonary vascular disease ; Raboit ; Bolivia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A male weanling rabbit of the New Zealand White strain, born and living at an altitude of 3800 m in La Paz, Bolivia, developed right ventricular hypertrophy. This was found to be associated with growth of vascular smooth muscle cells in the intima of pulmonary arterioles, and contrasted with muscularization of the walls of pulmonary arterioles, without extension into the intima, found in a healthy, high-altitude control rabbit of the same strain. A low-altitude control showed no such muscularization. It is concluded that alveolar hypoxia, acting directly or through an intermediate agent, is a growth factor for vascular smooth muscle cells in pulmonary arterioles. This is the first report of pulmonary vascular disease due to high altitude in rabbits.
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  • 62
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    Hydrobiologia 197 (1990), S. 267-290 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Bolivia ; salt lakes ; chemistry ; diatoms ; multivariate analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diatom assemblages are described from surface sediments in thirteen salt lakes located in the southern Bolivian Altiplano. Factor analysis of correspondences and cluster analysis are used to classify the diatom assemblages. New methods are proposed to establish the qualitative and quantitative relationships between diatom floras and ecological parameters. Diatom assemblages are linked more to the ionic elements than to the salinity, pH, depth, temperature or elevation. Environmental variables are divided into three modalities which allow considerations of many different variables not under the same units.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Carbon exchange ; Costa Rica ; Land use ; Panama ; Peru ; Tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Our group, composed of modelers working in conjunction with tropical ecologists, 3 has produced a simulation model that quantifies the net carbon exchange between tropical vegetation and the atmosphere due to land use change. The model calculates this net exchange by combining estimates of land use change with several estimates of the carbon stored in tropical vegetation and general assumptions about the fate of cleared vegetation. In this report, we use estimates of land use and carbon storage organized into sixlife zone (sensu Holdridge) categories to calculate the exchange between the atmosphere and the vegetation of four tropical countries. Our analyses of these countries indicate that this life zone approach has several advantages because (a) the carbon content of vegetation varies significantly among life zones, (b) much of the land use change occurs in life zones of only moderate carbon storage, and (c) the fate of cleared vegetation varies among life zones. Our analyses also emphasize the importance of distinguishing between temporary and permanent land use change, as the recovery of vegetation on abandoned areas decreases the net release of carbon due to clearing. We include sensitivity analysis of those factors that we found to be important but are difficult to quantify at present.
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  • 64
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    Human ecology 8 (1980), S. 89-103 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: child growth ; Bolivia ; family size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Previous investigations have yielded contradictory conclusions concerning the importance of the economic contribution of children to households in agricultural societies. The present study evaluates the significance of children 's economic input in rural Ancoraimes, Bolivia by using child growth as an indirect indicator of the economic value of children. Children whose households differed in size and age composition were compared on the basis of five anthropometric measurements. Children from households with many young, nonproducing children were found to be significantly smaller for their age than children from households with few nonproducing children. Absolute household size had no major effect on child growth. While young children have a negative effect on the growth of children in the household, the positive effect of children as they grow older appears to make up for this loss. In terms of child growth, children are neither a net liability nor a net asset to agricultural households in Ancoraimes.
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 14 (1986), S. 651-655 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Bolivia ; Solanaceae ; Solanium χ ajanhuiri ; Solanum Series Megistacrolobum ; domestication ; glycoalkoloids ; potato
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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