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  • 1
    Unknown
    London : Springer
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Artificial Life ; Bio-inspired Computing ; Bio-inspired Robotics ; Collective Behaviour ; Complex Systems ; Decentralized Management ; Distrbuted Management ; Distributed Computing ; Emergence ; Evolutinary Algorithms ; Immune Networks ; Information Transfer ; Multi-agent Systems ; Pattern Formation ; Self-assembly ; Self-organization ; Self-organizing Computation
    Description / Table of Contents: The main challenge faced by designers of self-organizing systems is how to validate and control non-deterministic dynamics. Over-engineering the system may completely suppress self-organization with an outside influence, eliminating emergent patterns and decreasing robustness, adaptability and scalability. Whilst leaving too much non-determinism in the system’s behaviour may make its verification and validation almost impossible. This book presents the state-of-the-practice in successfully engineered self-organizing systems, and examines ways to balance design and self organization in the context of applications. As demonstrated throughout, finding this balance helps to deal with diverse practical challenges. The book begins with the more established fields of traffic management and structural health monitoring, building up towards robotic teams, solving challenging tasks deployed in tough environments. The second half of the book follows with a deeper look into the micro-level, and considers local interactions between agents. These interactions lead towards self-modifying digital circuitry and self-managing grids, self-organizing data visualization and intrusion detection in computer networks, immunocomputing and nature-inspired computation, and eventually to artificial life. The case studies described illustrate the richness of the topic and provide guidance to its intricate areas. Many algorithms proposed and discussed in this volume are biologically inspired and readers will also gain an insight into cellular automata, genetic algorithms, artificial immune systems, snake-like locomotion, ant foraging, birds flocking and mutualistic biological ecosystems, amongst others. Demonstrating the practical relevance and applicability of self-organization, this book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers in a wide range of fields.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 375 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781846289828
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Keywords: Coastal Resilience ; Social Justice ; Extreme Weather ; Natural Disaster ; Disaster Recovery ; Adaptation ; Severe Storm ; Climate Change management ; Coastal hazards ; Hurricane ; Katrina ; Flood ; Gentrification ; Environmental Policy ; Water Policy ; Environmental Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction to the Book: “Ahead of the Curve” / Shirley Laska / Pages 1-31 --- Louisiana’s Risks Anticipating the Future Challenges to Other U.S. Coastal Communities --- Managing Risks in Louisiana’s Rapidly Changing Coastal Zone / Donald F. Boesch / Pages 35-62 --- Climate Adaptation Challenges and Solutions --- Connecting the Dots: The Origins, Evolutions, and Implications of the Map that Changed Post-Katrina Recovery Planning in New Orleans / Zachary Lamb / Pages 65-91 --- Antagonisms of Adaptation: Climate Change Adaptation Measures in New Orleans and New York City / Kevin Fox Gotham, Megan Faust / Pages 93-112 --- Adapting to a Smaller Coast: Restoration, Protection, and Social Justice in Coastal Louisiana / Scott A. Hemmerling, Monica Barra, Rebecca H. Bond / Pages 113-144 --- Relocation and Resettlement: An Extreme Adjustment --- Community Resettlement in Louisiana: Learning from Histories of Horror and Hope / Nathan Jessee / Pages 147-184 --- Sojourners in a New Land: Hope and Adaptive Traditions / Kristina J. Peterson / Pages 185-214 --- Types/Locations of Communities and Their Responses to Extreme Weather: Urban --- Post-disaster Development Dilemmas: Advancing Landscapes of Social Justice in a Neoliberal Post-disaster Landscape / Anna Livia Brand, Vern Baxter / Pages 217-240 --- Reimagining Housing: Affordability Crisis and Its Role in Disaster Resilience and Recovery / Andreanecia M. Morris, Lucas Diaz / Pages 241-259 --- Types/Locations of Communities and Their Responses to Extreme Weather: Suburban/Mid State --- The 2016 Unexpected Mid-State Louisiana Flood: With Special Focus on the Different Rescue and Recovery Responses It Engendered / Michelle Annette Meyer, Brant Mitchell, Shannon Van Zandt, Stuart Nolan / Pages 263-281 --- Types/Locations of Communities and Their Responses to Extreme Weather: Rural --- Challenges of Post-Disaster Recovery in Rural Areas / Alessandra Jerolleman / Pages 285-310 --- Types/Locations of Communities and Their Responses to Extreme Weather: Coupled Coastal-Inland --- Regional Resilience: Building Adaptive Capacity and Community Well-Being Across Louisiana’s Dynamic Coastal–Inland Continuum / Traci Birch, Jeff Carney / Pages 313-340
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 361 pages) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    ISBN: 9783030272050
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This study aimed to determine domain the adaptability of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings in fresh water up to 20 per thousand (grams per liter) for providing facilities for growing this valuable species in the aquatic environment with salinity unconventional been completed. For this purpose the biochemical, bloody and physiologic parameters rainbow trout were studied to determine the adjustment range .Fingerlings fishes from cold water fish farm in the province Mazandran were prepared and for experiments were transferred to the Ecological Institute of Caspian Sea . Fingerlings with an average weight 31.56 ± 0. 07 SE g and average fork length 13.80 ± 0.15 SE cm, in 3 treatments in water with salinities (fresh, 13 and 20 grams per thousand) with a density of 15 numbers in polyethylene to 300-liter tank containing the 250 liters of water testing were introduced.Fresh water from Tajan rivers and water psu13 from the water Caspian Sea and water psu20 by mixing water the Caspian Sea and Sea salt was prepared . The daily amount to 50 percent of the of water tankss been replaced .During the experimental period was for 7 days and were not fed during the experiment.The water parameters was measured during the experiment included 6 ppm dissolved oxygen, pH equal to 8.2 and temperature 15.5 ° C . In the experimental period were not observed Losses in the experimental groups . The results showed that fish gill and kidney introduced in different salinities by making appropriate changes in chloride cells in the gills through increasing the number and the volume of these cells at the base of secondary blades and tubules in the kidney tubules to create greater interior space, are adapted to By changing salinity.Relatively parameters osmolarity, sodium, chloride, magnesium, cortisol, calcium, hematocrit, hemoglobin,number of red blood and white cells in water saltier than freshwater environment was higher (0.05〈 p, Duncan). Changes in hematological and blood plasma ionic parameters and vital organs Fingerlings indicates a willingness adaptability and the ability physiological adaptation fingerling was consistent with changes to environmental salinity brackish water .So, the factors measured with increasing salinity the uptrend that the range of variation for the osmolarite 449-281 mOsmol kg, for sodium, chloride, magnesium, cortisol, respectively, 211- 151, 165121, 3 / 3 7/0, 87. 53 mmol and the calcium 22-13 mg per dL.The measured values for hematocrit 32.2- 38.8%, hemoglobin 6.2 - 8.6 g per deciliter and the red and white blood cells, was respectively, 1.2-1.7×106 and the 15.6 -18.9×103.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Rainbow trout ; Gills ; Kidney ; Survey ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Fingerlings
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 42pp.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the possibility of adaptation, growth and survival of Red and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in underground brackish water. Fry with 0.3 and 0.7 g initial weight imported from Indonesia and after passing larviculture (20 g) were examined separately in fiber glass tank and earthen pond by two replicate. Fish were fed three times a day by using manual food (cp = 33.79) and carp food (cp = 25.05) at a restricted feeding program according to standard table during the 72 days rearing stage at light period. The results showed that some growth factors such as final weight, final length, daily growth rate, specific growth rate and weight gain in Nile tilapia were slightly higher than red tilapia but other factors such as survival and feed conversion rate in red tilapia were slightly higher than Nile tilapia. There were no significantly differences at 99% level among these factors. Length-weight relationship equation was w = 0.020 × TL3.012 in Nile tilapia and w = 0.015 × TL3.086 in red tilapia (r2 = 0.98), b value was 3.012 and 3.086 respectively in Nile and red tilapia representing isometric growth. So according to the results, good growth and high survival rate, it seems that both Nile and red tilapia could be good candidates for reproducing and rearing in brackish water condition.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus ; Adaptation ; Growth ; Brackish water ; Survival ; Tilapia ; Oreochromis.sp ; Larviculture ; Rearing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 44pp.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the possibility of adaptation, growth and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with 0.3g initial weight and red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) with 0.7g initial weight in underground brackish water. Fry of Nile tilapia and red tilapia imported from Indonesia and after passing larviculture (25g) were examined separately in fiber glass tank by two replicate. Fish were fed at a restricted feeding program according to standard table during the light period. The results showed that some growth factors such as final weight, final length, daily growth rate, specific growth rate and weight gain in Nile tilapia were slightly higher than red tilapia but other factors such as survival and feed conversion rate in red tilapia were slightly higher than Nile tilapia. There were no significantly differences at 99% level among these factors. Length-weight relationship equation was w = 0.012×TL3.189 in Nile tilapia and w = 0.014×TL3.119 in red tilapia (r2 = 0.99), b value were 3.189 and 3.119 respectively in Nile and red tilapia representing isometric growth. According to the reliable growth and high survival rate (98%), it seems that both Nile and red tilapia could be good candidates for rearing in brackish water condition.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Tilapia ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Adaptation ; Growth ; Survival ; Aquaculture ; Feeding
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.23-30
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Use and enrichment of live food resource in fish farms have been interested and highly demanded. Crustacean are one of the important groups. The Pontogammarus maeoticus dominated in southern Caspian Sea shore with a high abundance. This study was designed in order to adaptation and usage of amphipoda in fish culture ponds. The first part have been surveyed the laboratory experiments including of; to increasing and developing of P.maeoticus in 200 litter container, the effects of salinity on growth and survival of amphipods in many aquariums, the culture of common carp with amphipods and growth determination of them. Chemical composition analysis of P.maeoticus and carps fed by amphipods in compare to cultured carps from ordinary ponds. Due to concern about common healthy the heavy metal concentration has been measured in P. maeoticus, carp which were fed by amphipods and the cultured carps in earth ponds. In second phase; the adaptation of two amphipods species, P. maeoticus and Obesogammarus acuminatus was studied in fish ponds where some cages with sandy soft substrate had been provided for amphipoda replacement. Also a small surface of ponds surrounded by net and covered by Azola plant, a habitat suitable for to putting of O. acuminatus. Production of amphipoda had not the successfully results in large tanks. Aquariums with Caspian sea water had the prosper results where the specimens were breeding and developing properly, even though in some aquarium with freshwater increased the amphipods number. The chemical composition had not significant difference between two kind of cultured carps while the organic component in amphipoda had a high quality. The better quality of cultured carp by amphipod diet have been confirmed by organoleptic test. The results of heavy metal measurement in amphipoda showed a high concentration which some of them were transmitted to cultured carps. Result of amphipoda replacement in cage was not satisfy and the specimens were died after some days. According to hydro-chemical parameters the oxygen poorness and high trophy levels were the affective factor to abolish of specimens in cages. It seems that there are many type of P.maeoticus that can be adapted in different salinities. The molecular differentiation should be investigated to choose the suitable type of this spices for utilization in freshwater fish ponds. In other hand it can be used in fish culture ponds that will be supplied by brackish water.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Chemical ; Adaptation ; Amphipoda ; Fish ; Culture ; Ponds ; Enrichment ; Pontogammarus maeoticus ; Amphipoda ; Survey ; P.maeoticus ; Common carp ; O. acuminatus ; Oxygen ; Specimens ; Brackish water
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 71pp.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The use correct of non-agricultural land due to saline and waternon fresh for rearing of aquatic animals, especially fish, in good seasons, can generate for employment and provide fertile ground . This study aimed to assess the ability of Rainbow Trout reared in earthen ponds potential using brackish water stub area south of North Khorasan province in cold seasons (autumn and winter) have been conducted. Farming operations in three earthen ponds, each with an area of 3,000 square meters and two water wells within 160 days of the initial electric Bahdayt 8400 and 18100 µs was conducted. Average initial weight of juveniles when introduced into soil ponds 32.0±1.0 and 22.7±1/7 grams and density drop in the of ponds 5 and 7 number per cubic meters . Feeding on pond done recipes nutrition standards Related to fish size and water temperature was during the period culture . To help improve the water quality during the breeding ponds of cyclic change in volume of pond water (20-15%) and two aeration SPLASH with errive fresh water to form rain fall in each pond was used. The results obtained during the period of measurement water physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, total dissolved substances, acidity) shows changes in the mean amplitude of these factors has been tolerated for raising trout The results showed that children reared trout have been introduced since the introduction of nteroperability with brackish water in the pond also grown to over 14 thousand have salt and water changes physical and chemical factors have endured. The results showed that fish farming in addition to works by adapting the environment had to foster the growth of the pond water . So in 5 months, with a mean survival of 87 percent hindrance develop marketable size with an average weight of 340±12-390±13and 470 ±17grams and have a total production of more than 20 tonnes. All of it has been confirmed, the study area (SFRAIEN)is very suitable for the breeding Rainbow trout of pond during the fall and winter seasons .
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Physico-chemical ; Rainbow Trout ; Adaptation ; Culture ; Brackish Water ; Earthen ponds ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Saline water ; Aquatic ; Density ; Survival
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 44pp.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Blackwell for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Ecology Letters 12 (2009): E15-E18, doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01332.x.
    Description: Hartley et al. question whether reduction in Rmass, under experimental warming, arises because of the biomass method. We show the method they treat as independent yields the same result. We describe why the substrate-depletion hypothesis cannot alone explain observed responses, and urge caution in the interpretation of the seasonal data.
    Description: This research was supported by the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and U.S. National Science Foundation grants to the Coweeta LTER program.
    Keywords: Acclimation ; Adaptation ; Soil respiration ; Thermal biology ; Temperature ; Carbon cycling ; Climate change ; Climate warming ; Microbial community ; CO2
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Coastal Management 45 (2017): 360-383, doi:10.1080/08920753.2017.1345607.
    Description: Coastal barrier systems around the world are experiencing higher rates of flooding and shoreline erosion. Property owners on barriers have made significant financial investments in physical protections that shield their nearby properties from these hazards, constituting a type of adaptation to shoreline change. Factors that contribute to adaptation on Plum Island, a developed beach and dune system on the North Shore of Massachusetts, are investigated here. Plum Island experiences patterns of shoreline change that may be representative of many inlet-associated beaches, encompassing an equivocal and dynamically shifting mix of erosion and accretion. In the face of episodic floods and fleeting erosive events, and driven by a combination of strong northeast storms and cycles of erosion and accretion, the value of the average Plum Island residence increases by 34% for properties on the oceanfront where protection comprises a publicly constructed soft structure. Even in the face of state policies that ostensibly discourage physical protection as a means of adaptation, coastal communities face significant political and financial pressures to maintain existing protective structures or to allow contiguous groups of property owners to build new ones through collective action. These factors mitigate against adapting to shoreline change by retreating from the coast, thereby potentially increasing the adverse effects of coastal hazards.
    Description: Support for this study was provided by NSF Grant Nos. OCE 1325430 and AGS 1518503 and NOAA Cooperative Agreement No. NA14OAR4170074.
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Structural protection ; Coastal dune resource ; Tidal-associated inlet ; Hedonic pricing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Blackwell for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Ecology Letters 11 (2008): 1316-1327, doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01251.x.
    Description: In the short-term heterotrophic soil respiration is strongly and positively related to temperature. In the long-term its response to temperature is uncertain. One reason for this is because in field experiments increases in respiration due to warming are relatively short-lived. The explanations proposed for this ephemeral response include depletion of fast-cycling, soil carbon pools and thermal adaptation of microbial respiration. Using a 〉15 year soil warming experiment in a mid-latitude forest, we show that the apparent ‘acclimation’ of soil respiration at the ecosystem scale results from combined effects of reductions in soil carbon pools and microbial biomass, and thermal adaptation of microbial respiration. Mass specific respiration rates were lower when seasonal temperatures were higher, suggesting that rate reductions under experimental warming likely occurred through temperature-induced changes in the microbial community. Our results imply that stimulatory effects of global temperature rise on soil respiration rates may be lower than currently predicted.
    Description: This research was supported by the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
    Keywords: Acclimation ; Adaptation ; Soil respiration ; Thermal biology ; Temperature ; Carbon cycling ; Climate change ; Climate warming ; Microbial community ; CO2
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2012. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Ecology 100 (2012): 841-851, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01984.x.
    Description: Reciprocal transplant experiments designed to quantify genetic and environmental effects on phenotype are powerful tools for the study of local adaptation. For long-lived species, especially those in habitats with short growing seasons, however, the cumulative effects of many years in novel environments may be required for fitness differences and phenotypic changes to accrue. We returned to two separate reciprocal transplant experiments thirty years after their initial establishment in interior Alaska to ask whether patterns of differentiation observed in the years immediately following transplant have persisted. We also asked whether earlier hypotheses about the role of plasticity in buffering against the effects of selection on foreign genotypes were supported. We censused survival and flowering in three transplant gardens created along a snowbank gradient for a dwarf shrub (Dryas octopetala) and six gardens created along a latitudinal gradient for a tussock-forming sedge (Eriophorum vaginatum). For both species, we used an analysis of variance to detect fitness advantages for plants transplanted back into their home site relative to those transplanted into foreign sites. For D. octopetala, the original patterns of local adaptation observed in the decade following transplant appeared even stronger after three decades, with the complete elimination of foreign ecotypes in both fellfield and snowbed environments. For E. vaginatum, differential survival of populations was not evident 13 years after transplant, but was clearly evident 17 years later. There was no evidence that plasticity was associated with increased survival of foreign populations in novel sites for either D. octopetala or E. vaginatum. Synthesis. We conclude that local adaptation can be strong, but nevertheless remain undetected or underestimated in short-term experiments. Such genetically-based population differences limit the ability of plant populations to respond to a changing climate.
    Description: Funding for this research was provided by National Science Foundation grant ARC-0908936 with additional support from NSF-BSR-9024188.
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Dryas octopetala ; Ecological genetics and ecogenomics ; Eriophorum vaginatum ; Genetic differentiation ; Phenotypic plasticity ; Tussock tundra
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: First published online as a Review in Advance on October 24, 2005. (Some corrections may occur before final publication online and in print)
    Description: Author Posting. © Annual Reviews, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Annual Reviews for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006): 22.1-22.29, doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.105418.
    Description: Superfast muscles of vertebrates power sound production. The fastest, the swimbladder muscle of toadfish, generates mechanical power at frequencies in excess of 200 Hz. To operate at these frequencies, the speed of relaxation has had to increase approximately 50-fold. This increase is accomplished by modifications of three kinetic traits: (a) a fast calcium transient due to extremely high concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-Ca2+ pumps and parvalbumin, (b) fast off-rate of Ca2+ from troponin C due to an alteration in troponin, and (c) fast cross-bridge detachment rate constant (g, 50 times faster than that in rabbit fast-twitch muscle) due to an alteration in myosin. Although these three modifications permit swimbladder muscle to generate mechanical work at high frequencies (where locomotor muscles cannot), it comes with a cost: The high g causes a large reduction in attached force-generating cross-bridges, making the swimbladder incapable of powering low-frequency locomotory movements. Hence the locomotory and sound-producing muscles have mutually exclusive designs.
    Description: This work was made possible by support from NIH grants AR38404 and AR46125 as well as the University of Pennsylvania Research Foundation.
    Keywords: Parvalbumin ; Ca2+ release ; Ca2+ uptake ; Cross-bridges ; Adaptation ; Sound production ; Whitman Center
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 567086 bytes
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  • 13
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    Unknown
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25201 | 18721 | 2018-09-05 16:03:37 | 25201 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Use and enrichment of live food resource in fish farms have been interested and highly demanded. Crustacean are one of the important groups. The Pontogammarus maeoticus dominated in southern Caspian Sea shore with a high abundance. This study was designed in order to adaptation and usage of amphipoda in fish culture ponds. The first part have been surveyed the laboratory experiments including of; to increasing and developing of P.maeoticus in 200 litter container, the effects of salinity on growth and survival of amphipods in many aquariums, the culture of common carp with amphipods and growth determination of them. Chemical composition analysis of P.maeoticus and carps fed by amphipods in compare to cultured carps from ordinary ponds. Due to concern about common healthy the heavy metal concentration has been measured in P. maeoticus, carp which were fed by amphipods and the cultured carps in earth ponds. In second phase; the adaptation of two amphipods species, P. maeoticus and Obesogammarus acuminatus was studied in fish ponds where some cages with sandy soft substrate had been provided for amphipoda replacement. Also a small surface of ponds surrounded by net and covered by Azola plant, a habitat suitable for to putting of O. acuminatus. Production of amphipoda had not the successfully results in large tanks. Aquariums with Caspian Sea water had the prosper results where the specimens were breeding and developing properly, even though in some aquarium with freshwater increased the amphipods number. The chemical composition had not significant difference between two kind of cultured carps while the organic component in amphipoda had a high quality. The better quality of cultured carp by amphipod diet have been confirmed by organoleptic test. The results of heavy metal measurement in amphipoda showed a high concentration which some of them were transmitted to cultured carps. Result of amphipoda replacement in cage was not satisfy and the specimens were died after some days. According to hydro-chemical parameters the oxygen poorness and high trophy levels were the affective factor to abolish of specimens in cages. It seems that there are many type of P.maeoticus that can be adapted in different salinities. The molecular differentiation should be investigated to choose the suitable type of this spices for utilization in freshwater fish ponds. In other hand it can be used in fish culture ponds that will be supplied by brackish water.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Iran ; Caspian Sea ; Adaptation ; Amphipoda ; Fish ; Culture ; Ponds ; Enrichment ; Pontogammarus maeoticus ; Amphipoda ; Survey ; P.maeoticus ; Common carp ; O. acuminatus ; Oxygen ; Specimens ; Brackish water
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 71
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  • 14
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25833 | 18721 | 2018-10-13 10:28:58 | 25833 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: This study aimed to determine domain the adaptability of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings in fresh water up to 20 per thousand (grams per liter) for providing facilities for growing this valuable species in the aquatic environment with salinity unconventional been completed. For this purpose the biochemical, bloody and physiologic parameters rainbow trout were studied to determine the adjustment range .Fingerlings fishes from cold water fish farm in the province Mazandran were prepared and for experiments were transferred to the Ecological Institute of Caspian Sea . Fingerlings with an average weight 31.56 ± 0. 07 SE g and average fork length 13.80 ± 0.15 SE cm, in 3 treatments in water with salinities (fresh, 13 and 20 grams per thousand) with a density of 15 numbers in polyethylene to 300-liter tank containing the 250 liters of water testing were introduced. Fresh water from Tajan rivers and water psu13 from the water Caspian Sea and water psu20 by mixing water the Caspian Sea and Sea salt was prepared . The daily amount to 50 percent of the of water tankss been replaced .During the experimental period was for 7 days and were not fed during the experiment.The water parameters was measured during the experiment included 6 ppm dissolved oxygen, pH equal to 8.2 and temperature 15.5 ° C . In the experimental period were not observed Losses in the experimental groups . The results showed that fish gill and kidney introduced in different salinities by making appropriate changes in chloride cells in the gills through increasing the number and the volume of these cells at the base of secondary blades and tubules in the kidney tubules to create greater interior space, are adapted to By changing salinity. Relatively parameters osmolarity, sodium, chloride, magnesium, cortisol, calcium, hematocrit, hemoglobin, number of red blood and white cells in water saltier than freshwater environment was higher (0.05〈 p, Duncan). Changes in hematological and blood plasma ionic parameters and vital organs Fingerlings indicates a willingness adaptability and the ability physiological adaptation fingerling was consistent with changes to environmental salinity brackish water .So, the factors measured with increasing salinity the uptrend that the range of variation for the osmolarite 449-281 mOsmol kg, for sodium, chloride, magnesium, cortisol, respectively, 211- 151, 165121, 3/3 7/0, 87. 53 mmol and the calcium 22-13 mg per dL. The measured values for hematocrit 32.2- 38.8%, hemoglobin 6.2 - 8.6 g per deciliter and the red and white blood cells, was respectively, 1.2-1.7×106 and the 15.6 -18.9×103.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Biology ; Iran ; Caspian Sea ; Adaptation ; Rainbow trout ; Gills ; Kidney ; Survey ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Fingerlings
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 42
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  • 15
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/21782 | 18721 | 2017-12-03 15:02:01 | 21782 | University of Guilan, Faculty of Natural Resources, Iran
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: Phenotypic variations in fish body and scale shape were investigated among the three populations of Aphanius dispar (Rüppell, 1829) in Southern Iran through the use of landmark-based geometric morphometric analyses.This species is widely distributed in the region, and therefore, considerable morphological variations exist among the geographically allopatric populations. Based on the Principle Component Analysis (PCA), variation in body shape of the females is prominently related to the dorsal fin region, while in the males it is related to the dorsal fin and caudal peduncle. Moreover, the shape variations in the scales are obviously linked to the tip of anterior portion of the scales, and the left and right boundaries between anterior and posterior regions of the scales. The lateral sides of the fish scales in site I are concave, while they are laterally convex in sites II and III. The observed variation seen in the fish body shape and scales among the three studied sites are probably caused by the different ecological conditions of their habitats particularly variation in water flow.
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Tooth-carps ; Adaptation ; Habitat changes ; Water flow ; Variations ; fish body ; scales ; Aphanius dispar ; geometric ; morphometric ; Iran
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
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  • 16
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25583 | 18721 | 2018-10-07 11:15:10 | 25583 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: The use correct of non-agricultural land due to saline and waternon fresh for rearing of aquatic animals, especially fish, in good seasons, can generate for employment and provide fertile ground . This study aimed to assess the ability of Rainbow Trout reared in earthen ponds potential using brackish water stub area south of North Khorasan province in cold seasons (autumn and winter) have been conducted. Farming operations in three earthen ponds, each with an area of 3,000 square meters and two water wells within 160 days of the initial electric Bahdayt 8400 and 18100 µs was conducted. Average initial weight of juveniles when introduced into soil ponds 32.0±1.0 and 22.7±1/7 grams and density drop in the of ponds 5 and 7 number per cubic meters . Feeding on pond done recipes nutrition standards Related to fish size and water temperature was during the period culture . To help improve the water quality during the breeding ponds of cyclic change in volume of pond water (20-15%) and two aeration SPLASH with errive fresh water to form rain fall in each pond was used. The results obtained during the period of measurement water physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, total dissolved substances, acidity) shows changes in the mean amplitude of these factors has been tolerated for raising trout The results showed that children reared trout have been introduced since the introduction of nteroperability with brackish water in the pond also grown to over 14 thousand have salt and water changes physical and chemical factors have endured. The results showed that fish farming in addition to works by adapting the environment had to foster the growth of the pond water . So in 5 months, with a mean survival of 87 percent hindrance develop marketable size with an average weight of 340±12-390±13and 470 ±17grams and have a total production of more than 20 tonnes. All of it has been confirmed, the study area (SFRAIEN)is very suitable for the breeding Rainbow trout of pond during the fall and winter seasons .
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Iran ; Khorasan province ; Rainbow Trout ; Adaptation ; Culture ; Brackish Water ; Earthen ponds ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Saline water ; Aquatic ; Density ; Survival
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 17
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25357 | 18721 | 2018-09-14 06:59:51 | 25357 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the possibility of adaptation, growth and survival of Red and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in underground brackish water. Fry with 0.3 and 0.7 g initial weight imported from Indonesia and after passing larviculture (20 g) were examined separately in fiber glass tank and earthen pond by two replicate. Fish were fed three times a day by using manual food (cp=33.79) and carp food (cp=25.05) at a restricted feeding program according to standard table during the 72 days rearing stage at light period. The results showed that some growth factors such as final weight, final length, daily growth rate, specific growth rate and weight gain in Nile tilapia were slightly higher than red tilapia but other factors such as survival and feed conversion rate in red tilapia were slightly higher than Nile tilapia. There were no significantly differences at 99% level among these factors. Length-weight relationship equation was w = 0.020 × TL3.012 in Nile tilapia and w = 0.015×TL3.086 in red tilapia (r^2 = 0.98), b value was 3.012 and 3.086 respectively in Nile and red tilapia representing isometric growth. So according to the results, good growth and high survival rate, it seems that both Nile and red tilapia could be good candidates for reproducing and rearing in brackish water condition.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Iran ; Bafgh ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Adaptation ; Growth ; Brackish water ; Survival ; Tilapia ; Oreochromis.sp ; Larviculture ; Rearing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Phenotypic variations in fish body and scale shape were investigated among the three populations of Aphanius dispar (Rüppell, 1829) in Southern Iran through the use of landmark-based geometric morphometric analyses. This species is widely distributed in the region, and therefore, considerable morphological variations exist among the geographically allopatric populations. Based on the Principle Component Analysis (PCA), variation in body shape of the females is prominently related to the dorsal fin region, while in the males it is related to the dorsal fin and caudal peduncle. Moreover, the shape variations in the scales are obviously linked to the tip of anterior portion of the scales, and the left and right boundaries between anterior and posterior regions of the scales. The lateral sides of the fish scales in site I are concave, while they are laterally convex in sites II and III. The observed variation seen in the fish body shape and scales among the three studied sites are probably caused by the different ecological conditions of their habitats particularly variation in water flow.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Aphanius dispar ; Habitat changes ; Adaptation ; Tooth-carps ; Variations ; Fish body ; Scales ; Geometric ; Morphometric ; Water flow
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.113-123
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  • 19
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    WorldFish | Penang, Malaysia
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/17291 | 115 | 2015-06-20 06:25:25 | 17291 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-07-11
    Description: The countries and territories of the Pacific Islands face many challenges in building the three main pillars of food security: availability, access and appropriate use of nutritious food. These challenges arise from factors including rapid population growth and urbanization, shortages of arable land for farming and the availability of cheap, low-quality foods. As a result, many are now highly dependent on imported food, and the incidence of non-communicable diseases in the region is among the highest in the world. This report summarizes: 1) the projected effects of climate change on agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture in the Pacific region; 2) adaptations and supporting policies needed to reduce risks to food production; 3) gaps in knowledge that must be filled in order to implement the adaptations effectively; 4) recommendations to fill these knowledge gaps.
    Description: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
    Description: CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Small-scale agriculture ; Small-scale aquaculture ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Food security ; Policy ; Resilience ; Research ; Pacific
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Shoshan, Y., Liscovitch-Brauer, N., Rosenthal, J. J. C., & Eisenberg, E. Adaptive proteome diversification by nonsynonymous A-to-I RNA editing in coleoid cephalopods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(9), (2021): 3775–3788, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab154.
    Description: RNA editing by the ADAR enzymes converts selected adenosines into inosines, biological mimics for guanosines. By doing so, it alters protein-coding sequences, resulting in novel protein products that diversify the proteome beyond its genomic blueprint. Recoding is exceptionally abundant in the neural tissues of coleoid cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and cuttlefishes), with an over-representation of nonsynonymous edits suggesting positive selection. However, the extent to which proteome diversification by recoding provides an adaptive advantage is not known. It was recently suggested that the role of evolutionarily conserved edits is to compensate for harmful genomic substitutions, and that there is no added value in having an editable codon as compared with a restoration of the preferred genomic allele. Here, we show that this hypothesis fails to explain the evolutionary dynamics of recoding sites in coleoids. Instead, our results indicate that a large fraction of the shared, strongly recoded, sites in coleoids have been selected for proteome diversification, meaning that the fitness of an editable A is higher than an uneditable A or a genomically encoded G.
    Description: This research was supported by a grants from the United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF), Jerusalem, Israel (BSF2017262 to J.J.C.R. and E.E.), the Israel Science Foundation (3371/20 to E.E.) and the National Science Foundation (IOS 1827509 and 1557748 to J.J.C.R).
    Keywords: RNA editing ; Adaptation ; Evolution
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of IOP Publishing for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Environmental Research Letters 4 (2009): 044008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/044008.
    Description: Rising sea level threatens existing coastal wetlands. Overall ecosystems could often survive by migrating inland, if adjacent lands remained vacant. On the basis of 131 state and local land use plans, we estimate that almost 60% of the land below 1 m along the US Atlantic coast is expected to be developed and thus unavailable for the inland migration of wetlands. Less than 10% of the land below 1 m has been set aside for conservation. Environmental regulators routinely grant permits for shore protection structures (which block wetland migration) on the basis of a federal finding that these structures have no cumulative environmental impact. Our results suggest that shore protection does have a cumulative impact. If sea level rise is taken into account, wetland policies that previously seemed to comply with federal law probably violate the Clean Water Act.
    Keywords: Climate change ; Adaptation ; Land use planning ; Sea-level rise ; Wetland migration ; Shore protection
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2022-08-08
    Description: La acuicultura marina es un sector con una alta tasa de crecimiento, llamado a satisfacer las demandas de peces y mariscos a escala global. La producción de tilapia reviste de una gran importancia a nivel mundial, pero las disponibilidades de agua dulce se han visto reducidas por la sequía y por la competitividad que ofrecen la agricultura y las fuentes de abasto de agua a las poblaciones. Es por ello que se ha ganado interés en los cultivos en ambiente marino. El objetivo del trabajo consistió en adaptar la tilapia a un ambiente de mayor salinidad para lograr su ciclo de vida completamente en dichas condiciones. Se emplearon alevines de tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) con un peso promedio de 1,71 g, los cuales fueron adaptados al ambiente marino en peceras de 40 L de capacidad. Se logró adaptar alevines de tilapia a una salinidad de 25 ups en un período de 24 h sin mortalidad.
    Description: Marine aquaculture is a sector with a high growth rate, called to meet the demands for fish and shellfish on a global scale. Tilapia production is of great importance worldwide, but the availability of fresh water has been reduced by drought and the competitiveness offered by agriculture and water supply sources to populations. That is why interest has been gained in farming in a marine environment. The objective of the work was to adapt the tilapia to a higher salinity environment to achieve its life cycle completely in these conditions. Fingerlings of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) with an average weight of 1,71 g were used, which were adapted to the marine environment in fish tanks of 40 L capacity. It was possible to adapt tilapia fingerlings to a salinity of 25 ups in a period of 24 h without mortality.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Tilapia ; Cultivo ; Adaptación ; Salinidad ; Farming ; Adaptation ; Salinity
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.85-87
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Genome Biology and Evolution 9 (2017): 659-676, doi:10.1093/gbe/evx023.
    Description: Understanding and predicting the fate of populations in changing environments require knowledge about the mechanisms that support phenotypic plasticity and the adaptive value and evolutionary fate of genetic variation within populations. Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) exhibit extensive phenotypic plasticity that supports large population sizes in highly fluctuating estuarine environments. Populations have also evolved diverse local adaptations. To yield insights into the genomic variation that supports their adaptability, we sequenced a reference genome and 48 additional whole genomes from a wild population. Evolution of genes associated with cell cycle regulation and apoptosis is accelerated along the killifish lineage, which is likely tied to adaptations for life in highly variable estuarine environments. Genome-wide standing genetic variation, including nucleotide diversity and copy number variation, is extremely high. The highest diversity genes are those associated with immune function and olfaction, whereas genes under greatest evolutionary constraint are those associated with neurological, developmental, and cytoskeletal functions. Reduced genetic variation is detected for tight junction proteins, which in killifish regulate paracellular permeability that supports their extreme physiological flexibility. Low-diversity genes engage in more regulatory interactions than high-diversity genes, consistent with the influence of pleiotropic constraint on molecular evolution. High genetic variation is crucial for continued persistence of species given the pace of contemporary environmental change. Killifish populations harbor among the highest levels of nucleotide diversity yet reported for a vertebrate species, and thus may serve as a useful model system for studying evolutionary potential in variable and changing environments.
    Description: This work was primarily supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (collaborative research grants DEB-1265282, DEB-1120512, DEB-1120013, DEB-1120263, DEB-1120333, DEB-1120398 to J.K.C., D.L.C., M.E.H., S.I.K., M.F.O., J.R.S., W.W., and A.W.). Further support was provided by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (1R01ES021934-01 to A.W., P42ES7373 to T.H.H., P42ES007381 to M.E.H., and R01ES019324 to J.R.S.), the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM103423 and P20GM104318 to B.L.K.), and the National Science Foundation (DBI-0640462 and XSEDE-MCB100147 to D.G.).
    Keywords: Population genomics ; Genome sequence ; Comparative genomics ; Adaptation ; Genetic diversity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 48(17), (2021): e2021GL094128, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094128.
    Description: Ocean warming is causing declines of coral reefs globally, raising critical questions about the potential for corals to adapt. In the central equatorial Pacific, reefs persisting through recurrent El Niño heatwaves hold important clues. Using an 18-year record of coral cover spanning three major bleaching events, we show that the impact of thermal stress on coral mortality within the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA) has lessened over time. Disproportionate survival of extreme thermal stress during the 2009–2010 and 2015–2016 heatwaves, relative to that in 2002–2003, suggests that selective mortality through successive heatwaves may help shape coral community responses to future warming. Identifying and facilitating the conditions under which coral survival and recovery can keep pace with rates of warming are essential first steps toward successful stewardship of coral reefs under 21st century climate change.
    Description: Support was provided by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) 1737311 to A. L. Cohen; The Atlantic Donor Advised Fund to A. L. Cohen; a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution post-doctoral scholarship to M. D. Fox; the Robertson Foundation, The Prince Albert Foundation, the New England Aquarium, and the Akiko Shiraki Dynner Fund.
    Keywords: Coral reefs ; Thermal stress ; ENSO ; Adaptation ; Oceanography ; Central Pacific
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Evolutionary Applications 10 (2017): 762–783, doi:10.1111/eva.12470.
    Description: For most species, evolutionary adaptation is not expected to be sufficiently rapid to buffer the effects of human-mediated environmental changes, including environmental pollution. Here we review how key features of populations, the characteristics of environmental pollution, and the genetic architecture underlying adaptive traits, may interact to shape the likelihood of evolutionary rescue from pollution. Large populations of Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) persist in some of the most contaminated estuaries of the United States, and killifish studies have provided some of the first insights into the types of genomic changes that enable rapid evolutionary rescue from complexly degraded environments. We describe how selection by industrial pollutants and other stressors has acted on multiple populations of killifish and posit that extreme nucleotide diversity uniquely positions this species for successful evolutionary adaptation. Mechanistic studies have identified some of the genetic underpinnings of adaptation to a well-studied class of toxic pollutants; however, multiple genetic regions under selection in wild populations seem to reflect more complex responses to diverse native stressors and/or compensatory responses to primary adaptation. The discovery of these pollution-adapted killifish populations suggests that the evolutionary influence of anthropogenic stressors as selective agents occurs widely. Yet adaptation to chemical pollution in terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate wildlife may rarely be a successful “solution to pollution” because potentially adaptive phenotypes may be complex and incur fitness costs, and therefore be unlikely to evolve quickly enough, especially in species with small population sizes.
    Description: National Science Foundation Grant Numbers: DEB-1265282, OCE-1314567, DEB-1120263; National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences Grant Numbers: R01ES021934-01, P42ES007381; Postdoctoral Research Program at the US Environmental Protection (US EPA); Office of Research and Development; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Grant Number: DW92429801; US Department of Energy
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Contemporary evolution ; Ecological genetics ; Ecotoxicology ; Genomics/proteomics ; Molecular evolution ; Natural selection and contemporary evolution ; Population genetics—empirical
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: A sustainability transition in line with achieving global climate goals requires the implementation of win-win strategies (WWS), i.e. socioeconomic activities that enable economic gains while simultaneously contributing to climate change mitigation or adaptation measures. Such strategies are discussed in a variety of scientific communities, such as sustainability science, industrial ecology and symbiosis and circular economy. However, existing analyses of win-win strategies tend to take a systems perspective, while paying less attention to the specific actors and activities, or their interconnections, which are implicated in win-win strategies. Moreover, they hardly address adaptation WWS. To address these gaps and support the identification and enhancement of WWS for entrepreneurs and policy-makers, we propose a typology of WWS based on the concept of a value-consumption chain, which typically connects several producers with at least one consumer of a good or service. A consideration of these connections allows an evaluation of economic effects in a meso-economic perspective. We distinguish 34 different types of WWS of companies, households and the state, for which 23 real-world examples are identified. Further, contrary to prevailing views on the lack of a business case for adaptation, we do identify real-world adaptation WWS, though they remain underrepresented compared with mitigation WWS. Our typology can be used as an entry point for transdisciplinary research integrating assessment of individual transformative socioeconomic activities and highly aggregated approaches assessing, e.g. the macro-economic effects of WWS.
    Description: Horizon 2020 Framework Programme ()
    Keywords: ddc:304.28 ; Win-win ; Green business models ; Green entrepreneurs ; Typology ; Mitigation ; Adaptation
    Language: English
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2023-06-23
    Description: Die Ergebnisse regionaler Klimaprojektionen für Deutschland weisen auf eine Zunahme der mittleren Lufttemperatur und eine innerjährliche Verschiebung der Niederschläge – mit feuchteren Wintern und trockeneren Sommern – hin. Darüber hinaus werden sich regional die Häufigkeit, Intensität und Dauer von Hitzewellen, Trockenperioden und Starkregenereignissen weiter erhöhen. Durch diese Veränderungen wird sich auch der Jahresgang der Grundwasserneubildung ändern. Als Folge dessen können sich Änderungen bei den hohen, mittleren und tiefen Grundwasserständen, Grundwasserschwankungsbreiten und dem Grundwasserdargebot ergeben. Aber nicht nur die Ressource Grundwasser wird durch die Folgen des Klimawandels betroffen. Auch die gesamte Infrastruktur – von der Förderung bis zur Verteilungsleitung zum Kunden – kann beeinträchtigt werden. Neben den direkten Einflüssen sind auch indirekte Beeinflussungen durch Kaskadeneffekte – beispielsweise ausgehend vom Energiesektor – möglich. Darum gilt es integrative, ganzheitliche und systemische Lösungen zu erarbeiten, um die Funktionalität der kritischen Infrastruktur dauerhaft auch unter Berücksichtigung der Folgen des Klimawandels gewährleisten zu können.
    Description: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht - Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH (HZG) (4216)
    Description: Climate change impacts on groundwater use—impacts and action needs
    Keywords: ddc:304.28 ; Klimawandel ; Wasserversorgung ; Kritische Infrastruktur ; Anpassung ; Climate change ; Impacts ; Water supply ; Critical infrastructure ; Adaptation
    Language: German
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: Cereal crop production in sub-Saharan Africa has not achieved the much-needed increase in yields to foster economic development and food security. Maize yields in the region’s semi-arid agroecosystems are constrained by highly variable rainfall, which may be worsened by climate change. Thus, the Tanzanian government has prioritized agriculture as an adaptation sector in its intended nationally determined contribution, and crop management adjustments as a key investment area in its Agricultural Sector Development Programme. In this study, we investigated how future changes in maize yields under different climate scenarios can be countered by regional adjusted crop management and cultivar adaptation strategies. A crop model was used to simulate maize yields in the Singida region of Tanzania for the baseline period 1980–2012 and under three future climate projections for 2020–2060 and 2061–2099. Adaptation strategies to improve yields were full irrigation, deficit irrigation, mulch and nitrogen addition and another cultivar. According to our model results, increase in temperature is the main driver of future maize yield decline. Increased respiration and phenological development were associated with lower maize yields of 16% in 2020–2060 and 20% in 2061–2099 compared to the 1980–2012 baseline. Surprisingly, none of the management strategies significantly improved yields; however, a different maize variety that was tested as an alternative coping strategy performed better. This study suggests that investment in accessibility of improved varieties and investigation of maize traits that have the potential to perform well in a warmer future are better suited for sustaining maize production in the semi-arid region than adjustments in crop management.
    Description: Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)
    Description: Universität Hohenheim (3153)
    Keywords: ddc:631 ; Maize ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Model ; Tanzania ; NDC
    Language: English
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: Climate change affects human activities, including tourism across various sectors and time frames. The winter tourism industry, dependent on low temperatures, faces significant impacts. This paper reviews the implications of climate change on winter tourism, emphasising challenges for activities like skiing and snowboarding, which rely on consistent snowfall and low temperatures. As the climate changes, these once taken-for-granted conditions are no longer as commonplace. Through a comprehensive review supported by up-to-date satellite imagery, this paper presents evidence suggesting that the reliability of winter snow is decreasing, with findings revealing a progressive reduction in snow levels associated with temperature and precipitation changes in some regions. The analysis underscores the need for concerted efforts by stakeholders who must recognize the reality of diminishing snow availability and work towards understanding the specific changes in snow patterns. This should involve multi-risk and multi-instrument assessments, including ongoing satellite data monitoring to track snow cover changes. The practical implications for sports activities and the tourism industry reliant on snow involve addressing challenges by diversifying offerings. This includes developing alternative winter tourism activities less dependent on snow, such as winter hiking, nature walks, or cultural experiences.
    Description: In press
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Climate change ; Adaptation ; Tourism losses ; Winter sport ; Multi-date satellite imagery ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 196-201 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Human evolution ; Australian songbirds ; Convergent evolution ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This article draws on many vertebrate examples to assess the future of DNA-DNA hybridization studies. I first discuss whether applications of the method have reached the point of diminishing returns, or rather the start of a great leap forward, in our evolutionary understanding. Vertebrate groups whose relationships are especially likely to be illuminated include parrots, pigeons, bats, pinnipeds, mammalian carnivores, frogs, and rodents. There are at least two reasons why classifications based on DNA-DNA hybridization may prove to differ from classifications based on particular character, whether these be noncoding DNA sequences or protein sequences or anatomical characters. Because evolutionary relationships can now be deduced independently of anatomical characters, this should permit a renaissance in comparative anatomical studies of adaptation. The origin of major functional shifts from changes in a small fraction of the genome is illustrated by polar bears, sea otters, warblers, vultures, and especially by humans.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Gene regulation ; Drosophila ; Adaptation ; Enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In an effort to understand the forces shaping evolution of regulatory genes and patterns, we have compared data on interspecific differences in enzyme expression patterns among the rapidly evolving Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila to similar data on the more conservative virilis species group. Divergence of regulatory patterns is significantly more common in the former group, but cause and effect are difficult to discern. Random fixation of regulatory variants in small populations and/or during speciation may be somewhat more likely than divergence driven by selection. Within the picture-winged group, we also have compared enzymes that fulfill different metabolic roles. There are highly significant differences between individual enzymes, but no obvious correlations to functional categories.
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 127-128 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Continuous culture ; Adaptation ; Simulation of hot springs ; Boiling point ; Caldoactive bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bacillus caldolyticus, a caldoactive bacterium originating from a hot spring at Yellowstone Park, was grown in a defined medium, whose composition resembled that of the pool water. Using a chemostat culture, which simulated the natural conditions, the organism could be adapted to grow at 100°C at a reasonable rate. Under increased pressure growth occurred also at 105° C.
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Boiling point ; Caldoactive enzymes ; Stabilization ; Thermostability ; Thermal characteristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In chemostat cultures of Bacillus caldolyticus, adaptation in a single step from 70–100°C was followed under aerobic and oxygen-limited conditions and was found to proceed more smoothly under the latter circumstances. Variations of the medium (e.g. yeast extract or silicate concentrations) showed that growth at 100°C is in all respects similar to that of cultures at moderate temperatures. Enzyme preparations derived from cultures at 5°C intervals between 70 and 100°C were used to determine the temperature range. For all nine enzymes tested, the optimum temperature was found to be 67°C; the latter was independent of the growth temperature. Differences were found, however, with respect to the maximum temperature of individual enzymes, and three groups, with maxima between 70 and 80°C, 80 and 90°C and 90 and 100°C can be distinguished. Again, there was no correlation with the growth temperature. Stability experiments also revealed that enzymes from the same organism can have different thermal properties: Some were found to be quite thermolabile (e.g. the pyruvate kinase), while others (e.g. hexokinase and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase) exhibited a high thermostability. These properties were not related to the growth temperature within the 70–100°C range, too. Six of the enzymes tested could be stabilized by their respective substrates, but the degree of protection varied for individual enzymes. Three enzymes (acetate kinase, glutamate dehydrogenase and myokinase) could not be stabilized by their substrates. Comparative experiments with the hexokinase suggested, that the thermal integrity of the enzymes is better protected within the cell as compared to the stability of the enzyme preparations.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacterium ; Adaptation ; Photosynthesis ; Carbohydrate accumulation ; Relative growth rate ; [Light-phosphate] interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii was grown in continuous culture under various light conditions in order to study the interactions of light on phosphorus-limited growth. Under severe P-limiting (light-saturating) conditions, a low chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin content was found. In addition, the light-harvesting capacity, reflected in the values of P max (maximum light-saturated oxygen production rate) and α (photosynthetic affinity), were low compared to light-limited cultures. Reduction of the light climate, either by reduction of the length of the photoperiod or light-intensity, resulted in an increase in light-harvesting capacity (higher pigment content, P m and α) during growth under P-limiting conditions. Light-induced changes in P max and α could be related to the relative growth rate, being the actual growth rate as a fraction of the growth rate which would be observed under light-limiting conditions. Under P-limiting conditions, reduction of the light-climate caused a reduction in dry weight of the culture. This decrease was mainly due to a decrease in carbohydrate content of the cells. Under all conditions tested, carbohydrates were found to accumulate during the light-period and to be consumed during the dark-period. Evaluation of carbohydrate consumption in the dark yielded a specific maintenance rate constant of 0.001 h-1. This observation leads to the conclusion that the specific maintenance rate constant is independent on the character of the growth rate limiting nutrient for O. agardhii.
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    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 103-107 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase ; Adaptation ; Derepression ; Repression ; Phosphite ; Hypophosphite
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    Notes: Abstract When Escherichia coli cells were grown in media containing either phosphite or hypophosphite as the sole source of phosphorus, they responded to this situation primarily in the same way as phosphatelimited cultures: The activity of alkaline phosphatase increased drastically, which under natural conditions would enable the cells to compklensatae for the shortage increased drastically, which under natural conditions would enable the cells to compensate for the shortage of phosphate. Subsequent transfers, however, resulted in a quite different response: While the phosphatase activity of phosphate-limited cells stays at a high derepressed level, its increase was followed by a gradual decline in organisms grown on phosphite or hypophosphite. After eight to ten transfers on these P-compounds, phosphatase activity was back to its initial, repressed, low level, indicating that the cells were fully adapted to these substrates. Adaptation to either PO 3 3- or PO 2 3- was completely abolished if the cells were again grown with PO 4 3- as P-source, whereafter the entire process of adaptation had to be repeated. The observed adaptation pattern, reflected by the alterations of phosphatase activity, was qualitatively equal with PO 3 3- and PO 2 3- , but quantitatively different, because the response to hypophosphite gave much higher values than the increase obtained with phosphite. Phosphite-adapted cells are not simultaneously adapted to hypophosphite, but their response to the latter was less intense than observed after direct transfers from PO 4 3- to PO 2 3- . Adaptation to hypophosphite, however, led simultaneously to phosphite adaptation, so that these cells can utilize both P-compounds as a substitute for phosphate.
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  • 36
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    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrobacter ; Mixotrophic growth ; Cell-yield ; Adaptation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Culture filtrates of heterotrophic bacteria were tested for their stimulatory effect on nitrification of three strains of Nitrobacter. 2. Yeast extract-peptone solution, in which Pseudomonas fluorescens had grown, after removal of the cells was added to autotrophically growing cultures of Nitrobacter agilis; it caused a stimulated nitrite oxidation and growth of Nitrobacter agilis. 3. The degree of stimulation depended on: a) the proportion of the culture filtrate to the autotrophic medium; b) the composition of the complex medium in which Pseudomonas fluorescens had been grown; c) the time the heterotrophic bacterium had been grown in the complex medium. 4. The stimulatory effect was highest with Nitrobacter agilis, less with Nitrobacter winogradskyi and negligible with Nitrobacter K 4. 5. It was possible to adapt nitrifying cells of Nitrobacter agilis to higher concentrations of yeast extract and peptone. After the nitrite had been completely oxidized the cell-N still increased up to 30% before growth stopped.
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  • 37
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    Archives of microbiology 166 (1996), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Archaea ; Halobacteria ; Energy ; transduction ; Retinal protein ; Proton gradient ; Nitrate ; reductase ; ATPase ; Adaptation
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    Notes: Abstract Halobacteria are aerobic chemo-organotroph archaea that grow optimally between pH 8 and 9 using a wide range of carbon sources. These archaea have developed alternative processes of energy provision for conditions of high cell densities and the reduced solubility of molecular oxygen in concentrated brines. The halobacteria can switch to anaerobic metabolism by using an alternative final acceptor in the respiratory chain or by fermentation, or alternatively, they can employ photophosphorylation. Light energy is converted by several retinal-containing membrane proteins that, in addition to generating a proton gradient across the cell membrane, also make phototaxis possible in order to approach optimal light conditions. The structural and functional features of ATP synthesis in archaea are discussed, and similarities to F-ATPases (functional aspects) or vacuolar ATPases (structural aspects) are presented.
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  • 38
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Reduced light ; Chloroflexus ; Synechococcus ; Ecological studies ; Yellowstone ; National Park ; Hot springs
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    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis was measured by the 14C method on natural as well as low light adapted populations of Chloroflexus (a photosynthetic bacterium) and Synechococcus (a blue-green alga) from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming U.S.A.), to test the ability of these phototrophs to photosynthesize at a variety of light intensities. The herbicide 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) was used to distinguish uptake of the blue-green alga from that of the photosynthetic bacterium, while measurements of chlorophyll a and bacterio-chlorophyll c served to quantitate the standing crops of these organisms. Natural populations of Synechococcus were found to be slightly inhibited by full sunlight intensities (summer values can surpass 90000 Lux), whereas the Chloroflexus populations were not. Populations of both phototrophs subjected to reduced light intensities through the use of neutral density filters were found to adapt to low light, and then become severely inhibited by high light intensities. Adaptation to various light regimes may be an important ecological phenomenon to the survival of these hot spring phototrophs.
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  • 39
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    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 184-190 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Dunaliella primolecta ; Malotolerant ; Adaptation ; Plasma membrane ; ESR
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    Notes: Abstract Electron spin resonance spectroscopy was used to monitor the in vivo microviscosity of the plasma membrane and lipid extracts of the salt tolerant alga, Dunaliella primolecta. The fluidity of the plasma membrane decreased as the algae were adapted to and suspended in higher sodium chloride concentrations [2–24% (w/v)]. Both biochemical modification and a physical interaction between Na+ and lipids were implicated. When the microviscosity of the plasma membrane and that of lipid extracts were determined as a function of temperature, two or three lipid phase transformations were observed. There were always transformations at 9–14° C and 39–43° C. These were interpreted as the onset and completion of the lipid phase transition of at least a major lipid component of the membrane, possibly the entire membrane. These transformation temperatures were independent of the salt concentration to which the algae were adapted or suspended. This suggests that D. primolecta exists with some of its membrane in the solid-fluid mixed lipid state. With a NaCl concentration of 8% (w/v) or greater in the growth medium, a third transformation occurred around 20–22° C. It was the result of a lipid-lipid interaction and was not related to adaptation.
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    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 117-120 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Ciliate ; Stentor coeruleus ; Photophobic response ; Action spectrum
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    Notes: Abstract Effects of preillumination on photophobic response (light-adaptation) and recovery of the photophobic sensitivity in the dark (dark-adaptation) in Stentor coeruleus were examined. When the cells were preilluminated with white light of 7.80 W/m2 for 2 min, the fluence-rate response curve of photophobic response was shifted toward higher light intensities by half an order of magnitude compared to the one without preillumination. Preillumination with a higher light intensity resulted in a further shift of the fluencerate response curve. An action spectrum for light-adaptation showed a primary peak at 610 nm and secondary peaks at 540 and 480 nm which are almost identical to the peaks observed in the photophobic action spectrum. The light-adapted cells showed a recovery of their photophobic sensing ability following dark treatment. Dark-adaptation resulted in total recovery of photophobic sensing ability in 8 minutes for the most cases examined.
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  • 41
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    Keywords: Key words Archaea ; Methanococcus voltae ; Deletion ; mutagenesis ; Adaptation ; Selenium deprivation ; [NiFe]-hydrogenases ; Gene replacement
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    Notes: Abstract We developed a general method for the site-specific deletion of gene sequences to obtain new selectable markers in the archaeon Methanococcus voltae. Using a deletion in the hisA gene, a vector was integrated into the chromosome by homologous recombination, thereby reconstituting histidine prototrophy. The vector contained the β-glucuronidase gene uidA of Escherichia coli as a reporter under the control of an M. voltae promoter that normally drives the expression of a selenium-free [NiFe]-hydrogenase after selenium deprivation. This construct has allowed us to check whether the selenium supply was sufficiently low to induce the transcription of the genes encoding the selenium-free hydrogenases. We tried to introduce a chromosomal deletion of the vhuU gene of the archaeon M. voltae by gene replacement and by keeping the cells under selenium deprivation. The gene vhuU encodes the very small, selenocysteine-containing subunit that is part of the primary reaction center of the Vhu hydrogenase. All transformants bearing the deletion also contained the vhuU wild-type gene. Therefore, the vhuU gene appears to be essential for the cell even under conditions that lead to the induction of the selenium-free homologue Vhc of the Vhu hydrogenase.
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  • 42
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    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Synechocystis 6701 ; Phycobilisomes ; Ultra-violet ; Mutagenesis ; Assembly ; Chromatic ; Adaptation ; Rods ; Cores
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    Notes: Abstract Mutations affecting pigmentation of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. 6701 were induced with ultraviolet light. Two mutants with phycobilisome structural changes were selected for structural studies. One mutant, UV08, was defective in chromatic adaptation and incorporated phycoerythrin into phycobilisomes in white or red light at a level typical of growth in green light. The other mutant, UV16, was defective in phycobilisome assembly: little phycocyanin was made and none was attached to the phycobilisome cores. The cores were completely free of any rod substructures and contained the major core peptides plus the 27,000 Mr linker peptide that attaches rods to the core. Micrographs of the core particles established their structural details. Phycoerythrin in UV 16 was assembled into rod structures that were not associated with core material or phycocyanin. The 30,500 Mr and 31,500 Mr linker peptides were present in the phycoerythrin rods with the 30,500 Mr protein as the major component. Phycobilisome assembly in vivo is discussed in light of this unusual mutant.
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    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 204-207 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Photosensory ; Cations ; pH ; Flagellated ; Algae ; Adaptation ; Euglena gracilis
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    Notes: Abstract Euglena were cultured under 3 W m-2 constant white light. In culture medium, cells show immediate and long lasting step-down photophobic responses and photoaccumulation behavior to blue light if dim red light-adapted for 30 min. However, if cells are suspended in buffered, saltcontaining solutions (adaptation buffers), strong step-down photobehavior and photoaccumulation responses are not observed for several hours. These behaviors gradually increase in strength to reach a maximum after 6–12 h; after which a stable response is maintained. The relative rates of appearance and the relative strengths of the responses are influenced by the concentrations of Ca2+ and K+, but not H+ or Na+ ions, in the adaptation buffers. Expression of the stepdown photobehavior thus requires that the cells adapt to the chemical environment in which they are suspended.
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  • 44
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    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 96-100 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Physiology ; Adaptation ; Growth ; Droop ; Monod
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    Notes: Abstract In many experimental ecological studies on phytoplankton species the growth response of an organism to the prevailing environmental conditions have been studied. Curves relating specific growth rate (μ) to the external nutrient concentration (S) have been constructed to compare nutrient-limited growth of different species under steady state conditions. Microorganisms adapt their physiology to a certain limitation in order to optimize growth. Therefore the shape of the μ/S curve is closely related to the way a micoorganism adapts its physiology. To see how physiological adaptation and growth rate are interconnected to each other, both can be related to the internal concentration of the growth-limiting nutrient. How the growth rate is related to the internal nutrient concentration is presented in a mathematical equation. Many phytoplankton species during growth under different nutrient limitations show a linear relationship between μ and the reciprocal value of the internal nutrient content (= Yield). This was originally observed by Droop. The model presented here gives a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon.
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 275-287 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thermophilic bacteria ; B. stearothermophilus ; B. caldotenax ; Thermophilic (Thermostable) Enzymes ; Adaptation ; Thermoadaptation of Enzymes ; Thermoadaptation of Bacteria
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    Notes: Abstract 1. Bacillus stearothermophilus was adapted to 37° C (mesophilic culture) and to 55° C (thermophilic culture) by cultivation via an intermediate temperature of 46° C. In the crude extract of the thermophilic bacterial cells the glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase are more thermostable than the corresponding enzymes in the crude extract of mesophilic cells. At the intermediate temperature of 46° C both types are probably formed. 2. 37° C-precultures of Bacillus caldotenax were further cultivated (in different samples) at 5° C intervals between 30° C and 70° C. It was shown that in 70° C-cells of the above mentioned enzymes more thermostable forms and in 37° C-cells more thermolabile forms are present. Furthermore, as demonstrated in the case of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, cells cultured in the temperature range between 30–50° C produced thermolabile enzyme variants (M-type), while cultures between 60–70° C produced thermostable variants (Th-type). At cultivation temperatures above 50° C a pronounced lag-period expressing the metabolic changes was found. In the lag-period, mesophilic enzymes are no longer present as early as 20 min after increasing the temperature (70° C), and synthesis of thermostable enzymes starts about 1 h before the beginning of growth. 3. Similar results were obtained with Bacillus caldotenax precultivated at 70° C and cultivated between 30° C and 70° C.
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S118 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Strain ; Remodeling ; Adaptation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary For bone to remodel adaptively, the cells responsible should follow some algorithm. Nine different loading situations and structures are discussed. It seems that either algorithm must be extremely complex, or cells in different structures must follow different algorithms.
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    European biophysics journal 2 (1977), S. 333-336 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Photoreceptor model ; Receptor potential ; Vertebrate ; Invertebrate ; Adaptation
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We propose that the same mechanism which leads to light-adaptation in invertebrate photoreceptors is responsible for the excitation of the receptor potential in vertebrates. Several qualitative and quantitative features of the vertebrate receptor response support this hypothesis.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Receptor potential ; Intracellular and extracellular calcium concentration ; Intensity dependence ; Adaptation ; Sensitivity control
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    Notes: Abstract The light-induced membrane voltage response (receptor potential, ReP) and the absorption change of the intracellularly injected calcium indicator arsenazo III (arsenazo response) were recorded simultaneously in Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptor cells. A double pulse technique was applied for stimulation. After pressure injection of the indicator into the cell absorption changes were measured at 646 nm to obtain a measure of the changes of the intracellular calcium ion concentration. 1. The size of the arsenazo response increases with increasing intensity of the light stimulus. The intensity dependence of the size of the arsenazo response δAmax shows almost no correlate with the peak amplitude of the ReP, but correlates rather well with the time integral of the ReP. 2. Decreasing light adaptation (caused by prolongation of the repetition time of the pulse pairs) leads to an increase in size of the arsenazo response. Also here δAmax correlates better with the time integral of the ReP than with its peak amplitude. 3. Lowering the calcium concentration in the superfusate (from 10 mmol/l to ca. 40 Μmol/l) causes after ca. 10 min a drastical diminution of the arsenazo response to values below the noise level, and a less marked reduction in size of the ReP. The falling phase of the ReP is slower. After return to normal calcium concentration the arsenazo response recovers partly in ca. 50 min, while the ReP recovers faster. The results show two opposite correlations between ReP and arsenazo response: Increase in size and duration of the ReP causes a greater transient increase of the intracellular calcium ion concentration. This in turn tends to reduce and shorten the ReP. Which effect dominates obviously depends on the conditions of the experiment: when the calcium concentration in the superfusate is reduced to ca. 40 Μmol/l a slow decrease of the ReP is accompanied by a small increase of the intracellular calcium ion concentration.
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  • 49
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    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 171-173 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Frog ; Retina ; Rhodopsin
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rod dark adaptation in the amphibian retina appears to be due to three processes: 1. background adaptation, occurring immediately after the extinction of an adapting or bleaching light, 2. intermediate adaptation, that frequently lasts 30 min or more and 3. opsin adaptation, which in the isolated retina where regeneration of rhodopsin is insignificant, is observed as a permanent loss of sensitivity after the completion of intermediate adaptation. Intermediate adaptation is characterized by a linear relation between log threshold and the amount of “retinal” present, a similar relation is obtained between log threshold and the amount of rhodopsin bleached in opsin adaptation. These adaptation processes are discussed in terms of a model of the rod outer segment.
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  • 50
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    European biophysics journal 7 (1981), S. 205-208 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Grasshopper ; Electroretinogram ; Adaptation ; Spectral sensitivity
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The grasshopper ERG displays a rapid recovery of responsivity following the onset of a background light. Although observed earlier in skate and frog, this phenomenon has not previously been seen in an invertebrate. Furthermore, a period of hyperresponsivity exists in early dark adaptation and resembles that found in skate and frog. Thus, recovery in the light and hyperresponsivity in the dark seem to be corollaries of each other. Finally, spectral sensitivity of the ERG is determined and two peaks are found: one at 510 nm and the other at 360 nm. The former appears to be a rhodopsin-mediated sensitivity but the latter does not and they are not clearly separated by chromatic adaptation.
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    European biophysics journal 5 (1979), S. 231-235 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Visual pigment ; Photoreceptor ; Metarhodopsin ; Adaptation
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We show that the effect of an adapting light on the sensitivity of barnacle photoreceptors depends on the direction of net pigment transfer [rhodopsin (R) to metarhodopsin (M) or reverse] occasioned by the adapting light. For stimuli giving no net pigment transfer the state of the pigment appears irrelevant, R → R having the same effect as M → M. With respect to these, R → M gives enhanced facilitation and M → R depressed facilitation. This suggests a correlation with the prolonged depolarising after-potential (PDA) and the anti-PDA, which follow R → M and M → R stimuli respectively. These effects appear mainly in less sensitive cells and for higher amounts of conditioning light — but still well within the physiological range and well below the threshold for PDA and anti-PDA induction. The special interest of these results is that they appear to be interpretable only by assuming that absorption of light by metarhodopsin exerts an effect on the stimulus coincident response (LRP), the first demonstration of such an effect.
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  • 52
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    European biophysics journal 4 (1978), S. 115-128 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Rod outer segment
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    Notes: Abstract This model of rod outer segment adaptation is based on the hypothesis that transmitter substance released by bleached rhodopsin closes sodium channels in the outer segment plasma membrane, leading to hyperpolarization of the receptor. The outer segment adaptation processes of the model are associated with the transmitter release, the transmitter background concentration and the plasma membrane leakage. Changes in the three model parameters correspond to the three types of outer segment adaptation processes. According to the model the stimulus-response function is in every adaptational state U/U max −I/(I+I H ). The model predicts how each adaptation process affects I H and U max. Specifically, when the number of liberated transmitter molecules per isomerizing quantum decreases, the amplitude U max remains constant but I H increases. A short description of this model has been published in a paper reporting experimental results on background adaptation (HemilÄ, 1977).
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Photoreceptor ; Visual pigment ; Adaptation ; Facilitation
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    Notes: Abstract A conditioning light can cause a decrease (adaptation) or an increase (facilitation) in the sensitivity of barnacle photoreceptors, as measured by the amplitude of the late receptor potential (LRP). We show that a net transfer of visual pigment from the rhodopsin (R) to the metarhodopsin (M) state induces a large facilitation whereas the reverse transfer results in a much smaller facilitation or even an adaptation. These effects were not due to the response to the conditioning light but to the pigment reactions. When the conditioning light did not alter the pigment population (i.e., M → M, R → R) it was followed by an intermediate degree of facilitation. These conclusions are correct for cells which have relatively low sensitivity. In sensitive cells, all pigment transitions produce adaptation. LRP facilitation and the prolonged depolarizing afterpotential (PDA) show several common characteristics with respect to pigment transitions: 1.Their magnitude increases with the amount of pigment transferred from R to M. 2. Both are depressed by the M → R transition. 3. Their production is impeded by the M → R transition. 4. The PDA itself is facilitated by the R → M transition and this facilitation decays with a time course comparable to that of LRP facilitation. These results suggest that there may be an underlying process common to LRP facilitation and PDA.
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  • 54
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    European biophysics journal 8 (1982), S. 173-187 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Leech photoreceptors ; Extracellular calcium ; Excitation ; Adaptation
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Extracellular recordings from the vacoule of photoreceptor cells of Hirudo medicinalis L. were performed using microelectrodes. The cells were adapted by white light flashes given at constant intervals (20 s). Response height versus relative intensity curves obtained from the same cell in physiological saline (PS) and in bathing solutions of either a) lowered calcium contents (2 ΜM/1 or less) or b) raised calcium contents (15 mM/1) were compared. The cells' adaptation state in PS was operationally defined by the ratio Q=h A /h S where h A is the response height evoked by the adapting flashes, and h S is the corresponding saturation response height. Sensitivity changes were measured by the half saturation intensity shift. Lowering extracellular calcium resulted in: 1. The response height increased and the shape of the response became more rounded and prolonged. 2. The total resistance between the vacuole and outside decreased from 8.2±1.4 MΩ (n=6) in PS to 4.6±0.4 MΩ (n=5). The resistance was independent of the cells' adaptation state. 3. A change of the cells' sensitivity occured either in direction to light adaptation or in direction to dark adaptation. It depended functionally on the ratio Q: a) if Q was less or equal to about 0.6 the cells' sensitivity increased. b) if Q was greater than 0.6 the cells' sensitivity diminished. Raising extracellular calcium decreased the sensitivity of all cells tested independent of their adaptation states in PS. The results can be interpreted under the assumptions that 1. the sensitivity of leech photoreceptor cells is inversely proportional to the intracellular free calcium concentration and Z. intracellular calcium can interact with extracellular calcium in relatively dark adapted cells whereas in relatively light adapted cells the raise of intracellular free calcium is mainly effected by a release from intracellular stores. It is assumed that a Q value of about 0.6 separates relatively light adapted cells from relatively dark adapted cells.
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    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 175-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Rodopsin ; Phosphorylation ; Adaptation ; Retina ; Cyclic nucleotides
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Light-induced phosphorylation of rhodopsin has been extensively studied by a number of investigators from a biochemical point of view. However, little is known about the physiological function of this reaction. The slow rates measured for phosphorylation and dephosphorylation suggest that it may be involved in visual adaptation rather than in excitation. This paper presents biochemical data obtained from phosphorylation experiments in isolated photoreceptor membranes as well as in the more physiological system of whole retinas and living animals. An attempt is made to compare the phosphorylation reaction with visual adaptation hypotheses taken from the electrophysiological literature. Finally, effects of cyclic nucleotide metabolism on the sensitivity of photoreceptors are presented and discussed.
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    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Calcium ; Limulus ; Photoreceptors ; Adaptation
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Calcium ion fulfills several criteria for identifying an intracellular messenger for light-adaptation in Limulus photoreceptors. Direct injection of Ca++ mimicks two aspects of light-adaptation; sequestration of intracellular calcium tends to prevent light-adaptation; and light induces an increase in intracellular Ca++ as demonstrated by two independent techniques.
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1191 (1994), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Jejunum) ; Abdominal radiation ; Absorption ; Adaptation ; Crypt cell production rate ; Diabetes ; Enterocyte turnover time ; Intestinal resection
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 556 (1979), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Mass spectrometry, Thermoplasma acidophilum) ; Adaptation ; Plasma membrane ; Prokaryotic glycoprotein
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: Adaptation ; cloning ; eukaryote-prokaryote divergence ; evolution ; fungal ALDH ; homeostatic functions ; nucleotide sequence ; osmoregulation ; protein homology ; salt tolerance
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    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 109 (1994), S. 437-441 
    ISSN: 0305-0491
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Chicken ; Hemoglobin affinity ; High altitude ; Hypoxia ; Inositol hexaphosphate ; Inositol pentaphosphate ; P50
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 109 (1994), S. 531-544 
    ISSN: 0305-0491
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Biodiversity ; Gene amplification ; Insecticide resistance ; LINE ; Molecular evolution ; Mosquitoes ; Repetitive sequences ; Transposable elements
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    Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 23 (1993), S. 757-762 
    ISSN: 0965-1748
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Cyclic GMP ; Heliothis virescens ; Inositol trisphosphate ; Pheromones ; Primary reaction
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    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 21 (1993), S. 3-27 
    ISSN: 1011-1344
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Carbon ; Cyanobacteria ; Light quality/intensity ; Photosystems I/II ; Phycobilisomes
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    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 26 (1994), S. 3-27 
    ISSN: 1011-1344
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Chlorophyll ; Fluorescence ; Photoinhibition ; Photosynthesis ; Photosystem II
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  • 65
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    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 26 (1994), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 1011-1344
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Carbon uptake ; Phycocyanin mutant ; Synechococcus
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    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 19 (1993), S. 161-186 
    ISSN: 1011-1344
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Directional growth ; Lens effect ; Pattern of excitation ; Symmetry breaks ; UV-receptor.
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    Field Crops Research 39 (1994), S. 71-83 
    ISSN: 0378-4290
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Crop mixtures ; G x E interaction ; Multilines ; Stability ; Sustainability ; Varietal mixtures
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    BBA Section Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis 654 (1981), S. 111-118 
    ISSN: 0005-2787
    Keywords: (Rat pancreas) ; Adaptation ; Dietary regulation ; Enzyme synthesis ; Protein synthesis
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    BBA Section Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis 654 (1981), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 0005-2787
    Keywords: (Rat pancreas) ; Adaptation ; Dietary regulation ; Enzyme synthesis ; Protein synthesis
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    BBA Section Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis 606 (1980), S. 138-147 
    ISSN: 0005-2787
    Keywords: (Pancreas) ; Adaptation ; Diet effect ; Protein synthesis ; Secretory proteins
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1084 (1991), S. 122-128 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Absorption ; Adaptation ; Alcohol ; Cholesterol ; Fatty acids ; Galactose ; Glucose ; Hexose
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: (Tetrahymena) ; Acyl chain ; Adaptation ; Membrane lipid ; Phospholipid ; Positional distribution ; Starvation
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 10 (1989), S. 131-144 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Behavior ; Darwinian anthropology ; Darwinian psychology ; Evolutionary psychology ; Reproductive success
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 3 (1982), S. 135-137 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Allomothering ; Aunting ; Infant handling ; Selfishness
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 8 (1987), S. 47-61 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Anorexia nervosa ; Female reproductive strategy ; Puberty delay
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 11 (1990), S. 353-359 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Cultural Transmission ; Optimization ; Psychology
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 11 (1990), S. 375-424 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptationist program ; Emotion ; Environment of evolutionary adaptedness ; Evolutionary psychology
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 11 (1990), S. 155-176 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Age ; Evolutionary psychology ; Marriage, Psychological pain ; Rape ; Sociobiology
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 13 (1992), S. 523-542 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Competition ; Cultural change ; Fatness ; History ; Nutrition ; Sex differences ; Social class ; Thinness
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 8 (1987), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Agonistic behavior ; Depression ; Difference amplification ; Dominance ; Hierarchy ; Inclusive fitness ; Ritual ; Submissiveness
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 10 (1989), S. 315-324 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Fitness ; Human evolution
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Basal cortisol ; Benefit-cost balances ; Selection ; Social dominance ; Vervet monkey ; Whole blood serotonin
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    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Basal cortisol ; Benefit-cost balances ; Selection ; Social dominance ; Vervet monkey ; Whole blood serotonin
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 15 (1994), S. 339-348 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Drugs ; Evolution ; Psychiatry ; Substance abuse
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 11 (1990), S. 305-339 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptiveness ; Cultural evolution ; Demographic transition ; Evolutionary psychology ; Nonadaptive evolution ; Reference groups ; Reproductive success
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 11 (1990), S. 427-444 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptiveness ; Darwinism ; Environment of evolutionary adaptedness ; Evolutionary psychology
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 8 (1987), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Evolutionay biological anthropology ; Natural selection ; Reproductive success
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    Ethology and Sociobiology 13 (1992), S. 289-299 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Adaptation ; By-product ; Darwinian psychology ; Rape
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    Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 49 (1994), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 0091-3057
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Behavioral sensitization ; Cocaine ; Dopamine receptors ; Receptor plasticity
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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    Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 46 (1993), S. 445-452 
    ISSN: 0091-3057
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Immunity ; Neuroimmunomodulation ; Stress
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    Biosystems 23 (1989), S. 113-137 
    ISSN: 0303-2647
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Complex systems ; Evolution ; Modeling ; Networks ; Self-organization
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    Biosystems 22 (1989), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 0303-2647
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Catastrophe ; D1 protein ; Degradation ; Homeostasis ; Model
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    Biosystems 32 (1994), S. 93-96 
    ISSN: 0303-2647
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Analytic maps ; Temporary chaos
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0304-4211
    Keywords: Acclimation ; Adaptation ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; Ecotypes ; Enzymes ; Thermostability
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Keywords: (Rat) ; Adaptation ; Ferritin ; Instestine ; Iron absorption ; Kinetics ; Non-heme iron
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects 1201 (1994), S. 424-436 
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Continuous culture ; E. coli ; Kinetics ; Non-equilibrium thermodynamics ; Oligotrophy ; Sugar analysis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Melanotropic peptides ; Sea bass ; Sea bream
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology 107 (1994), S. 357-368 
    ISSN: 0300-9629
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Cercus ; Cereal filiform sensilla ; Insect ; Mechanoreceptor ; Periplaneta americana ; Receptor potentials ; Sensory neurons
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Mutation Research Letters 190 (1987), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 0165-7992
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Bleomycin ; Clastogens ; S-phase-independent ; Vicia faba ; X-rays, small doses
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research 1052 (1990), S. 96-105 
    ISSN: 0167-4889
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Archaebacteria (H. halobium) ; Photobehavior ; Protein methylation ; Signal lifetime ; Signal transduction
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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