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  • Articles  (10,186)
  • 1975-1979  (10,186)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (10,186)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The development of the Analytical Photogrammetry Compiler (APC) is traced and a detailed description is given of the component parts of the AP/C-4.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn retrace le developpement du restituteur analytique (APC) et on donne une description detaillée des composants du AP/C-4.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Skizzierung des Analytical Photogrammetry Compiler (APC) und detaillierte Beschreibung der Hauptbaugruppen der AP/C-4.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The fifth biennial symposium of the Photogrammetric Society was held at the University of Birmingham on 6th to 8th April. It has been decided to perpetuate the memory of E. H. Thompson by giving his name to the series of symposia which originated at Birmingham in 1971 Eight papers were delivered to the 1979 symposium. They covered a wide variety of topics which included, in addition to a review of Thompson's own contribution to analytical photogrammetry, a modern approach to the handling of parallax measurements; aspects of digitising; low cost automatic contouring; high energy roentgen photogrammetry; applications in anatomy; the photogrammetric operator's point of view; and cadastral surveys. The majority of the papers are published in this issue of The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe cinquième symposium biennal de la Société de Photogrammétrie s'est dérouléà l'université de Birmingham du 6 au 8 Avril. On décida de perpétuer le souvenir de E. H. Thompson en donnant son nom à la série de symposiums inaugurée à Birmingham en 1971 Huit communications ont été présentées au symposium de 1979. Elles concernaient une grande diversité de sujets qui comprenaient, en plus d'une revue de la contribution de Thompson à la photogrammétrie analytique, une methode moderne de mesure de parallaxe; des aspects de la transformation digitale; une visée automatique à bas prix; la photogrammétrie Roentgen à grande energie; des applications en anatomie; le point de vue de l'opérateur en photogrammétrie; et des cadastres. La majorité des communications sont publicées dans ce numéro de The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das 5. im Abstand von zwei Jahren von der Photogrammetric Society veranstaltete Symposium fand vom 6. bis 8. April an der Universität Birmingham statt. Es wurde beschlossen, in ehrendem Gedenken Prof. Thompsons seinen Namen dieser Serie von Symposien, die 1971 in Birmingham begonnen hat, zu geben.Auf dem Symposium 1979 wurden 8 Vorträge gehalten. Sie beinhalten ein breites Themenspektrum, darunter ergänzend zu einem äberblick über den Beitrag Thompsons zur analytischen Photogrammetrie, eine moderne Lösung zur Verarbeitung von Parallaxenmessungen, Aspekte der Digital-isierung, eine kostengünstige automatische Höhenlinienentwicklung, Röntgen-photogrammetrie, Anwendungen in der Anatomie, der Standpunkt des photogrammetrischen Auswerters und Katastermessungen. Die Mehrzahl der Beiträge wird in dieser Ausgabe des Photogrammetric Record veröffentlicht.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: As part of his comprehensive analysis of cadastral surveys within the British Commonwealth (Dale, 1976), the author considered the contribution of aerial photography and photogrammetric surveys to this aspect of land administration. In this paper, he examines that contribution and underlines the limitations of photogrammetry as a cadastral survey method.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé L'auteur extrait de l'étude exhaustive qu'il a faite du levé cadastral dans le Commonwealth (Dale, 1976) tout ce qui a rapport à la photogrammétrie: contribution et limitations.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn seiner umfassenden Analyse von Katastermessungen (Dale, 1976) betrachtete der Autor den Beitrag der Aerophotogrammetrie und photo-grammetrischer Messungen für die Landeinrichtung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden diese Ausführungen überpruft und in diesem Zusammenhang die Grenzen der Photogrammetrie herausgearbeitet.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A simple method is described for calibrating cameras at object distances of less than 0·5 m.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une méthode simple pour calibrer les appareils de photographie pour des objets à des distances de moins de 0·5 m.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines einfachen Verfahrens zur Kammerkalibrierung für Aufnahmeentfernungen von weniger als 0·5 m.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:CHARTERED LAND SURVEYOR/CHARTERED MINERALS SURVEYOR, Volume 1, Number 1, Spring 1979. Edited by M. Hanson.STUDENT MAP PACK. Dissected highland area: Maesteg, South Wales (Educational Map Series No. 10A). Industrial area: Washington New Town (Educational Map Series No. 11A).PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, Volume 3. Edited by A. A. Newman.THE CAMERA AT WAR. By J. Lewinski.RECOGNITION OF TREE SPECIES ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. By L. Sayn-Wittgenstein.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Three investigations of the suitability of photogrammetry as a method of measurement are described, in the fields of marine, mechanical and structural engineering. Analytical solutions for a single model, a strip and a block of photographs are discussed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit trois tentatives de recours à la photogrammétrie en métrologie industrielle, dans les industries de la marine, de la mécanique, et des structures métalliques. On discute l'intérêt des solutions analytiques pour le couple, la bande ou le bloc de photos.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung von drei Untersuchungen bezüglich Eignung der Photogrammetrie als Messverfahren im Schiffbau, im Maschinenbau und im Bauwesen. Diskussion analytischer Lösungen für das Einzelmodell, die Bildreihe und den Block.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The concept of optimum interpolation is briefly explained. The use of polynomial and non-polynomial stepwise regression for obtaining optimum or near optimum interpolation is illustrated. Least squares collocation is presented as an advanced method for optimising stepwise regression whenever the latter does not achieve desired optimum interpolation for given terrain. A Fortran IV program, written to illustrate an optimum interpolation algorithm using stepwise regression and collocation, is found to produce better results than existing interpolation methods. Other applications of such an algorithm are also discussed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn expose brièvement le concept d'interpolation optimale, ainsi que les méthodes d'approximation polynomials ou autres qui permettent de la réaliser localement au mieux. On présente la collocation comme une méthode permettant de parachever l'interpolation; on a trouvé effectivement, avec un programme écrit en Fortran IV, que les résultats obtenus ainsi étaient meilleurs. On envisage aussi d'autre types d'applications de cet algorithme.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungKurze Erläuterung des Begriffs der optimalen Interpolation. Skizzierung der Anwendung von schrittweiser Regression mit Hilfe von Polynomen oder anderen Verfahren zur Ermittlung optimaler oder genähert optimaler Inter-polationen. Die Kollokation nach kleinsten Quadraten wird als verbesserte Methode zur Optimierung der schrittweisen Regression dargestellt, wenngleich letztere keine optimale Interpolation für ein gegebenes Gelände liefert. Ein Rechenprogramm in Fortran IV, das zur Veranschaulichung eines optimalen Interpolations-Algorithmus mit Hilfe der schrittweisen Regression und Kollokation geschrieben wurde, lieferte bessere Ergebnisse als vorhandene Interpolationsmethoden. Andere Anwendungen eines solchen Algorithmus werden ebenfalls erörtert.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A panel of speakers, knowledgeable in the problems of photogrammetry in the Third World, led a discussion which considered the place of sophisticated photogrammetric equipment in the Third World, problems of technician and management training, the desire for self reliance, and the needs of map revision.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne confrontation entre photogrammètres sur le sujet photogrammétrie et tiers-monde; équipement, instruction des techniciens, problèmes d'organisation, désir d'autonomie, révision des cartes.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Forum von Kennern der Probleme der Dritten Welt führte eine Diskussion über den Platz moderner Geräteausrüstungen in diesen Ländern, über Probleme der Ausbildung von Technikern und Führungskadern und erörterte den Wunsch nach Selbstbestätigung und die Notwendigkeit zur Laufendhaltung von Karten.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The problems associated with the depiction of a particular irrigation area by both line map and orthophotomap are described and the results compared.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméDes problèmes soulevés par la description d'une aire d'irrigation à l'aide d'une carte ou d'une ortho-photocarte: comparaison des résultats.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung der Probleme, die bei Auswahl sines Bewässerungsgebietes an Hand von Strich- und Orthophotokarten auftraten und Vergleich der Ergebnisse.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In 1981, a metric camera will be launched into space on a European Space Agency Spacelab mission. This paper examines the specification for this mission and the expected results. Other developments are also considered. These include the American large format camera and long focal length imaging systems.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméEn 1981, une chambre métrique sera lancée dans l'espace (mission Spacelab de l'organisation européenne spatiale). On examine ici les buts et les résultats attendus, ainsi que de futurs développements; chambre américaine à grand format, systèmes à longues focales.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Jahre 1981 soll sich an Bord des Europäischen Spacelab-Satelliten eine Messkammer befinden. Im Artikel werden die Anforderungen an dieses Projekt und die zu erwartenden Ergebnisse diskutiert. Desgleichen werden auch andere Entwicklungen, worunter sich die amerikanische Grossformat-Kammer und langbrennweitige Systeme befinden, erörtert.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Many attempts have been made to use various types of photography for traffic studies. The problems most frequently encountered are the expense involved in obtaining the photography and the time consuming and, hence, expensive operation of collecting the required data from the photography. This paper discusses the problems associated with various types of photography and describes a study which has been carried out to evaluate the potential of 16 mm and 35 mm time lapse photography taken from a helicopter. The accuracy of two dimensional co-ordinate transformation systems for collecting the required data from the photography is also described. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the most suitable type of photography and the most convenient and accurate transformation system to use when it is required to analyse the traffic flow data at complex urban and suburban intersections.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBeaucoup de tentatives ont déjàété faites pour étudier les problèmes de circulation par photographie: les difficultés sont le coût de la photographie, les délais d'obtention et le coût du dépouillement. On examine ici les possibilités offertes par divers types de photographies et on donne les résultats d'une étude entreprise pour évaluer l'intérêt de la solution; camera 16 mm ou 35 mm plus hélicoptère. On précise ici l'exactitude requise pour les transformations de coordonnées. On conclut par toute une série de recommandations.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs gibt sehr viele Versuche zur Verwendung verschiedener Arten der Photographie für Verkehrsstudien. Die am häufigsten auftretenden Probleme sind die Kosten und der Zeitaufwand der Photographie, wodurch die Datenerfassung aus Photos teuer wird. Im Artikel werden die Probleme beschrieben, die bei Anwendung verschiedener photographischer Aufnahmen auftraten. Ferner wird ein Versuch mit 16 mm und 35 mm Zeitrafferaufnahmen aus dem Hubschrauber erörtert. Beschreibung der Genauigkeit zweidimensionaler Koordinatentransformationen zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Daten aus Photos. Abschliessend werden Empfehlungen bezüglich der am besten geeigneten photographischen Methode und zur Transformation der Daten gegeben, wenn Verkehrsströme an komplexen Kreuzungen in Städten und Vororten analysiert werden sollen.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: On 17th January, 1978, the Secretary of State for the Environment announced the establishment of a Committee, chaired by Sir David Serpell, with the following terms of reference: “Taking account of the views of users and other interested parties, in the context of national surveying and mapping needs, to consider and make recommendations about the longer term policies and activities of the Ordnance Survey and ways of financing them.” Interested organisations, among them The Photogrammetric Society, were invited to submit evidence to the Committee. The Society's submission is reproduced in full. The Secretary of State has asked the Committee to report, if possible, early in 1979.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SummaryAs has been stated the national survey, comprising as it does the horizontal and vertical control frameworks and the basic scales mapping based upon it, represents (assuming completion of the last named) a priceless national asset, but it is not “money in the bank”. It is an ephemeral and fragile asset which will have been frittered away unless it is constantly maintained, repaired and refurbished; even so it will not last forever. At one time or another the various components will all require replacement eventually. What must be avoided at all costs is a repetition of such culpable neglect that it all needs replacement at the same time. This summarises what is now, and must remain, the prime objective of the Ordnance Survey. Superimposed upon this are the needs to make the survey available, in various forms, to users; to produce small scale mapping; and to collect and disseminate various other forms of topographic data.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le 17 Janvier 1978, le secrétaire d'Etat à l'environnement anonçait la création d'une commission, présidée par Sir David Serpell: les objectifs étant précisés de la manière suivante; “Tenant compte des besoins des utilisateurs et des autres parties intéressées aux activités cartographiques, proposer une orientation à long terme de la politique de l'établissement et revoir les modes de financement de l'Ordnance Survey.”Les organisations concernées, et parmi elles la Photogrammetric Society, étaient invitées à entrer en relation avec la commission: on reproduit ici in extenso la déposition de la Photogrammetric Society. Le secrétaire d'Etat a demandéà la commission de remettre son rapport début 1979 si possible.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Am 17.1.1978 kündigte der Staatssekretär für Umweltfragen die Gründung eines Komitees unter Vorsitz von Sir David Serpell an, dasfolgende Aufgabe erfüllen soll: “Analyse der Ansichten von Nutzern und anderen interessierten Gruppen bezüglich der nationalen Anforderungen an Vermessungswesen und Kartographie, um daraus Empfehlungen für die längerfristigen Aktivitäten des Ordnance Survey und die Möglichkeiten zur Finanzitrung abzuleiten.” Interessierte Organisationen, darunter die Photogrammetric Society, wurden eingeladen, die Tätigkeit des Komitees zu unterstützen. Für Anfang 1979 soll ein Bericht vorgelegt werden.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 21
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    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Professor F. Ackermann was specially invited to contribute an article to mark the 50th issue of The Photogrammetric Record. As the only photogrammetrist to have received both the Brock and von Gruber awards of the International Society for Photogrammetry, he is particularly well qualified to express his views on the past and future development of photogrammetry.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe professeur Ackermann a été invitéàécrire un article pour fêter la sortie du 50ème numéro. Seul photogrammètre cumulant médaille de Brock et médaille de von Gruber, il était particulièrement qualifié pour juger du passé et préjuger de l'avenir de la photogrammétrie.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Professor Ackermann wurde gezielt eingeladen, um einen Beitrag anlässlich des Erscheinens der 50. Ausgabe des Photogrammetric Record beizusteuern. Als einziger Photogrammeter, der sowohl den Brock- als auch v. Gruber-Preis der ISP erhalten hat, ist er besonders qualifiziert, seine Ansichten über Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Photogrammetrie zu äussern.
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  • 22
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    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author describes his experiences of working with Professor E. H. Thompson on the design and construction of the Thompson-Watts plotter and he relates several anecdotes of incidents which took place at the Hilger and Watts factory.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOù on décrit l'expérience d'années passées à travailler avec le professeur Thompson sur le projet du restituteur Thompson- Watts avec de nombreuses anecdotes sur la vie à l'usine Hilger and Watts.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor schreibt über seine Erfahrungen, die er bei der Zusammenarbeit mit Professor E. H. Thompson beim Entwurf und der Konstruktion des Thompson–Watts-Plotters sammelte. Er erwähnt dabei einige Anekdoten über Vorfälle, die sich bei der Firma Hilger und Watts ereigneten.
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  • 23
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    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A history and analysis of stereoplotting instrument design and construction in the United Kingdom is given, beginning with the earliest instruments of F. V. Thompson dating from 1907 and 1908 and covering all known designs up till the late 1960s. In the first part of the paper, the instruments built in the 1920s and 1930s are described, much new information having come to light recently in the archives of Ban and Stroud Ltd. and in the papers of the late Professor E. H. Thompson. In the second part of the paper, the instruments which were produced during and after the Second World War are discussed in detail, with an emphasis on those designs which are less well known rather than those which were produced in quantity. The ideas and designs of Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade and E. H. Thompson have been the dominating influences throughout the period and a strong thread of continuity can be established between them.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn fait l'histoire du restituteur analogique en Grande Bretagne, depuis ses balbutiements (F. V. Thompson 1907–1908), jusq'aux années 60. On décrit en particulier les appareils conçus dans les années 20 et 30, en tenant compte d'une masse d'informations inconnues à ce jour tirées des archives de M. Barr et Stroud, et de celles de feu le professeur Thompson. Puis on passe à ceux qui ont été produits pendant et après la guerre, en s'attachant surtout à ceux qui sont moins connus parce que n'ayant pas été produits en série. Ce sont les idées et projets de Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade et E. H. Thompson qui ont dominé cette période, et le fil qui les relie reste très perceptible.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird ein Überblick und eine Analyse über den Entwurf und die Konstruktion von Stereoauswertegeräten im Vereinigten Königreich gegeben, wobei der Autor, beginnend mit den ersten Geräten von F. V. Thompson aus den Jahren 1907 und 1908 alle bekannten Entwürfe bis Ende der 60iger Jahre behandelt. Im 1. Teil werden die Geräte der 20iger und 30iger Jahre beschrieben, wobei viel neue Informationen aus dem Archiv der Firma Barr und Stroud und den Beiträgen des verstorbenen Professor E. H. Thompson entstammen. Im 2. Teil werden die während des 2. Weltkrieges und danach produzierten Geräte diskutiert, wobeisolche hervorgehoben werden, die weniger bekannt wurden als die in grossen Stückzahlen produzierten. Die Ideen und Entwürfe von Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade, E. H. Thompson hatten einen bedeutenden Einfluss während dieser Zeit, und es kann eine starke kontinuierliche Verbindung zwischen ihnen aufgezeigt werden.
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    Notes: The author has been involved in the manufacture of photogrammetric instruments for nearly 30 years. In particular, he was associated with the Thompson-Watts plotter and, at the present time, is concerned with the production of the CP1 and EMPD instruments which owe a great deal to his design and innovatory skills. This paper summarises his experiences and views of the production of photogrammetric equipment in England.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméPendant 30 ans l'auteur a participéà l'élaboration d'appareillages pour la photogrammétrie: en particulier les restituteurs Thompson–Watts; et maintenant les appareils CP1 et EMPD qui lui doivent beaucoup. Il condense ici l'expérience et les idées qu'il a dans ce domaine.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor ist seit fast 30 Jahren an der Herstellung photogrammetrischer Auswertegeräte beteiligt. Insbesondere verbunden war er mit dem Thompson–Watts Plotter und befasst sich gegenwärtig mit der Fertigung der Geräte CP1 und EMPD, an denen er durch seine schöpferischen Fähigkeiten grossen Anteil hat. In dem Artikel werden seine Erfahrungen und Ansichten bei der Produktion photogrammetrischer Geräte in England zusammengefasst.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: An application of photogrammetry in the measurement of palatal surface area is described. The accuracy of the photogrammetric method in such applications is also discussed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméDétermination par photogrammétrie de l'aire du palais buccal; indications sur l'exactitude obtenue.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Anwendung der Photogrammetrie zur Vermessung der Gaumen-oberfläche wird beschrieben und die Genauigkeit photogrammetrischer Verfahren bei solchen Messungen werden diskutiert.
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    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
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    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
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    Notes: Book review in this ArticleTHE UNITED KINGDOM FROM SPACE (2). By D. J. Carter and H. J. P. Arnold. Space Frontiers Ltd. Havant, Hampshire, 1977.SURVEYS FOR DEVELOPMENT. Edited by J. J. Nossin. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1977.REMOTE SENSING OF THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT. Edited by R. F. Peel, L. F. Curtis and E. C. Barrett. Butterworths, London, 1977.MAPPING FOR FIELD SCIENTISTS. By W. Ritchie, D. A. Tait, M. Wood and R. Wright. David and Charles, Newton Abbot, Devon, 1977.SURVEYING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY. COMPUTATION FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS. By D. E. Murchison. Newnes–Butterworths, London, 1977.RESOURCE SENSING FROM SPACE: PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Remote Sensing for Development. US National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1977.MISSION TO EARTH: LANDSAT VIEWS THE WORLD. By N. M. Short, P. D. Lowman, S. C. Freden and W. A. Finch. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 1976.REMOTE SENSING IN GEOMORPHOLOGY. By H. Th. Verstappen. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1977.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper describes two research projects on the application and value of satellite imagery taken, by ERTS 1 and Skylab, for small scale mapping. It describes the methods used in controlling a block of normal system corrected imagery and the accuracies achieved.The interpretation and evaluation of the imagery are discussed and the results of ERTS 1 and Skylab in this field are compared. Finally, some examples are described where ERTS 1 imagery has proved of practical value as a navigational aid when flying conventional photography and airborne geophysical surveys and for providing base maps when concerned with resource evaluation of poorly mapped areas.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On présent les résultats de deux projets de recherche sur les applications possibles el la valeur pratique des imageries satellitaires, prises avec ERTS 1 et Skylab en vue de la cartographie à petite échelle. On décrit les méthodes utilisées pour “appuyer” un bloc à imagerie corrigée (système normal) et l'exactitude obtenue. On compare de ce point de vue ERTS 1 et Skylab. Enfin on donne quelques applications pratiques qui se sont révélées utiles: aide à la navigation pour les levés photographiques et géophysiques aériens; établissement de cartes expédiées en vue d'inventaire de régions souscartographiées.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Beschreibung von zwei Forschungsprojekten über die Anwendung und den Nutzen von Satelliten-Bildern, die von ERTS 1 und Skylab aus aufgenommen wurden, für die Herstellung kleinmassstäbiger Karten. Es werden die Verfahren beschrieben, die beim Festpunktanschluss von korrigierten Bildern angewendet wurden. Die dabei erreichten Genauigkeiten werden mitgeteilt. Diskussion der Interpretation und Bewertung der Bilder und Vergleich der diesbezüglichen Ergebnisse von ERTS 1 und Skylab. Schliesslich werden einige Beispiele beschrieben, wo Bilder von ERTS 1 von praktischem Wert als Navigationshilfe zur Luftbildaufnahme und geophysikalischen Lufterkundung und bei Beschaffung von Grundkarten bei der Ressourcenerkundung in kartographisch schwach erfassten Gebieten waren.
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    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1975), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author reviews the present state of aerial triangulation methods and outlines the requirements for future research which were suggested at the symposium of Commission III of the International Society for Photogrammetry in 1974. He maintains that none of these research topics is very relevant to aerial triangulation as it is practised in Britain today. A combination of complacency, the natural inertia imposed by economic arguments and the higher priorities accorded to younger developments such as automated cartography is conspiring to prevent replacement of adequate but out-dated methods. He considers that there are nevertheless, strong arguments for selecting a newly designed, optimum, modern system, based on a modular approach, which can be introduced on a national basis and made fully available to all interested organisations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméRevue de l'état actuel des méthodes de triangulation aérienne et rappel des voies de recherches recommandées au symposium de la Commission III de la SIP en 1974. Aucune de ces voies n'a malheureusement de rapport avec ce qui est actuellement pratiqué en Grande Bretagne en matière de triangulation aérienne. Une certaine complaisance, mêlée à une inertie assez naturelle due à des raisons économiques et à la plus grande priorité accordée à des domaines plus neufs comme la cartographie automatique, a perpétué l'emploi des méthodes pertinentes mais désuètes. L'auteur pense qu'il y a de puissants arguments pour qu'on choisisse et mette en oeuvre une méthode moderne, avec approche modulaire dont l'emploi se ferait à l'échelle nationale et à laquelle tout organisme intéressé pourrait recourir.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor referiert über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Verfahren der Aerotriangulation und skizziert die Anforderungen für künftige Forschungs-arbeiten, die auf dem Symposium der Kommission III der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie 1974 vorgeschlagen wurden. Er bekräftigt, dass keiner dieser Forschungsgegenstände bezüglich der gegenwärtig in Grossbritannien praktizierten Aerotriangulation relevant ist. Eine Kombination von Selbstzufriedenheit, natürlicher Beschränkung infolge ökonomischer Argumente und der höheren Prioritäten wegen der neueren Entwicklungen z.B. in der automatischen Kartographie verhindert den Ersatz passender, aber unmoderner Verfahren. Der Autor ist der Meinung, dass es trotzdem starke Argumente zur Auswahl eines neuen optimalen, modernen Systems gibt, das auf dem Bausteinprinzip beruht und das auf nationaler Grundlage eingeführt und allen interessierten Organisationen zugänglich gemacht werden kann.
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    Notes: A camera calibration method for object distances of 1 m to 4 m is described.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une méthode d'étalonnage de chambres de prise de vues pour des distances de prises de vues de 1 à 4 mètres.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDiskussion eines Verfahrens zur Kammerkalibrierung für Aufnahmeentfernungen von 1 m bis 4 m.
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    The @photogrammetric record 8 (1976), S. 0 
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    Notes: The development of remote sensing techniques for land use studies is briefly reviewed and some problems of interpretation of aerial and satellite photography considered. The need for a ground based data collection system is indicated and a prototype system developed at the University of Bristol is described. Some preliminary results obtained with this system are presented.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn passe en revue les progrès des techniques de télédétection en matière d'étude des sols et on examine certains problèmes d'interprétation des photographies aériennes et satellitaires. On insiste sur la nécessite d'établir une banque de données pour l'interprétation; on décrit le prototype qu'on met au point à l'université de Bristol, et certains résultats qu'il a déjà permis d'obtenir.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Entwicklung der Fernerkundungsverfahren für Landnutzungsstudien wird kurz eingeschätzt und einige Probleme der Interpretation von Luftbildern und Satellitenphotos werden analysiert. Dabei wird die Notwendigkeit zur Schaffung eines Datenerfassungssystems im Gelände aufgezeigt und ein Prototyp eines solchen Systems, das an der Universität Bristol entwickelt wurde, beschrieben. Einige hiermit erhaltene vorläufige Ergebnisse werden angegeben.
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    Notes: Stereophotography with a pair of 35 mm cameras and stroboscopic illumination was used to record, reconstruct and measure the trajectories of falling hailstones under extremely adverse natural conditions. Since it was not possible either to fix or to measure precisely the camera positions and orientations, a method was devised to obtain both the three dimensional hailstone co-ordinates and the camera positions and orientations by making use of the otherwise redundant information contained in the stereo-photography.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn a utilisé deux cameras de 35 mm et un éclairage stroboscopique pour enregistrer en vue de leurs restitutions les trajectoires de grêlons; ceci n'a pu être réalisé que dans des conditions difficiles. Comme il n'était pas possible de stabiliser les cameras et de déterminer les coordonnées des points de station, on a mis au point une méthode spéciale.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Stereophotographie mit einem Paar von 35 mm Kameras und stroboskopischer Beleuchtung wurde angewendet, um die Kurven fallender Hagelkörner unter extrem von den natürlichen abweichenden Bedingungen zu registrieren, rekonstruieren und zu vermessen. Da es nicht möglich war, die Kammerstandpunkte und -orientierungen zu fixieren oder exakt zu vermessen, wurde ein Verfahren abgeleitet, um sowohl die dreidimensionalen Koordinaten der Hagelkörner als auch die Kammerparameter durch Verwendung der durch die Stereophotos gelieferten redundanten Informationen zu erhalten.
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    Notes: The Ordnance Survey's approach to the revision of the 1: 2500 scale series is discussed, with particular emphasis on the variety of photogrammetric methods which are used. The special problems of re-casting existing maps onto the National Grid projection, without losing the value of the existing detail, are outlined whilst emphasising the need to complete the revision with maximum speed to an adequate accuracy for a minimum cost.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On expose les méthodes de l′ Ordnance Survey en matière de révision des levés au 1: 2500; on examine le problème de l'adaptation des levés existants au système cartographique national, sans qu'il y ait perte de richesse.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Versuch des Ordnance Survey zur Laufendhaltung der Karte 1: 2500 beschrieben, wobei die verschiedenen photogrammetrischen Verfahren, die angewendet wurden, besonders betont werden. Die speziellen Probleme der Einpassung bestehender Karten in das Nationale Gitternetz ohne den Verlust der vorhandenen Details werden skizziert, wobei hervorgehoben wird, dass die Revision mit maximaler Geschwindigkeit ohne Genauigkeitsverlust bei minimalen Kosten durchgeführt werden muss.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A plot of relative parallax measurements in a student exercise is proposed for revealing errors in parallax bar readings taken from a stereo-pair of aerial photographs. The sensitivity of the computed heights to measurement error is also evaluated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn propose un tracé graphique des mesures de parallaxe pour mettre en évidence des erreurs de lecture à la barre de parallaxe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Auswertung relativer Parallaxenmessungen bei einer studentischen Übung vorgeschlagen, um Fehler der an einem Stereomikrometer vorgenommenen Ablesungen aufzudecken, die an Hand eines Luftbildpaars erfolgten. Der Einfluss des Messfehiers auf den Höhenfehler wird ebenfalls abgeschätzt.
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    Notes: 1:70 000 scale photographs taken over Syria with a Russian AFA topographic camera equipped with a Russar 29b super-wide angle lens have been tested. The tests included (i) the measurement of a field of points using several different instruments and a comparison of the photogrammetrically derived co-ordinates with the values derived by field survey; (ii) the production of plots at 1: 25 000 scale for comparison with a check plot produced from large scale, wide angle photography; and (iii) production of orthophotographs, also at 1: 25 000 scale. Difficulties were experienced with the asymmetrical lens distortion pattern and the variations in illumination and resolution present in the photography. The former were overcome by manufacture of asymmetrical lens distortion correction plates. When this was done, the accuracies attained were comparable to those achieved in previous tests using photographs taken at the same scale with the Wild RC 9 camera equipped with the Super Aviogon I lens and measured on the same or similar types of measuring equipment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On décrit ici un test relatif à une couverture aérienne au 1: 70 000 exécutée en Syrie avec une chambre russe AFA dotée d'un super-grand angulaire 29 b. Le test comprenait: la détermination d'un polygone au sol, et la comparaison des determinations géodésiques et des déterminations photogrammétriques; la restitution de parcelles au 1: 25 000 en vue de les comparer avec une parcelle-test provenant de photos à grande échelle; et la réalisation d'ortho-photos au 1: 25 000. La distorsion disymétrique de l'objectif a conduit à quelques difficultés, ainsi que des inégalités d'éclairement et de finesse sur les clichés. On a surmonté les premières en faisant fabriquer des plaques correctives. Ceci fait, l'exactitude atteinte s'est trouvée du même ordre que celle de restitutions provenant des clichés aux même échelles pris avec le Wild RC9 et effectuées dans des conditions très voisines.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Bericht über die Testung von Luftbildern (mb= 70 000), die über Syrien mit einer sowjetischen Überweitwinkelkammer mil einem Russar-Objektiv 29b aufgenommen wurden. Die Untersuchungen umfassten (a) die Aus-messung eines Punktfeldes mit verschiedenen Auswertegeräten und einen Vergleich photogrammetrisch und geodätisch bestimmter Koordinaten, (b) die Durchführung einer Auswertung 1: 25 000 und den Vergleich mit einer aus grossmassstäbigen Weitwinkelbildern abgeleiteten Kontrollkarte, (c) die Herstellung von Orthophotos im Massstab 1: 25 000. Schwierig-keiten resultierten aus der asymmetrischen Objektivverzeichnung und den Variationen in der Bildhelligkeit und -auflösung. Die Verzeichnung konnte durch Herstellung von Kompensationsplatten reduziert werden. Danach waren die erreichten Genauigkeiten mit den in früheren Tests erzielten vergleichbar, bei denen mit einer Wild RC9- Kammer (Super Aviogon I) aufgenommene Luftbilder gleichen Massstabs an denselben oder ühnlichen Auswertegeräten ausgemessen wurden.
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    Notes: With present day trends towards smaller scale photography for topographic mapping and photomapping, there is an increasing need for high quality photography and a corresponding need for diagnostic information on potential sources of degradation. Hence subjective judgements must be supplemented by quantitative analyses of image quality that go beyond mere determinations of resolution level. A methodology for evaluating three important parameters governing image quality (development, exposure and spatial frequency content) is presented. By sequentially comparing the values measured on production or test photographs with standard values, the faults most commonly responsible for image degradation (such as errors in development and exposure, excessive image motion, vacuum failure and poor camera focus) can be isolated and measured.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLa tendance actuelle en matière de plans topographiques et de photocartes est de diminuer l'échelle de la couverture photo; se fait done jour le besoin d'émulsions de haute qualité et simultanément la nécessité de pouvoir juger objectivement de cette qualité. II faut alors recourir á des analyses quantitatives qui aillent au-delá de la simple mesure du pouvoir de résolution. On présente ici une méthodologie relative au problème de l'évaluation de trois des principaux paramètres effectuant la qualité de l'image (développement, durée d'exposition, résolution de fréquence spatiale). Avec des tests d'homogénéïté on peut alors déceler les variations de qualité, et en particulier déterminer et mesurer les causes d'altération les plus fréquentes (erreurs lors du développement ou lors de la phase d'exposition, filé, défauts internes, qualité médiocre de la chambre).〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBei dem gegenwärtigen Trend, den Bildmassstab zur Herstellung von topographischen Karten und Photokarten zu verkleinern, ergibt sich zunehmend die Notwendigkeit, Hochleistungsphotos aufzunehmen und diagnostische Informationen über mögliche Quellen der Qualitätsverschlechterung zu erlangen. Insbesondere müssen subjektive Bewertungen durch quantitative Analysen der Bildqualität ergänzt werden, die über Bestimmungen des Auflösungsvermögens hinausgehen. Es wird eine Methodologie zur Bewertung von drei wichtigen Parametern (Entwicklung, Belichtung, Inhalt der Orts-frequenz), die die Bildqualität beeinflussen, angegeben. Durch Vergleich der auf Produktionsbildern oder Testbildern gemessenen Werte mit deren Standards können die Fehler, die meistens eine Bildverschlechterung verursachen (wie zum Beispiel Fehler bei der Entwicklung und Belichtung, unzulässige Bildwanderung, ungenügende Planlage oder Kammerabstimmung) aufgedeckt und gemessen werden.
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    Notes: An algorithm for the generation of digital ground models is described. The algorithm is based on an approximate solution and uses data obtained with simple measuring equipment. Processing of the observations is carried out by an on line desk top computer and the results of some tests are given.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit un algorithme pour la génération de modèles de terrain digitaux. L'algorithme est basé sur une solution approximative et utilise des résultats obtenus avec un appareil de mesure simple. Les observations sont etudiées par une ordinateur de bureau lié directement et on donne les resultats de certains travaux.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines Algorithmus zur Erzeugung digitaler Geländemodelle. Dieser basiert auf einer Näherungslösung und verwendet Daten, die mit einfachen Messgeräten gewonnen wurden. Die Datenverarbeitung wird mit Hilfe eines Tischrechners ausgeführt, und es werden einige Testergebnisse mitgeteilt.
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    Notes: The author reviews procedures for obtaining stereomicrographs from binocular and monocular optical microscopes, from transmission and scanning electron microscopes and from an X-ray microscope. A description is given of the EMPD2 plotter for stereomicrographs and the advantages of various reconstruction techniques are considered, including a computer method used in the study of virus particles.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'auteur fait la revue des procédés qui permettent d'obtenir des stéréomicrographes à partir de microscopes optiques binoculaires et monoculaires, de microscopes electroniques transmetteurs et explorateurs et de microscopes radioscopiques. On donne une description de l'appareil de restituion EMPD2 pour les stéréomicrographes et on considère les avantages de diverses techniques de reconstruction, y compris d'une méthode avec ordinateur utilisée dans l'étude de particules de virus.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor gibt einen Überblick über Verfahren zur Aufnahme von Stereomikrofotos mit Hilfe binokularer und monokularer optischer Mikroskope, mit Hilfe von Durchstrahlungs- und Abtast-Elektronenmikroskopen sowie mit einem Röntgenmikroskop. Der EMPD 2 Plotter für Mikrostereofotos und die Vorteile verschiedener Rekonstruktionsmethoden, einschliesslich eines Rechnerverfahrens zur Untersuchung von Virus-Teilchen werden erörtert.
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    Notes: Problems are sometimes encountered during the relative orientation of close range photography which has a limited usable format and a large Z range. Computer simulations and practical tests with both a comparator and a plotting instrument are used to investigate the problems and possible inaccuracies. Systematic errors in the photogrammetric model are revealed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn rencontre souvent des difficultés lorsqu'on forme un modèle avec des clichés pris à courte distance, à format réduit et lorsque l'objet présente quelque profondeur. On a approfondi ces problèmes en utilisant conjointement simulations et essais pratiques; on a prouvé ainsi que les déformations du modèle étaient systématiques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungMitunter ergeben sich bei der relativen Orientierung von Nahbereischsbildern Probleme, weil das nutzbare Bildformat klein und der z-Bereich gross sind. Mit Hilfe von Computer-Simulationen und praktischer Tests mit einem Komparator bzw. einem Auswertegerät wurden die Probleme und mögliche Ungenauigkeiten untersucht. Dabei wurden systematische Fehler in dem photogrammetrischen Modell aufgedeckt.
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    Notes: Water currents in an hydraulic model have been determined by means of a photogrammetric method of detecting the movement of tethered buoys. Single vertical photographs, taken by a non-metric camera, have been analysed to produce the required differential measurements. The use of a non-metric camera is justified by an analysis of the errors involved and a consideration of the requisite type of measurements.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne méthode photogrammétrique a été mise au point pour déterminer par mesures différentielles sur un modèle hydraulique les mouvements de bouées en vue d'étudier les courants; seules des photos verticales isolées sont prises, avec une camera non métrique, ici largement suffisante pour l'exactitude requise.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBestimmung der Wasserströmungen in einem hydraulischen Modell durch photogrammetrische Ermittlung der Bewegung von verankerten Bojen. Einzeine Steilbilder, die mit einer Amateurkamera aufgenommen wurden, dienten zur Ableitung der geforderten Differenzen-Messungen. Die Verwendung einer Amateurkamera wird durch eine Analyse der auftretenden Fehler und eine Betrachtung der geforderten Messungswerte gerechtfertigt.
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    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:THE GEOGRAPHER AS A MAP-MAKER. By A. Hodgkiss.ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By R. W. A. Dallas.BIBLIOGRAPHIA CARTOGRAPHICA Volume 4 (1977). Edited by L. Zögner.PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING. By J. G. Olliver and J. Clendinning.THE ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY FOR SURVEYORS. By J. B. Mackie.JOURNËE D'ËTUDE SUR LA STËRËO-ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHIE.THE NAZI CONNECTION. By F. W. Winterbotham.AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY. Edited by D. A. EDWARDS and C. R. Partridge.PHOTOGRAPHY BY INFRARED. ITS PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS. By H. Lou Gibson.
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    Notes: This article provides a brief description of the functions and capabilities of an image generating system developed by Linotype-Paul Limited for the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Cet article donne une courte description des fonctions et des possibilités d'un système generateur d'images developpé par Linotype-Paul Limited pour Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Kurze Beschreibung der Funktionen und Fähigkeiten eines bilderzeugenden Systems, das bei der Linotype-Paul Limited für das Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough entwickelt wurde.
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    Notes: This paper describes the production of stereopairs of shadow photographs to simulate X-ray pictures and demonstrates the possibility of determining analytically the precise position in the object space of foreign bodies using a digitiser as a monocomparator and projective transformation theory to dispense with the necessity of undertaking normal inner and relative orientation analytical procedures.A model is constructed and comparison accuracy tests are made using shadow and X-ray picture pairs. The paper also suggests that the use of projective transformation theory is more appropriate in short range photogrammetry than traditional topographic stereophotogrammetric theory.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCette communication décrit la production de couples stéréoscopiques de photographies d'ombre pour simuler des radiogrammes et démontre la possibilité de determiner analytiquement la position exacte dans l'espace de l'objet de corps étrangers en utilisant un transformateur digital comme mono comparateur et une théorie de transformation projective pour dispenser de la nécessité d'entreprendre les procédés normaux d'orientation analytique interieurs et relatifs.On construit un modèle et on fait des testes précis de comparaison en utilisant des couples de photographies d'ombre et de radiogrammes. La communication suggère aussi que l'utilisation de la théorie de transformation projective est plus appropriée pour la photogrammétrie à champs court que la théorie traditionnelle de stéréophotogrammétrie topographique.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird die Herstellung von Stereobildpaaren von Schatten-Fotos beschrieben, womit Röntgenbilder simuliert und die Möglichkeit der analytischen Bestimmung der präzisen Lage von Fremdkörpern im Objektraum gezeigt werden sollten. Dazu wurde ein Monokomparator als Digitalisiervorrichtung und die Theorie der projektiven Transformation angewendet, urn auf die sonst übliche analytische Bestimmung der inneren und relativen Orientierung verzichten zu können.Es wurden ein Modell konstruiert und vergleichende Genauigkeitstests für aus Schatten-Fotos bzw. Röntgenbildern bestehende Bildpaare durchgeführt. Im Beitrag wird die Meinung vertreten, dass die Theorie der projektiven Transformation bei der Nahphotogrammetrie günstiger ist, als die traditionelle Theorie der topographischen Stereophotogrammetrie.
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    Notes: Stimulated by promising overseas results with colour aerial photography and encouraged by its potential for solving local problems, the Forests Commission, Victoria, embarked on a series of trials with colour photography in 1965. Early results showed great promise and resulted in further work. This paper describes the methods and results of 70 mm and 35 mm trials concerned with the evaluation of various photographic films. An important aim of the study was to build up a working knowledge of the techniques of using aerial films other than conventional panchromatic black and white and to assess their value under Australian conditions.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Stimulés par les résultats obtenus outre-mer en matière de photo aérienne en couleur, et disposant d'un potentiel adéquat, le Forests Commission, Victoria a entrepris en 1965 une série d'essais, dès le départ très encourageants. On décrit ici les essais d'évaluation de différents types de film (70 mm et 35 mm); le but était de se familiariser avec la couleur et d'en étudier les conditions d'emploi sous les latitudes australiennes.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungAngeregt durch erfolgversprechende Ergebnisse mit Farbluftbildern in Übersee und ermutigt durch die Möglichkeiten zur Lösung lokaler Probleme unternahm die Forstkommission in Viktoria (Australien) eine Reihe von Versuchen mit Farbaufnahmen im Jahre 1965. Diese Versuche erwiesen sich vielversprechend und wurden fortgesetzt. Im Artikel werden die Verfahren und Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit 70 mm und 35 mm Aufnahmen zur Bewertung verschiedener photographischer Materialien beschrieben. Ein wichtiges Ziel der Untersuchung war das Erlangen von Kenntnissen über die Verfahren zur Verwendung nichtkonventioneller panchromatischer Schwarz-Weiss-Filme und deren Bewertung unter australischen Bedingungen.
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    Notes: A short review is given of photogrammetric methods in use for the test recording of petroglyphs and archaeological sites. Two simple field methods employed by archaeologists to record petroglyphs are also described in order to highlight the complexity of photogrammetric techniques and to query their validity.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBrève revue de méthodes photogrammétriques en usage pour enregistrer pétroglyphes et sites archéologiques. On décrit en sus deux méthodes employees par les archéologues dont la simplicité contraste avec la complexité des méthodes photogrammétriques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungKurzer Bericht über die photogrammetrischen Verfahren zur versuchs-weisen Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen und archäologischen Fundstätten. Zwei von Archäologen zur Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen verwendete einfache Feldverfahren werden ebenfalls beschrieben, um die Komplexität der photogrammetrischen Methoden zu beleuchten und ihre Richtigkeit zu überprüfen.
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    Notes: The CP1 plotter has been employed to produce, from low altitude aerial photography, a detailed map at a scale of 1: 1000 of a major landslide which occurred in an urban area of Hong Kong with extreme relief differences. Geomorphological features of the landslide could be interpreted easily from the aerial photographs and shown on the map which provided an accurate record of the disaster. Experiments with computer mapping of the landslide using a limited number of height points obtained by the CP1 plotter have also been carried out and the results indicated that useful data could be obtained rapidly to meet urgent needs for the preliminary stage of investigation and the planning of reconstruction works after the disaster.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméA partir d'une couverture aérienne à faible altitude, on a restitué au CP1 et à l'échelle du 1: 1000 une carte détaillée d'un important glissement de terrain survenu à Hong Kong et présentant d'extrêmes variations de relief. Les caractéristiques géomorphologiques du glissement aisément perçues sur les photos aériennes ont été reportées sur la carte. On a mené d'autre part des essais de cartographie numérique à partir de semis produits par le CP1, qui prouvent qu'on peut ainsi obtenir rapidement des données utiles aux enquêtes et mise sur pied des travaux de reconstruction.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer CP1 Plotter wurde zur Herstellung einer detaillierten Karte im Massstab 1: 1000 nach Luftbildern aus geringer Flughöhe verwendet, um einen grösseren Erdrutsch mit extremen Höhenunterschieden im Stadtgebiet von Honkong zu kartieren. Die geomorphologischen Erscheinungen des Erdrutsches konnten leicht an Hand der Luftbilder interpretiert und auf der Karte dargestellt werden, die eine genaue Aufzeichnung der Katastrophe vermittelte. Es wurden auch Versuche mit einer rechnergesteuerten Kartierung des Erdrutsches mit Hilfe einer begrenzten Menge von Höhenpunkten, die mit dem CP1 Plotter gemessen wurden, durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse besagten, dass dadurch wichtige Daten schnell ermittelt werden können, um dringende Anforderungen für eine vorläufige Einschätzung sowie die Planung des Wiederauf baus nach dem Unglück zu befriedigen.
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    Notes: A close range photogrammetric system, developed around a 35 mm Pentax camera fitted with a wide angle lens (f = 21 mm) and an early Zeiss wide angle multiplex, has proved useful for both instruction and research. Student exercises involve all phases of photogrammetry, from establishing ground control to plotting, and permit the integration of useful statistical routines for data analysis. Research applications have centred on the topographic mapping of microscale landforms at scales of 1: 1 to 1: 10 with accuracies of ± 1 mm to ± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn système mis au point pour la photogrammétrie à courte distance, et dont les éléments essentiels sont une chambre Pentax (f = 21 mm) et un Zeiss grand angle multiplex, a fait la preuve de son utilité tant pour l'instruction que pour la recherche. Les exercices proposés aux étudiants comportent toutes les phases réelles, depuis l'établissement d'un canevas d'appui jusqu'à la restitution. Les applications à la recherche sont centrées sur la cartographie des microreliefs à des échelles variant de 1: 1 à 1: 10 avec des exactitudes variant de ± 1 mm à± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Aufnahme- und Auswertesystem zur Nahphotogrammetrie, bestehend aus einer 35 mm Pentax Kamera, die mit einem Weitwinkelobjektiv (f= 21 mm) ausgerüstet war, und ein alter Weitwinkel-Multiplex von Zeiss haben sich bei der Ausbildung und Forschung als nützlich erwiesen. Bei den studentischen Übungen werden alle Phasen der Auswertung von der Passpunktbestimmung im Gelände bis zur Stereokartierung erfasst, wobei es auch möglich ist, statistische Tests zur Datenanalyse einzubeziehen. Die Forschungsarbeiten konzentrierten sich auf die Herstellung topographischer Karten von kleinmassstäbigen Geländeformen in den Massstäben 1: 1 bis 1: 10 mit Genauigkeiten von ± 1 mm bis ± 5 mm.
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    Notes: A model of a multiple box girder bridge, constructed at a scale of 1: 12, was subjected to an ultimate load test. Deformations were measured photogrammetrically using the method of false parallax. Modifications to the method are described which were necessary to accommodate the three dimensional object and to allow for the fact that the camera stations were not constant from one load stage photograph to the next. An accuracy of ± 0·2 mm in the measured deformations was achieved.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn modèle de boîte de vitesse à l'échelle 1: 12 est soumis à des essais de rupture; on mesure les déformations par photogrammétrie, en utilisant la méthode de la “pseudo-parallaxe”; des modifications ont dûêtre apportées à la méthode pour tenir compte du volume de l'objet et de la variation des points de vue entre les différents états de charge. On a obtenu une exactitude de ± 0·2 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Modell einer Hohlkasten-Balkenbrücke im Masstab 1: 12 wurde einem maximalen Belastungstest unterworfen. Die Deformationen wurden dabei photogrammetrisch mit Hilfe von Pseudoparallaxen gemessen. Beschreibung der Veränderungen der Methode, die wagen der Anpassung an das dreidimensionale Objekt notwendig waren und der Tatsache Rechnung trugen, dass die Kammerstandpunkte bei den Belastungen nicht konstant blieben. Die Deformationen konnten mit einer Genauigkeit von ± 0·2 mm bestimmt werden.
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    Notes: This paper describes the modification, calibration and testing of a non-metric Linhof Technika View camera for use in the stereophotogrammetric mapping and analysis of dental features. The importance of correcting for errors of convergence in very short range stereophotogrammetry is stressed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit les modification, étalonnage et test d'une chambre non métrique Linhof-Technika en vue de photogrammétrie dentaire; on insiste sur la nécessité qu'il y a de corriger l'erreur de convergence pour de telles études.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung des Umbaus, der Kalibrierung und der Testung einer nichtmetrischen Linhof-Technika-Kamera für die stereophotogrammetrische Kartierung und Analyse von Zahnstrukturen. Betonung der Bedeutung der Korrektur von Konvergenzfehlern bei der Nahphotogrammetrie mit sehr geringen Aufnahmeentfernungen.
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    Notes: The fourth biennial symposium of the Photogrammetric Society was held at the University of Birmingham on 22nd to 24th April and was dedicated to the memory of the late Professor E. H. Thompson. Nine papers were delivered. The first three were concerned with the life and work of Professor Thompson. Other speakers dealt, in turn, with future instrumentation in photogrammetry; aerial triangulation and film stability; photomaps and tests related to the perception of map users; map revision; and the recording of archaeological information. The majority of the papers are published in this issue of The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le quatrième symposium biannuel de la Photogrammetric Society s'est tenu à l'université de Birmingham du 22 au 24 avril et était dédiéà la mémoire de feu le professeur Thompson. Il y eut neuf exposés, dont les trois premiers portaient sur la vie et l'oeuvre du défunt. D'autres orateurs traitèrent: de l'évolution prévisible des appareillages en photogrammétrie; de l'aérotriangulation et de la stabilité des films; des photoplans et de la manière dont Us sont accueillis par les utilisateurs de cartes; de la révision; et des cartes archéologiques. On trouvera ici la plupart de ces exposés.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDas 4. alle zwei Jahre stattfindende Symposium der Britischen Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft wurde vom 22. bis 24. April an der Universität Birmingham durchgeführt und war dem Gedenken an Professor E. H. Thompson gewidmet. Insgesamt wurden 9 Vorträge gehalten. Die ersten 3 befassten sich mit dem Leben und Wirken von Professor Thompson. Andere Referenten behandelten: künftige photogrammetrische Geräte, Aerotriangulation und Filmstabilität, Kartenergänzung, Bildkarten und Tests über die Auffassung der Kartennutzer, Aufzeichnung archäologischer Informationen. Die Mehrzahl der Beiträge wird im vorliegenden Heft veröffentlicht.
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    Notes: Microrelief mapping of the sea bed can only be carried out by photo-optical methods. It is shown that suitable equipment, bought off the shelf, can produce useful results. The paper describes equipment performance trials and a practical application in a study of large scale sea bed topography.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLa cartographie du microrelief de fonds sous-marins ne peut être faite qu'à partir de photos. On montre, qu'avec un appareillage convenable on peut obtenir des résultats intéressants. On décrit les tests, ainsi qu'un travail pratique d'application à un levéà grande échelle de fonds sous-marin.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie kartographische Darstellung des Mikroreliefs des Meeresbodens kann nur auf photo-optischem Wege durchgeführt werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass mit einer geeigneten Ausrüstung günstige Ergebnisse erzielt werden können. Im Artikel werden Versuche zur Testung der Ausrüstung und eine praktische Anwendung zum Studium einer grossmassstäbigen Meerestopographie beschrieben.
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    Notes: Le microscope électronique à balayage donne l'image de la surface d'un objet situé dans une boîte à spécimen où a été fait le vide. Un fin pinceau d'électrons balaie la surface synchroniquement avec un tube cathodique dont l'intensité est modulée en fonction du signal secondaire émanant du spécimen. Le système présente une grande profondeur de champ; on peut donc obtenir différentes perspectives du spécimen en le photographiant sous diverses inclinaisons (perspectives qui sont centrales, mais cependant justiciables d'être traitées comme parallèles pour de forts grandissements) et donc le restituer spatialement. On donne dans la première partie les limitations pratiques de l'appareillage, ainsi que le type et les causes de distorsion de l'image. Dans la deuxième partie, on décrit les caractéristiques d'un appareil de restitution adaptéà un cas standard: grandissement des deux clichés d'un stéréogramme: fixe-angle d'ouverture du faisceau perspectif négligeable (c'est le cas pour de forte grossissements) et convergence relative des deux positions de la plaque porte-spécimen est fixe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das Abtast-Elektronen-Mikroskop liefert Bilder der Oberfläche von Objekten, die sich in einer Vakuum-Kammer befinden. Ein feiner Elektronenstrahl tastet die Oberfläche in Synchronisation mit einer Kathodenstrahlröhre ab, deren Lichtpunkthelligkeit von dem sekundären Elektronensignal, das von der Probe ausgeht, moduliert wird. Das System gestattet eine grosse Schärfentiefe und erlaubt dadurch verschiedene Projektionen des zu photo-graphierenden Musters durch Neigung desselben zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Aufnahmen. Aus der Kenntnis der Geometrie der Projektion (die eine Zentralprojektion ist, jedoch für sehr stark vergrösserte Bilder annähernd als Parallel- oder Orthogonalfall behandelt werden kann) ist es daher möglich, zu dreidimensionalen Analysen durch Messung von Parallaxen zu kommen. Teil I der Arbeit handelt von den praktischen Problemen, die sowohl aus den Grenzen für die mechanische Konstruktion von Muster-Halterungen und Auswertegeräten als auch den Verzerrungen der Bilder resultieren. Teil II beschäftigt sich mit praktischen Gesichtspunkten der bewährten Auswerteinstrumente, die speziell für die Lösung eines standard-isierten Problems der Elektronenmikroskopie konstruiert wurden. Bei diesen wird die Vergrösserung der beiden Halbbilder eines Stereobildpaars konstant gehalten, der Divergenzwinkel der peripheren “Strahlen”, die sich aus dem zentralen “Strahl” ergeben, wird als vernachlässigbar angesehen (was bei Bildern mit starker Vergrösserung der Fall ist) und die Neigungswinkeldifferenz zwischen den zwei Lagen der Probe ist konstant.
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    Notes: The article describes an experiment in which a production block of aerial triangulation, observed by the method of independent models, was repeatedly computed using differing amounts and configurations of control. The block was recomputed to investigate the effects of control errors, of dispensing with the tie strips and of applying different weights to control and tie points. The connexion between the quality of the join of individual models and that of the adjusted block was also investigated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une série d'essais effectués sur un bloc de production de triangulation aérienne analytique traité par la méthode des modèles indépendants, destinés àétudier l'influence du nombre et de la configuration des points du canevas d'appui, l'effet d'erreurs sur les points d'appui, l'effet des bandes transversales, et du choix des poids pour les points d'appui et de liaison. On a aussi examiné la corrélation entre la qualityé de l'enchaînement des modèles individuels et celle du bloc compensé.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines Versuchs, bei dem ein Aerotriangulationsblock aus der Produktion, der nach der Methode der unabhängigen Bildpaare beobachtet worden war, wiederholt bei verschiedenen Anzahlen und Anordnungen von Passpunkten berechnet wurde. Die Berechnungen erfolgten zur Abschätzung der Einflüsse von Passpunktfehlern. Weiter wurde der Anschluss zu Nachbarstreifen und die Anwendung verschiedener Gewichte für Pass- und Verbindungspunkte untersucht. Desgleichen wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Qualität des Zusammenschlusses einzelner Modelle und der des ausgeglichenen Blockes untersucht.
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    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 15 (1979), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper presents the significant conclusions of research conducted over a four-year period, the purpose of which was to analyze the operation of three citizen advisory groups established in conjunction with Level B Studies of the New England River Basins Commission. The three Studies were the Long Island Sound Study, the Southeastern New England Study, and the Supplemental Flood Management Study of the Connecticut River Basin Program. The research examined the criteria and procedures used for selection of members, the relevant personal characteristics of the members, the procedures employed for carrying out their responsibilities, and the relative importance of group functions as perceived by both citizen advisors and professional study participants. The impact of these factors upon the effectiveness of citizen advisory groups as a strategy of public participation is evaluated. The paper includes recommendations, derived from the research, for the use of planning agencies seeking to maximize the effectiveness of citizen advisory groups.
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    Notes: : In 1976–77, benthic invertebrates were sampled at four sites in a 410-kilometer reach of the lower Mississippi River to define the communities in the river and to determine differences between communities upstream and downstream from the industrial and municipal complexes of Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana. The most common and most numerous organisms collected were Corbicula and tubificid worms. The benthic community structure of the lower Mississippi River is influenced by substrate type and stability, channel geometry, river velocity, vegetation and organic detritus, and salinity. Sampling stations near the left and right banks had low velocities, and substrate types ranged from medium silt to very fine sand. Burrowing organisms such as tubificids, chironomids, and ephemerid-type mayflies dominated these environments. At the center, left-center, and right-center stations, velocities were higher and substrate materials were coarser than at the bank stations; only Corbicula was present in large numbers. Near the river mouth, salinity and aquatic vegetation greatly affect the benthic community structure. Differences in benthic community structure in the Mississippi River are due primarily to different hydrologic conditions. Industrial and municipal wastes discharged into the river appear to have little or no widespread effects on benthic populations.
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    Notes: : Recent results from the Institute of Hydrology's hydrometeorological and hydrological studies on water use by forest and grassland confirm earlier predictions of a reduction in water yields following afforestation. This reduction is due primarily to the increased interception losses from forests. This paper shows how the water yield from uplands is related to the relative proportions of land under forest and hill farming, and estimates how water yields will change if a greater proportion of hill land is afforested.
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    Notes: : Conflict occurs over technical judgments and value judgments in federal water resource planning. Cognitive conflict, value conflict, and interest conflict are common. Methods for resolving each of these three types of conflict have been developed. Resolution methods vary considerably by type of conflict, but most require explicit conflict definition and flexibility to choose freely from among available alternatives. Formal descriptions of the water resource planning process, which are based upon the rational-analytic model of choice among alternatives in pursuit of stipulated objectives, are largely consistent with the use of most of these conflict resolution methods. The reality of federal water resource planning, which has been shaped as much or more by the distributive political process which it serves as by the rational-analytic model, is not consistent with the use of most conflict resolution methods. Real objectives are hidden, the search for alternatives is sharply constrained by agency missions, and much flexibility is sacrificed to the necessity for strong early local commitment as a requirement for continued funding. When coupled with the normal tendency to avoid conflict for as long as possible, this results in foreclosure of most conflict resolution possibilities before conflicts are fully revealed.
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    Notes: : The Penn State Urban Runoff Model, developed in 1976, is described in this paper. Aside from locating infiltration and detention basin operation in an unconventional manner, the model includes a peak flow presentation table which identifies watershed subareas chiefly responsible for the occurrence of flooding conditions at certain points in the watershed.The results of a case study on an urban drainage basin in the Philadelphia area is discussed, and preferred sites for retention ponds are suggested.The simplicity of the Penn State model is pointed out and computer run costs between 10 and 20 percent of the corresponding cards for HEC-I and SWMM are cited.
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    Notes: : During the past 15 years a number of methods have been developed that purport to evaluate the amenity values of rivers. Most methods are designed to identify the physical, biological, cultural, and esthetic features of a river or river corridor that are conducive to recreation, preservation, and other amenity values. This paper reviews and comments on 13 methods that evaluate amenity values. The methods are reviewed and discussed under three general headings: River Recreation Potential Evaluation, River Esthetic Evaluation, and River Preservation Evaluation. A final section of the paper identifies areas where improvements and further research are needed.
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    Notes: : An economic analysis of the profitability of adopting solar photovoltaic energy systems for crop irrigation is undertaken. The economic, technological, and political uncertainties surrounding adoption are discussed with reference to their impact on anticipated profitability. On the assumption that the costs of producing photovoltaic modules follows a learning curve characteristic of other inventions, solar systems are likely to be viable for irrigation in some states by mid to late 1980s. A field test in Nebraska is described.
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    Notes: : Phosphorus loading tolerances of small lakes are analyzed by means of a statistical model of lake eutrophication based upon the work of Vollenweider and Dillon. Using a sample of 195 midwestern and eastern U. S. lakes, it was found that Vollenweider and Dillon's method of predicting the trophic status of relatively deep, slow-flushing lakes can be applied to shallower lakes with much shorter retention times. The statistical model used to replicate the results of Vollenweider and Dillon is stated in detail, for convenience of application to small lake water quality management problems. The model extends the Vollenweider and Dillon results by associating each alternative phosphorous loading with a probability that a given lake can achieve or maintain noneutrophis status. It is applicable to lakes for which only minimal data are available. The major policy conclusion is that the highly variable tolerance for phosphorus loading must be considered in legislating efficient effluent limitations. The paper concludes with a comparison to a recent contribution employing a similar approach.
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    Notes: : The thesis of this paper is that the citizen participation process provides necessary, but not sufficient conditions to affect substantive change in federal water resource management agencies' planning and decisionmaking. That is, in its present form, the citizen participation process has been observed to occur outside of the normal decision arenas of federal resource management agencies. The paper reviews concepts of citizen participation and defines some theoretical problems inherent with them. Then, a strategy for the structuring of a citizen participation process is proposed. This strategy is based upon the notion that citizen support for federally sponsored programs are essential if such projects are to be implemented. Therefore, an approach which integrates citizen valves with those held by other institutions and the agency is suggested. In conclusion, the relevancy of actively developing and including citizen input to the water resource planning process is illustrated by a discussion of three cases of the Corps of Engineers and Urban Studies planning process, in different metropolitan regions.
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    Notes: : There is a significant misallocation of resources in the construction and operation of municipal sewage treatment systems in North America. Central to this misallocation is the inadequate evaluation of alternative treatment technologies, alternative distributions of responsibility for waste treatment, and alternative mechanisms for inducing compliance with treatment system requirements. Perverse incentives in the current institutional structure limit the scope of alternatives examined by decisionmakers. Determination of the least cost solution to the problem of urban effluent abatement requires mathematical modeling for the delineation of optimal treatment strategies on a system wide basis. The adoption of modern methods of systems analysis can identify significant opportunities for the reduction of economic waste in the treatment of municipal sewage.
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