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  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (23)
  • Limnology
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • 42.75
  • 1950-1954  (39)
  • 1
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    Aerodynamic forces, moments, and stability derivatives for slender bodies of general cross section (1954)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-TN-3283
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Impingement of Water Droplets on NACA 65A004 Airfoil at 8 deg Angle of Attack (1954)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The trajectories of droplets in the air flowing past an NACA 65AO04 airfoil at an angle of attack of 8 deg were determined.. The amount of water in droplet form impinging on the airfoil, the area of droplet impingement, and the rate of droplet impingement per unit area on the airfoil surface were calculated from the trajectories and presented to cover a large range of flight and atmospheric conditions. These impingement characteristics are compared briefly with those previously reported for the same airfoil at an angle of attack of 4 deg.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-3155
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  • 3
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    Effect of Ice Formations on Section Drag of Swept NACA 63A-009 Airfoil with Partial-Span Leading-Edge Slat for Various Modes of Thermal Ice Protection (1954)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of primary and runback ice formations on the section drag of a 36 deg swept NACA 63A-009 airfoil section with a partial-span leading-edge slat were studied over a range of angles of attack from 2 to 8 deg and airspeeds up to 260 miles per hour for icing conditions with liquid-water contents ranging from 0.39 to 1.23 grams per cubic meter and datum air temperatures from 10 to 25 F. The results with slat retracted showed that glaze-ice formations caused large and rapid increases in section drag coefficient and that the rate of change in section drag coefficient for the swept 63A-009 airfoil was about 2-1 times that for an unswept 651-212 airfoil. Removal of the primary ice formations by cyclic de-icing caused the drag to return almost to the bare-airfoil drag value. A comprehensive study of the slat icing and de-icing characteristics was prevented by limitations of the heating system and wake interference caused by the slat tracks and hot-gas supply duct to the slat. In general, the studies showed that icing on a thin swept airfoil will result in more detrimental aerodynamic characteristics than on a thick unswept airfoil.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-RM-E53J30
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Variation of Local Liquid-Water Concentration About and Ellipsoid of Fineness Ratio 5 Moving in a Droplet Field (1954)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Trajectories of water droplets about an ellipsoid of revolution with a fineness ratio of 5 (which often approximates the shape of an aircraft fuselage or missile) were computed with the aid of a differential analyzer. Analyses of these trajectories indicate that the local concentration of liquid water at various points about an ellipsoid in flight through a droplet field varies considerably and under some conditions may be several times the free-stream concentration. Curves of the local concentration factor as a function of spatial position were obtained and are presented in terms of dimensionless parameters Re(sub 0) (free-stream Reynolds number) and K (inertia), which contain flight and atmospheric conditions. These curves show that the local concentration factor at any point is very sensitive to change in the dimensionless parameters Re(sub 0) and K. These data indicate that the expected local concentration factors should be considered when choosing the location of, or when determining antiicing heat requirements for, water- or ice-sensitive devices that protrude into the stream from an aircraft fuselage or missile. Similarly, the concentration factor should be considered when choosing the location on an aircraft of instruments that measure liquid-water content or droplet-size distribution in the atmosphere.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-3153
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  • 5
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    Impingement of water droplets on wedges and double-wedge airfoils at supersonic speeds (1954)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TR-1159
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  • 6
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    Experimental Investigation of Sublimation of Ice at Subsonic and Supersonic Speeds and Its Relation to Heat Transfer (1954)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted in a 3.84- by 10-inch tunnel to determine the mass transfer by sublimation, heat transfer, and skin friction for an iced surface on a flat plate for Mach numbers of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 and pressure altitudes to 30,000 feet. Measurements of rates of sublimation were also made for a Mach number of 1.3 at a pressure altitude of 30,000 feet. The results show that the parameters of sublimation and heat transfer were 40 to 50 percent greater for an iced surface than was the bare-plate heat-transfer parameter. For iced surfaces of equivalent roughness, the ratio of sublimation to heat-transfer parameters was found to be 0.90. The sublimation data obtained at a Mach number of 1.3 showed no appreciable deviation from that obtained at subsonic speeds. The data obtained indicate that sublimation as a means of removing ice formations of appreciable thickness is usually too slow to be of mach value in the de-icing of aircraft at high altitudes.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-3104
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  • 7
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    Impingement of Water Droplets on an Ellipsoid with Fineness Ratio 5 in Axisymmetric Flow (1954)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The presence of radomes and instruments that are sensitive to water films or ice formations in the nose section of all-weather aircraft and missiles necessitates a knowledge of the droplet impingement characteristics of bodies of revolution. Because it is possible to approximate many of these bodies with an ellipsoid of revolution, droplet trajectories about an ellipsoid of revolution with a fineness ratio of 5 were computed for incompressible axisymmetric air flow. From the computed droplet trajectories, the following impingement characteristics of the ellipsoid surface were obtained and are presented in terms of dimensionless parameters: (1) total rate of water impingement, (2) extent of droplet impingement zone, (3) distribution of impinging water, and (4) local rate of water impingement.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-3099
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  • 8
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    A flight investigation of the practical problems associated with porous-leading-edge suction (1954)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-79864 , NACA-TN-3062
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  • 9
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    A theoretical study of the effect of forward speed on the free-space sound-pressure field around propellers (1954)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-79844 , NACA-TR-1198 , NACA-TN-3018
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  • 10
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    NACA Conference on Aerodynamics of High- speed Aircraft A compilation of the papers presented (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-29
    Description: Conference on aerodynamics of high speed aircraft
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-57121
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  • 11
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    Drag measurements at low lift of a four- nacelle airplane configuration having a longitudinal distribution of cross-sectional area conductive to low transonic drag rise (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-23
    Description: Drag measurements at low lift of four-nacelle aircraft configuration with longitudinal distribution of cross-sectional area conducive to low transonic drag rise
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-RM-L53E29
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  • 12
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    A method for calculating the lift and center of pressure of wing-body-tail combinations at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-RM-A53G08
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  • 13
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    Analogy Between Mass and Heat Transfer with Turbulent Flow (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An analysis of combined heat and mass transfer from a flat plate has been made in terms of Prandtl t s simplified physical concept of the turbulent boundary layer. The results of the analysis show that for conditions of reasonably small heat and mass transfer, the ratio of the mass-and heat-transfer coefficients is dependent on the Reynolds number of the boundary layer, the Prandtl number of the medium of diffusion, and the Schmidt number of the diffusing fluid in the medium of diffusion. For the particular case of water evaporating into air, the ratio of mass-transfer coefficient to heat-transfer coefficient is found to be slightly greater than unity.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-3045
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  • 14
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    Impingement of Water Droplets on a Cylinder in an Incompressible Flow Field and Evaluation of Rotating Multicylinder Method for Measurement of Droplet-Size Distribution, Volume-Median Droplet-Size, and Liquid-Water Content in Clouds (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2904
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  • 15
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    Impingement of cloud droplets on aerodynamic bodies as affected by compressibility of air flow around the body (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2903
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  • 16
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    Analytical Investigation of Icing Limit for Diamond-Shaped Airfoil in Transonic and Supersonic Flow (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Calculations have been made for the icing limit of a diamond airfoil at zero angle of attack in terms of the stream Mach number, stream temperature, and pressure altitude. The icing limit is defined as a wetted-surface temperature of 320 F and is related to the stream conditions by the method of Hardy. The results show that the point most likely to ice on the airfoil lies immediately behind the shoulder and is subject to possible icing at Mach numbers as high as 1.4.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-TN-2861
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  • 17
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    De-icing and runback characteristics of three cyclic electric, external de-icing boots employing chordwise shedding (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-RM-E53C26
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  • 18
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    Effect of Ice and Frost Formations on Drag of NACA 65(sub 1) -212 Airfoil for Various Modes of Thermal Ice Protection (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of primary and. runback icing and frost formations on the drag of an 8-foot-chord NACA 651-212 airfoil section were investigated over a range of angles of attack from 20 to 80 and airspeeds up to 260 miles per hour for icing conditions with liquid-water contents ranging from 0.25 to 1.4 grams per cubic meter and datum air temperatures of -30 to 30 F. The results showed that glaze-ice formations, either primary or runback, on the upper surface near the leading edge of the airfoil caused large and rapid increases in drag, especially at datum air temperatures approaching 32 F and in the presence of high rates of water catch. Ice formations at lower temperatures (rime ice) did not appreciably increase the drag coefficient over the initial (standard roughness) drag coefficient. Cyclic de-icing of the primary Ice formations on the airfoil leading-edge section permitted the drag coefficient to return almost to the bare airfoil drag value. Runback icing on the lower surface did not present a serious drag problem except when heavy spanwise ridges of runback ice occurred aft of the heatable area. Frost formations caused rapid and large increases in drag with incipient stalling of the airfoil.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-TN-2962
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  • 19
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    Preliminary Results of Heat Transfer from a Stationary and Rotating Ellipsoidal Spinner (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Convective heat-transfer coefficients in dry air were obtained for an ellipsoidal spinner of 30-inch maximum diameter for both stationary and rotating operation over a range of conditions including airspeeds up to 275 miles per hour, rotational speeds up to 1200 rpm, and angles of attack of zero and 40 The results are presented in terms of Nusselt numbers, Reynolds numbers, and convective heat-transfer coefficients. The studies included both uniform heating densities over the spinner and uniform surface temperatures.. In general, the results showed that rotation will increase the convective heat transfer from a spinner, especially in the turbulent-flow regions. Rotation of the spinner at 1200 rpm and at a free-stream velocity of 275 miles per hour increased the Nusselt number parameter in the turbulent-flow region by 32 percent over that obtained with a stationary spinner; whereas in the nose region, where the flow was laminar, an increase of only 18 percent was observed. Transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurred over a large range of Reynolds numbers primarily because of surface roughness of the spinner. Operation at an angle of attack of 40 had only small effects on the local convective heat transfer for the model studied.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-RM-E53F02
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  • 20
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    A Method for Rapid Determination of the Icing Limit of a Body in Terms of the Stream Conditions (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of existing frictional heating were analyzed to determine the conditions under which ice formations on aircraft surfaces can be prevented. A method is presented for rapidly determining by means of charts the combination of-Mach number, altitude, and stream temperature which will maintain an ice-free surface in an icing cloud. The method can be applied to both subsonic and supersonic flow. The charts presented are for Mach numbers up to 1.8 and pressure altitudes from sea level to 45,000 feet.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2914
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  • 21
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    A Method for Determining Cloud-Droplet Impingement on Swept Wings (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The general effect of wing sweep on cloud-droplet trajectories about swept wings of high aspect ratio moving at subsonic speeds is discussed. A method of computing droplet trajectories about yawed cylinders and swept wings is presented, and illustrative droplet trajectories are computed. A method of extending two-dimensional calculations of droplet impingement on nonswept wings to swept wings is presented. It is shown that the extent of impingement of cloud droplets on an airfoil surface, the total rate of collection of water, and the local rate of impingement per unit area of airfoil surface can be found for a swept wing from two-dimensional data for a nonswept wing. The impingement on a swept wing is obtained from impingement data for a nonswept airfoil section which is the same as the section in the normal plane of the swept wing by calculating all dimensionless parameters with respect to flow conditions in the normal plane of the swept wing.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2931
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  • 22
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    Impingement of Droplets in 90 deg Elbows with Potential Flow (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Trajectories were determined for droplets in air flowing through 90 deg elbows especially designed for two-dimensional potential motion with low pressure losses. The elbows were established by selecting as walls of each elbow two streamlines of the flow field produced by a complex potential function that establishes a two-dimensional flow around a 90 deg bend. An unlimited number of elbows with slightly different shapes can be established by selecting different pairs of streamlines as walls. The elbows produced by the complex potential function selected are suitable for use in aircraft air-intake ducts. The droplet impingement data derived from the trajectories are presented along with equations in such a manner that the collection efficiency, the area, the rate, and the distribution of droplet impingement can be determined for any elbow defined by any pair of streamlines within a portion of the flow field established by the complex potential function. Coordinates for some typical streamlines of the flow field and velocity components for several points along these streamlines are presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2999
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  • 23
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    Impingement of Water Droplets on NACA 65A004 Airfoil and Effect of Change in Airfoil Thickness from 12 to 4 Percent at 4 deg Angle of Attack (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The trajectories of droplets in the air flowing past an NACA 65A004 a irfoil at an angle of attack of 4 deg were determined. The amount of water in droplet form impinging on the airfoil, the area of droplet impingement, and the rate of droplet impingement per unit area on the airfoil surface were calculated from the trajectories and presented to cover a large range of flight and atmospheric conditions. The effect of a change in airfoil thickness from 12 to 4 percent at 4 deg angle of attack is presented by comparing the impingement calculations for the NACA 65A004 airfoil with those for the NACA 65(sub 1)-208 and 65(sub 1)-212 airfoils. The rearward limit of impingement on the upper surface decreases as the airfoil thickness decreases. The rearward limit of impingement on the lower surface increases with a decrease in airfoil t hickness. The total water intercepted decreases as the airfoil thickness is decreased.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-3047
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  • 24
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    Investigation of Aerodynamic and Icing Characteristics of a Flush Alternate Inlet Induction System Air Scoop (1953)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An investigation has been made in the NACA Lewis icing research tunnel to determine the aerodynamic and icing characteristics of a full-scale induction-system air-scoop assembly incorporating a flush alternate inlet. The flush inlet was located immediately downstream of the offset ram inlet and included a 180 deg reversal and a 90 deg elbow in the ducting between inlet and carburetor top deck. The model also had a preheat-air inlet. The investigation was made over a range of mass-air- flow ratios of 0 to 0.8, angles of attack of 0 and 4 deg airspeeds of 150 to 270 miles per hour, air temperatures of 0 and 25 F various liquid-water contents, and droplet sizes. The ram inlet gave good pressure recovery in both clear air and icing but rapid blockage of the top-deck screen occurred during icing. The flush alternate inlet had poor pressure recovery in both clear air and icing. The greatest decreases in the alternate-inlet pressure recovery were obtained at icing conditions of low air temperature and high liquid-water content. No serious screen icing was observed with the alternate inlet. Pressure and temperature distributions on the carburetor top deck were determined using the preheat-air supply with the preheat- and alternate-inlet doors in various positions. No screen icing occurred when the preheat-air system was operated in combination with alternate-inlet air flow.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-RM-E53E07
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  • 25
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    Method for estimating pitching-moment interference of wing-body combinations at supersonic speed (1952)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-RM-A52B06
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  • 26
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    Preliminary Investigation of Cyclic De-Icing of an Airfoil Using an External Electric Heater (1952)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An investigation was conducted in the NACA Lewis icing research tunnel to determine the characteristics and requirements of cyclic deicing of a 65,2-216 airfoil by use of an external electric heater. The present investigation was limited to an airspeed of 175 miles per hour. Data are presented to show the effects of variations in heat-on and heat-off periods, ambient air temperature, liquid-water content, angle of attack, and. heating distribution on the requirements for cyclic deicing. The external heat flow at various icing and heating conditions is also presented. A continuously heated parting strip at the airfoil leading edge was found necessary for quick, complete, and consistent ice removal. The cyclic power requirements were found to be primarily a function of the datum temperature and heat-on time, with the other operating and meteorological variables having a second-order effect. Short heat-on periods and high power densities resulted in the most efficient ice removal, the minimum energy input, and the minimum runback ice formations. The optimum chordwise heating distribution pattern was found to consist of a uniform distribution of cycled power density in the impingement region. Downstream of the impingement region the power density decreased to the limits of heating which, for the conditions investigated, extended from 5.7 percent chord on the upper surface of the airfoil to 8.9 percent chord on the lower surface. Ice removal did not take place at a heater surface temperature of 32 F; surface temperatures of approximately 50 to 100 F were required to effect removal. Better de-icing performance and greater energy savings would be possible with a heater having a higher thermal efficiency.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-RM-E51J30
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  • 27
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    General Correlation of Temperature Profiles Downstream of a Heated Air Jet Directed at Various Angles to Air Stream (1952)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the temperature profiles downstream of heated air jets directed at angles of 90 deg, 60 deg, 45 deg, and 30 deg to an air stream. The profiles were determined at two positions downstream of the jet as a function of jet diameter, jet density, jet velocity, free-stream density, free-stream velocity, jet total temperature, orifice flow coefficient, and jet angle. A method is presented which yields a good approximation of the temperature profile in terms of the flow and geometric conditions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2855
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  • 28
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    Preliminary Results of Cyclical De-Icing of a Gas-Heated Airfoil (1952)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An NACA 65(sub 1)-212 airfoil of 8-foot chord was provided with a gas-heated leading edge for investigations of cyclical de-icing. De-icing was accomplished with intermittent heating of airfoil segments that supplied hot gas to chordwise passages in a double-skin construction. Ice removal was facilitated by a spanwise leading-edge parting strip which was continuously heated from the gas-supply duct. Preliminary results demonstrate that satisfactory cyclical ice removal occurs with ratios of cycle time to heat-on period (cycle ratio) from 10 to 26. For minimum runback, efficient ice removal, and minimum total heat input, short heat-on periods of about 15 seconds with heat-off periods of 260 seconds gave the best results. In the range of conditions investigated, the prime variables in the determination of the required heat input for cyclical ice removal were the air temperature and the cycle ratio; heat-off period, liquid water content, airspeed, and angle of attack had only secondary effects on heat input rate.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-RM-E51J29
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  • 29
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    Impingement of Water Droplets on an NACA 65(sub 1) -212 Airfoil at an Angle of Attack of 4 Deg (1952)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The trajectories of droplets in the air flowing past an NACA 651-212 airfoil at an angle of attack of 40 were determined. The collection efficiency, the area of droplet impingement, and the rate of droplet impingement were calculated from the trajectories and are presented herein.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-RM-E52B12
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  • 30
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    Simple graphical solution of heat transfer and evaporation from surface heated to prevent icing (1952)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2799
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  • 31
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    Method for estimating lift interference of wing-body combinations at supersonic speeds (1951)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-30
    Description: Estimating method for lift interference of wing- body combinations at supersonic speeds
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-RM-A51J04
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  • 32
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    Theoretical Investigation of Submerged Inlets at Low Speeds (1951)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The general characteristics of the flow field in a submerged air inlet are investigated by theoretical, wind-tunnel, and visual-flow studies. Equations are developed for calculating the laminar and turbulent boundary-layer growth along the ramp floor for parallel, divergent, and convergent ramp walls, and a general equation is derived relating the boundary-layer pressure losses to the boundary-layer thickness. It is demonstrated that the growth of the boundary layer on the floor of the divergent-ramp inlet is retarded and that a vortex pair is generated in such an inlet. Functional relationships are established between the pressure losses in the vortices and the geometry of the inlet. A general discussion of the boundary layer and vortex formations is included, in which variations of the various losses and of the incremental external drag with mass-flow ratio are considered. Effects of compressibility are also discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-TN-2323
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  • 33
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    Comparison of Heat Transfer from Airfoil in Natural and Simulated Icing Conditions (1951)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An investigation of the heat transfer from an airfoil in clear air and in simulated icing conditions was conducted in the NACA Lewis 6- by 9-foot icing-research tunnel in order to determine the validity of heat-transfer data as obtained in the tunnel. This investiation was made on the same model NACA 65,2-016 airfoil section used in a previous flight study, under similar heating, icing, and operating conditions. The effect of tunnel turbulence, in clear air and in icingwas indicated by the forward movement of transition from laminar to turbulent heat transfer. An analysis of the flight results showed the convective heat transfer in icing to be considerably different from that measured in clear air and. only slightly different from that obtained in the icing-research tunnel during simulated icing.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2480
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 34
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    A General Correlation of Temperature Profiles Downstream of a Heated-Air Jet Directed Perpendicularly to an Air Stream (1951)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the temperature profile downstream of a heated-air jet directed perpendicularly to an air stream. The profiles were determined at several positions downstream of the jet as functions of jet density, jet velocity, freestream density, free-stream velocity, jet temperature, and orifice flow coefficient. A method is presented which yields a good approximation of the temperature profile in terms of dimensionless parameters of the flow and geometric conditions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2466
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  • 35
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    An Empirical Method Permitting Rapid Determination of the Area, Rate and Distribution of Water-Drop Impingement on an Airfoil of Arbitrary Section at Subsonic Speeds (1951)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An empirical method for the determination of the area, rate, and distribution of water-drop impingement on airfoils of arbitrary section is presented. The procedure represents an initial step toward the development of a method which is generally applicable in the design of thermal ice-prevention equipment for airplane wing and tail surfaces. Results given by the proposed empirical method are expected to be sufficiently accurate for the purpose of heated-wing design, and can be obtained from a few numerical computations once the velocity distribution over the airfoil has been determined. The empirical method presented for incompressible flow is based on results of extensive water-drop. trajectory computations for five airfoil cases which consisted of 15-percent-thick airfoils encompassing a moderate lift-coefficient range. The differential equations pertaining to the paths of the drops were solved by a differential analyzer. The method developed for incompressible flow is extended to the calculation of area and rate of impingement on straight wings in subsonic compressible flow to indicate the probable effects of compressibility for airfoils at low subsonic Mach numbers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2476
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  • 36
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    Blockage Corrections for Three-Dimensional-Flow Closed-Throat Wind Tunnels, with Consideration of the Effect of Compressibility (1951)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Theoretical blockage corrections are presented for a body of revolution and for a three-dimensional, unswept wing in a circular or rectangular wind tunnel. The theory takes account of the effects of the wake and of the compressibility of the fluid, and is based on the assumption that the dimensions of the model are small in comparison with those of the tunnel throat. Formulas are given for correcting a number of the quantities, such as dynamic pressure and Mach number, measured in wind tunnel tests. The report presents a summary and unification of the existing literature on the subject
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-TR-995
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 37
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    Penetration of Air Jets Issuing from Circular, Square, and Elliptical Orifices Directed Perpendicularly to an Air Stream (1950)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the penetration of air jets d.irected perpendicularlY to an air stream. Jets Issuing from circular, square, and. elliptical orifices were investigated. and. the jet penetration at a position downstream of the orifice was determined- as a function of jet density, jet velocity, air-stream d.enaity, air-stream velocity, effective jet diameter, and. orifice flow coeffIcient. The jet penetrations were determined for nearly constant values of air-stream density at three tunnel-air velocities arid for a large range of Jet velocities and. densities. The results were correlated in terms of dimensionless parameters and the penetrations of the various shapes were compared. Greater penetration was obtained. with the square orifices and the elliptical orifices having an axis ratio of 4:1 at low tunnel-air velocities and low jet pressures than for the other orifices investigated. The square orifices gave the best penetrations at the higher values of tunnel-air velocity and jet total pressure.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2019
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 38
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    Investigation of Power Requirements for Ice Prevention and Cyclical De-Icing of Inlet Guide Vanes with Internal Electric Heaters (1950)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An investigation was conducted to determine the electric power requirements necessary for ice protection of inlet guide vanes by continuous heating and by cyclical de-icing. Data are presented to show the effect of ambient-air temperature, liquid-water content, air velocity, heat-on period, and cycle times on the power requirements for these two methods of ice protection. The results showed that for a hypothetical engine using 28 inlet guide vanes under similar icing conditions, cyclical de-icing can provide a total power saving as high as 79 percent over that required for continuous heating. Heat-on periods in the order of 10 seconds with a cycle ratio of about 1:7 resulted in the best over-all performance with respect to total power requirements and aerodynamic losses during the heat-off period. Power requirements reported herein may be reduced by as much as 25 percent by achieving a more uniform surface-temperature distribution. A parameter in terms of engine mass flow, vane size, vane surface temperature, and the icing conditions ahead of the inlet guide vanes.was developed by which an extension of the experimental data to icing conditions and inlet guide vanes, other than those investigated was possible.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-RM-E50H29
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  • 39
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    The spanwise distribution of lift for minimum induced drag of wings having a given lift and a given bending moment (1950)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The problem of the minimum induced drag of wings having a given lift and a given span is extended to include cases in which the bending moment to be supported by the wing is also given. The theory is limited to lifting surfaces traveling at subsonic speeds. It is found that the required shape of the downwash distribution can be obtained in an elementary way which is applicable to a variety of such problems. Expressions for the minimum drag and the corresponding spanwise load distributions are also given for the case in which the lift and the bending moment about the wing root are fixed while the span is allowed to vary. The results show a 15-percent reduction of the induced drag with a 15-percent increase in span as compared with results for an elliptically loaded wing having the same total lift and bending moment.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NACA-TN-2249 , Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 539-556
    Format: application/pdf
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