ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Concepts of scale and scaling. 2. Perspectives, methods of scaling. 3. Uncertainty analysis in ecological studies. 4. Multilevel statistical models, ecological scaling. 5. Downscaling abundance from species distribution. 6. Scaling terrestrial biogeochemical processes. 7. A framework, methods for simplifying landscapes. 8. Building up with top-down approach. 9. Carbon fluxes across regions. 10. Landscape and regional scale studies of nitrogen gas fluxes. 11. Multiscale relationships of landscape characteristics and nitrogen concentrations in streams. 12. Uncertainty in scaling nutrient export coefficients. 13. Causes, consequences of land use change in North Carolina Piedmont. 14. Assessing spatial scale influence on relationship between avian nesting success and forest fragmentation. 15. Scaling issues in mapping riparian zones. 16. Scale issues in lake-watershed interaction. 17. Scaling, uncertainty in region-wide water quality decision-making. 18. Scaling with known uncertainty.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I: Justifying Sustainability. ; 2. Intergenerational ethics under resource constraints ; 3. Justifying sustainability ; 4. Resolving distributional conflicts between generations ; 5. The malleability of undiscounted utilitarianism as a criterion of intergenerational justice ; 6. Rawlsian intergenerational justice as a Markov-perfect equilibrium in a resource technology ; 7. Unjust intergenerational allocations ; Part II: Characterizing Sustainability. ; 8. The Hartwick rule: Myths and facts ; 9. Hartwick's rule in open economies ; 10. Capital gains and 'net national product' in open economies ; 11. Characterizing sustainability: The converse of Hartwick's rule ; 12. On the sustainable program in Solow's model ; 13. Maximin, discounting, and separating hyperplanes ; Part III: Indicating Sustainability. ; 14. Green national accounting for welfare and sustainability: A taxonomy of assumptions and results ; 15. Net national product as an indicator of sustainability ; 16. Adjusting Green NNP to measure sustainability ; 17. Does NNP growth indicate welfare improvement? ; 18. A general approach to welfare measurement through national income accounting ; 19. Green national accounting with a changing population

Description / Table of Contents: This volume provides systematic, up-to-date coverage of important aspects of Solid Earth Geophysics, including reviews and articles by leading experts. The book is organized to present terms, topics and phrases alphabetically in an easily referenced manner

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. INTRODUCTION; 1.1 GENERAL INFORMATION; 1.2 VISCOSITY UNITS AND CONVERSION; 1.3 FLUID FLOW AND VISCOSITY; 2. VISCOMETERS; 2.1 CAPILLARY VISCOMETER; 2.2 ORIFICE VISCOMETERS; 2.3 HIGH TEMPERATURE, HIGH SHEAR RATE VISCOMETERS; 2.4 ROTATIONAL VISCOMETERS; 2.5 FALLING BALL VISCOMETERS; 2.6 VIBRATIONAL VISCOMETERS; 2.7 ULTRASONIC VISCOMETERS; 2.8 SUMMARY; 3. THEORIES OF VISCOSITY; 3.1 THEORIES OF GAS VISCOSITY; 3.2 THEORIES OF DENSE-GAS VISCOSITY; 3.3 GAS AND LIQUID VISCOSITY THEORIES; 3.4 PURE-LIQUID VISCOSITY THEORIES; 3.5 SUMMARY; 4. CORRELATIONS AND ESTIMATION OF PURE LIQUID VISCOSITY; 4.1 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS; 4.2 VISCOSITY AT SELECTED REFERENCE POINTS; 4.3 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE; 4.4 COMPARISON OF SELECTED PREDICTION METHODS; 4.5 SUMMARY; 5. VISCOSITIES OF SOLUTIONS AND MIXTURES; 5.1 VISCOSITIES OF SOLUTIONS; 5.2 VISCOSITIES OF FLUID MIXTURES; 5.3 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NET APPROACH FOR POLAR LIQUID MIXTURES; 5.4 LIQUID MIXTURE VISCOSITIES BY EMPIRICAL METHODS; 5.5 VISCOSITIES OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES (COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, EMULSIONS); 5.6 VISCOSITIES OF EMULSIONS FORMED BY IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS; 5.7 SUMMARY; 6. EXPERIMENTAL DATA; 6.1 EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY; 6.2 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY DATA TABLES

Description / Table of Contents: The interplay between Geology and Biology has shaped the Earth from the early Precambrian, 4 billion years ago. Moving beyond the borders of the classical core disciplines, Geobiology strives to identify cause-and-effect chains and synergisms between the geo- and the biospheres that have been driving evolution of life in modern and ancient environments. Combining modern methods, geobiological information can be extracted not only from visible remains of organisms, but also from organic molecules, rock fabrics, minerals, isotopes and other tracers. Exploring these processes and their signatures also creates enormous applied potentials with respect to issues of environment protection, public health, energy and resource management. The Encyclopedia of Geobiology is designed as a key reference for students, researchers, teachers, and the informed public to provide basic, but comprehensible knowledge on this rapidly expanding discipline at the interface between modern geo- and biosciences.

Description / Table of Contents: Acetogens.-Acid Rock Drainage.- Acidophiles.-Acritarchs.- Aerobic Metabolism.-Algae (Eukaryotic) .-Alkalinity.-Amber.-Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane with Sulfate.-Anaerobic Transformation Processes, Microbiology.-Anammox.-Animal Biocalcification, Evolution.-Animal Skeletons, Advent.-Archaea.-Arsenic.-Asteroid and Comet Impacts.-Astrobiology.-Bacteria.-Bacterioplankton.-Banded Iron Formations.-Basalt (Glass, Endoliths) .-Beggiatoa.-Biodeterioration (of Stone).-Bioerosion.-Biofilms.-Biofilms and Fossilization.- Biogeochemical Cycless.- Biological Control on Diagenesis: Influence of Bacteria and Relevance to Ocean Acidification.-Biological Volcanic Rock Weathering.-Biomarkers (Molecular Fossils). -Biomarkers (Organic, Compound-Specific Isotopes).- Biomining (Mineral Bioleaching, Mineral Biooxidation).-Bioprotection.- Biosignatures in Rocks.- Biosilicification.- Black Shales.- Breakup of Rodinia.- Calcareous Algae.- Calcification.-Calcified Cyanobacteria.-Calcite Precipitation, Microbially Induced.-Calcium Biogeochemistry.-Cap Carbonates.-Carbon (Organic, Cycling) .-Carbon (Organic, Degradation) .-Carbon Cycle.-Carbon Isotopes.-Carbonate Environments.-Carbonates.-Cathodoluminescence Microscopy.-Chemolithotrophy.-Cherts.-Chondrites.-Chroococcidiopsis.-Clay Authigenesis, Bacterial.-Coccolithophores.-Cold Seeps.-Comets.-Commensalism.-Community.-Copper.-Cosmic Molecular Clouds.-Critical Intervals in Earth History.-Cryobiosphere.-Cyanobacteria.-Deep Biosphere of Salt Deposits.-Deep Biosphere of Sediments.-Deep Biosphere of the Oceanic Deep Sea.-Deep Fluids.-Degradation (of Organic Matter) .-Denitrification.-Desert Varnish.-Detachment.-Diatoms.-Dinoflagellates.-Divalent Earth Alkaline Cations in Seawater.-Diversity.-Dolomite, Microbial.-Early Earth.-Early Precambrian Eukaryotes.-Ecological Niche.-Ediacaran Biota.-Endoliths.-Endosymbiosis.-Evaporites.-Exoenzymes.-Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) .-Extreme Environments.-Fe(II)-Oxidizing Prokaryotes.-Fe(III)-Reducing Prokaryotes.-Fermentation.-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) .-Foraminifera.-Frutexites.-Fungi and Lichens.-Gallionella.-Geobacter.-Geochronology.-Geomycology.-Geyserite.-Glass.-Glaucophytes.-Gold.-Gondwanaland, Formation.-Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) .-Green Algae.-Guild.-Habitat.-Halobacteria Halophiles.-Haptophytes.-Heavy Metals.-Histology.-Hot Springs and Geysers.-Hydrogen.-Hydrothermal Environments, Fossil.-Hydrothermal Environments, Marine.-Hydrothermal Environments, Terrestrial.-Hypersaline Environments.-Ichnology.-Immunolocalization.-Iron Isotopes.-Iron Sulfide Formation.-Isotope Fractionation (Metal) .-Isotopes (Methods) .-Isotopes and Geobiology.-Isotopes, Radiogenic.-Karst Ecosystems.-Lateral Gene Transfer.-Leptothrix.-Magnetotactic Bacteria.-Manganese (Sedimentary Carbonates and Sulfides) .-Mass Extinctions, Phanerozoic.-Mat-Related Sedimentary Structures.-Metagenomics.-Metalloenzymes.-Metallogenium.-Metals, Acquisition by Marine Bacteria.-Meteoritics.-Methane Oxidation (Aerobic) .-Methane, Origin.-Methanogens.-Microbial Biomineralization.-Microbial Communities, Structure, and Function.-Microbial Degradation.-Microbial Ecology of Submarine Caves.-Microbial Mats.-Microbial Silicification Bacteria (or Passive) .-Microbial Surface Reactivity.-Microbialites, Modern.-Microbialites, Stromatolites, and Thrombolites.-Microbial-Metal Binding.-Microbiocorrosion.-Microsensors for Sediments, Microbial Mats, and Biofilms.-Molar-tooth Structure.-Moonmilk.-Mud Mounds.-Mutualism.-Mycorrhizae.-Nan(n)obacteria.-Nanocrystals, Microbially Induced.-Nickel, Biology.-Nitrification.-Nitrogen.-Nitrogen Fixation.-Ores, Microbial Precipitation and Oxidation.-Organic Carbon.-Organomineralization.-Origin of Life.-Origins of the Metazoa.-Parasitism.-Pedogenic Carbonates.-Permafrost Microbiology.-Phosphorus, Phosphorites.-Photosynthesis.-Piezophilic Bacteria.-Pore Waters.-Protozoa (Heterotroph, Eukaryotic) .-Pyrite Oxidation.-Radioactivity (Natural) .-Radiolaria.-Raman Microscopy (Confocal) .-Reduction Spheroids.-Reefs.-Remineralization (of Organic Matter) .-Rhodophyta.-RNA-World.-Saline Lakes.-Salinity History of the Earths Ocean.-Scanning Probe Microscopy (Includes Atomic Force Microscopy) .-Sediment Diagenesis Biologically Controlled.-Selenium.-Shales.-Shewanella.-Siderite.-Siderophores.-Silica Biomineralization, Sponges.-Silicoflagellates.-Sinter.-Skeleton.-Small Shelly Fossils.-Snowball Earth.-Soda Lakes.-Soda Ocean Hypothesis.-Soils.-Species (Microbial) .-Speleothems.-Sponges (Porifera) and Sponge Microbes.-Stromatactis.-Stromatolites.-Subsurface Filamentous Fabrics.-Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria.-Sulfide Mineral Oxidation.-Sulfur Cycle.-Sulfur Isotopes.-Symbiosis.-Syntrophy.-Terrestrial Deep Biosphere.-Thioester World.-Thiomargarita.-Thiotrophic Bacteria.-Thrombolites.-Tidal Flats.-TOF-SIMS.-Trace Fossils: Neoproterozoic.-Tufa, Freshwater.-Waulsortian Mud Mounds.-Whale and Wood Falls.-Zinc.

Description / Table of Contents: The Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on earth. Over the next 100 years, climate change is expected to accelerate, contributing to major physical, ecological, social, and economic changes, many of which have already begun. Changes in arctic climate will also affect the rest of the world through increased global warming and rising sea levels. The volume addresses the following major topics: research results in observing aspects of the Arctic climate system and its processes across a range of time and space scales; representation of cryospheric, atmospheric, and oceanic processes in models, including simulation of their interaction with coupled models; our understanding of the role of the arctic in the global climate system, its response to large-scale climate variations, and the processes involved.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Ablation Depression.-Ablatometer.-Acidity of Glacier Ice.-Active Ice Wedge.-Adfreeze.-Aerial Photogrammetry for Glacial Monitoring.-Alaskan Glaciers.-Albedo.-Alps.-Altai-Sayan Glaciers.-Anabatic Winds: In Relation with Snow/Glacier Basin.-Anchor Ice.-Andean Glaciers.-Anisotropic Ice Flow.-Antarctica.-Anti-Icing.-Anti-Syngenetic Ice Wedge.-Appalachian Glacier Complex in Maritime Canada.-Arctic Hydroclimatology.-Artificial Ground Freezing.-Artificial Production of Snow.-Atmosphere-Snow/Ice Interactions.-Atmospheric Circulation and Glaciochemical Records.-Automated Glacier Mapping.-Basal Sediment Evacuation by Subglacial Drainage Systems.-Base Flow/Groundwater Flow.-Bed (Bottom) Topography.-Bed Forms (Fluvial).-Bed Roughness.-Bed Strength.-Benchmark Glacier.-Biogeochemistry of Sea Ice.-Blue Ice.-Bottom Melting or Undermelt (Ice Shelf).-Brash Ice.-Calving Glaciers.-Canadian Rockies and Coast Mountains of Canada.-Cascade Mountains, USA.-Cascade System.-Catastrophic Flooding.-Catastrophic Rock Slope Failures and Mountain Glaciers.-Catchment Glacier.-Caucasus Mountains.-Characteristics of Snow and Glacier Fed Rivers in Mountainous Regions with Special Reference to Himalayan Basins.-Chemical Composition of Snow, Ice, and Glaciers.-Chemical and Microbe Records in Snow and Ice.-Chemical Processes in Snow and Ice.-Circulation and Mixing in Ice-Covered Lakes.-Cirque Glaciers.-Temperature and Precipitation.-Cloudburst.-Cohesion.-Cold-Based Glaciers.-Condensation Nuclei.-Confluence of Rivers.-Congelation Ice.-Crack.-Creep.-Crevasses.-Critical Temperature.-Crush.-Crust.-Cryoconite.-Cryodessication.-Cryofront.-Cryogenesis.-Cryogenic Aquiclude.-Cryogenic Fabric.-Cryolithology.-Cryopeg.-Cryosol.-Cryostatic Pressure.-Cryostructure.-Cryoturbation.-Dating Glacial Landforms.-Dead Ice.-Debris.-Debris Thermal Properties and Impact on Ice Ablation.-Debris-Covered Glaciers.-Deglaciation.-Degree-Days.-Depletion of Snow Cover.-Deposition from Debris-Rich Ice.-Digital Elevation Model Generation over Glacierized Region.-Digital Image Information Extraction Techniques for Snow Cover Mapping from Remote Sensing Data.-Direct Surface Runoff.-Discharge/Streamflow.-Distributary Channels.-Diurnal Cycle of Runoff.-Diverging Ice Flow.-Drift Glacier/Ice/Snow.-Dry and Wet Snow Line/Zone.-Dry Snow.-Dye Tracer Investigations of Glacier Hydrology.-Dynamics of Glaciers.-Elongation Ratio.-Englacial Conduit.-Englacial Processes.-.Environmental Isotopes.-Epigenetic Ice.-Epiglacial Morphology.-Equilibrium-Line Altitude (ELA).-Erosion of Hard Rock Bed.-Erosion Rate.-Estimation of Glacier Volume and Volume Change by Scaling Methods.-Estuary Ice Cover.-Fast Ice.-Finger Rafting.-Firn.-Fjords.-Foliation.-Forbes Band.-Formation and Deformation of Basal Ice.-Frazil.-Freezing Bottom (Ice Shelf).-Freezing Meltwater.-Freezing and Thawing Index.-Frequency Analysis of Snow Storms.-Fresh Water Storage.-Frictional Melting.-Frost.-Frozen Soil Hydrology.-Frozen Toe (Outer Zone of Glacier Snout).-Gelisols.-Geochemistry of Snow and Ice.-Geocryology.-GIS in Glaciology.-Glacial Drainage Characteristics.-Glacial Ecosystems.-Glacial Erosion.-Glacial Erratic.-Glacial Geomorphology and Landforms Evolution.-Glacial Grooves.-Glacial Overdeepening.-Glacial Striations.-Glacial Trough.-Glacial/Interglacial Cycles.-Glaciation During Times of Enhanced/Reduced Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.-Glaciations and Groundwater Flow Systems.-Glacier.-Glacier Bird of the Andes.-Glacier Cave.-Glacier Field Studies: Important Things to Notice.-Glacier Hydrology.-Glacier Lake Outburst Floods.-Glacier Mass Balance.-Glacier Motion/Ice Velocity.-Glacier Pothole.-Glacier Sliding.-Glacier Surging.-Glacier System.-Glacier Toe.-Glaciers of the Karakoram Himalaya.-Glacieret.-Glacierization.-Glacioeustasy.-Glaciofluvial.-Glaciogenic Deposits.-Glaciohydraulic Supercooling.-Glacioisostasy.-Glaciolacustrine.-Glaciology.-Glaciomarine.-Glaciostatic Pressure/Stress.-Glaciotectonic Structures, Landforms, and Processes.-Global Climate Modeling in Cryospheric Assessment.-Global Outlook of Snowcover, Sea Ice, and Glaciers.-Global Warming and its Effect on Snow/Ice/Glaciers.-GPS in Glaciology, Applications.-GRACE in Glaciology.-Granulometry.-Gravel Sheet.-Gravitational Mass Movement Deposits.-Gravity Flow (Mass Flow).-Gray-White Ice.-Greenland Glaciers Outside the Ice Sheet.-Greenland Ice Sheet.-Ground Ice.-Ground Penetrating Radar Measurements over Glaciers.-Heat and Mass Transfer in Sea Ice.-High Elevation Glacio-Climatology.-Himalaya.-Himalayan Glaciers in 2010 and 2035.-Hindu Kush.-Holocene Glacier Fluctuations.-Horizontal Component of Ablation.-Horizontal Component of Velocity.-Hummocks (Peat).-Hydrochemical Characteristics of Snow, Ice, and Glaciers.-Hydrogen Isotopes.-Hydrographs.-Hydrologic Cycle and Snow.-Hydrological Response in Glacierized Basins.-Hydrology of Jökulhlaups.-Hydropower: Hydroelectric Power Generation from Alpine Glacier Melt.-Hypsometry.-Hysteresis.-Ice.-Ice Age.-Ice Age Cycles: Data, Models, and Uncertainties.-Ice Age Development Theory.-Ice Apron.-Ice Caps.-Ice Caves.-Ice Core.-Ice Covered Lakes.-Ice Dams.-Ice Sheet.-Ice Sheet Mass Balance.-Ice Shelf.-Ice-Cored Moraines.-Ice-Dammed Lakes.-Ice-Marginal Deposition.-Ice-Marginal Processes.-Ice-Volcano Interactions.-Icefall.-Iceland Glaciers.-ICESat Data in Glaciological Studies.-Icicle.-Icing.-Impacts of Snow and Glaciers on Runoff.-Interception of Snow.-Interflow.-International Polar Year 20072008.-Interstitial Ice.-Intrusive Ice.-Inventory of Glaciers.-Inverse Methods in Glaciology.-Inversion Layers.-Inverted Cup Depth Hoar Crystals.-Irreducible Water.-Isotope Analysis.-Isotopic Characteristics of Ice, Snow, and Glaciers.-Isotopic Fractionation of Freezing Water.-Isotopic Signatures.-Kame and Kettle Topography.-Katabatic Wind: In Relation with Snow and Glaciers.-Kilimanjaro.-Kunlun Mountains.-Lake Ellsworth.-Lake Ice.-Lake Vostok.-Laminated Sediments.-Landforms of Glacial Deposition.-Landforms of Glacial Erosion.-Landforms of Glacial Transportation.-Landscapes of Glacial Erosion.-Last Glacial Maximum Glaciation (LGM/LGP) in High Asia (Tibet and Surrounding Mountains).-Latent Heat of Condensation.-Latent Heat of Fusion/Freezing.-Latent Heat of Sublimation.-Latent Heat of Vaporization/Condensation.-Lateroglacial.-Lateroglacial Landform Systems.-Laurentide Ice Sheet.-Layering of Snow.-LIDAR in Glaciology.-Little Ice Age.-Lobe.-Mapping of Internal Glacial Layers.-Marginal Channel (Lateral Meltwater Channel).-Marginal Ice Zones.-Marine Glaciers.-Marine Ice Sheet.-Mechanical Weathering.-Median Elevation of Glaciers.-Mediterranean Glaciers and Glaciation.-Melt Runoff Modeling.-Melting Processes.-Meltwater Channels.-Meltwater Conduit.-Meltwater Erosion.-Meltwater Pressure.-Meltwater Storage.-Microorganisms Associated with Glaciers.-Monitoring and Warning Systems.-Monsoonal Records Observed from Snow/Ice/Glacier.-Moraine.-Moulins.-Mount Everest.-Mount Kenya.-Mountain Geomorphology.-Natural Hazards Associated with Glaciers and Permafrost.-Negative Temperature Gradient (in Ice).-Neoglaciation.-Network of Stakes.-New Zealand Glaciers.-Niche Glacier.-Normalized-Difference Snow Index (NDSI).-Nye (N) Channels.-Ogives.-Optical Remote Sensing of Alpine Glaciers.-Orographic Precipitation.-Outlet Glacier.-Overburden Pressure.-Oxygen Isotopes.-Palaeo Glaciofluvial Sediment Systems.-Palaeo-Channel.-Palaeo-Ice Stream.-Palaeoclimate and Past Glaciations.-Palaeohydrology.-Pamirs.-Pancake Ice.-Papua.-Paraglacial Landscape Transformations.-Patagonia.-Paternoster Lakes.-Peak Flood Glacier Discharge.-Percolation Zone.-Perennially Frozen Ground.-Periglacial.-Permacrete.-Permafrost.-Permafrost on Asteroids.-Permafrost and Climate Interactions.-Permafrost Modeling.-Permanent/Perpetual Snow Line.-Physical Properties of Snow.-Piedmont Glaciers.-Pingo.-Plastic Deformation.-Plastic Flow.-Pleistocene Epoch.-Plucking.-Polythermal Glaciers.-Precipitation.-Proglacial Lakes.-Quaternary Glaciation.-Radar Application in Snow, Ice, and Glaciers.-Radiative Transfer Modeling.-Radioactive Fallout.-Radioactive Isotopes.-Radioactivity.-Rain-Induced Snowmelt.-Ram Resistance.-Rating Curve.-Recession Coefficient.-Recession of Discharge.-Reconstruction of the Last Glaciations in the Whole of Asia.-Recrystallization of Ice.-Refreezing of Meltwater.-Regelation.-Remobilization (of Debris).-Resedimentation.-Retreat/Advance of Glaciers.-Rime Ice.-River Ice Hydrology.-Roche Moutonnees.-Rock Glaciers.-Rocky Mountains.-Röthlisberger (R)-Channels.-Runoff Coefficient.-Runoff Generation.-Runoff Observations.-Runout Distance.-Salinity.-Saltation.-Scandinavian Glaciers.-Sea Ice.-Sea-Level.-Seasonal Frost.-Seasonal Snow Cover.-Sediment Budgets.-Sediment Core and Glacial Environment Reconstruction.-Sediment Entrainment, Transport, and Deposition.-Sediment Flux Source-To-Sink.-Sediment Gravity Flow.-Sediment Routing.-Sediment Transfer Modeling.-Sediment Yield.-SEM Analysis of Glacial Sediments.-Septa of Englacial Debris.-Serac.-Siberia.-Slush and Sleet of Snow.-Snow.-Snow Bed/Snow Bed Vegetation.-Snow Course.-Snow Cover and Snowmelt in Forest Regions.-Snow Cover Changes in the Alps.-Snow Crystal Structure.-Snow Deformation.-Snow Density.-Snow Depth.-Snow Drift.-Snow Gauge.-Snow Grains.-Snow Hydrology.-Snow Layer.-Snow Load.-Snow Metamorphism.-Snow Microstructure.-Snow Pellet.-Snow Pillow.-Snow Pit.-Snow Ripening.-Snow Skating.-Snow Skiing.-Snow Storm.-Snow and Vegetation Interaction.-Snow Water Equivalent.-Snowboard.-Solifluction.-Solute in Glacial Meltwaters.-Solutes in Glacier Ice.-Specific Melt Rate.-Stable Isotopes.-Stage-Discharge Relationship.-Stationary Glacier.-Stratigraphy of Snowpacks.-Streamflow Trends in Mountainous Regions.-Structural Glaciology.-Subglacial Borehole Instrumentation.-Subglacial Drainage System.-Subglacial Lakes, Antarctic.-Subglacial Processes.-Subglacial Volcanism.-Subglacial Weathering.-Sublimation from Snow and Ice.-Summer Accumulation Type Glaciers.-Super Cooling Clouds.-Supercooled Water.-Supra-Glacial Debris Entrainments.-Surface Energy Balance.-Surface Temperature of Snow and Ice.-Suspended Sediment Concentration.-Suspended Sediment Dynamics.-Suspended Sediment Load.-Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry for Glacier Movement Studies.-Talik.-Tarn.-Temperate Glaciers.-Temperature Lapse Rates in Glacierized Basins.-Temperature Profile of Snowpack.-Terminus.-Terraces.-Thaw Weakening.-Thermal Infrared Sensors.-Thermal Regime of Ice-Covered Lakes.-Thermokarst.-Thinning of Arctic Sea Ice.-Thinning of Glaciers.-Tibetan Plateau.-Tidewater Glaciers.-Tien Shan Glaciers.-Till.-Topographic Normalization of Multispectral Satellite Imagery.-Transformations of Snow at the Earths Surface and its Climatic and Environmental Consequences.-Transient Snowline.-Tree-Ring Indicators of Glacier Fluctuations.-Tributary Glaciers.-Urban Snow.-U-Shape Valley.-Vein Ice.-V-Shaped Valley.-Water Balance in the Glacierized Region.-Westerlies and their Effects on Maritime Ice Caps and Glaciers.-WGMS (World Glacier Monitoring Service).-Winter Accumulation Glacier.-Year-Round Ablation Pattern.-Younger Dryas

Description / Table of Contents: This book about rock stress is suitable for students in geosciences and rock engineering, who need to broaden their horizons about the Stress Field of the Earth's Crust. The book covers the topic so that geosciences students will be able to grasp the Cauchy Stress Principle without fear of matrix transformations in an exercise. Students interested in mathematics, physics and engineering will learn how strain gauges are used to obtain in-situ stress by the overcoring method. Leading edge technology in determining rock stress like quadruple packer and the Kaiser effect are presented together with classical methods like hydraulic fracturing. Borehole techniques (breakouts) and core-based methods (anelastic strain recovery) are illustrated. With respect to stress data, we choose to present the scientific ultra-deep drilling project KTB (Germany), the excavation for nuclear waste disposal at Olkiluoto (Finland) and the drilling into a seismic active fault zone at SAFOD (USA). Stress compilations viewed by the World Stress Map project are presented and interpreted in terms of plate tectonics.

Description / Table of Contents: This book covers a round-up of environmental changes in Siberia with a focus on the terrestrial biosphere but also discussing climate and atmosphere and the hydrolofical cycle. It concludes with a discussion of information system approaches that are being developed to safeguard and make accessible spatial and temporal data for environmental studies.