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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirical economics 25 (2000), S. 623-640 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Labour demand ; labour-use ; technical efficiency ; banking industry ; JEL Classification: C23 ; D24 ; G21
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of the deregulation of the Swedish banking industry in the mid-1980s, and the consequent banking crisis, on productive efficiency and productivity growth in the industry. An unbalanced panel of Swedish banks is studied over the period, 1984 to 1995. A total of 1275 observations are analysed for 156 banks that were observed for between two and twelve years. We adopt a translog stochastic frontier model to estimate the labour-use requirements in terms of the variables, loans, deposits, guarantees, number of branches and total inventories, together with the year of observation. The inefficiency effects in the labour-use frontier are modelled in terms of the number of branches, total inventories, the type of bank and year of observation. The technical inefficiencies of labour use of Swedish banks were found to be significant, with mean inefficiencies per year estimated to be between about 8 and 15 per cent over the years of study. However, the confidence interval predictions for these inefficiencies were found to be quite wide.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of economics 69 (1999), S. 289-298 
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: monopoly ; markup ; income polarization ; D31 ; D42
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We study the reaction of a monopolistic firm to distributive shocks which lead to income polarization. We show that the movements in the set price and in the sold quantity depend on the served market share. In particular, we identify a region of parameters where the optimal markup moves in the opposite direction of market demand: in this respect, distributive shocks can provide an explanation for countercyclical movements of the markup.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 501-514 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: earnings inequality ; Lorenz curves ; dominance tests ; D31 ; J30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Recent increases in earnings inequality have been described as “enormous.” Is it that we are experiencing a unique shift toward greater inequality or are we returning to a more normal state of affairs for the American economy? The recent availability of six decades of data together with important new developments in the theory and measurement of inequality invite a renewed look at the changes in earnings inequality over the past half century. Our findings for male earnings suggest a dramatic contraction in inequality after 1939 followed by a steady rise in earnings inequality through 1989. Focusing on per capita incomes as opposed to earnings eliminates much of the trend toward rising inequality.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 483-500 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Real national income ; social welfare ; inequality ; D31 ; C43 ; I31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Trends in real national income are typically assessed using aggregate indicators such as GDP per capita, or mean household income, whereas the income distribution literature focuses on trends in income inequality. By contrast this paper takes an integrated approach to real national income measurement; it uses methods incorporating both size and distributional considerations, and applies them to household income microdata in order to measure changes in real income in the U.K. during the 1980s. A parametric class of decomposable real income indisces is proposed which complements quasi-ordering methods such as rank and generalised dominance criteria by telling us how much real income increased over the period (if at all). The indices are also additively decomposable by population subgroup, a property which helps reveal who the gainers and losers were. The analysis also draws attention to the normative and statistical issues raised by the presence of a few very small incomes.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 515-531 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Relative economic affluence ; Extended Gini ratio between income distributions ; Intensity of transvariation ; Gini mean difference between income distributions ; D63 ; D31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this research is to introduce a new approach to the decomposition of the Gini ratio into three components, supporting them with economic and statistical rigorous interpretations. The three components are: (i) the Gini inequalitywithin subpopulations; (ii) thenet contribution of the extended Gini inequalitybetween subpopulations; and (iii) the contribution of theintensity of transvariation between subpopulations. These components are weighted by the product of the population shares times the income shares of the corresponding subpopulations where the weights add to one. The decomposition introduced in this research is applied to the 1990 U.S. family income distribution. The population of families is disaggregated by types into the following subpopulations: (a) married-couple families; (b) male householder, no wife present; and (c) female householder, no husband present.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 547-554 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Gini Index ; Income Distribution ; Transvariazione ; D31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper notes that Gini's concept of “Transvariazione” corresponds to the idea of overlapping of distributions. It shows that this concept is implicit in some measures of income inequality such as the Pietra and Gini Index and is at the basis of various measures of distance between distributions. An empirical illustration is provided, based on Israeli data for the period 1978–1994.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 273-291 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Tax reform simulation ; welfare ; inter- and intragenerational distribution effects ; borrowing constraints ; H3 ; D31 ; C68
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the welfare and distributional effects of tax reforms in a two-class model with exogenous labour supply. It extends the empirically calibrated, standard life-cycle model to include both pure life-cycle savers and households with an altruistic bequest motive. The tax reform simulations cover the move from an income to a wage and a consumption tax, respectively. The role of borrowing constraints is studied and a dynamic analysis of tax reforms using a static expectation approach is performed. The simulation results indicate that the two tax reforms have different impacts on the welfare of the two classes: while the pure life-cycle savers are better off with the consumption tax, the altruistically motivated households gain more under a wage tax. The results further show that while the introduction of a consumption tax is distributionally neutral, the move to a wage tax substantially increases income and wealth inequality.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Economic theory 7 (1996), S. 513-530 
    ISSN: 1432-0479
    Keywords: Income inequality ; Fuzzy orderings ; Basu's fuzzy measure of inequality ; confidence intervals ; D31 ; D63
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary This paper starts from the premise that the concept of income inequality is ill-defined, and hence, it studies the measurement of income inequality from a fuzzy set theoretical point of view. It is argued that the standard (fuzzy) transitivity concepts are not compatible with fuzzy inequality orderings which respect Lorenz ordering. For instance, we show that there does not exist a max-min transitive fuzzy relation on a given income distribution space which ranks distributions unambiguously according to the Lorenz criterion whenever they can actually be ranked by it. Weakening the imposed transitivity concept, it is possible to escape from the noted impossibility theorems. We introduce some alternative transitivity concepts for fuzzy relations, and subsequently, construct a class of fuzzy orderings which preserve Lorenz ordering and satisfy these alternative transitivities. It is also shown that fuzzy measurement can be used to construct confidence intervals for the crisp conclusions of inequality indices.
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  • 9
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 505-523 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: Endogenous growth ; redistribution ; wealth distribution ; D31 ; D90 ; O30 ; O41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between income distribution and economic growth. It introduces heterogeneous households who have preferences for leisure into Grossman and Helpman's model of endogenous growth (in which income distribution has no effect on economic growth). Wealth distribution affects the endogenous rate of growth as the labor supply of each individual responds inversely to his permanent income. When the labor Engel curve is concave (convex), unequal wealth distribution decreases (increases) the rate of growth. Pareto-improving-growth-enhancing wealth redistributions are characterized.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of economics 63 (1996), S. 187-212 
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: cross-section Engel curves ; nonparametric curve estimation ; demand analysis ; C14 ; C21 ; D12 ; D31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Classical approaches of estimating cross-section Engel curves are based on parametric models. However, misspecification of a parametric model implies that information of structural nature might be masked. An alternative avoiding problems related to predetermined functional relations is the nonparametric approach. This paper surveys recent advances of nonparametric statistics in their relevance to estimating cross-section Engel curves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 667-680 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: E43 ; G21 ; C32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract We examine the role of expectations for interest rates on mortgage loans. Our empirical results, based on cointegration tests, indicate a violation of the expectations hypothesis on the German loan market. In contrast to the capital market, a failure of the expectations hypothesis on the loan market cannot be attributed to the market segmentation hypothesis. Using a simple two-period model, we can show that the deviation from the expectations hypothesis is stronger than on the capital market and such that it confirms the common practice of choosing between loans with variable or fixed interest rates.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirical economics 20 (1995), S. 551-575 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C13 ; C14 ; C42 ; C63 ; C81 ; D31 ; D63 ; J11
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines how the distribution of household wealth in Canada varies with age over the life cycle. The wealth distribution is characterized in terms of decile means and decile shares for each of six age groups, and comparisons between age-specific distributions are based on first-and second-order stochastic dominance criteria. It is found that (i) mean wealth levels and wealth distributions increase significantly with age in concave quadratic fashion until near-retirement and then decline, and (ii) wealth inequality declines in convex fashion with age, at first steeply and then not significantly. This joint pattern in mean and inequality of wealth holdings across age groups presents a challenge for basic theories to explain.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirica 21 (1994), S. 245-253 
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Keywords: Commercial banking ; data-envelopment analysis ; returns to scale ; technical efficiency ; D24 ; G21
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In a pooled time-series cross-section study covering the period 1987–1991, the technical efficiency of Austrian all-purpose banks is analysed. The sample covers banks of all size classes, among them the largest 18 banks as well as some of the very small banks. The empirical results show that local banks and nationwide operating banks are technically most efficient while regional banks are least efficient. Moreover, it can be shown that the technical efficiency of nationwide operating banks improved substantially in the period analysed relative to that of local and regional banks.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirical economics 19 (1994), S. 361-370 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C13 ; C53 ; D31 ; D63
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper surveys various parametric Lorenz curves to be fitted to grouped income data in order to obtain an estimate for the Gini measure of inequality. The curves are fitted to 16 sets of empirical income data. The results are compared to the results of the purely nonparametric method (due to Gastwirth) of computing lower and upper bounds for the Gini measure. It is shown that most of the parametric curves are unreliable in that they may produce estimates outside the bounds.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Empirical economics 19 (1994), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C43 ; D31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Using an algorithm suggested by Berrebi and Silber (1987) and assuming that the population within any decile is distributed uniformly between its boundsa andb, the paper shows that the intradecile inequality is generally not important and may be ignored. This finding is useful in empirical analysis, even today, when inequality indices are sought. Although current microdata sets from which the Gini indices can be calculated directly are widely available, past data are still in use and the new data are not always accessible to the interested user in micro detail, while the deciles bounds are very frequently reported. The study also points to a new constant. The Gini of a variable over the interval [0,b] when there is a large number (n〉100) of individuals and the variable is distributed uniformly, is 1/3 regardless of the value ofb.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Financial Economics 35 (1994), S. 99-122 
    ISSN: 0304-405X
    Keywords: Banking ; Equity ; G21 ; Regulation ; jel
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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