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  • 1
    Call number: (DE-599)GBV03709842X
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Language: German
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Call number: AWI G6-19-92375
    In: Berichte / Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Nr. 9
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 278 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0175-9302
    Series Statement: Berichte / Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Geowissenschaften 9
    Language: German
    Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1999 , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung 1.1 Kenntnisstand und offene Fragen 1.2 Fragestellung und Ziele dieser Arbeit 2. Umweltbedingungen in den Arbeitsgebieten 2.1 Hydrographie, Eisverhältnisse und NAO 2.2 Zur Variation von Wassertiefe und Breite der Dänemarkstraße und zur Vereisung Islands während des letzten Glazials 3. Methoden 3.1 Auswahl der Kernstationen 3.2 Probennahme und Analysen (Übersicht) 3.3 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Oberflächenwasser Zur Aussage stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse in planktischen Foraminiferen Zur Messung stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse Zur Massenspektrometrie Zur Rekonstruktion von Oberflächentemperaturen Alkane und Alkohole als Maß für Staubeintrag Eistranspmtiertes Material und vulkanische Aschen 3.4 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Zwischen-/ Tiefenwasser Häufigkeit von Cibicides- und anderen benthischen Arten (inkl. Taxonomie) Stabile Isotopenverhältnisse in benthischen Foraminiferen 3.5 AMS 14C-Datierungen Probenreinigung 3. 6 Hauptelementanalysen von vulkanischen Asche-Leithorizonten 3. 7 Geomagnetische Meßgrößen und magnetische Suszeptibiltät 3.8 Techniken zur Spektralanalyse 4. Methodische Ergebnisse 4.1 Zum Einfluß der Probenreinigung auf δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte 4.2 Probleme bei der langfristigen Reproduzierbarkeit von δ18O-Zeitreihen 4.3 Einfluß der Korngröße und Artendefinition planktischer Foraminiferen auf SST-Rekonstruktionen in hohen Breiten 4.4 Vergleich der stabilen Isotopenwerte von Cibicides lobatulus und Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi 5. Stratigraphische Grundlagen und Tiefenprofile der Klimasignale 5.1 Stratigraphische Korrelation zwischen parallel-gekernten GKG- und SL-/KL-Profilen 5.2 Flanktische δ18O-/ δ13C-Kurven, 14C-Alter und biostratigraphische Fixpunkte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Kern 23351 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.3 Benthische δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte in Kern PS2644 5.4 Siliziklastische Sedimentkomponenten: Eistransportiertes Material Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.5 Vulkanische Glasscherben in Kern PS2644: Wind- und Eiseintrag 5.6 Geochemie und Alter einzelner Tephralagen als Leithorizonte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.7 Magnetische Suszeptibilität in den Kernen PS2644, PS2646 und PS2647 Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 5.8 Geomagnetische Feldintensität und Richtungsänderungen in Kern PS2644 5.9 Variation von Planktonfauna und -flora Westliches Islandbecken: Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 Vøring-Plateau: Kern 23071 und 23074 5.10 Benthische Foraminiferen in Kern PS2644 6. Entwicklung von Temperatur und Salzgehalt nördlich der Dänemark-Straße 6.1 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Planktonforaminiferen 6.2 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Uk37 6.3 Variation der Oberflächensalinität 7. Die Feinstratigraphie von Kern PS2644 als Basis für eine Eichung der 14C-Altersskala 22 - 55 ka 7.1 Korrelation zwischen den Klimasignalen in Kern PS2644 und der GISP2-Klimakurve zum Kalibrieren der 14C-Alter und Erstellen eines Altersmodells Tephrachronologische Marker Korrelationsparameter und -regeln Sonderfälle/ Probleme bei der Korrelation 7.2 Alters-stratigraphische Korrelation der Klimakurven von Kern 23071 und 23074 7.3 Variation der Altersanomalien zwischen 20 und 55 14C-ka 7.4 Variabilität des planktischen 14C-Reservoiralters in Schmelzwasserbeeinflußten Seegebieten Variation der planktischen 14C-Alter unmittelbar an der Basis von Heinrich-Ereignis 4 Unterschiede zwischen planktischen und benthischen 14C-Altern in der westlichen Islandsee. Zur Erklärung der inversen Altersdifferenzen 7.5 Differenz zwischen 14C- und Kalenderalter: Zeitliche Variation unter Einfluß des Erdmagnetfeldes - Modell und Befund 7.6 Sedimentationsraten der Kerne 23071, 23074 und PS2644 nach dem GISP2-Altersmodell Vøring-Plateau: Kerne 23071 und 23074 Südwest-Islandsee: Kern PS2644 8. Klimaoszillationen im Europäischen Nordmeer in der Zeit und Frequenzdomäne 8.1 "Der Einzelzyklus" in den Klimakurven von Kern PS2644 8.2 Zur Veränderlichkeit der Warm- und Kaltextreme sowie Zyklenlänge Besonderheiten in der Zyklenlänge Variation der Kalt-(Stadiale) Variation der Interstadiale 8.3 Periodizitäten der Klimasignale im Frequenzband der D.-Oe.-Zyklen. Der D.-Oe.-Zyklus von 1470 J., seine Multiplen und harmonischen Schwingungen Weitere Frequenzen: 1000-1150 Jahre- und 490- 510 Jahre-Zyklizitäten Höhere Frequenzen im Bereich von Jahrhunderten und Dekaden 8.4 Phasenbeziehungen und (örtliche) Steuemngsmechanismen der Dansgaard-Oeschger-Zyklen 9. Schlußfolgerungen Danksagung Literaturverzeichnis Anhang
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  • 3
    Call number: AWI A3-20-93434-2
    In: Meteorologische Abhandlungen / Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Freien Universität Berlin, Band XXXII, Heft 2
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 218 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Meteorologische Abhandlungen / Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Freien Universität Berlin 32,2
    Language: German
    Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG
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  • 4
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: Bände (Loseblattsammlung)
    ISBN: 9783963144509 , 3963144505
    Subsequent Title: Fortsetzung von EnEV und Energieausweise ...
    Language: German
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 5
    Journal available for loan
    Journal available for loan
    München : Altop Verlag ; 2007 -
    Call number: Z 19.92410
    Type of Medium: Journal available for loan
    Pages: 30 cm
    ISSN: 1865-4266
    Former Title: Vorg. Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften in Deutschland
    Language: German
    Note: Ungezählte Beil. ab 2010: Special , Ersch. jährl. 4x
    Branch Library: IASS Library
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  • 6
    Call number: IASS 22.95033
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 378 S , 225 mm x 135 mm
    ISBN: 3899421876 , 978-3-89942-187-3
    Series Statement: Edition panta rei
    Language: German
    Note: Zugl.: Marburg (Lahn), Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2004 u.d.T.: Gutmann, Mathias: Die Medialität des Erfahrens
    Branch Library: IASS Library
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  • 7
    Journal available for loan
    Journal available for loan
    Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck ; 1.1884 - 48.1931; N.F. 1.1932/33 - 10.1943/44(1945),3; 11.1948/49(1949) -
    Call number: ZS 22.95039
    Type of Medium: Journal available for loan
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1614-0974 , 0015-2218 , 0015-2218
    Language: German , English
    Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.
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  • 8
    Call number: 3/S 07.0034(2016)
    In: Annual report
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 51 Seiten
    ISSN: 1865-6439 , 1865-6447
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Annual report ... / Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Stuttgart : Schweizerbart Science Publishers ; Volume 1, number 1 (1978)-
    Call number: M 18.91571
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 134 Seiten
    ISSN: 2363-7196
    Series Statement: Global tectonics and metallogeny : special issue Vol. 10/2-4
    Classification:
    Tectonics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global tectonics and metallogeny
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 10
    Call number: S 90.0066(162,1)
    In: Geologisches Jahrbuch / A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 261 Seiten , Ill., 1 DVD-ROM (12 cm) und 1 Tafel-Beil. ([2] S.)
    ISBN: 9783510968534
    Series Statement: Geologisches Jahrbuch 162
    Classification:
    Engineering Geophysics
    Language: German
    Location: Lower compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 11
    Call number: Z 06.0500
    Type of Medium: Journal available for loan
    Pages: 30 cm
    ISSN: 1824-7741
    Former Title: Vorgänger Geologisch-paläontologische Mitteilungen, Innsbruck
    Language: German , English
    Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 12
  • 13
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Garmisch-Partenkirchen : Institut für atmosphärische Umweltforschung der Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft
    Call number: MOP 44829 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 25 S. , graph. Darst.
    Language: English
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 14
    Call number: IASS 15.89494
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: Losebl.-Ausg.
    Edition: Stand: Oktober 2010
    ISBN: 9783768501828
    Language: German
    Branch Library: IASS Library
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  • 15
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    [Edgecumbe, N.Z.] : A. Muller
    Call number: M 15.89146
    Description / Table of Contents: An account of the results of the 2 March 1987 earthquake in the eastern Bay of Plenty and the aftermath's effects on the people and places on the Rangitaiki Plains
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 223 S., , Ill.
    Language: English
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 16
    Call number: MOP 19538/1d-6d
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 111 S.
    ISSN: 0486-2287
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 17
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Madrid : Secc
    Call number: PIK N 456-17-90913
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 536 Seiten
    Series Statement: Ministerio de Transportes Turismo Y Comunicaciones : Publicación Serie A 114
    Parallel Title: 1,1=6; 2,1=13 von Publicaciones / D / Ministerio del Aire, Subsecretaria de Aviación Civil, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
    Language: Spanish
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
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  • 18
    Call number: PIK N 453-17-91096
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 50 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Language: German
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
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  • 19
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    London : Penguin Books
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    ISBN: 9780141985206
    Language: English
    Branch Library: IASS Library
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  • 20
    Monograph non-lending collection
    Monograph non-lending collection
    Leiden : Nijhoff ; 1.2009 -
    Call number: IASS 17.92082
    Type of Medium: Monograph non-lending collection
    ISSN: 1876-8814
    Language: English
    Branch Library: IASS Library
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  • 21
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeorolog. Izd.
    Call number: MOP 33767
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 663 S.
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr., russ.
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 22
    Call number: AWI A3-20-93434
    In: Meteorologische Abhandlungen / Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Freien Universität Berlin, Band XXXII, Heft 1
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 121 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Meteorologische Abhandlungen / Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Freien Universität Berlin 32,1
    Language: German
    Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 294 (1992), S. 466-478 
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 317 (1993), S. 474-484 
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2023-11-21
    Description: The world's forests store large amounts of carbon (C), and growing forests can reduce atmospheric CO2 by storing C in their biomass. This has provided the impetus for world-wide tree planting initiatives to offset fossil-fuel emissions. However, forests interact with their environment in complex and multifaceted ways that must be considered for a balanced assessment of the value of planting trees. First, one needs to consider the potential reversibility of C sequestration in trees through either harvesting or tree death from natural factors. If carbon storage is only temporary, future temperatures will actually be higher than without tree plantings, but cumulative warming will be reduced, contributing both positively and negatively to future climate-change impacts. Alternatively, forests could be used for bioenergy or wood products to replace fossil-fuel use which would obviate the need to consider the possible reversibility of any benefits. Forests also affect the Earth's energy balance through either absorbing or reflecting incoming solar radiation. As forests generally absorb more incoming radiation than bare ground or grasslands, this constitutes an important warming effect that substantially reduces the benefit of C storage, especially in snow-covered regions. Forests also affect other local ecosystem services, such as conserving biodiversity, modifying water and nutrient cycles, and preventing erosion that could be either beneficial or harmful depending on specific circumstances. Considering all these factors, tree plantings may be beneficial or detrimental for mitigating climate-change impacts, but the range of possibilities makes generalisations difficult. Their net benefit depends on many factors that differ between specific circumstances. One can, therefore, neither uncritically endorse tree planting everywhere, nor condemn it as counter-productive. Our aim is to provide key information to enable appropriate assessments to be made under specific circumstances. We conclude our discussion by providing a step-by-step guide for assessing the merit of tree plantings under specific circumstances.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2023-11-29
    Description: Seaweed farming contributes substantial amounts of organic carbon to the ocean, part of which can be locked for a long term in the ocean and perform the function of ocean carbon sequestration, and the other part can be converted into inorganic carbon through microbial mineralization and aerobic respiration, affecting the pCO2, pHT and dissolved oxygen of seawater. It is generally believed that seaweed farming will cause the seawater to become a sink of CO2 due to carbon fixation by macroalgal photosynthesis. However, little attention has been paid to the fact that seaweed farming environment may sometimes become a source rather than a sink of CO2. Here, through in-situ mesocosm cultivation experiments and eight field investigations covering different kelp growth stages in an intensive farming area in China, we found that compared with the surrounding seawater without kelps, the seawater at the fast-growth stage of kelp was a sink of CO2 (pCO2 decreased by 17−73 μatm), but became a source of CO2 at the aging stage of kelp (pCO2 increased by 20−37 μatm). Concurrently, seawater pHT experienced a transition from increase (by 0.02−0.08) to decline (by 0.03−0.04). In-situ mesocosm cultivation experiments showed that the positive environmental effects (i.e., pCO2 decrease and pHT increase) induced by kelps at the early growth stage could be offset within only 3 days at the late-growth and aging stages. The release of dissolved organic carbon by kelps at the late growth stage increased significantly, supporting the enhancement in microbial abundance and respiration, which was manifested by the remarkable decrease in seawater dissolved oxygen, ultimately leading to CO2 release exceeding photosynthetic CO2 absorption. This study suggests that mature farmed kelps should be harvested in time to best utilize their carbon sink function and environmental benefits, which has guiding significance for the rational management of seaweed farming.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2023-12-06
    Description: Highlights: • Inhibitory potential of eelgrass microbiome against aquatic and fecal pathogens • Isolation of epiphytes and endophytes associated with eelgrass leaves and roots • Particularly leaf epibiotic bacteria exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. • Rich secondary metabolite composition by untargeted metabolomics • Potential involvement of eelgrass microbiome in seagrass ecosystem services Seagrass meadows provide crucial ecosystem services for coastal environments and were shown to reduce the abundance of waterborne pathogens linked to infections in humans and marine organisms in their vicinity. Among potential drivers, seagrass phenolics released into seawater have been linked to pathogen suppression, but the potential involvement of the seagrass microbiome has not been investigated. We hypothesized that the microbiome of the eelgrass Zostera marina, especially the leaf epiphytes that are at direct interface between the seagrass host and the surrounding seawater, inhibit waterborne pathogens thereby contributing to their removal. Using a culture-dependent approach, we isolated 88 bacteria and fungi associated with the surfaces and inner tissues of the eelgrass leaves (healthy and decaying) and the roots. We assessed the antibiotic activity of microbial extracts against a large panel of common aquatic, human (fecal) and plant pathogens, and mined the metabolome of the most active extracts. The healthy leaf epibiotic bacteria, particularly Streptomyces sp. strain 131, displayed broad-spectrum antibiotic activity superior to some control drugs. Gram-negative bacteria abundant on healthy leaf surfaces, and few endosphere-associated bacteria and fungi also displayed remarkable activities. UPLC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics analyses showed rich specialized metabolite repertoires with low annotation rates, indicating the presence of many undescribed antimicrobials in the extracts. This study contributes to our understanding on microbial and chemical ecology of seagrasses, implying potential involvement of the seagrass microbiome in suppression of pathogens in seawater. Such effect is beneficial for the health of ocean and human, especially in the context of climate change that is expected to exacerbate all infectious diseases. It may also assist future seagrass conservation and management strategies.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: Total alkalinity (TA) is an important variable of the ocean carbonate system. In coastal oceans, carbonate system dynamics are controlled by a range of processes including photosynthesis and respiration, calcification, mixing of water masses, continental inputs, temperature changes, and seasonal upwelling. Assessments of diel, seasonal and interannual variations in TA are required to understand the carbon cycle in coastal oceans. However, our understanding of these variations remains underdeveloped due to limitations in observational techniques. Autonomous TA measurements are therefore required. In this study, an in situ TA analyzer (ISA-TA) based on a single-point titration with spectrophotometric pH detection was deployed in Tong'an Bay, Xiamen, China, over a five-month period in 2021 to determine diel and seasonal TA variations. The TA observations were combined with an artificial neural network (ANN) model to construct TA prediction models for this area. This provided a simple method to investigate TA variations in this region and was applied to predict surface water TA between March and April 2021. The in situ TA observations showed that TA values in Tong'an Bay varied within a range from 1931 to 2294 μmol kg−1 over the study period, with low TA in late winter, early summer and late summer, and high TA in early winter. The TA variations in late summer and early winter were mainly controlled by mixing of water bodies. The diel variations of TA were greatly determined by tides, with a diel amplitude of 9 to 247 μmol kg−1. The ANN model used temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and dissolved oxygen to estimate TA, with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of ∼14 μmol kg−1, with salinity as the input variable with the greatest weight. The approach of combining ISA-TA observations with an ANN model can be extended to study the carbonate system in other coastal regions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: Cephalopods are well known for their cognitive capabilities and unique behavioural repertoires. Yet, certain life strategies and behaviours are still not fully understood. For instance, coastal octopuses have been documented (mainly through citizen science and TV documentaries) to occasionally leave the water and crawl in intertidal areas. Yet, there is a complete lack of knowledge on this behaviour's physiological and biochemical basis. Within this context, this study aimed to investigate, for the first time, physiological (routine and maximum metabolic rates and aerobic scope) and biochemical (i.e., antioxidant enzymes activities, heat shock protein and ubiquitin levels, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation) responses of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, to emersion. The octopuses’ physiological performance was determined by measuring metabolic rates in different emersion treatments and biochemical markers. The size-adjusted maximum metabolic rates (MMRadj) of octopuses exposed to 2:30 min of air exposure followed by re-immersion did not differ significantly from the MMRadj of the chased individuals (control group). Yet, most biochemical markers revealed no significant differences among the different emersion treatments. Our findings showed that O. vulgaris could tolerate exposure to short-term emersion periods due to an efficient antioxidant machinery and cellular repair mechanisms. Alongside, we argue that the use of atmospheric air through the mucus-covered gills and/or cutaneous respiration may also help octopus withstand emersion and crawling on land.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉〈span〉This study delves into the management of electronic waste (e-waste) stemming from the disposal of personal electronic items and mobile phones, primarily in response to the remarkable surge in the utilization of these devices within the Hassan city populace in recent years. The principal objectives revolved around investigating the existing disposal methods for electronic devices including mobile phones and collecting fundamental data concerning their disposal practices within the geographical confines of Hassan city of Karnataka State. Additionally, an endeavor was undertaken to gauge the level of awareness among respondents regarding the potential hazards posed by e-waste. It was observed that a significant proportion of the Hassan population typically retains especially electronic devices is cell phones, once these devices become outdated and obsolete. Among the prevalent disposal methods, the most widespread approach involves selling these gadgets to scrap dealers or junk shops, whereas recycling practices remain relatively underutilized. Notably, a mere minority of individuals engage in recycling activities. An intriguing revelation emerged, with 65% of respondents expressing concern about the adverse repercussions of improper e-waste disposal on human health and the environment. Astonishingly, all respondents admitted to having no knowledge of the fate of their discarded electronic devices. Based on the findings gleaned from this survey, it is strongly recommended that a comprehensive review be conducted on the overarching management of e-waste stemming from this electronic waste including mobile phones, gadgets in the Hassan city of Karnataka State. The purpose of these surveys and data collection endeavors is to approximate the volume of e-waste generated through the disposal of these devices. This information is envisioned to assist stakeholders and government agencies in formulating effective and efficient legislation and policies for the proficient management of e-waste〈/span〉〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Indian Railroads is one of the largest railroad systems in the World. The Indian railway system has grown significantly over the years, as seen by the massive construction of its railroads; nonetheless, some accidents are caused by fractures in the railway track. Splits may occur because of the track's expansion or contraction brought on by seasonal variations. This study proposes a crack monitoring vehicle that employs an ultrasonic sensor to detect fractures on railway tracks and uses an Arduino Uno to facilitate the GSM and GPS module to send an SMS to the testing station, thereby mitigating the problems caused by these cracks. This intelligent system works like a remote monitoring system which gives an alert to stop the passage of trains in that path. The proposed model involves the use of Arduino, ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, GSM module, and GPS module.〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2024-01-02
    Description: Projections of precipitation extremes over land are crucial for socioeconomic risk assessments, yet model discrepancies limit their application. Here we use a pattern-filtering technique to identify low-frequency changes in individual members of a multimodel ensemble to assess discrepancies across models in the projected pattern and magnitude of change. Specifically, we apply low-frequency component analysis (LFCA) to the intensity and frequency of daily precipitation extremes over land in 21 CMIP-6 models. LFCA brings modest but statistically significant improvements in the agreement between models in the spatial pattern of projected change, particularly in scenarios with weak greenhouse forcing. Moreover, we show that LFCA facilitates a robust identification of the rates at which increasing precipitation extremes scale with global temperature change within individual ensemble members. While these rates approximately match expectations from the Clausius-Clapeyron relation on average across models, individual models exhibit considerable and significant differences. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that these differences contribute to uncertainty in the magnitude of projected change at least as much as differences in the climate sensitivity. Last, we compare these scaling rates with those identified from observational products, demonstrating that virtually all climate models significantly underestimate the rates at which increases in precipitation extremes have scaled with global temperatures historically. Constraining projections with observations therefore amplifies the projected intensification of precipitation extremes as well as reducing the relative error of their distribution.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2024-01-02
    Description: Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) moves atmospheric carbon to geological or land-based sinks. In a first-best setting, the optimal use of CDR is achieved by a removal subsidy that equals the optimal carbon tax and marginal damages. We derive second-best policy rules for CDR subsidies and carbon taxes when no global carbon price exists but a national government implements a unilateral climate policy. We find that the optimal carbon tax differs from an optimal CDR subsidy because of carbon leakage and a balance of resource trade effect. First, the optimal removal subsidy tends to be larger than the carbon tax because of lower supply-side leakage on fossil resource markets. Second, net carbon exporters exacerbate this wedge to increase producer surplus of their carbon resource producers, implying even larger removal subsidies. Third, net carbon importers may set their removal subsidy even below their carbon tax when marginal environmental damages are small, to appropriate producer surplus from carbon exporters.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 34
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-04
    Description: RV Meteor M197 EMS-PS ('Eastern Mediterranean Sea - Process Study'), 30.12.2023 – 06.02.2024
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2024-01-05
    Description: We investigate the drivers of global and regional changes in the potential for photovoltaic (PV) power production from the pre-industrial (1850) to present-day (1985-2014) and until the end of the century (2071-2100), based on output from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase six (CMIP6). Our assessment separates regional contributions from changes in clouds, humidity, temperature, aerosols, and wind speed to the changes in PV power potentials for the first time. Present-day PV power potentials are adversely affected by anthropogenic aerosols compared to the pre-industrial, with a global decrease of the PV power potential by -1.3%. Our results highlight a globally averaged decrease in future PV power potentials primarily driven by temperature and humidity increases by -1.2% to more than -3.5%, depending on the scenario. Regionally different contributions of changes in clouds and aerosols cause heterogeneous spatial patterns in changes of PV potentials, with typically stronger (weaker) influences from clouds (aerosols) in SSP5-8.5 compared to SSP1-2.6. Our results imply that the uncertain response of clouds to warming and aerosol effects are hurdles in quantifying changes in the regional potentials for PV power production.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 36
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    GEOMAR
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: RV Meteor M197 EMS-PS ('Eastern Mediterranean Sea - Process Study'), 30.12.2023 – 06.02.2024
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2024-01-07
    Description: Reconstructing interglacial marine environments helps us understand the climate change mechanisms of the past. To contribute to this body of knowledge, we studied a high-resolution 455 cm-thick sediment sequence of the Boreal (Eemian) marine beds directly overlying Moscovian (Saalian) moraine in the Bychye-2 section on the Pyoza River. We analyzed lithological and microfossil (foraminifers, ostracods, pollen, aquatic palynomorphs) variations at the studied site. Stratigraphical zonation is based on the local and well-established regional pollen zones, correlated with the western European pollen zones. The studied marine beds accumulated from the end of the Moscovian glacial (〉131 ka) until ca. 119.5 ka. We distinguished three successive phases: a seasonally sea-ice-covered, relatively deep, freshened basin in the initial rapid flooding stage (〉131–130.5 ka); a deep basin in the maximum flooding phase with less extensive sea ice cover (130.5–130.25 ka); and a shallow basin with reduced sea ice cover (130.25–119.5 ka). According to a pollen zone comparison with other sites, the regional glacioisostatic rebound started ca. 130 ka. The diverse warm-water assemblages of benthic foraminifers and ostracods containing typical Baltic Sea species occurred during the regression, mainly 128–124 ka, thus giving evidence for a relatively long-lasting connection between the White and Baltic Seas.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2024-01-07
    Description: The sustainability of southern Africa’s natural and managed marine and terrestrial ecosystems is threatened by overuse, mismanagement, population pressures, degradation, and climate change. Counteracting unsustainable development requires a deep understanding of earth system processes and how these are affected by ongoing and anticipated global changes. This information must be translated into practical policy and management interventions. Climate models project that the rate of terrestrial warming in southern Africa is above the global terrestrial average. Moreover, most of the region will become drier. Already there is evidence that climate change is disrupting ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. This is likely to continue in the foreseeable future, but impacts can be partly mitigated through urgent implementation of appropriate policy and management interventions to enhance resilience and sustainability of the ecosystems. The recommendations presented in the previous chapters are informed by a deepened scientific understanding of the relevant earth system processes, but also identify research and knowledge gaps. Ongoing disciplinary research remains critical, but needs to be complemented with cross-disciplinary and transdisciplinary research that can integrate across temporal and spatial scales to give a fuller understanding of not only individual components of the complex earth-system, but how they interact.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2024-01-07
    Description: The southern African subcontinent and its surrounding oceans accommodate globally unique ecoregions, characterized by exceptional biodiversity and endemism. This diversity is shaped by extended and steep physical gradients or environmental discontinuities found in both ocean and terrestrial biomes. The region’s biodiversity has historically been the basis of life for indigenous cultures and continues to support countless economic activities, many of them unsustainable, ranging from natural resource exploitation, an extensive fisheries industry and various forms of land use to nature-based tourism. Being at the continent’s southern tip, terrestrial species have limited opportunities for adaptive range shifts under climate change, while warming is occurring at an unprecedented rate. Marine climate change effects are complex, as warming may strengthen thermal stratification, while shifts in regional wind regimes influence ocean currents and the intensity of nutrient-enriching upwelling. The flora and fauna of marine and terrestrial southern African biomes are of vital importance for global biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. They thus deserve special attention in further research on the impacts of anthropogenic pressures including climate change. Excellent preconditions exist in the form of long-term data sets of high quality to support scientific advice for future sustainable management of these vulnerable biomes.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: The applicability of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) level 1B range-rate data for detecting gravity changes under the influence of strong earthquakes (M6.0-6.9) has been investigated. The most common product of the GRACE mission is the level 2, science data, as the spherical harmonic Stokes’ coefficients of the geopotential. These coefficients have been generated from Level 1B data which has resulted in missing some information during the smoothing process. In this study, the GRACE level 1B K-band range-rate measurements over three selected cells in Iran were analyzed, including two cells containing the epicenters of the Boroujerd earthquake (6.1 Mw) and the Zarand earthquake (6.4 Mw), which occurred on March 31, 2006, and February 22, 2005, respectively, and one cell far enough from those two cells. Additionally, the range-rate time series attributed to Iran's main catchments containing the above-mentioned zones have been extracted to distinguish between the effects of earthquakes and hydrology on the range-rate time series. Besides, the impact of factors other than earthquakes such as tide and non-gravitational accelerations acting on the GRACE satellites has been corrected. To better explore the extracted signals, their details have been derived using the wavelet transforms and the corresponding anomalies have been detected using the boxplot method. The considerable anomalies that have been observed in areas within or close to the earthquakes' epicenters before and after the earthquakes indicate that the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On range-rate time series can be considered as one of the potential precursors of a strong earthquake.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: سپیدایی از فراسنجﻫﺎی کلیدی در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آب و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. بررسی آب و هواشناسی سپیدایی می‌تواند ابزاری برای شناخت تغییرات محیطی باشد. ﺳﻨﺠﻨﺪه مودیس سپیدایی سطح زﻣﻴﻦ را ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ در ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ و ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪرت ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ مناسب ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و در دسترس پژوهشگران ﻗﺮار می‌دهد. در این پژوهش جهتِ واکاوی آب و هواشناسی سپیدایی ایران‌، نخست داده‌های فراورده MCD43A4 سنجنده مودیس در محدوده ایران در بازه زمانی 1/1/2001 تا 30/12/2021 با تفکیک مکانی 500 متری و تفکیک زمانی روزانه از وبگاه ناسا برداشت شد. پس از پیش پردازش‌های لازم، میانگین بلندمدت ماهانه، فصلی و سالانه سپیدایی ایران محاسبه گردید. یافته‌ها در مقیاس ماهانه نشان داد که در ماه‌های سرد سال( Jan, Feb, Mar ) که ماه‌های برفپوش ایران شناخته می‌شوند، سپیدایی ایران بیشینه شده و ماه‌های گذار فروکش کرده و سپس در ماه‌های گرم سال (June, July, Aug) به سبب خشکی زمین و افزایش دمای رویه زمین دوباره افزایش می‌یابد. این رفتار دو سویه در مقیاس فصلی نیز آشکار است. بطوری که سپیدایی ایران در فصول زمستان و تابستان بیشینه و در فصول بهار و پاییز (فصول گذار) کمینه می‌باشد. همچنین یافته‌ها گویای آن است که میانگین بلندمدت سپیدایی ایران حدود 5/12 درصد است. با آگاهی از محدود بودن پوشش برفی ایران، پایین بودن سپیدایی ایران طبیعی به نظر می‌رسد.
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: Evaluating the susceptibility of regional climates to climate change gives a pattern to realistically analyze the probable future climate changes. This paper investigates human influence on variations in precipitation extremes in Iran by evaluating precipitation data provided from 286 rain-gage stations during 1967-2010 and general circulation simulation results of CanESM2 model. This investigation was based on six forcing factors including natural external (volcanic aerosol, solar radiation), anthropogenic and a combination of them, Green House Gases (GHGs), change of land use, and anthropogenic aerosols. Seven precipitation indices namely Rx1day (Annual maximum 1-day precipitation), Rx5day (Annual maximum 5-day precipitation), R10mm (Annual count of days where daily precipitation is more than 10 mm), R20mm (Annual count of days where daily precipitation is more than 20 mm), CDD (Consecutive dry days), CWD (Consecutive wet days), and PRCPTOT (Annual total wet day precipitation) have been analyzed via the optimal fingerprint method. The results revealed that Rx1day, Rx5day and CWD increased, while R10mm, R20mm, CDD, and PRCPTOT decreased among which CDD and Rx1day indices with values of 18.4% and 10.9%, respectively showed significant variations. Furthermore, the obtained results implied that only the effect of anthropogenic forcing with a value of 1.4 was detected and attributed in CDD variations, also ANT caused increase in the return period of a 20-year event by 1.9 year for CDD. Although human-induced forcing factors presented marked trends in some cases, their effects were not generally detected and attributed on the change in the observations, apart from one exception.
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: گردوخاک پدیده هواشناسی رایج در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک جهان است که در اثر عوامل طبیعی یا انسانی ایجاد می‌شود. شناسایی چشمه‌های فعال گردوخاک نخستین گام برای مقابله با آن و کاهش پیامدهای مخرب آن است. برای این منظور از دو شاخص عمق نوری هواویزها (AOD) و اختلاف بهنجار شده پوشش گیاهی (NDVI) از سنجنده MODIS ماهواره Terra برای دو دهه گذشته (2020-2001) استفاده شده است. برای بررسی چشمه‌های فعال هواویز در منطقه مورد مطالعه درصد فراوانی آستانه‌های هواویزها با سه آستانه 0.3، 0.5و 1 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بیشینه مقادیر AOD مربوط به فصول بهار و تابستان است. بطور کلی شش کانون اصلی هواویزها بر اساس مقادیر AOD و شاخص FoO برای منطقه غرب آسیا قابل تشخیص است. این کانون‌های هواویز در پهنه اقلیمی بیابانی گرم و خشک (BWh) دیده می‌شوند. تنها کانون هووایز موثر در شمال شرقی ایران در پهنه اقلیمی بیابانی خشک و سرد (BWk) در کشور ترکمنستان قرار دارد. بررسی ماتریس ضریب همبستگی هواویزها با پوشش گیاهی نشان ازرابطه معکوس دارد، البته این رابطه بیشتر برای چشمه‌های هواویزها صادق است. فارغ از نقش تعیین کننده ویژگی‌های سطحی در رخداد هواویزها، دو پدیده هواشناسی همانند باد شمال تابستانه و باد 120 روزه سیستان در تشکیل کانون‌هایی با مقادیر AOD بالاتر 0.5 و 1 نقش تعیین کننده‌‌ای دارند.
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: بازتابسنجی تداخلی GNSS را میتوان بعنوان یکی دیگر از روشهای سنجش از دور برای پایش رطوبت خاک بصورت پیوسته و البته در مقیاس محلی در نظر گرفت که در وضعیتهای مختلف جوی مانند شرایط بارانی و مه آلود و در شرایط متفاوت نور و روشنایی مانند روز و شب قابل اجرا است. سیگنالهای بازتابی از سطح زمین توسط آنتنهای GNSS قابل دریافت است. تغییرات در رطوبت خاک باعث تغییر در مقدار مؤلفه نسبت سیگنال به نویز SNRسیگنال‌های بازتابی میشود. با تجزیه و تحلیل سیگنالهای بازتابی، میتوان به اطلاعات مفیدی در مورد سطح بازتاب دست یافت. SNR به شدت به رطوبت خاک وابسته است. در این تحقیق داده های ایستگاه P038 در منطقه نیومکزیکو مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد. بدینصورت که از سیگنالهای چندمسیری برای برآورد تغییرات رطوبت خاک در طول چهار سال، از 2017 تا 2020 استفاده میشود. طبق برآورد انجام شده سطح محتوای حجمی آب در سال 2017، برابر 8/88 میباشد، که در سال 2018 به 11/74 افزایش مییابد. سپس اندکی کاهش یافته و در سال 2019 به 10/88 رسیده و نهایتاً در سال 2020 به 12/49 افزایش مییابد. در این مقاله کارائی مدل شبکه عصبی LSTM در پیش بینی سری زمانی رطوبت حجمی خاک بدست آمده از تداخل سیگنالهای بازتابی GNSS مورد ارزیابی قرار می‌گیرد. آموزش مدل با استفاده از 80 درصد مشاهدات ایستگاه انجام میگیرد. با به روزرسانی وضعیت شبکه با مقادیر مشاهده شده به جای مقادیر پیش بینی شده، مقدار جذر خطای مربعی میانگین از 0/09 به 0/04 کاهش یافته و پیش بینی ها دقیقتر انجام میشوند.
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: Abstract Subsurface channels are stratigraphic features in seismic data that can act as reservoirs or conduits for hydrocarbons. However, detecting and characterizing these channels is challenging due to the limitations of seismic resolution and the complexity of the subsurface geology. Seismic inversion is a technique that can enhance the seismic data by transforming the seismic traces into quantitative estimates such as acoustic impedance (AI), which is a key reservoir rock property. AI inversion can help to identify and delineate the subsurface channels by providing more contrast and detail of the channel geometry, fill, and surrounding sediments. Seismic inversion is often challenged by the non-uniqueness, ambiguity, and uncertainty of the inversion results due to noise and band-limited data. This paper uses a fuzzy model-based seismic inversion method that integrates prior information and fuzzy clustering constraints to produce more realistic and reliable AI models. This method assigns data points to multiple clusters with varying degrees of membership, which can capture the overlapping of AI values of different geological formations. The method is applied to the 3D Poseidon seismic data from the Browse Basin, offshore Western Australia, and the results are compared with those of conventional model-based inversion. Since there is no well-data in an interest channel zone, a qualitative evaluation with seismic attributes is performed. The subsurface structures are further interpreted by various seismic attributes. The comparison shows the fuzzy model-based inversion method can improve the resolution, contrast, and stability of the AI models and reveal more detail of the subsurface geology.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: یکی از چالش‌های اصلی در بکارگیری مدل‌های ژئوپتانسیلی جهانی، محاسبه توابع لژاندر وابسته نوع اول بر اساس فرمول-های بازگشتی معمول است. از آنجاییکه اکثر نرم‌افزارهای محاسباتی به طور پیش‌فرض از فرمت «دقت مضاعف» در محاسبات استفاده می‌کنند، یک سوال مهم این است که آیا این سطح دقت برای محاسبه توابع لژاندر وابسته نوع اول و ارزیابی مدل‌های ژئوپتانسیلی کافی است؟ نتایج نشان می‌دهد که محاسبه توابع لژاندر در درجه 2190، معادل بالاترین درجه مدل‌های ژئوپتانسیلی جهانی موجود، حتی با بکارگیری دقت مضاعف، برای عرض‌های کروی در بازه [ʹ33˚78 وʹ20˚56] از دقت کافی برخوردار نیست، که بیشترین کاهش دقت در عرض کروی 60 درجه رخ می‌دهد. همچنین نتایج نشان می‌دهد که در عرض کروی 60 درجه، محاسبه توابع لژاندر در درجات بالاتر از 2029، دچار افت دقت شده و این افت دقت با افزایش درجه تشدید می‌گردد. بر اساس نتایج، محاسبه پتانسیل ثقل و شتاب ثقل تا درجه 2190، به ترتیب در محدوده عرض‌های کروی ازʹ32˚57 تاʹ13˚60 و ازʹ41˚57 تا ʹ13˚60 دچار افت شدید دقت می‌شود. از نتایج ما درمی‌یابیم که حداکثر درجه بسط برای محاسبه دقیق پتانسیل ثقل و شتاب ثقل برای تمام عرض‌های کروی، به ترتیب درجه 2065 و 2071 است. در این تحقیق، ما نشان می‌دهیم که برای محاسبه توابع لژاندر بر اساس روابط بازگشتی و تولید تابعک‌های میدان ثقل بر اساس مدل‌های ژئوپتانسیلی درجات بالای کنونی، نیازمند حفظ «دقت مضاعف طویل» در تمام فرایند محاسباتی هستیم.
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Road safety is a critical concern in the modern world, where advancements in technology have made our lives easier but have also given rise to increased traffic hazards and road accidents. The "Car Accident Detector and Informer" project is an innovative system aimed at enhancing road safety by accurately detecting and informing about car accidents in real-time. This project integrates advanced sensors, microcontroller technology, and communication protocols to create an efficient accident detection and notification system. Utilizing GPS and GSM technology for precise location tracking and instant notifications, this system has the potential to reduce emergency response times, save lives, and minimize property damage. This research paper presents a detailed overview of the project, including its objectives, working principles, components, advantages, disadvantages, and prospects.〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Spatiotemporal data analytics is a dynamic field that seeks to extract valuable information from data that integrates both spatial and temporal dimensions. This article explores the importance of this emerging field and its applications in a variety of fields, including environmental science, public health, and urban planning. Spatiotemporal data analysis addresses important research questions, such as determining event probabilities, understanding change patterns, identifying associations between events, and predicting events Future. However, this comes with many challenges, including managing large datasets, ensuring data quality, dealing with spatial and temporal autocorrelation, and more. To address these challenges, proposed solutions include data reduction and sampling, dimensionality reduction, data compression, use of spatial and temporal indexes, parallel and distributed processing, data filtering and pre- processing. Furthermore, strategies to handle spatial and temporal autocorrelation include exploratory data analysis, using spatial weight matrices, including spatially lagged variables, and regression models. spatial attribution, cluster analysis, etc for spatial autocorrelation and for temporal autocorrelation, solutions include time series analysis, differencing, ARIMA models, lagged variables, time series decomposition, exponential smoothing, state space modelling, machine learning, cross-validation, and regularization techniques. These approaches provide valuable insights to address the complexity of spatio-temporal data analysis and unlock its potential in various fields.〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Diamond drilling, a core drilling technique employing diamond-encrusted drill bits, has emerged as a critical method for extracting cylindrical rock samples from diverse geological formations. This article provides an extensive overview of diamond drilling, encompassing its equipment, applications, challenges, and its pivotal role in geological exploration, mining, and construction projects. The versatility of diamond drilling is evident in its adaptability to various rock types, spanning the gamut from soft sedimentary strata to formidable crystalline structures. In mining, it serves as an indispensable tool for assessing the quality, depth, and size of mineral deposits. Likewise, in construction and civil engineering, diamond drilling aids in ascertaining geological conditions for safe and stable foundation design. Environmental considerations are paramount in contemporary drilling practices, with containment measures for drilling fluids to mitigate ecological impacts. Safety precautions are rigorously adhered to, ensuring the well-being of workers and the integrity of drilling operations. Furthermore, core samples extracted through diamond drilling are instrumental in geological investigations. These samples, meticulously analyzed, yield insights into rock composition, mineral content, and geological structures. They inform decisions in resource exploration, mine planning, and construction project management. This review underscores the invaluable contributions of diamond drilling to our understanding of the Earth's subsurface, emphasizing its adaptability, environmental consciousness, and safety. By examining the critical aspects of this technique, this article illuminates the profound impact of diamond drilling on various industries and the scientific community, positioning it as an indispensable tool for unlocking the secrets hidden beneath the Earth's surface.〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: This study investigates the adjustment of large-scale localized buoyancy anomalies in mid-latitude regions and the nonlinear evolution of associated condensation patterns in both adiabatic and moist-convective environments. This investigation is carried out utilizing the two-layer idealized moist-convective thermal rotating shallow water (mcTRSW) model. Our investigation reveals that the presence of a circular positive potential temperature anomaly in the lower layer initiates an anticyclonic high-pressure rotation, accompanied by a negative buoyancy anomaly in the upper layer, resulting in an anisotropic northeast–southwest tilted circulation of heat flux. The evolution of eddy heat fluxes, such as poleward heat flux, energy, and meridional elongation of the buoyancy field, heavily depends on the perturbation's strength, size, and vertical structure. The heatwave initiates atmospheric instability, leading to precipitation systems such as rain bands and asymmetric latent heat release due to moist convection in a diabatic environment. This creates a comma cloud pattern in the upper troposphere and a comma-shaped buoyancy anomaly in the lower layer, accompanied by the emission of inertia gravity waves. The southern and eastern sectors of the buoyancy anomaly show an upward flux, generating a stronger cross-equatorial flow and inertia-gravity waves in a southward and eastward direction. Furthermore, the simulations reveal a similar asymmetric pattern of total condensed liquid water content distribution, accompanied by the intensification of moist convection as rain bands. This intensification is more pronounced in barotropic structures than in baroclinic configurations with stagnant upper layers. This study highlights the importance of considering moist convection and its effects on atmospheric and oceanic flows in mid-latitude regions, as well as the role of buoyancy anomalies in generating heatwaves and precipitation patterns.
    Language: English
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  • 51
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    Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
    In:  Ariadne-Analyse
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: Here, we present BASD-CMIP6-PE, a high-resolution (1d, 10 km) climate dataset for Peru and Ecuador based on the bias-adjusted and statistically downscaled CMIP6 climate projections of 10 GCMs. This dataset includes both historical simulations (1850–2014) and future projections (2015–2100) for precipitation and minimum, mean, and maximum temperature under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). The BASD-CMIP6-PE climate data were generated using the trend-preserving Bias Adjustment and Statistical Downscaling (BASD) method. The BASD performance was evaluated using observational data and through hydrological modeling across Peruvian and Ecuadorian river basins in the historical period. Results demonstrated that BASD significantly reduced biases between CMIP6-GCM simulations and observational data, enhancing long-term statistical representations, including mean and extreme values, and seasonal patterns. Furthermore, the hydrological evaluation highlighted the appropriateness of adjusted GCM simulations for simulating streamflow, including mean, low, and high flows. These findings underscore the reliability of BASD-CMIP6-PE in assessing regional climate change impacts on agriculture, water resources, and hydrological extremes.
    Language: English
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2024-01-11
    Description: Beryllium isotopes have emerged as a quantitative tracer of continental weathering, but accurate and precise determination of the cosmogenic 10 Be and stable 9 Be in seawater is challenging, because seawater contains high concentrations of matrix elements but extremely low concentrations of 9 Be and 10 Be. In this study, we develop a new, time‐efficient procedure for the simultaneous preconcentration of 9 Be and 10 Be from (coastal) seawater based on the iron co‐precipitation method. The concentrations of 9 Be, 10 Be, and the resulting 10 Be/ 9 Be ratio for Changjiang Estuary water derived from the new procedure agree well with those obtained from the conventional procedure requiring separate preconcentration for 9 Be and 10 Be determinations. By avoiding the separate preconcentration, our newly developed procedure contributes toward more time‐efficient handling of samples, less sample cross‐contamination, and a more reliable 10 Be/ 9 Be ratio. Prior to this, we validated the iron co‐precipitation method using artificial seawater and natural water samples from the Amazon Estuary regarding: (1) the “matrix effect” for Be analysis, (2) its extraction efficiency for pg g −1 levels Be in the presence and absence of organic matter, and (3) the data comparability with another preconcentration method. We calculated that for the determination of 9 Be and 10 Be in most open ocean seawater with typical 10 Be concentrations of 〉 500 atoms g −1 , good precisions (〈 5%) can be achieved using less than 3 liters of seawater compared to more than 20 liters routinely used previously. Even for coastal seawater with extremely low 10 Be concentration (e.g., 100 atoms g −1 ), we estimate a maximum amount of 10 liters to be adequate.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: The article evidences to what extent rights-based climate litigation is applied as a strategy to enhance the recognition and protection of climate-induced migrants. Adopting a deduc- tive approach and desk review, the study, illustrates how climate-induced migration has been addressed by International Human Rights Law, with some attention also paid to the growing application of the right to a safe climate and climate justice. The study highlights the duties of both States and private actors in tackling the emerging climate crisis under the human rights agenda. Relevant responsibilities are framed in particular within the scope of rights-based litiga- tion dealing with the topic. We present an analysis of litigation linked to climate-induced migration that was filed before distinct international, regional, and national jurisdictions and, in doing so, propose a chronology of cases—structured in three generations—of how population movements as a result of climate change have been discussed by judicial means. The first generation relates to cases that consider the issue from the perspective of protection—in both national, regional, and international jurisdictions. The second generation emerges within general climate litigation claims, involving commitments linked to the climate agenda. In addition to raising (forced) pop- ulation movements as one of the expected impacts of climate change, such cases frequently call upon a rights-based approach. The third generation encompasses rights-based cases cen- tred on climate-induced migrants per se. The strengths and limitations of rights-based litigation to respond to the topic are finally highlighted: we conclude that litigation remains a blunt but not unpromising tool to respond to climate-induced migration. Generic references to the risk of (forced) population movements largely prevail; nevertheless, strategic rights-based litigation can facilitate the visibility of climate-induced migrants to the international community, fostering the development of legal solutions in the longer term.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2024-01-10
    Description: Introduction: Behavioural interventions could improve caregivers’ food hygiene practices in low-resource settings. So far, evidence is limited to small-scale and short-term studies, and few have evaluated the long-term maintenance of promoted behaviours. We evaluated the effect of a relatively large-scale behaviour change intervention on medium and long-term maintenance of household food hygiene practices in Bangladesh. - Methods: We analyse a secondary outcome of the Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM) cluster-randomised trial and its sub-study Food Hygiene to reduce Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (FHEED), conducted in Habiganj district, Sylhet division, Bangladesh. The FAARM trial used a 1:1 parallel arm design and included 2705 women in 96 settlements: 48 intervention and 48 control. Women in the intervention settlements received training in homestead gardening, poultry rearing and nutrition over three years (2015–2018), complemented by an eight-month (mid-2017 to early-2018) behaviour change component on food hygiene using motivational drivers. Nested within the FAARM trial, the FHEED sub-study evaluated several outcomes along the hygiene pathway. For this article, we evaluated household food hygiene behaviours by analysing structured observation data collected in two cross-sectional surveys, four and 16 months after the food hygiene promotion ended, from two independent subsamples of FAARM women with children aged 6–18 months. We assessed intervention effects on food hygiene practices using mixed-effects logistic regression, accounting for clustering. In exploratory analyses, we further assessed behaviour patterns – how often critical food hygiene behaviours were performed individually, in combination and consistently across events. - Results: Based on the analysis of 524 complementary feeding and 800 food preparation events in households from 571 participant women, we found that intervention households practised better food hygiene than controls four months post-intervention, with somewhat smaller differences after 16 months. Overall, the intervention positively affected food hygiene, particularly around child feeding: using soap for handwashing (odds ratio 5·8, 95% CI 2·2–15·2), cleaning feeding utensils (3·8, 1·9–7·7), and cooking fresh/reheating food (1·8, 1·1–2·8). However, the simultaneous practice of several behaviours was rare, occurring in only 10% of feeding events (intervention: 15%; control: 4%), and the practice of safe food hygiene behaviours was inconsistent between events. - Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a motivational behaviour change intervention encouraged caregivers to maintain certain safe food hygiene practices in a rural setting. However, substantial physical changes in the household environment are likely needed to make these behaviours habitual.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2024-01-11
    Language: English
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2024-01-11
    Description: Increasing renewable sources in the energy mix is essential to mitigate climate change, not least in countries where the energy demand is likely to rise over the coming decades to reduce or even skip durations of time where fossils dominate. For Africa, solar photovoltaic (PV) and inland wind energy, combined with hydropower, provide significant and untapped potentials, whereas trends and robustness measures need further investigation. This study aims to gain insight into distributed trends in solar PV and wind energy potentials over Africa. This study employs relevant metrics, including relative change, model agreement, robustness, bias, and absolute levels for every available model combination and two climate scenarios, with energy planning purposes in mind. The study finds that regional climate models were the primary control of spatio-temporal patterns over their driving global climate model. Solar PV potentials show more coherence between models, a lower bias and general high potentials in most African regions than wind potentials. Favourable locations for inland wind energy include mainly the regions of greater Sahara and the Horn region. For wind and solar potentials combined, scattered locations within Sahara stand out as the most favourable across scenarios and periods. The analysis of minimum energy potentials shows stable conditions despite low potentials in certain regions. The results demonstrate a potential for solar and wind power in most of the African regions and highlight why solar and wind power or synergies of energy mix should be considered for local energy planning and storage solutions.
    Language: English
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2024-01-11
    Description: This paper describes the rationale and the protocol of the first component of the third simulation round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3a, http://www.isimip.org, last access: 2 November 2023) and the associated set of climate-related and direct human forcing data (CRF and DHF, respectively). The observation-based climate-related forcings for the first time include high-resolution observational climate forcings derived by orographic downscaling, monthly to hourly coastal water levels, and wind fields associated with historical tropical cyclones. The DHFs include land use patterns, population densities, information about water and agricultural management, and fishing intensities. The ISIMIP3a impact model simulations driven by these observation-based climate-related and direct human forcings are designed to test to what degree the impact models can explain observed changes in natural and human systems. In a second set of ISIMIP3a experiments the participating impact models are forced by the same DHFs but a counterfactual set of atmospheric forcings and coastal water levels where observed trends have been removed. These experiments are designed to allow for the attribution of observed changes in natural, human, and managed systems to climate change, rising CH4 and CO2 concentrations, and sea level rise according to the definition of the Working Group II contribution to the IPCC AR6.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: تعیین لبه و موقعیت افقی ساختارهای زمین‌شناسی یکی از مراحل اساسی در تفسیر داده‌های میدان پتانسیل محسوب می‌گردد. در این مقاله مثبت‌ترین و منفی‌ترین انحنا داده‌های گرانی تجزیه و تحلیل گردیده و فیلتری کارآمدتر با استفاده از نشانگرهای انحنا و ترکیبات آن‌ها برای تشخیص گوشه‌های ساختارها و چشمه‌های مدفون گرانی معرفی و استفاده گردیده است. روش پیشنهادی که فیلتر انحنای هیبریدی مثبت و منفی (یا به اختصار PNH) نامیده می‌شود، مثبت‌ترین و منفی‌ترین انحناها را با تنظیم فرمول و جمع وزنی در یک انحنا ترکیب و از مزایای دو انحنا مثبت و منفی برای بهبود تشخیص لبه داده‌های گرانی استفاده می‌نماید. بدین منظور ابتدا توانایی فیلتر PNH با در نظر گرفتن فرض‌های مختلف چگالی (مثبت، منفی و مثبت-منفی) برای مدل گرانی نسبتا پیچیده مصنوعی حاصل از منشورهای مدفون بدون نوفه و همراه با نوفه تصادفی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته که نتایج به دست آمده بر روی مدل‌های مصنوعی نشان می‌دهد فیلتر انحنای هیبریدی مثبت و منفی، از توانایی نسبتا خوبی برای تشخیص مرزهای افقی ساختارهای مدفون با چگالی و عمق‌های مختلف برخوردار است. همچنین از فیلترهای استاندارد تعیین گوشه مانند، مشتق قائم مرتبه دوم گرانی و فیلتر زاویه تیلت یا کجی برای مقایسه و صحت‌سنجی توانایی فیلترهای نشانگر انحنا بر روی مدل مصنوعی استفاده شده است. در ادامه کیفیت فیلتر پیشنهادی PNH ابتدا بر روی داده‌های واقعی یک معدن طلا واقع در منطقه ویتواترزند (آفریقای جنوبی) و سپس بر روی داده‌های گرانی مربوط به گنبد نمکی آجی‌چای (ایران) مورد بررسی و مطالعه قرار گرفته است.
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Ice calved from the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets or tidewater glaciers ultimately melts in the ocean contributing to sea-level rise. Icebergs have also been described as biological hotspots due to their potential roles as platforms for marine mammals and birds, and as micronutrient fertilizing agents. Icebergs may be especially important in the Southern Ocean where availability of the micronutrients iron and manganese extensively limits marine primary production. Whilst icebergs have long been described as a source of iron to the ocean, their nutrient signature is poorly constrained and it is unclear if there are regional differences. Here we show that 589 ice fragments collected from floating ice in contrasting regions spanning the Antarctic Peninsula, Greenland, and smaller tidewater systems in Svalbard, Patagonia and Iceland have similar characteristic (micro)nutrient signatures with limited or no significant differences between regions. Icebergs are a minor or negligible source of macronutrients to the ocean with low concentrations of NOx (NO3 + NO2, median 0.51 µM), PO4 (median 0.04 µM), and dissolved Si (dSi, median 0.02 µM). In contrast, icebergs deliver elevated concentrations of dissolved Fe (dFe; mean 82 nM, median 12 nM) and Mn (dMn; mean 26 nM, median 2.6 nM). A tight correlation between total dissolvable Fe and Mn (R2 = 0.95) and a Mn:Fe ratio of 0.024 suggested a lithogenic origin for the majority of sediment present in ice. Total dissolvable Fe and Mn retained a strong relationship with sediment load (both R2 = 0.43, p〈0.001), whereas weaker relationships were observed for dFe, dMn and dSi. Sediment load for Antarctic ice (median 9 mg L-1, n=144) was low compared to prior reported values for the Arctic. A particularly curious incidental finding was that melting samples of ice were observed to rapidly lose their sediment load, even when sediment layers were embedded within the ice and stored in the dark. Our results demonstrated that the nutrient signature of icebergs is consistent with an atmospheric source of NOx and PO4. Conversely, high Fe and Mn, and modest dSi concentrations, are associated with englacial sediment, which experiences limited biogeochemical processing prior to release into the ocean.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Microbial carbonates are common components of Quaternary tropical coral reefs. Previous studies revealed that sulfate-reducing bacteria trigger microbial carbonate precipitation in supposedly cryptic reef environments. Here, using petrography, lipid biomarker analysis, and stable isotope data, we aim to understand the formation mechanism of microbial carbonate enclosed in deep fore reef limestones from Mayotte and Mohéli, Comoro Islands, which differ from other reefal microbial carbonates in that they contain less microbial carbonate and are dominated by numerous sponges. To discern sponge-derived lipids from lipids enclosed in microbial carbonate, lipid biomarker inventories of diverse sponges from the Mayotte and Mohéli reef systems were examined. Abundant peloidal, laminated, and clotted textures point to a microbial origin of the authigenic carbonates, which is supported by ample amounts of mono- O -alkyl glycerol monoethers (MAGEs) and terminally branched fatty acids; both groups of compounds are attributed to sulfate-reducing bacteria. Sponges revealed a greater variety of alkyl chains in MAGEs, including new, previously unknown, mid-chain monomethyl- and dimethyl-branched MAGEs, suggesting a diverse community of sulfate reducers different from the sulfate-reducers favoring microbialite formation. Aside from biomarkers specific for sulfate-reducing bacteria, lipids attributed to demosponges (i.e., demospongic acids) are also present in some of the sponges and the reefal carbonates. Fatty acids attributed to demosponges show a higher diversity and a higher proportion in microbial carbonate compared to sponge tissue. Such pattern reflects significant taphonomic bias associated with the preservation of demospongic acids, with preservation apparently favored by carbonate authigenesis.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2024-01-14
    Description: Marine methane hydrate is an ice-like substance that is stable in sediment around marine continental margins where water depths are greater than ~450–700 m. The release of methane due to melting of hydrates is considered to be a mechanism for past global carbon-cycle perturbations and could exacerbate ongoing anthropogenic climate change. Increases in bottom-water temperature at the landward limit of marine hydrate around continental margins, where vulnerable hydrate exists at or below the seabed, cause methane to vent into the ocean. However, this setting represents only ~3.5% of the global hydrate reservoir. The potential for methane from hydrate in deeper water to reach the atmosphere was considered negligible. Here we use three-dimensional (3D) seismic imagery to show that, on the Mauritanian margin, methane migrated at least 40 km below the base of the hydrate stability zone and vented through 23 pockmarks at the shelf break, probably during warmer Quaternary interglacials. We demonstrate that, under suitable circumstances, some of the 96.5% of methane bound in deeper water distal hydrates can reach the seafloor and vent into the ocean beyond the landward limit of marine hydrate. This reservoir should therefore be considered for estimating climate change-induced methane release during a warming world.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2024-01-14
    Description: Aim: Human activities have introduced numerous non-native species (NNS) worldwide. Understanding and predicting large-scale NNS establishment patterns remain fundamental scientific challenges. Here, we evaluate if NNS composition represents a proportional subset of the total species pool available to invade (i.e. total global biodiversity), or, conversely, certain taxa are disproportionately pre-disposed to establish in non-native areas. Location: Global. Time period: Present day. Major taxa studied: Global diversity. Methods: We compiled one of the most comprehensive global databases of NNS (36,822 established species) to determine if NNS diversity is a representative proportional subset of global biodiversity. Results: Our study revealed that, while NNS diversity mirrors global biodiversity to a certain extent, due to significant deviance from the null model it is not always a representative proportional subset of global biodiversity. The strength of global biodiversity as a predictor depended on the taxonomic scale, with successive lower taxonomic levels less predictive than the one above it. Consequently, on average, 58%, 42% and 28% of variability in NNS numbers were explained by global biodiversity for phylum, class and family respectively. Moreover, global biodiversity was a similarly strong explanatory variable for NNS diversity among regions, but not habitats (i.e. terrestrial, freshwater and marine), where it better predicted NNS diversity for terrestrial than for freshwater and marine habitats. Freshwater and marine habitats were also greatly understudied relative to invasions in the terrestrial habitats. Over-represented NNS relative to global biodiversity tended to be those intentionally introduced and/or ‘hitchhikers’ associated with deliberate introductions. Finally, randomness is likely an important factor in the establishment success of NNS. Main conclusions: Besides global biodiversity, other important explanatory variables for large-scale patterns of NNS diversity likely include propagule and colonization pressures, environmental similarity between native and non-native regions, biased selection of intentionally introduced species and disparate research efforts of habitats and taxa.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2024-01-14
    Description: Severe storm flooding poses a major hazard to the coasts of north‐western Europe. However, the long‐term recurrence patterns of extreme coastal flooding and their governing factors are poorly understood. Therefore, high‐resolution sedimentary records of past North Atlantic storm flooding are required. This multi‐proxy study reconstructs storm‐induced overwash processes from coastal lake sediments on the Shetland Islands using grain‐size and geochemical data, and the re‐analysis of historical data. The chronostratigraphy is based on Bayesian age–depth modelling using accelerator mass spectrometry 14 C and 137 Cs data. A high XRF‐based Si/Ti ratio and the unimodal grain‐size distribution link the sand layers to the beach and thus storm‐induced overwash events. Periods with more frequent storm flooding occurred 980–1050, 1150–1300, 1450–1550, 1820–1900 and 1950–2000 ce, which is largely consistent with a positive North Atlantic Oscillation mode. The Little Ice Age (1400–1850 ce ) shows a gap of major sand layers suggesting a southward shift of storm tracks and a seasonal variance with more storm floods in spring and autumn. Warmer phases shifted winter storm tracks towards the north‐east Atlantic, indicating a possible trend for future storm‐track changes and increased storm flooding in the northern North Sea region.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2024-01-14
    Description: The seafloor morphology reflects both past and on‐going sedimentary, oceanographic and tectonic processes. Vertical movement is one of the drivers responsible for reshaping the seafloor through forming steep flanks that decrease slope stability, favour landslides, change current paths, form minibasins and control the sediment deposition, distribution and geometry. Here, we make use of these interactions to derive vertical movements and constrain the active tectonic processes at the western termination of the upper Calabrian accretionary wedge from the integrated analysis of bathymetric, backscatter, surface attributes and high‐resolution reflection seismic data. Within this area, we identify two types of deformational features and mechanisms that affect the depositional, erosional and tectonic processes at different scales. These include the deviation of channels, landslide scars, mass transport deposits (MTDs), separated drifts, sediment waves, lineaments and offset seafloor structures. The first type (long‐wavelength uplift) is an uplifted 22‐km‐wide region, in which seismic onlap relationships and the dip of deep reflectors suggest long‐lasting but slow tectonic uplift affecting sedimentation, and the second type (short‐wavelength uplift) includes three narrow elongated structures and one circular dome encircling the first region of uplift. We interpret that the first type of uplift feature was caused by tectonic deformation, while the second type is interpreted as formed by the fast uplift, tilting and faulting of modern sediments caused by diapirism due to rapid sedimentation in response to the first tectonically driven uplift. The study provides insight into the complex interaction of tectonic and sedimentary processes in the upper Calabrian accretionary wedge.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2024-01-14
    Description: Methylmercury is a potent toxin threatening the global population mainly through the consumption of marine fish. Hydrothermal venting directly delivers natural mercury to the ocean, yet its global flux remains poorly constrained. To determine the extent to which anthropogenic inputs have increased oceanic mercury levels, it is crucial to estimate natural mercury levels. Here we combine observations of vent fluids, plume waters, seawater and rock samples to quantify the release of mercury from the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal vent at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The majority (67–95%) of the mercury enriched in the vent fluids (4,966 ± 497 pmol l −1 ) is rapidly diluted to reach background seawater levels (0.80 pmol l −1 ). A small Hg fraction (2.6–10%) is scavenged to the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse mound rocks. Scaling up our findings and previous work, we propose a mercury flux estimate of 1.5–64.7 t per year from mid-ocean ridges. This hydrothermal flux is small in comparison to anthropogenic inputs. This suggests that most of the mercury present in the ocean must be of anthropogenic origin and that the implementation of emissions reduction measures outlined in the Minamata Convention could effectively reduce mercury levels in the global ocean and subsequently in marine fish.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: برونداد مدل‌های پیش‌بینی عددی وضع هوا دارای خطا است. جهت اصلاح پیش‌بینی‌های کوتاه مدت (24، 48 و 72 ساعته) دمای بیشینه و کمینه مدل WRF، از یک روش یادگیری ماشین به نام ماشین تعقیب کننده استفاده شد. در این روش با سری زمانی 300 روزه از خطای برونداد مدل و با به کارگیری روش کمترین مربعات طیفی شبه فوریه- سری زمانی، خطای پیش‌بینی‌های مدل WRF برآورد شد. خطای پیش‌بینی‌ها در دوره 01/11/2020 الی 05/03/2023 برای 560 ایستگاه هواشناسی برآورد شد. یکی از نقاط قوت این روش، استفاده از تنها یک متغیر برای کاهش خطای پیش‌بینی‌های است. عملکرد پیش‌بینی مدل WRF بسته به مکان و زمان متفاوت است مثلا نمره مهارت مدل برای دمای بیشینه در ماه سپتامبر نسبت به سایر ماه‌ها کمتر و در مناطق جنوب غربی زاگرس نسبت به سایر مناطق کمتر است، که بعد از اصلاح این وابستگی حذف، و پیش‌بینی در تمام مناطق و زمان‌ها عملکرد یکسانی دارد. نتایج نشان داد نمره مهارت، RMSE و شاخص اطمینان‌پذیری پس از اصلاح خطای مدل به شکل قابل توجهی بهبود می‌یابد. پس از اصلاح خطا، نمره مهارت مدل برای پیش‌بینی دمای بیشینه از 1/0- به 85/0 و برای دمای کمینه از 38/0 به 72/0 می‌رسد. به طور متوسط RMSE برای پیش‌بینی دمای بیشینه از 6 به 2 درجه وبرای دمای کمینه از 5/4 به 3 درجه سلسیوس می‌رسد. پس از اصلاح خطای مدل، تغییرپذیری نمره مهارت پیش‌بینی‌ها کاهش یافته و با کاهش مقدار خطای پیش‌بینی‌ها، قابلیت اطمینان‌پذیری به پیش‌بینی‌های مدل به طور متوسط از 60 درصد به 85 درصد می‌رسد.
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: امواج درونی نقش اساسی در وضعیت هیدرولوژیکی و انرژی اقیانوس‌ها دارد یکی از انواع امواج درونی امواج بادپناه است که در اثر عبور جریان‏های زیرسطحی یا جزرومدی بر روی توپوگرافی بستر دریا به وجود می‏آیند و یکی از عوامل جابجایی لایه‏های همچگالی در زیر آب است. این موضوع باعث تغییر میزان مواد مغذی دریا و چگالی دریا خواهد شد. به همین دلیل شناخت امواج باد پناه در صنایع ماهی‏گیری و نظامی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. در این مقاله با استفاده از ماژول جریان مدل سه بعدی Delft3D به صورت هیدرواستاتیک و غیرهیدرواستاتیک در تنگه هرمز که به دلیل داشتن کم‏عمقی‏های فراوان مستعد تشکیل موج بادپناه می باشد شبیه‏سازی امواج بادپناه انجام شده است و با استفاده از تصویر ماهواره‏ای SAR، داده میدانی و مطالعات پیشین اعتبارسنجی صورت گرفت. نتایج وجود امواج بادپناه در تنگه هرمز را نشان می‎دهند. هر دو مدل هیدرواستاتیک و غیرهیدرواستاتیک توانسته‏اند جهت انتشار و تولید امواج درونی را با تقریب مکانی قابل قبول شبیه‏سازی کنند، با این تفاوت که مدل غیرهیدرواستاتیک دارای مقادیر سرعت جریان بزرگتری می‏باشد، هرچند که نتایج هر دو مدل در رنج 4/0- تا 4/0+ می‏باشد. با این حال می توان گفت حالت هیدرواستاتیک تلاطم‏های بیشتری را نشان می‏دهد و به دلیل استفاده از مختصات عمودی سیگما، لایه ترموکلاین را با دقت بالاتری شبیه‏سازی می‏کند.
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: Both aeromagnetic and radiometric data was deployed to evaluate the Curie point depth and radiogenic heat production (RHP) of the young granitic regions of Jos plateau. An area of 55 by 110 square kilometers bounded by latitude 9°30' to 10°00' N and longitude 8°30' to 9°30' E of central Nigeria. The magnetic data was subjected to spectral analysis to obtain the curie depth which was subsequently used to evaluate the geothermal gradient and Heat flow for the area. Also, the concentration of radioelements (Potassium, thorium and Uranium) and average density of the in-situ rock was used to estimate the radiogenic heat production at each point where the Curie point was evaluated. The heat flow of the study area ranges from 10 to 165.5 mW/m2 with an average value of 111.00 mW/m2. The regions with anomalous heat flow of 165.5 mW/m2 are around Bowon Dodo, Dan Tsofo, Kadunu, Gimi, Kaura and Zankan of plateau state. The geothermal gradient values range from 5 to 68 °C/Km with an average of 26.16 °C/Km. The radiometric data analysis resulted in radiogenic heat values ranging from 0.4 µWm3 to 6 µW/m3 with average radiogenic heat value of 3.36 µW/m3. Both analyses revealed that regions such as Ataka, Gimi, Jimjim and Pari could be explored for geothermal energy. The high concentration of uranium, thorium and potassium associated with the study area must have arisen from the weathered in-situ granitic basement rocks.
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: مدل‌های گردش کلی (GCMs) کم و بیش دارای اریبی هستند و یکی از تکنیک‌های مورد استفاده برای کاهش اریبی مدل‌ها در بررسی پیامدهای تغییر اقلیم به‌کارگیری روش‌های تصحیح اریبی است. این مطالعه کارایی پنج روش تصحیح اریبی شامل دو روش نسبت‌گیری و سه روش نگاشت چندک را برای دو متغیر دمای کمینه و بیشینه در 46 ایستگاه همدید ایران طی دوره 1980-2014 با استفاده از مدل EC-Earth3-CC از سری مدل‌های CMIP6 مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد. نتایج نشان داد برونداد مستقیم مدل EC-Earth3-CC برای هر دو متغیر دمای کمینه و بیشینه در تمامی پهنه‌های اقلیمی ایران و همچنین متوسط اقلیمی کشور دارای اریبی سرد (کم‌برآوردی) است. به‌طور کلی، پس از تصحیح اریبی، مقدار اریبی دو متغیر دمای کمینه و بیشینه به‌شکل قابل توجهی کاهش یافت. روش‌های نسبت‌گیری نسبت به روش‌های نگاشت چندک بهبود بیشتری را در برونداد مستقیم مدل نشان دادند. براساس تحلیل مقدار RMSE، روش‌های تصحیح اریبی در مقایسه با برونداد مستقیم به‌طور قابل توجهی خطا را کاهش می‌دهند. به‌طوری‌که پس از تصحیح اریبی، مقدار خطای متغیر دمای کمینه برای روش‌های نگاشت چندک تا 42 درصد و برای روش‌های نسبت‌گیری خطی و واریانس به-ترتیب 70.38 و 67.93 درصد کاهش داشته است. مقدار خطای دمای بیشینه نیز پس از تصحیح اریبی به‌ترتیب 59، 65.9 و 67.9 درصد کاهش داشته است. تصحیح اریبی سبب افزایش ضریب توافق (d) تا بیش از دو برابر در متوسط پهنه‌های اقلیمی شده‌است. به‌طور کلی روش‌های تصحیح اریبی بکارگرفته شده در این پژوهش دمای بیشینه را با دقت بالاتری نسبت به دمای کمینه برآورد می‌کنند.
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: در این پژوهش اثر گردش بزرگ مقیاس عرض‌های میانی بر موقعیت ناوه مدیترانه برای بارش‌های فوق‌سنگین طی بازه زمانی 1979 تا 2022 بررسی شد. در این راستا با استفاده از شاخص تموج تغییرات تموج و با تحلیل همدیدی الگوی گردسی جو برای150 بارش فوق سنگین کشور تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که بارش‌های فوق سنگین تحت تاثیر تقویت ناوه اطلس، گسترش جریانات از سمت اروپا و شکل‌گیری ناوه مدیترانه رخ می دهد. شکل‌گیری ناوه اطلس سبب افزایش دامنه امواج، شکل‌گیری پشته برروی اروپا و ناوه مدیترانه می شود. با شکل‌گیری این الگو، ناوه مدیترانه تغییرات طول و عرض جغرافیایی 8 درجه را نسبت به میانگین خود تجربه می‌کند. تغییرات مکانی ناوه مدیترانه به دلیل تغییرات نصف‌النهاری امواج باد غربی برروی اروپا و موقعیت ارتفاع زیاد‌ جنب‌حاره است. متغییرترین قسمت باد غربی منطبق بر بلاکینگ شرق اطلس و ناوه مدیترانه است که با تشدید شیو بین ارتفاع زیاد و کم‌ارتفاع، جریانات نصف النهاری شده و مقدار تموج افزایش‌ می‌یابد. این شرایط منجر به تقویت پشته اروپا، افزایش دامنه امواج، تکوین بندال و گسترش ناوه مدیترانه تا عرض 25 درجه می‌شود. تکوین بلاکینگ اطلس سبب تقویت پشته برروی اروپا و گسترش جریانات به سمت مدیترانه‌ می‌شود. همچنین گسترش‌ نصف‌النهاری ارتفاع زیاد اروپایی منجر به تشدید شیو فشار، شارش‌ جریانات سرد شمالی،‌ تشدید جبهه‌ز‌ایی، تعمیق ناوه مدیترانه تا دریای سرخ می شود. همزمان با تقویت ناوه مدیترانه گسترش‌ شرق‌سوی واچرخند عربستان علاوه بر اینکه منجر به گسترش‌ شرق‌سوی ناوه مدیترانه می‌شود‌، رطوبت مناسبی نیز برای رخداد بارش‌های فوق سنگین کشور تامین می‌کند.
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  • 72
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    GEOMAR
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: RV Meteor M197 EMS-PS ('Eastern Mediterranean Sea - Process Study'), 30.12.2023 – 06.02.2024
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: Understanding the stress field is crucial for assessing seismic risks in Northwestern Iran, a region known for its high seismic activity and geological volatility. The intricate tectonic arrangements involving the Arabian, Anatolian, and Eurasian plates contribute to the unstable nature of the area. This study focuses on deducing stress regimes through stress inversion analysis of earthquake focal mechanisms in the North Tabriz Fault system. Analyzing the stress field is essential for understanding the elastic characteristics and geodynamics of the region. The study considers the stress field surrounding the Tabriz Fault, aiming to determine stress parameters and principal stress orientations using focal mechanisms. By analyzing 35 earthquake focal mechanism datasets from the Global Centered Moment Tensor and the Iranian Seismological Center, stress field inversions were conducted using Michael's linear inversion method and the iterative joint inversion method. The two techniques yielded distinct outcomes, with the iterative joint inversion method proving more accurate in determining stress fields and principal stress orientations. The findings indicate the existence of strike-slip faults in proximity to the North Tabriz Fault. The stress direction observed and the trajectory of the fault system suggest the influence of a transpressional mechanism. The predominant right-lateral strike-slip motion observed aligns with the prevailing tectonic regime in the region, providing evidence of strike-slip and thrust faulting stress regimes. The results contribute to a better understanding of the stress field and geodynamic situation in Northwestern Iran. They provide valuable insights for spatial analysis of future earthquakes and assessing seismic hazards in the region.
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2024-01-17
    Description: Potential climate tipping points pose a growing risk for societies, and policy is calling for improved anticipation of them. Satellite remote sensing can play a unique role in identifying and anticipating tipping phenomena across scales. Where satellite records are too short for temporal early warning of tipping points, complementary spatial indicators can leverage the exceptional spatial-temporal coverage of remotely sensed data to detect changing resilience of vulnerable systems. Combining Earth observation with Earth system models can improve process-based understanding of tipping points, their interactions, and potential tipping cascades. Such fine-resolution sensing can support climate tipping point risk management across scales.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2024-01-17
    Description: Passenger transport has significant externalities, including carbon emissions and air pollution. Public health research has identified additional social gains from active travel, due to the health benefits of physical exercise. Per mile, these benefits greatly exceed the external costs from car use. We introduce active travel into an optimal fuel taxation model and characterize analytically the second-best optimal fuel tax. We find that accounting for active travel benefits increases the optimal fuel tax by 44% in the USA and 38% in the UK. Fuel taxes should be implemented jointly with other policies aimed at increasing the uptake of active travel.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: کشور ایران جزو کمربند کوهزایی آلپ - هیمالیاست و به ایالت های لرزه زمین ساختی مختلفی تقسیم شده است. استان کرمان بر اساس طبقه بندی ایالت های لرزه زمین ساختی در زون ایران مرکزی قرار گرفته است. شهر هجدک نیز در ایالت لرزه زمین ساختی ایران مرکزی واقع شده است و رویداد زمین لرزه ای بزرگی را تجربه نموده است. در این تحقیق برای اولین بار شهر هجدک کرمان از نظر شرایط لرزه ای به صورت جامع مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است تا با استفاده از نتایج آن فرایند تصمیم‌گیری برای اقدامات پیشگیرانه به ویژه بهسازی و مقاوم سازی ساختمان ها در برابر زلزله در این شهر تسهیل گردد. در این تحقیق از داده های کاتالوگ زمین لرزه های موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران و نقشه های زمین شناسی سازمان زمین شناسی استفاده شده است و چشمه‌های لرزه‌ای، پارامترهای لرزه‌ای، جنبش نیرومند زمین محاسبه و تحلیل خطر زلزله به روش احتمالاتی انجام شده است. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق، در فاصله 100 کیلومتری از محدوده شهری 6 زمین لرزه تاریخی، 4141 زمین لرزه دستگاهی با بزرگای بالای 4 از سال 1900 تا اواخر 2023 رخ داده و 8 چشمه لرزه زا از نوع ناحیه‌ای تشخیص داده شده است. ضرایب لرزه خیزی a , b محاسبه شده در این محدوده به ترتیب 86/0 و 88/3 و نرخ لرزه خیزی برای بزرگای 4 و بزرگ‌تر، 47/1 است. بیشترین شتاب سنگ کف در محدوده 45/0 است که این شتاب در محدوده شهر هجدک بین 25/0-35/0 می باشد.
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2024-01-18
    Description: Forestation efforts are accelerating across the globe in the fight against global climate change, in order to restore biodiversity, and to improve local livelihoods. Yet, so far the non-local effects of forestation on rainfall have largely remained a blind spot. Here we build upon emerging work to propose that targeted rainfall enhancement may also be considered in the prioritization of forestation. We show that the tools to achieve this are rapidly becoming available, but we also identify drawbacks and discuss which further developments are still needed to realize robust assessments of the rainfall effects of forestation in the face of climate change. Forestation programs may then mitigate not only global climate change itself, but also its adverse effects in the form of drying.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 78
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    In:  Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists
    Publication Date: 2024-01-18
    Description: Interest rates are central determinants of saving and investment decisions. Costly financial intermediation distorts these price signals by creating a spread between deposit and loan rates. This study investigates how bank spreads affect climate policy in its ambition to redirect capital. We identify various channels through which interest spreads affect carbon emissions in a dynamic general equilibrium model. Interest rate spreads increase abatement costs due to the higher relative price for capital-intensive carbon-free energy but they also tend to reduce emissions due to lower overall economic growth. For the global average interest rate spread of 5.1pp, global warming increases by 0.2°C compared to the frictionless economy. For a given temperature target to be achieved, interest rate spreads necessitate substantially higher carbon taxes. When spreads arise from imperfect competition in the intermediation sector, the associated welfare costs can be reduced by clean energy subsidies or even eliminated by economy-wide investment subsidies.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2024-01-18
    Description: Aerosol effects on cloud properties are notoriously difficult to disentangle from variations driven by meteorological factors. Here, a machine learning model is trained on reanalysis data and satellite retrievals to predict cloud microphysical properties, as a way to illustrate the relative importance of meteorology and aerosol, respectively, on cloud properties. It is found that cloud droplet effective radius can be predicted with some skill from only meteorological information, including estimated air mass origin and cloud top height. For ten geographical regions the mean coefficient of determination is 0.3813 and normalised root-mean square error 25%. The machine learning model thereby performs better than a reference linear regression model, and a model predicting the climatological mean. A gradient boosting regression performs on par with a neural network regression model. Adding aerosol information as input to the model improves its skill somewhat, but the difference is small and the direction of the influence of changing aerosol burden on cloud droplet effective radius is not consistent across regions, and thereby also not always consistent with what is expected from cloud brightening.
    Language: English
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  • 80
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    Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
    In:  Ariadne-Analyse
    Publication Date: 2024-01-18
    Description: Der Ausbau Erneuerbarer Energien bedarf eines breiten Engagements lokaler Ak­teure. Kommunen mangelt es jedoch häufig an ausreichenden Ressourcen und die Rolle von Beratungs­stellen und Vermittlern wird daher immer wichtiger.
    Language: German
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2024-01-17
    Description: In the boreal summer of 2021, the equatorial Atlantic experienced the strongest warm event, that is, Atlantic Niño, since the beginning of satellite observations in the 1970s. Such events have far‐reaching impacts on large‐scale wind patterns and rainfall over the surrounding continents. Yet, developing a paradigm of how Atlantic Niño interacts with the upper‐ocean currents and intraseasonal waves remains elusive. Here we show that the equatorial Kelvin wave associated with the onset of the 2021 Atlantic Niño modulated both the background flow and the eddy flux of the equatorial upper‐ocean circulation, causing an extremely weak and delayed tropical instability wave (TIW) season. TIW‐induced variations of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity, sea surface height, and eddy temperature advection were exceptionally weak during May to July, the climatological peak of TIW activity, but rebounded in August when higher than normal variability was observed. Moored velocity data at 23°W show that during the peak of the 2021 Atlantic Niño from June to August, the Equatorial Undercurrent was deeper and stronger than usual. An anomalously weak eddy momentum flux strongly suppressed barotropic energy conversion north of the equator from May to July, likely contributing to low TIW activity. Reduced baroclinic energy conversion also might have played a role, as the meridional gradient of SST was sharply reduced during the Atlantic Niño. Despite extremely weak TIW velocities, modest intraseasonal variability of chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐ a ) was observed during the Atlantic Niño, due to pronounced meridional Chl‐ a gradients that partly compensated for the weak TIWs. Plain Language Summary Every few years the eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean is significantly warmer than usual during boreal summer. Such warm events are referred to as Atlantic Niño events, and share similarities with El Niño events in the Pacific. In 2021, the strongest Atlantic Niño in at least four decades was observed in the equatorial Atlantic. This study is the first that investigates the complex interaction between Atlantic Niño, tropical Atlantic upper‐ocean currents, and equatorial waves based on various observational data sets. We show that the developing 2021 Atlantic Niño weakened both the background flow and the variability of near‐surface currents in May, which in turn largely reduced the strength of intraseasonal (20–50 days) waves that are usually generated by instability of the upper‐ocean zonal currents. As a consequence, the cooling effect that these waves usually have north of the equator and the warming effect along the equator vanished from May to July 2021. Interestingly, variability of chlorophyll concentration was enhanced, suggesting that enhanced meridional chlorophyll gradients compensated for reduced wave activity. Key Points The developing 2021 Atlantic Niño led to weaker equatorial surface currents and reduced vertical shear of upper‐ocean horizontal velocity Strong reduction of the surface flow, eddy flux, and meridional temperature gradient in May caused extremely weak and delayed tropical instability wave (TIW) season Reduced meridional TIW advection contributed to sharpen the north equatorial Chl‐ a front resulting in modest intraseasonal Chl‐ a variability
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2024-01-17
    Description: Phytoplankton primary productivity (PP) varies significantly over environmental gradients, particularly in physically‐dynamic systems such as estuaries and coastal seas. During summer, runoff peaks in the Changjiang River driving large environmental gradients in both the Changjiang estuary and adjacent East China Sea (ECS), likely driving significant variability in PP. As satellite models of PP often underperform in coastal waters, we aimed to develop a novel approach for assessing net PP variability in such a dynamic environment. Parallel in situ measurements of Fast Repetition Rate (FRR) fluorometry and carbon (C) uptake rates were conducted for the first time in this region during two summer cruises in 2019 and 2021. A series of 13 C‐incubations ( n = 31) were performed, with measured PP ranging from ∼6 to 1,700 mgC m −3 d −1 . Net PP values were significantly correlated with salinity ( r = 0.45), phytoplankton chlorophyll a (Chl‐ a , r = 0.88), Photosystem II (PSII) functional absorption cross‐section ( σ PSII , r = −0.76) and maximum PSII quantum yield ( F v / F m , r = 0.59). Stepwise regression analysis showed that Chl‐ a and σ PSII were the strongest predictors of net PP. A generalized additive model (GAM) was also used to estimate net PP considering nonlinear effects of Chl‐ a and σ PSII . We demonstrate that GAM outperforms linear modeling approaches in estimating net PP in this study, as evidenced by a lower root mean square error (∼140 vs. 250 mgC m −3 d −1 ). Our novel approach provides a valuable tool to examine carbon cycling dynamics in this important region. Plain Language Summary The East China Sea has a complex current system that creates a highly dynamic physical environment for phytoplankton, particularly during the summer months. Net primary productivity (PP) is highly variable in this region, yet characterizing these spatial patterns in PP is difficult due to the lack of a high‐resolution data collecting method. Therefore, a strong need exists for a quick and easily implemented method for monitoring PP in this dynamic system. Based on parallel measurements of phytoplankton biomass and photophysiology, we present a novel approach that allows us to rapidly and easily assess regional PP at a high resolution. The high data volume potentially afforded by our net PP estimation method could not only contribute to a better understanding of PP variations in such a dynamic environment, but also help fill the large gaps in field data needed for validating satellite‐based PP models. Key Points Parallel in situ measurements of net primary productivity (PP) and Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry were conducted in the Changjiang estuary Productivity was highest at stations with high Chl and low σ PSII , typically located along the Chiangjiang river plume front A generalized additive model was developed to estimate net PP, providing an approach for assessing regional C‐cycling dynamics
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2024-01-17
    Description: Highlights • SPM concentration and organic fractions are analyzed in coastal-offshore gradients • Diagnostic model of SPM allows separating fresh, labile from less reactive PON • Analysis of PON fractions reveals a characteristic area, the transition zone • There, particle settling is enhanced, fostering their transport back to the coast, which controls the fate of organic matter • The transition zone is generally confined to water depths below 20 m Abstract Identifying the mechanisms that contribute to the variability of suspended particulate matter concentrations in coastal areas is important but difficult, especially due to the complexity of physical and biogeochemical interactions involved. Our study addresses this complexity and investigates changes in the horizontal spread and composition of particles, focusing on cross-coastal gradients in the southern North Sea and the English Channel. A semi-empirical model is applied on in situ data of SPM and its organic fraction to resolve the relationship between organic and inorganic suspended particles. The derived equations are applied onto remote sensing products of SPM concentration, which provide monthly synoptic maps of particulate organic matter concentrations (here, particulate organic nitrogen) at the surface together with their labile and less reactive fractions. Comparing these fractions of particulate organic matter reveals their characteristic features along the coastal-offshore gradient, with an area of increased settling rate for particles generally observed between 5 and 30 km from the coast. We identify this area as the transition zone between coastal and offshore waters with respect to particle dynamics. Presumably, in that area, the turbulence range and particle composition favor particle settling, while hydrodynamic processes tend to transport particles of the seabed back towards the coast. Bathymetry plays an important role in controlling the range of turbulent dissipation energy values in the water column, and we observe that the transition zone in the southern North Sea is generally confined to water depths below 20 m. Seasonal variations in suspended particle dynamics are linked to biological processes enhancing particle flocculation, which do not affect the location of the transition zone. We identify the criteria that allow a transition zone and discuss the cases where it is not observed in the domain. The impact of these particle dynamics on coastal carbon storage and export is discussed.
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  • 84
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    A report prepared by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) in cooperation with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: Madagascar has a high socio-economic dependency on agriculture, a sector which is strongly influenced by weather-related factors and increasingly challenged by the impacts of climate change. Currently, only limited information on climate risks and its impacts is available for the country’s agricultural sector. This study aims to provide a comprehensive climate risk analysis including a thorough evaluation of two potential adaptation strategies that can guide local decision-makers on adaptation planning and implementation in Madagascar. The impact assessment consists of several steps, including climate projections based on three emissions scenarios (SSP1-RCP2.6, SSP3- RCP7.0 and SSP5-RCP8.5 scenario), modelling and comparison of future suitability and yield of three widely used crops (coffee, vanilla, pepper) and an assessment of yield changes in peanut production under future climate conditions. Further, the study outlines gendered challenges and support requirements in national adaptation planning. The simulation results show that Robusta coffee is less sensitive to heat compared to Arabica coffee. The suitable area for Robusta coffee remains almost stable under changing climate conditions, while the suitability of Arabica coffee is projected decrease by 7 % on a national level. Simulation results indicate a slight increase in suitability for vanilla production, particularly in the main growing region Sava, but also in Atsimo Atsinanana, thus safeguarding an important source of income for local farmers and guaranteeing the sustainability of Madagascar´s most valuable export product. Furthermore, climate change is projected to have a rather low impact on the agro-climatic suitability of pepper production. When averaged across Madagascar, the decrease in suitability is less than 1 %, however, there are some noteworthy differences across regions and scenarios. The results for the process-based peanut modelling show that rising temperature and reduced rainfall amounts are likely to decrease peanut yields across Madagascar. However, elevated atmospheric CO2 is projected to offset these negative impacts. The study furthermore evaluated the efficiency of two adaptation strategies, namely the use of locally adapted crop varieties and flexible planting dates. The simulation results suggest that the traditional cultivar Kanety is more suited in future climate change scenarios since yields for Kanety are generally higher than those of the improved variety Fleur 11. Interestingly, opting for flexible planting dates as opposed to a fixed planting date does not result in enhanced yields. This result underlines the importance of regional crop calendars to determine optimal sowing dates. The findings of this study can help to inform national and local adaptation and agricultural development planning and investments in order to strengthen the resilience of the agricultural sector and especially of smallholder farmers against a changing climate in Madagascar.
    Language: English , French
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: The marine biological carbon pump (BCP) stores carbon in the ocean interior, isolating it from exchange with the atmosphere and thereby coregulating atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). As the BCP commonly is equated with the flux of organic material to the ocean interior, termed “export flux,” a change in export flux is perceived to directly impact atmospheric CO 2 , and thus climate. Here, we recap how this perception contrasts with current understanding of the BCP, emphasizing the lack of a direct relationship between global export flux and atmospheric CO 2 . We argue for the use of the storage of carbon of biological origin in the ocean interior as a diagnostic that directly relates to atmospheric CO 2 , as a way forward to quantify the changes in the BCP in a changing climate. The diagnostic is conveniently applicable to both climate model data and increasingly available observational data. It can explain a seemingly paradoxical response under anthropogenic climate change: Despite a decrease in export flux, the BCP intensifies due to a longer reemergence time of biogenically stored carbon back to the ocean surface and thereby provides a negative feedback to increasing atmospheric CO 2 . This feedback is notably small compared with anthropogenic CO 2 emissions and other carbon‐climate feedbacks. In this Opinion paper, we advocate for a comprehensive view of the BCP's impact on atmospheric CO 2 , providing a prerequisite for assessing the effectiveness of marine CO 2 removal approaches that target marine biology.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 86
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    In:  IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: The psychology of the individual is continuously changing in nature, which has a significant influence on the evolutionary dynamics of populations. To study the influence of the continuously changing psychology of individuals on the behavior of populations, in this article, we consider the game transitions of individuals in evolutionary processes to capture the changing psychology of individuals in reality, where the game that individuals will play shifts as time progresses and is related to the transition rates between different games. Besides, the individual’s reputation is taken into account and utilized to choose a suitable neighbor for the strategy updating of the individual. Within this model, we investigate the statistical number of individuals staying in different game states and the expected number fits well with our theoretical results. Furthermore, we explore the impact of transition rates between different game states, payoff parameters, the reputation mechanism, and different time scales of strategy updates on cooperative behavior, and our findings demonstrate that both the transition rates and reputation mechanism have a remarkable influence on the evolution of cooperation. Additionally, we examine the relationship between network size and cooperation frequency, providing valuable insights into the robustness of the model.
    Language: English
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: We demonstrate an indirect, rather than direct, role of quasi-resonant amplification of planetary waves in a summer weather extreme. We find that there was an interplay between a persistent, amplified large-scale atmospheric circulation state and soil moisture feedbacks as a precursor for the June 2021 Pacific Northwest “Heat Dome” event. An extended resonant planetary wave configuration prior to the event created an antecedent soil moisture deficit that amplified lower atmospheric warming through strong nonlinear soil moisture feedbacks, favoring this unprecedented heat event.
    Language: English
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: In recent years, several global events have severely disrupted economies and social structures, undermining confidence in the resilience of modern societies. Examples include the COVID-19 pandemic, which brought unprecedented health challenges and economic disruptions, and the emergence of geopolitical tensions and conflicts that have further strained international relations and economic stability. While empirical evidence on the dynamics and drivers of past societal collapse is mounting, a process-based understanding of these dynamics is still in its infancy. Here, we aim to identify and illustrate the underlying drivers of such societal instability or even collapse. The inspiration for this work is Joseph Tainter’s theory of the “collapse of complex societies”, which postulates that the complexity of societies increases as they solve problems, leading to diminishing returns on complexity investments and ultimately to collapse. In this work, we abstract this theory into a low-dimensional and stylized model of two classes of networked agents, hereafter referred to as “laborers” and “administrators”. We numerically model the dynamics of societal complexity, measured as the fraction of “administrators”, which was assumed to affect the productivity of connected energy-producing “laborers”. We show that collapse becomes increasingly likely as the complexity of the model society continuously increases in response to external stresses that emulate Tainter’s abstract notion of problems that societies must solve. We also provide an analytical approximation of the system’s dominant dynamics, which matches well with the numerical experiments, and use it to study the influence on network link density, social mobility and productivity. Our work advances the understanding of social-ecological collapse and illustrates its potentially direct link to an ever-increasing societal complexity in response to external shocks or stresses via a self-reinforcing feedback.
    Language: English
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: Die Entscheidung für den Austausch oder Ersatz eines Heizsystems ist eine, die für mehr als ein Jahrzehnt getroffen wird. Oftmals berücksichtigen Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher dabei vor allem die einmal anfallende Einbau-Investition. Die Kosten über den gesamten Lebenszyklus sind deutlich schwerer zu ermitteln und unsicher, daher werden sie häufig zu wenig in die finanzielle Überlegung mit einbezogen. In einer neuen Analyse haben Ariadne-Forschende berechnet, wie hoch unterm Strich die Kosten für verschiedene Heiztechniken in bestehenden Wohngebäuden über einen Zeitraum von 20 Jahren angesichts zukünftiger Energieträgerpreise sowie der zu erwartenden CO2-Preisentwicklung sind.
    Language: German
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data set was collected to identify hydrological processes and their evolution over it time. It consists of several individual files in tabstop delimeted text format. The data set contains the data obtained from deuterium and brilliant blue tracer experiments at two chronosequence studies in the glacier forefield of the Stone Glacier and the Griessfirn in the central Alps, Switzerland. Each chronosequence consisted of four moraines of different ages (from 30 to 13500 years). At each forefield sprinkling experiments with deuterium and dye tracer experiments with blue dye (Brilliant Blue) were conducted on three plots per moraine. The moraines at the forefield of the Stone Glacier developed from siliceous parent material and at the forefield of the Griessfirn from calcareous parent material. Data from the siliceous forefield are marked with (S) and data from the calcareous forefield are marked with (C). The data set consist of soil moisture time series and soil water isotope profiles of the sprinkling experiments with deuterium, as well as trinary images of stained vertical subsurface flow paths from the dye tracer experiment. The individual plots per moraine are distinguished via their position relative to one another on the moraine (left, middle, and right, looking upslope). The plots used for the sprinkling experiments were located in close vicinity to the plots used for the dye tracer experiments. For the sprinkling experiments with deuterium each plot (4m x 6m) per age class was equipped with 6 soil moisture sensors. Three of these sensors were installed as a sensor profile at one side of the plot about one meter downslope from the upper plot boundary. The sensors were installed at 10, 30, and 50 cm soil depth. On the other side of the plot, two sensors were placed in 10 cm depth, one opposite to the sensor profile and the second sensor one meter upslope from the lower plot boundary. The sixth sensor was placed at 10 cm depth in the center of the plot. The plots were irrigated on three consecutive days with three different irrigation intensities and deuterium concentrations. Per forefield, the soil moisture data are listed in one file per age class. The file contains for each plot, the time stamp and the soil moisture values of the 6 sensors.
    Keywords: Landscape Evolution ; Chronosequence Study ; Proglacial moraines ; Flow paths ; Soil moisture ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 AGRICULTURE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL MOISTURE/WATER CONTENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 LANDSCAPE 〉 LANDSCAPE PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL INFILTRATION
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Description: Understanding wildfire dynamics in space and over time is critical for wildfire control and management. In this study, fire data from European Space Agency (ESA) MODIS fire product (ESA/CCI/FireCCI/5_1) with ≥ 70% confidence level was used to characterise spatial and temporal variation in fire frequency in Zimbabwe between 2001 and 2020. Results showed that burned area increased by 16% from 3,689 km2 in 2001 to 6,130 km2 in 2011 and decreased in subsequent years reaching its lowest in 2020 (1,161km2). Over, the 20-year period, an average of 40,086.56 km2 of land was burned annually across the country. In addition, results of the regression analysis based on Generalised Linear Model illustrated that soil moisture, wind speed and temperature significantly explained variation in burned area. Moreover, the four-year lagged annual rainfall was positively related with burned area suggesting that some parts in the country (southern and western) are characterised by limited herbaceous production thereby increasing the time required for the accumulation of sufficient fuel load. The study identified major fire hotspots in Zimbabwe through the integration of remotely sensed fire data within a spatially analytical framework. This can provide useful insights into fire evolution which can be used to guide wildfire control and management in fire prone ecosystems. Moreover, resource allocation for fire management and mitigation can be optimised through targeting areas most affected by wildfires especially during the dry season where wildfire activity is at its peak.
    Language: English
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Description: Shifting cultivation will face increasing pressure from erosion-related land degradation caused by rising cultivation intensities and climate change. However, empirical knowledge about future trends of soil erosion and thus land degradation in shifting cultivation systems is limited. We use the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model to first explore the combined effects of climate change and agricultural intensification on soil erosion of uphill shifting cultivation systems, using six surveyed soil profiles. We assess interactions between climate change, the length of the fallow period, and slope inclinations for a near (2021–2050) and far (2071–2100) future period, considering three climate scenarios, five climate models, fallow periods between one and 20 years, and slopes between five and 70% steepness. Our results show a significant nonlinear relationship between global warming and erosion. Until the end of the century, erosion is estimated to increase by a factor of 1.2, 2.2, and 3.1 under the SSP126, SSP370, and SSP585 scenarios, respectively, compared with the historical baseline (1985–2014). Combined effects from climate change, fallow length, and slope inclination indicate that steep slopes require longer fallow periods, with an increase of slope from 5% to 10% multiplying the required fallow length by a mean factor of 2.5, and that fallow periods will need to be extended under higher global warming if erosion rates are to remain at current levels. These findings are novel as they link climate change effects on shifting cultivation systems to different slopes and fallow regimes, making an important contribution to understanding future erosion dynamics of traditional smallholder production systems in mountainous terrain, with relevant implications for policies on agricultural intensification.
    Language: English
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  • 93
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    In:  Climate of the Past
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Description: In recent decades, numerous paleoclimate records and results of model simulations provided strong support to the astronomical theory of Quaternary glacial cycles formulated in its modern form by Milutin Milankovitch. At the same time, new findings revealed that the classical Milankovitch theory is unable to explain a number of important facts, such as the change of the dominant periodicity of glacial cycles from 41 kyr to 100 kyr about one million years ago. This transition was also accompanied by an increase in the amplitude and asymmetry of the glacial cycles. Here, based on the results of a hierarchy of models and data analysis, a framework of the extended (generalized) version of the Milankovitch theory is presented. To illustrate the main elements of this theory, a simple conceptual model of glacial cycles was developed using the results of an Earth system model CLIMBER-2. This conceptual model explicitly assumes the multistability of the climate-cryosphere system and the instability of the “supercritical” ice sheets. Using this model, it is shown that Quaternary glacial cycles can be successfully reproduced as the strongly-nonlinear response of the Earth system to the orbital forcing, where 100 kyr cyclicity originates from the phase-locking of the precession and obliquity-forced glacial cycles to the corresponding eccentricity cycle. The eccentricity influences glacial cycles solely through its amplitude modulation of the precession component of orbital forcing, while the long time scale of the late Quaternary glacial cycles is determined by the time required for ice sheets to reach their critical size. The postulates used to construct this conceptual model were justified using analysis of relevant physical and biogeochemical processes and feedbacks. In particular, the role of climate-ice sheet-carbon cycle feedback in shaping and globalization of glacial cycles is discussed. The reasons for the instability of the large northern ice sheets and the mechanisms of the Earth system escape from the “glacial trap” via a set of strongly nonlinear processes are presented. It is also shown that the transition from the 41 kyr to the 100 kyr world about one million years ago can be explained by a gradual increase in the critical size of ice sheets, which in turn is related to the gradual removal of terrestrial sediments from the northern continents. The implications of this nonlinear paradigm for understanding Quaternary climate dynamics and the remaining knowledge gaps are finally discussed.
    Language: English
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Description: Forage supply and soil organic carbon storage are two important ecosystem functions of permanent grasslands, which are determined by climatic conditions, management and functional diversity. However, functional diversity is not independent of climate and management, and it is important to understand the role of functional diversity and these dependencies for ecosystem functions of permanent grasslands. Especially since functional diversity may play a key role in mediating impacts of changing conditions. Large-scale ecosystem models are used to assess ecosystem functions within a consistent framework for multiple climate and management scenarios. However, large-scale models of permanent grasslands rarely consider functional diversity. We implemented a representation of functional diversity based on the CSR theory and the global spectrum of plant form and function into the LPJmL dynamic global vegetation model forming LPJmL-CSR. Using a Bayesian calibration method, we parameterised new plant functional types and used these to assess forage supply, soil organic carbon storage and community composition of three permanent grassland sites. These are a temperate grassland, a hot and a cold steppe for which we simulated several management scenarios with different defoliation intensities and resource limitations. LPJmL-CSR captured the grassland dynamics well under observed conditions and showed improved results for forage supply and/or SOC compared to LPJmL 5.3 at three grassland sites. Furthermore, LPJmL-CSR was able to reproduce the trade-offs associated with the global spectrum of plant form and function and similar strategies emerged independent of the site specific conditions (e.g. the C- and R-PFTs were more resource exploitative than S-PFTs). Under different resource limitations, we observed a shift of the community composition. At the hot steppe for example, irrigation led to a more balanced community composition with similar C-, S- and R-PFT shares of above-ground biomass. Our results show, that LPJmL-CSR allows for explicit analysis of the adaptation of grassland vegetation to changing conditions while explicitly considering functional diversity. The implemented mechanisms and trade-offs are universally applicable paving the way for large-scale application. Applying LPJmL-CSR for different climate change and functional diversity scenarios may generate a range of future grassland productivity.
    Language: English
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  • 95
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    GEOMAR
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: RV Meteor M197 EMS-PS ('Eastern Mediterranean Sea - Process Study'), 30.12.2023 – 06.02.2024
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: The Anthropocene signifies the start of a no-analogue trajectory of the Earth system that is fundamentally different from the Holocene. This new trajectory is characterized by rising risks of triggering irreversible and unmanageable shifts in Earth system functioning. We urgently need a new global approach to safeguard critical Earth system regulating functions more effectively and comprehensively. The global commons framework is the closest example of an existing approach with the aim of governing biophysical systems on Earth upon which the world collectively depends. Derived during stable Holocene conditions, the global commons framework must now evolve in the light of new Anthropocene dynamics. This requires a fundamental shift from a focus only on governing shared resources beyond national jurisdiction, to one that secures critical functions of the Earth system irrespective of national boundaries. We propose a new framework—the planetary commons—which differs from the global commons framework by including not only globally shared geographic regions but also critical biophysical systems that regulate the resilience and state, and therefore livability, on Earth. The new planetary commons should articulate and create comprehensive stewardship obligations through Earth system governance aimed at restoring and strengthening planetary resilience and justice.
    Language: English
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: Despite the cost reductions of green hydrogen, it is uncertain when cost parity with blue hydrogen will be achieved. Beyond technology costs, electricity and natural gas prices, hydrogen’s competitiveness will be increasingly determined by carbon costs or regulation associated with its life-cycle emissions. Theoretically and numerically, we demonstrate that higher residual emissions of blue hydrogen can close its competitive window much earlier than the cost parity of green hydrogen suggests. In regions where natural gas prices remain substantially higher (∼40 EUR/MWh) than before the energy crisis, such a window is narrow or has already closed. While blue hydrogen could potentially bridge the scarcity of green hydrogen, uncertainties about the beginning and end of blue hydrogen competitiveness may hinder investments. In contrast, in regions where natural gas prices drop to ≤15 EUR/MWh, blue hydrogen can remain competitive until at least 2040, contingent upon achieving rigorous CO2 capture (〉90%) and negligible methane leakage rates (〈1%).
    Language: English
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: Background: Rice predominate diets are common in Bangladesh, leading to widespread nutritional deficiencies. Objective: The Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM) cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Sylhet, Bangladesh, evaluated a homestead food production intervention implemented 2015-2018 through Helen Keller International, aiming to improve child growth (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT025-05711). We estimate the impact on women's and children's dietary diversity, a secondary trial objective. Methods: We calculated dietary diversity for women and children using standard measures from data collected throughout the trial (2015-2020). Our analysis included 28,282 observations of 2,701 women (out of 2,705 enrolled) and 17,445 observations of their 3,257 children (aged 6-37 months) in 96 settlements, 48 of which received the intervention. We estimated the intervention's impact on dietary diversity using multilevel regression, controlling for seasonality, baseline dietary diversity, and clustering by settlement and repeated measures. Results: Dietary diversity scores and the proportion of women and children classified as consuming minimally diverse diets varied greatly by season, peaking in May/June with 5.3 food groups for women (out of ten) and 3.8 food groups for children (out of seven). Over the entire intervention and post78 intervention period, women's and children's odds of consuming a minimally diverse diet nearly doubled (OR 1.8, p〈0.001, for both). This benefit was barely present in the first year of the intervention, increased in the second, and peaked in the last intervention year (OR 2.4 for women, OR 2.5 for children, both p〈0.001) before settling at around double the odds in post-intervention years (p〈0.001). Dietary improvement was observed throughout the 82 year for both women and children and driven through incremental increases in nearly all food groups. Conclusions: The nutrition-sensitive agriculture intervention successfully increased dietary diversity in women and children, and these impacts persisted after the project closed, including during the COVID-19 lockdown period.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 99
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    In:  International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: This article investigates the group consensus via pinning control for continuous-time first-order and second-order multi-agent systems (MASs) with reference states. For the group consensus of first-order MASs, the dependence between the agent's state and the control input is considered. For second-order MASs, group consensus control without the velocity information of agents is considered. Instead, the virtual velocity estimation controller is designed. Meanwhile, for the designed control protocols, not only under fixed topology, but also under switching topology are considered. It is demonstrated that group consensus could be obtained under the proposed control protocols by using graph theory and stability theory. Finally, a series of numerical examples are provided to verify the control performance of the propounded control protocols.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: Safe and just Earth system boundaries (ESBs) for surface water and groundwater (blue water) have been defined for sustainable water management in the Anthropocene. Here we assessed whether minimum human needs could be met with surface water from within individual river basins alone and, where this is not possible, quantified how much groundwater would be required. Approximately 2.6 billion people live in river basins where groundwater is needed because they are already outside the surface water ESB or have insufficient surface water to meet human needs and the ESB. Approximately 1.4 billion people live in river basins where demand-side transformations would be required as they either exceed the surface water ESB or face a decline in groundwater recharge and cannot meet minimum needs within the ESB. A further 1.5 billion people live in river basins outside the ESB, with insufficient surface water to meet minimum needs, requiring both supply- and demand-side transformations. These results highlight the challenges and opportunities of meeting even basic human access needs to water and protecting aquatic ecosystems.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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