ALBERT

Description: As a result of a revision of the genus Parapagurus Smith, three genera are proposed: Parapagurus sensu stricto, Strobopagurus gen. nov., and Sympagurus Smith reinstated. Diagnoses of the three genera are given, and a number of structures are described. A key to aid in the identification of the genera of the family is presented. All taxa heretofore assigned to Parapagurus are reassigned. Four species of Parapagurus and six of Sympagurus occur in the western Atlantic, including a new species, Sympagurus acinops. All western Atlantic species are redescribed.\nParapagurus abyssorum (Filhol) is a senior homonym of the eastern Pacific Parapagurus abyssorum Henderson, and a new name, Parapagurus holthuisi, is given to Henderson\'s taxon.\nThe subspecies of Parapagurus pilosimanus Smith and Sympagurus bicristatus (A. Milne Edwards) are elevated to specific rank. Sympagurus arcuatus A. Milne Edwards & Bouvier, is a junior synonym of Sympagurus gracilis (Henderson). The treatment of each species includes a synonymy, illustrations, comments on symbiotic associations, and a distributional map. Keys to aid in the identification of the western Atlantic species are presented. The morphological variation of the western Atlantic species of Sympagurus is described.

Description: The focus of the present study is the investigation of the variability of the Arctic sea ice cover on interannual to multi-decadal time scales. Because there is only a rather small number of direct observations, this investigation is based on simulated data . Using realistic daily fields of near surface wind and air temperature derived from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, the Arctic sea ice cover is simulated with a dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model integrated over the time period 1951 - 1999. Additionally, sensitivity experiments with prescribed interannual variability of either only winds or only air temperatures are performed in order to identify their relative contributions to the simulated variability of the ice pack. A comparison of available observations from satellites, drifting buoys, submarines, and oceanographic moorings reveals a good correspondence of the long-term averaged quantities of the simulated ice concentration, ice drift, and ice thickness, respectively. Moreover, it is shown that the simulation is able to reproduce the observed interannual variations of the sea ice extent. The simulation results reveal pronounced interannual variability of the main quantities of the Arctic sea ice cover as, for instance, its thickness, its areal extent, and the ice volume export into the North Atlantic. These variations are investigated with respect to their main causes in the atmospheric forcing fields and to its possible impacts on the freshwater input into the North Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, from statistical analyses of the model output dominant modes of interannual variability are identified and partly related to the dominant modes of atmospheric variability of the northen high latitudes, that are the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). It is found that the AO leads to cyclonic and anticyclonic ice drift variations which are associated with changes of the ice mass advection between the Beaufort and East Siberian Seas leading to enhanced ice thickness variability in those regions. The NAO is responsible for the out-of-phase variability of the wintertime ice extent between the regions east and west of Greenland. Moreover, since the mid-1970s the NAO exhibits coherence with variations of the wintertime ice volume export through Fram Strait which is missing in the time period before. The temporal change of the link between both processes is explained by an eastward shift of the NAO's centers of interannual variability around the mid-1970s. This eastward shift was associated with increased anomalous meridional wind components near Fram Strait during high and low NAO winters and, hence, with increased coherence between the NAO and sea ice exports through Fram Strait on interannual time scales. On the background of interannual variability the simulation also reveals significant long-term trends of the Arctic ice pack. Because of a rise of surface air temperatures, the total ice volume of the Arctic has linearly decreased by about 16% since the mid 1960s. In agreement with observational estimates, largest thinnings occur in the Eastern Arctic and near the North Pole whereas the ice concentration and thickness north of the Canadian Archipelago and in the Baffin Bay have slightly increased. The deepening of Arctic surface air pressures led to a weakened anticyclonic large-scale flow of the ice pack. Whereas the effects of long- term changes of the wind field generally tend to damp the thermally induced thinning of the ice cover, the dynamic effects during the last 15 years of the simulation led to an acceleration of the decrease of the Arctic ice pack.

Description: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur in virtually all coastal regions of the world as well as many lakes, and are typically associated with a rapid proliferation of phytoplankton cells, but even low cell numbers of highly toxic species may cause harmful e ects in the ecosystem and/or the surrounding environment. Dense algal blooms produce a significant phytoplankton contribution to the water body’s optical signal, making HAB applications an instinctively attractive one for ocean colour radiometry. Indeed, there exists some spectacular satellite imagery of algal blooms the world over (e.g., Figure 1.1). But beyond the attractiveness of the imagery, this monograph addresses the extent to which ocean colour radiometry can inform scientifically in HAB regions, both towards answering research questions as well as for use in the operational detection and management systems necessary for the mitigation of harmful health, economic and recreational impacts of HABs. The potential for harm caused by these blooms is two-fold: in the first instance, the algal assemblage itself may contain toxins poisonous to organisms. Aquatic and non-aquatic animals alike can be a ected by these toxins, which tend to increase through successive trophic levels, accumulating up the food chain. These organisms (primarily dinoflagellates and diatoms) and the nature of their impacts, including paralytic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, are described in Chapters 4, 5 and 6. Another set of toxin-containing HABs are the high-biomass cyanobacterial blooms which frequently occur in lakes, rivers, estuaries and coastal seas, and are considered harmful for diverse reasons including contamination of drinking water, concentration of toxins in higher trophic level organisms (e.g., health of cattle and wildlife), and the associated reduction of the recreational, economic and ecological value of a ected water bodies. Cyanobacterial blooms are increasing in frequency and intensity, perhaps in response to climate change. Several case studies of remote sensing of cyanobacteria blooms in lakes as well as in the Baltic Sea are discussed in Chapter 7. The other mechanism by which harm may be caused is by the algal biomass growing so large, and the phytoplankton bloom so dense, that it impacts the health of the ecosystem by other biophysical means while not actually comprising toxic species. Dense blooms can clog the gills of fish and invertebrates as described in Chapter 8. One of the most serious environmental consequences of a dense bloom is that of anoxia — where oxygen is depleted by respiration and decay to such an extent that all oxygen-dependent organisms in the ecosystem are a ected (Pitcher and Jacinto 2019). Those that are mobile move away from the oxygen-depleted water, whether into an una ected area of the ocean or out of the water altogether e.g., lobster walkouts. These impacts are described in Chapter 9. Also discussed in this chapter is a sub-category of non-toxic harmful blooms called ecologically disruptive algal blooms (EDABs), comprising certain small-celled algal species which disrupt trophic dynamics by non-chemical means. This chapter presents case studies where the aquaculture industry is impacted by blooms of this type, as well as blooms that threaten the ecological health of subtropical estuaries. This IOCCG monograph addresses both groups of HABs in the context of the use of satellite ocean colour data to detect, identify, monitor, manage and project/predict HAB events. HABs, while anomalous by definition, are in some regions a normal occasional occurrence in perfectly healthy ecosystems. Many areas are subject to physical and biophysical forcing which primes these systems for regular seasonal HABs. Other HAB events may occur suddenly and unexpectedly, for example as a result of unusual nutrient inputs. Yet other HABs are fairly persistent in their presence and intensity, for example cyanobacterial populations in inland water bodies in China, Europe and Southern Africa (see Chapter 7). Each HAB system has its own unique forcings and resultant character, making a one-size-fits-all approach to satellite data use highly challenging. With increasingly large proportions of global populations living in proximity to HAB-vulnerable water bodies, the societal impact of HABs is increasing as well. Drinking and agricultural water supplies are under increasing pressure across the globe, and eutrophication of these water sources is one of the most pressing freshwater problems we face today. This has resulted in demand for operational HAB monitoring and management systems to predict, observe and mitigate the e ects of HAB events. Chapter 10 presents some examples of the development and implementation of such systems. In the context of climate change, an increase in the frequency and intensity of HABs is anticipated in many regions of the world, and is specifically of great concern in areas used for aquaculture to support food security and economic sustainability. proximity to HAB-vulnerable water bodies, the societal impact of HABs is increasing as well. Drinking and agricultural water supplies are under increasing pressure across the globe, and eutrophication of these water sources is one of the most pressing freshwater problems we face today. This has resulted in demand for operational HAB monitoring and management systems to predict, observe and mitigate the e ects of HAB events. Chapter 10 presents some examples of the development and implementation of such systems. In the context of climate change, an increase in the frequency and intensity of HABs is anticipated in many regions of the world, and is specifically of great concern in areas used for aquaculture to support food security and economic sustainability.

Description: State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China supported the printing of this document

Description: OPENASFA INPUT Correct citation for this publication: IOCCG (2021). Observation of Harmful Algal Blooms with Ocean Colour Radiometry. Bernard, S., Kudela, R., Robertson Lain, L. and Pitcher, G.C. (eds.), IOCCG Report Series, No. 20, International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group, Dartmouth, Canada. http://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1042

Description: Published

Description: Refereed

Description: A bibliography of the family Braconidae/Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae is given for the period 1964-2003. It is an addition to Shenefelt\'s bibliography (1965), which covers the period 1785-1963. In total 10,436 references are listed.