ALBERT

Description: Educational and training initiatives for natural hazard reduction, climate change, and environmental sustainability are increasingly common. We describe educational games in which the protagonist, a fictional character girl, saves herself and others from natural disasters. This girl faces risk situations, from earthquake to flood to environmental challenges, and for each of these she is the protagonist of educational quizzes and of an escape room. These games were designed and played online during the COVID-19 pandemic, to introduce an engaging activity, reducing the difficulties of both students and teachers in distance learning. Simultaneous challenges between several classes were played during special scientific events, with a total of more than 8000 students flanked by about 500 teachers, always with very positive feedback. We pooled our knowledge to embrace innovation in gamification at school. Our games aim at increasing the response capacity of future more resilient citizens to protect themselves and others, adapting to natural risks, and to spread good practices in support of the civil protection. Each online race between classes from primary and middle school (ISCDE 2) is based on cooperative learning and followed by an important debriefing moment of reflective learning, guided by researchers to deeply analyze scientific topics.

Description: Published

Description: 11931

Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The resettlement of villages strongly damaged by catastrophes during the 20th century played a key role in the modification of the Apennine landscape in Italy. Following their abandonment, the remains of the medieval settlements progressively deteriorated in their ruined condition, becoming ghost villages often made of sparse portions of buildings, traces of outer walls, and isolated vestiges of ancient monuments colonized by vegetation. Five cases of central Apennine abandoned villages in the Abruzzi region (Frattura, Sperone, Albe, Salle, and Gessopalena) were investigated, combining information on the local adverse geological conditions with the historical reconstruction of their abandonment and resettlement, based on archive documents from the 19th and 20th centuries. The history of these localities was conditioned by two strong earthquakes that struck the Abruzzi region in 1915 (magnitude 7.1) and 1933 (magnitude 5.9), and by slope instability. In all cases, abandonment and resettlement produced new villages against the background of ancient ruins and remains. In conclusion, the paper discusses the potential use of the material traces of local histories with educational aims. Geological evidence of natural hazards, remains of the abandoned settlements and resettled villages could be arranged in museums aimed at increasing the awareness of natural hazards and risks.

Description: Published

Description: 9517

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: At Mt. Etna (Italy), volcano-tectonic earthquakes produce impressive surface faulting despite their moderate magnitude (M 〈 5.5), with historically well-documented ruptures featuring end-to-end lengths up to 6–7 km. The 26 December 2018, Mw 5.0 earthquake represents the strongest event of the last 70 years, with ground ruptures extending for 7.5 km along the Fiandaca fault, a partially hidden structure in the volcano's eastern flank. Field data collected by the EMERGEO Working Group (INGV) are here integrated with high-resolution photogrammetric surveys and geological-morphological observations to enable a detailed structural analysis and to reconstruct the morphotectonic process of fault growth. The deformation zone develops in a transtensional regime and shows a complex pattern, consisting of brittle structures arranged in en-échelon scale-invariant overlapping systems. Offsets and kinematics vary along the strike due to a major bend in the fault trace. We reconstructed a prevailing right-lateral displacement in the northern section of the fault and a dextral oblique slip in the southern one (max 35 cm); the dip-slip component increases southward (max 50 cm) and overall resembles the along-strike pattern of the long-term morphological throw. The kinematic analysis indicates a quasi-rigid behavior of the two fault blocks and suggests a geological model of rupture propagation that explains both the location of the seismic asperity in the northern section of the Fiandaca fault and the unclamping in the southern one. These findings are used to propose a conceptual model of the fault, representing insights for local fault-based seismic hazard assessment.

Description: Published

Description: e2021TC007182

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This study investigates the extra benefit provided by the joint use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) polarimetric diversity and ascending/descending orbit passes to quantify postearthquake damage that occurred over the area of Amatrice, an Italian city significantly damaged by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake. First, the sensitivity of PolSAR features derived from SAR scenes collected under ascending/descending orbits to the damage is investigated. Then, the damage assessment is performed using a processing chain that consists of extracting dual-polarimetric SAR features to detect damage and, then, applying a fuzzy clustering scheme, to partition the feature outputs into damage levels. This processing chain is first separately applied to Sentinel-1 SAR scenes collected under ascending/descending orbits; then the processing outputs are merged using two different approaches. To discuss the quality of the estimated damage maps, ground information collected by surveys performed by a trained team is used. Experimental results show that the joint use of ascending/descending orbit passes improves the estimation of damage levels (up to 78 % ) with respect to the estimation performed using the orbiting passes separately.

Description: Published

Description: 9509 - 9518

Description: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari

Description: JCR Journal

Description: New settlements in places different from those of the original villages are widespread in the Apennines as a result of reconstruction following natural catastrophes. Particularly complex cases are double resettlements subsequent to the earthquake which in 1915 struck a vast area of central Italy (M 7.08, epicenter in the Marsica region, Abruzzi Apennines). These are manifested in the foundation of “intermediate” villages, temporarily used after the original ones and before those presently hosting the residents. Two cases here discussed can be included in this category of complex delocalizations, i.e. the villages of Sperone and Frattura. Their histories evolved against the background of adverse geological conditions and are embodied in the juxtaposition of the original village (presently made of abandoned and mostly ruined remains) to the more or less significant traces of the “intermediate” settlement and to the “final” village presently inhabited. A further case of multiple delocalization is represented by Alba Fucens-Albe, whose history evolved during a longer time interval, between the effects of slope instability during the Early Middle Ages and the destruction of the medieval village due to the 1915 earthquake. The archaeological area of Alba Fucens (where the remains of the Roman town are visible) and the ruins of the abandoned hill village of Albe narrate the complex settlement history of this Apennine area.

Description: Published

Description: 77-92

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: A new esseous part, the opercula bone, is used to estimate age of 2009 round sardine (Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847) captured in the Cap Bon area. The period of sampling with a monthly rhythm, is spread out June 1994 at December 1995 and from June to September 1996. Th relation between the length of fish (LF) and the ray of opercula (RT) is LF= 22,25 RT 0,994 . The validation of age estimate method is carried out directly by the monthly follow-up of overage marginal lengthening and the percentage of individuals with marginal hyaline zone. This study showed that the round sardine has a double cycle of growth of the age-length shows that the females dominate in the majority of age groups the parameter of growth in length according to the model of Von Bertalanffy are estimated by direct enumeration of the hyaline zone and retrocalcul. The curves of growth obtained by employ retrocalculed data describe better the growth of the round sardine in Cap Bon area.

Description: Published

Description: Refereed

Description: The rivers flowing into Taganrog Bay are almost entirely surrounded by agricultural land, where the use of chemical plant protection products is inevitable. This, in turn, leads to the ingress of active ingredients (AI) of pesticides into the water and bottom sediments of the water bodies of fisheries importance. In the water and bottom sediments of Taganrog Bay, the content of 20 active ingredients of the pesticides of modern classes most widely used in agriculture in the region, the half-life of which can exceed six months, has been investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As stipulated by the State Assignment, the research was being conducted throughout the year in 2014–2016 and in the spring and summer seasons in 2020. As a result of this investigation, such moderately toxic substances as clopyralid, pencycuron and tebuconazole have been identified as the main contributors to the pollution, while in 2014–2016, the main contaminant was low-toxic imidacloprid. In 2020, the total content of pesticide AIs has increased considerably both in terms of concentration and the number of substances found. However, the concentrations of pesticide AIs in the living environment of the hydrobionts in Taganrog Bay turned out to be lower than the established maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) developed for the water bodies of fisheries importance.

Description: Реки, впадающие в Таганрогский залив, практически повсеместно находятся в окружении земель сельскохозяйственного назначения, где применение химических средств защиты растений неизбежно. Это в свою очередь приводит к попаданию действующих веществ (ДВ) пестицидов в воду и донные отложения водоемов рыбохозяйственного назначения. В воде и донных отложениях Таганрогского залива методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии (ВЭЖХ) исследовано содержание 20 наиболее используемых в сельском хозяйстве региона ДВ пестицидов современных классов, период полураспада которых может превышать полгода. Согласно государственному заданию, исследования проводились в 2014–2016 гг. на протяжении всего года, а также в весенний и летний периоды 2020 г. В результате исследования установлено, что в 2020 г. основной вклад в загрязнение внесли такие среднетоксичные вещества, как клопиралид, пенцикурон и тебуконазол, тогда как в 2014–2016 гг. основным загрязнителем являлся малотоксичный имидаклоприд. Общий уровень содержания ДВ пестицидов в 2020 г. значительно возрос как по концентрации, так и по количеству найденных веществ. При этом концентрации ДВ пестицидов в среде обитания гидробионтов Таганрогского залива оказались ниже установленных предельно допустимых концентраций (ПДК), разработанных для водоемов рыбохозяйственного назначения.

Description: Published

Description: Refereed

Description: This study is aimed at the toxicity assessment of the bottom sediments in the Azov Sea. 32 samples of the bottom sediments, taken in Taganrog Bay, as well as in the Northern, Western, Central, Southern, and Eastern regions of the sea, have been investigated. A biotesting method based on whole-cell bacterial lux-biosensors (Vibrio aquamarinus VKPM B-11245, E. coli MG1655 (pRecA-lux), E. coli MG1655 (pKatG-lux), and E. coli MG1655 (pSoxS-lux)) was used to determine the toxicity level. Toxicity analysis of the Azov Sea bottom sediments showed their extensive contamination with pollutants of various nature. Integral toxicity was recorded for the surface sediments of all the investigated stations in the Azov Sea. The pollution level of the bottom sediments was estimated as highly toxic at 31 stations and as toxic at 1 station. The presence of genotoxic substances, both direct and promutagenic, was detected, as well as the presence of substances causing oxidative stress. It is shown that Taganrog Bay, the Central and Eastern regions of the Azov Sea are most exposed to pollution. The most polluted sampling stations for bottom sediments have been identified. Integral toxicity and the toxic effects caused by the presence of genotoxic and prooxidant substances indicate gradual accumulation of pollutants in the bottom sediments of the Azov Sea and its unfavorable environmental state. This study has established the biotesting method involving whole-cell bacterial luminescent sensors as a promising tool for the assessment of the ecotoxicological state of the investigated water body. It is deemed necessary to put further efforts into the identification of toxically active compounds in marine sediments and exploration of their possible sources.

Description: Данное исследование направлено на оценку токсичности донных отложений Азовского моря. Были исследованы 32 образца донных отложений, отобранных в Таганрогском заливе, а также в Северном, Западном, Центральном, Южном и Восточном районах собственно моря. Для определения токсичности был использован метод биотестирования на основе цельноклеточных бактериальных lux-биосенсоров (Vibrio aquamarinus VKPM B-11245, E. coli MG1655 (pRecA-lux), E. coli MG1655 (pKatG-lux), E. coli MG1655 (pSoxS-lux)). Анализ токсичности донных отложений Азовского моря показал их масштабное загрязнение поллютантами различной природы. Интегральная токсичность зарегистрирована в донных отложениях всех исследованных станций Азовского моря. Уровень загрязнения донных отложений был оценен как высокотоксичный на 31 станции моря и как токсичный — на 1 станции. Обнаружено присутствие генотоксичных веществ — как прямых, так и промутагенных, — а также веществ, вызывающих окислительный стресс. Показано, что наиболее подвержены загрязнению Таганрогский залив, Центральный и Восточный районы Азовского моря. Выявлены максимально загрязненные станции отбора донных отложений. Интегральная токсичность и токсические эффекты, вызванные присутствием генотоксичных и прооксидантных веществ, свидетельствуют о постепенной аккумуляции поллютантов в донных отложениях Азовского моря и его неблагополучном экологическом состоянии. Проведенное исследование позволило установить, что биотестирование с помощью цельноклеточных бактериальных люминесцентных сенсоров является многообещающим инструментом оценки экотоксикологического состояния исследуемого водоема. Показана необходимость дальнейших работ по выявлению токсикологически активных соединений в морских отложениях и определению потенциальных источников их происхождения.

Description: Published

Description: Refereed

Description: The lithium (Li) isotopic composition of carbonates is considered to be a reliable archive of past seawater Li isotopic compositions, which are useful as a tracer of silicate weathering. However, δ7Li values have been shown to be dependent on either pH or DIC in two studies using similar species of large, benthic foraminifera from the genus Amphistegina. To resolve this issue, we conducted culture experiments on Amphistegina lessonii in decoupled pH–DIC conditions, under two different light treatments, and with normal or Li-enriched seawater. The δ7Li values and Li/Ca ratios in the foraminifera tests were analysed by ion microprobe and LA-ICP-MS, respectively. No links between either the pH or DIC and δ7Li or Li/Ca values were observed for any of the treatments, and growth rates also did not seem to influence the Li incorporation or isotopic fractionation, contrary to observations from inorganic carbonate-precipitation experiments. Overall, these findings appear to support the use of Li isotopes in large benthic foraminifera to reconstruct past seawater chemistry and to infer changes in chemical weathering during carbon-cycle perturbations. Keywords: δ7Li; Li/Ca; lithium; large benthic foraminifera; culture experiments; pH; DIC; geochemical proxies

Description: In this paper, we propose an innovative machine learning approach called NESTORE, which analyses seismic clusters to forecast strong earthquakes of magnitudes similar or greater to those of the mainshock. The method analyzes the seismicity in the first hours/days after the mainshock and provides the probability of having a strong subsequent earthquake. The analysis is conducted at various stages of time to simulate the increase in knowledge over time. We address the main problem of statistics and machine learning when applied to spatiotemporal variation of seismicity: the small datasets available, on the order of tens or fewer instances, need a more accurate analysis with respect to the classical testing procedures, where hundreds or thousands of data are available. In addition, we develop a more robust NESTORE method based on a jackknife approach (rNESTORE), and we successfully apply it to California seismicity.

Description: Funded by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.

Description: Published

Description: 106879

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Petrologic and geophysical observations floored the paradigm shift on the subduction of the continental lithosphere. In long-lived collisional boundaries like the Alpine Himalaya belt, portions of continental lithosphere are pushed down to great depths and then exhumed, as testified by outcrops of UHP materials. The Mediterranean region is a clear expression of this enigmatic process. On a short space and time scale, the Apennines exhibits a complex pattern of across-belt extension, associated with under-thrusting of continental lithosphere and a variegated suite of magmatic products. Here we show that the delamination of the crust is essential to favor the subduction of the continental lithosphere, a process that is controlled by pre-existing heterogeneity of the uppermost mantle. Teleseismic tomography revealed significant compositional anomalies in the uppermost mantle that controlled the way in which the lithosphere is delaminated. The continental subduction is associated with magmatism, where the variety of products reflects differences in mantle metasomatism that are only in part related to the subduction process.

Description: Published

Description: 13631

Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The European Union (EU) has firmly positioned itself as a global leader in promoting and implementing nature-based solutions (NBS). The recently released EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change, and Forest Strategy - all representing key pillars of the ambitious European Green Deal (EGD) - rely on NBS to both preserve and restore ecosystem integrity and increase climate resilience. Although research and policy in Europe have advanced the conceptualization and operationalization of NBS, a much wider adoption is needed to reach the ambitious goals of the EGD and fulfil its vision of transforming into a sustainable, climate-neutral, climate resilient, fair, and prosperous EU by 2050. In this paper, we review recent EU-supported research, policy, and practices to identify critical dimensions that still need to be addressed for greater uptake of NBS. While recognising the multiple societal challenges NBS can target, we build on the key messages from the ‘5th European Climate Change Adaptation conference ECCA 2021′ and focus our analysis on NBS for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. We screen a wide range of NBS cases across the EU and identify-three core challenges to implementation: the lack of a comprehensive evidence base on the effectiveness of NBS to address targeted challenges; the need for a greater involvement of the private sector in financing NBS; and opportunities for enhancing stakeholder engagement in the successful design and implementation of NBS. We take these challenges as the starting point for a broader reflection and critical discussion on the role of i) knowledge, i) finance, including investments in NBS and divestments from nature-negative projects, and iii) governance and policy frameworks to enable the uptake of NBS. We conclude by identifying options for the EU to foster the uptake of NBS in research, policy and practice.

Description: Published

Description: 100450

Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Minimum 1D velocity models and station corrections have been computed for the central Mediterranean area using two main data sets. The first one consists of accurate first arrival‐time readings from 103 seismic events with magnitude (ML)≥3.5 recorded by the Italian National Seismic Network (RSN) and the AlpArray Seismic Network (AASN) in the period 2014–2021. Earthquakes were selected on the basis of their spatial distribution, epicentral distance to the nearest seismic station, and maximum distance traveled by Pn and Sn phases. This fine selection of high‐quality data combined with the spatial density of the AlpArray seismic stations was decisive in obtaining high resolution for upper mantle velocity, especially in the Alpine belt. To obtain a denser coverage of crustal rays, we extended the first data set with P and S arrivals of local earthquakes from Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) bulletin data (2016–2018). A total of 75,807 seismic phases (47,183 P phases and 28,264 S phases) have been inverted to calculate best‐fit 1D velocity models, at regional and local scales. We then test the performance of the optimized velocity models by relocating the last four years of seismicity recorded by INGV (period 2017–2020). The computed velocity models are very effective for routine earthquake location, seismic monitoring, source parameter modeling, and future 3D seismic tomography.

Description: Published

Description: 2670--2685

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in German, C., Institution, W., Arrigo, K., Murray, A., & Rhoden, A. Planetary oceanography: leveraging expertise among earth and planetary science. Oceanography. 35(1), (2022): 10-15, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.410.

Description: The study of planetary oceanography is a new and exciting field of research. While humanity’s formal scientific studies of Earth’s ocean began nearly 150 years ago with the launch of the Challenger Expedition (Thomson et al., 1873), the study of oceans beyond Earth commenced only in this millennium. The first confirmation of an extensive saltwater ocean anywhere beyond Earth came relatively late within the lifetime of NASA’s Galileo mission (1989–2003; Kivelson et al., 2000), but continuing exploration has now revealed compelling evidence for large-volume watery oceans on five ice-covered moons of our outer solar system (Figure 1), with as many as 10–20 candidate moons and dwarf planets also under consideration (Hendrix et al., 2019). Of the five confirmed ocean worlds (Jupiter’s moons Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede; Saturn’s moons Enceladus and Titan), three have oceans so deep that a high-pressure form of ice develops deep within the ocean, beneath the liquid water but overlying any rocky interior (Nimmo and Papallardo, 2016). As a consequence, the watery ocean is trapped within an “ice sandwich.” By contrast, the other two confirmed ocean worlds (Europa and Enceladus) have oceans that are in direct contact with a rocky interior.

Description: This work was funded through support of NASA Awards 80NSSC19K1427 to CG, 80NSSC20K1258 to KRA, 80NSSC19K0920 to AEM, and 80NSSC19K0919 to ARR.

Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(12), (2022): 3221–3240, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-22-0010.1.

Description: Small-scale mixing drives the diabatic upwelling that closes the abyssal ocean overturning circulation. Indirect microstructure measurements of in situ turbulence suggest that mixing is bottom enhanced over rough topography, implying downwelling in the interior and stronger upwelling in a sloping bottom boundary layer. Tracer release experiments (TREs), in which inert tracers are purposefully released and their dispersion is surveyed over time, have been used to independently infer turbulent diffusivities—but typically provide estimates in excess of microstructure ones. In an attempt to reconcile these differences, Ruan and Ferrari derived exact tracer-weighted buoyancy moment diagnostics, which we here apply to quasi-realistic simulations. A tracer’s diapycnal displacement rate is exactly twice the tracer-averaged buoyancy velocity, itself a convolution of an asymmetric upwelling/downwelling dipole. The tracer’s diapycnal spreading rate, however, involves both the expected positive contribution from the tracer-averaged in situ diffusion as well as an additional nonlinear diapycnal distortion term, which is caused by correlations between buoyancy and the buoyancy velocity, and can be of either sign. Distortion is generally positive (stretching) due to bottom-enhanced mixing in the stratified interior but negative (contraction) near the bottom. Our simulations suggest that these two effects coincidentally cancel for the Brazil Basin Tracer Release Experiment, resulting in negligible net distortion. By contrast, near-bottom tracers experience leading-order distortion that varies in time. Errors in tracer moments due to realistically sparse sampling are generally small (〈20%), especially compared to the O(1) structural errors due to the omission of distortion effects in inverse models. These results suggest that TREs, although indispensable, should not be treated as “unambiguous” constraints on diapycnal mixing.

Description: We acknowledge funding support from National Science Foundation Awards 1536515 and 1736109. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant 174530. This research is also supported by the NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, administered by UCAR’s Cooperative Programs for the Advancement of Earth System Science (CPAESS) under Award NA18NWS4620043B.

Description: 2023-05-18

Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Roche, R. C., Heenan, A., Taylor, B. M., Schwarz, J. N., Fox, M. D., Southworth, L. K., Williams, G. J., & Turner, J. R. Linking variation in planktonic primary production to coral reef fish growth and condition. Royal Society Open Science, 9(8), (2022): 201012, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201012.

Description: Within low-nutrient tropical oceans, islands and atolls with higher primary production support higher fish biomass and reef organism abundance. External energy subsidies can be delivered onto reefs via a range of physical mechanisms. However, the influence of spatial variation in primary production on reef fish growth and condition is largely unknown. It is not yet clear how energy subsidies interact with reef depth and slope. Here we test the hypothesis that with increased proximity to deep-water oceanic nutrient sources, or at sites with shallower reef slopes, parameters of fish growth and condition will be higher. Contrary to expectations, we found no association between fish growth rate and sites with higher mean chlorophyll-a values. There were no differences in fish δ15N or δ13C values between depths. The relationship between fish condition and primary production was influenced by depth, driven by increased fish condition at shallow depths within a primary production ‘hotspot’ site. Carbon δ13C was depleted with increasing primary production, and interacted with reef slope. Our results indicate that variable primary production did not influence growth rates in planktivorous Chromis fieldi within 10–17.5 m depth, but show site-specific variation in reef physical characteristics influencing fish carbon isotopic composition.

Description: Fieldwork was supported by the Fondation Bertarelli.

Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Kirkels, F. M. S. A., Zwart, H. M., Usman, M. O., Hou, S., Ponton, C., Giosan, L., Eglinton, T., & Peterse, F. From soil to sea: sources and transport of organic carbon traced by tetraether lipids in the monsoonal Godavari River, India. Biogeosciences, 19(17), (2022): 3979–4010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3979-2022.

Description: Monsoonal rivers play an important role in the land-to-sea transport of soil-derived organic carbon (OC). However, spatial and temporal variation in the concentration, composition, and fate of this OC in these rivers remains poorly understood. We investigate soil-to-sea transport of soil OC by the Godavari River in India using glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids in soils, river suspended particulate matter (SPM), and riverbed sediments, as well as in a marine sediment core from the Bay of Bengal. The abundance and composition of GDGTs in SPM and sediments in the Godavari River differs between the dry and wet season. In the dry season, SPM and riverbed sediments from the whole basin contain more 6-methyl branched GDGTs (brGDGTs) than the soils. In the upper basin, where mobilisation and transport of soils is limited due to deficient rainfall and damming, contributions of 6-methyl brGDGTs in SPM and riverbed sediments are relatively high year-round, suggesting that they have an aquatic source. Aquatic brGDGT production coincides with elevated values of the isoprenoid GDGT-0  crenarchaeol ratio in SPM and riverbed sediments from the upper basin, indicating low-oxygen conditions. In the wet season, brGDGT distributions in SPM from the lower basin closely resemble those in soils, mostly from the north and east tributaries, corresponding to precipitation patterns. The brGDGT composition in SPM and sediments from the delta suggests that soil OC is only effectively transported to the Bay of Bengal in the wet season, when the river plume extends beyond the river mouth. The sediment geochemistry indicates that also the mineral particles exported by the Godavari River primarily originate from the lower basin, similar to the brGDGTs, suggesting that they are transported together. However, river depth profiles in the downstream Godavari reveal no hydrodynamic sorting effect on brGDGTs in either season, indicating that brGDGTs are not closely associated with mineral particles. The similarity of brGDGT distributions in bulk and fine-grained sediments (≤ 63 µm) further confirms the absence of selective transport mechanisms. Nevertheless, the composition of brGDGTs in a Holocene, marine sediment core near the river mouth appears substantially different from that in the modern Godavari basin, suggesting that terrestrial-derived brGDGTs are rapidly lost upon discharge into the Bay of Bengal and/or overprinted by marine in situ production. The large change in brGDGT distributions at the river–sea transition implies that this zone is key in the transfer of soil OC, as well as that of the environmental signal carried by brGDGTs from the river basin.

Description: This work was supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) (Veni grant no. 863.13.016 to FP).

Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Freilich, M. A., Mignot, A., Flierl, G. R., & Ferrari, R. Grazing behavior and winter phytoplankton accumulation. Biogeosciences, 18(20), (2021): 5595–5607, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021.

Description: Recent observations have shown that phytoplankton biomass increases in the North Atlantic during winter, even when the mixed layer is deepening and light is limited. Current theories suggest that this is due to a release from grazing pressure. Here we demonstrate that the often-used grazing models that are linear at low phytoplankton concentration do not allow for a wintertime increase in phytoplankton biomass. However, mathematical formulations of grazing as a function of phytoplankton concentration that are quadratic at low concentrations (or more generally decrease faster than linearly as phytoplankton concentration decreases) can reproduce the fall to spring transition in phytoplankton, including wintertime biomass accumulation. We illustrate this point with a minimal model for the annual cycle of North Atlantic phytoplankton designed to simulate phytoplankton concentration as observed by BioGeoChemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats in the North Atlantic. This analysis provides a mathematical framework for assessing hypotheses of phytoplankton bloom formation.

Description: This research has been supported by the NDSEG fellowship and Martin fellowship.

Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Koguchi, Y., Tokuhiro, K., Ashjian, C., Campbell, R., & Yamaguchi, A. Inter-species comparison of the copepodite stage morphology, vertical distribution, and seasonal population structure of five sympatric mesopelagic aetideid copepods in the western Arctic Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, (2022): 943100, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.943100.

Description: Aetideidae is a calanoid copepod family dominant in the mesopelagic layer of the Arctic Ocean for which little ecological information is available because species identification, especially of early copepodite stages, is difficult. In this study, we developed a species identification flow for the whole copepodite stages of five sympatric aetideid copepods (Chiridius obtusifrons, Gaetanus tenuispinus, G. brevispinus, Aetideopsis multiserrata, and A. rostrata). Vertical distributions and seasonal population structures of these species were evaluated using a year-round sample time-series collected at the drifting ice station (SHEBA) in the western Arctic Ocean. Combinations of morphological characteristics (prosome length, cephalosome, and prosome widths) were used to identify the early copepodite stages to species. Aetideopsis rostrata was distributed in deep waters (1,032–1,065 m) throughout the year. The other species all were found at 600–700 m during the midnight sun. However, during the polar night, the vertical distributions of each species were distinct, resulting from ascent, descent, or depth maintenance, indicating seasonal vertical migration which may function to reduce inter-specific competition during the polar night when food resources are scarce. Reproduction timing varied among four aetideid copepods: C.obtusifrons and G. tenuispinus showed polar night ascent and reproduction at the end of the polar night, whereas G. brevispinus and A. multiserrata showed descent or depth maintenance during the polar night and reproduction at the beginning of the polar night. There was not sufficient data to examine reproduction timing of A. rostrata. Common for all aetideid species, δ15N values of the adult females indicate more carnivorous feeding modes during the polar night than those in the midnight sun. Such vertical distribution and timing of reproduction variation among these five aetideid copepods may function to reduce species competition in the mesopelagic layer of the Arctic Ocean.

Description: Collection of the samples was supported in part by grants #OCE9707184 to CA and #OCE9707182 to RC from the US National Science Foundation. This work was partially supported by the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II), Program Grant Number JPMXD1420318865. This research was also supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (JPMEERF20214002) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan. In addition, this work was partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Pioneering) JP20K20573, and Scientific Research JP20H03054 (B), JP19H03037 (B), JP21H02263 (B), and JP17H01483 (A) from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).

Description: Author Posting. © Society for Neuroscience, 2023. This article is posted here by permission of Society for Neuroscience for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in The Journal of Neuroscience 43(1), (2023): 2-13, https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2484-21.2022.

Description: A question relevant to nicotine addiction is how nicotine and other nicotinic receptor membrane-permeant ligands, such as the anti-smoking drug varenicline (Chantix), distribute in brain. Ligands, like varenicline, with high pKa and high affinity for α4β2-type nicotinic receptors (α4β2Rs) are trapped in intracellular acidic vesicles containing α4β2Rs in vitro. Nicotine, with lower pKa and α4β2R affinity, is not trapped. Here, we extend our results by imaging nicotinic PET ligands in vivo in male and female mouse brain and identifying the trapping brain organelle in vitro as Golgi satellites (GSats). Two PET 18F-labeled imaging ligands were chosen: [18F]2-FA85380 (2-FA) with varenicline-like pKa and affinity and [18F]Nifene with nicotine-like pKa and affinity. [18F]2-FA PET-imaging kinetics were very slow consistent with 2-FA trapping in α4β2R-containing GSats. In contrast, [18F]Nifene kinetics were rapid, consistent with its binding to α4β2Rs but no trapping. Specific [18F]2-FA and [18F]Nifene signals were eliminated in β2 subunit knock-out (KO) mice or by acute nicotine (AN) injections demonstrating binding to sites on β2-containing receptors. Chloroquine (CQ), which dissipates GSat pH gradients, reduced [18F]2-FA distributions while having little effect on [18F]Nifene distributions in vivo consistent with only [18F]2-FA trapping in GSats. These results are further supported by in vitro findings where dissipation of GSat pH gradients blocks 2-FA trapping in GSats without affecting Nifene. By combining in vitro and in vivo imaging, we mapped both the brain-wide and subcellular distributions of weak-base nicotinic receptor ligands. We conclude that ligands, such as varenicline, are trapped in neurons in α4β2R-containing GSats, which results in very slow release long after nicotine is gone after smoking.

Description: This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grants R01 DA044760-01 (to J.M., C.-T.C. and W.N.G.), RF1 AG029479 (to J.M.), and T32 DA043469 (to M.Z.). The authors acknowledge the assistance from the Integrative Small Animal Imaging Research Resources (iSAIRR) supported in part by NIH Grants P30 CA14500 and S10 OD025265 and from the Cyclotron Facility of the University of Chicago.

Description: 2023-07-04

Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Amaral, V., Lam, P., Marchal, O., Roca-Martí, M., Fox, J., & Nelson, N. Particle cycling rates at Station P as estimated from the inversion of POC concentration data. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 10(1), (2022): 00018, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00018.

Description: Particle cycling rates in marine systems are difficult to measure directly, but of great interest in understanding how carbon and other elements are distributed throughout the ocean. Here, rates of particle production, aggregation, disaggregation, sinking, remineralization, and transport mediated by zooplankton diel vertical migration were estimated from size-fractionated measurements of particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration collected during the NASA EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) cruise at Station P in summer 2018. POC data were combined with a particle cycling model using an inverse method. Our estimates of the total POC settling flux throughout the water column are consistent with those derived from thorium-234 disequilibrium and sediment traps. A budget for POC in two size fractions, small (1–51 µm) and large (〉 51 µm), was produced for both the euphotic zone (0–100 m) and the upper mesopelagic zone (100–500 m). We estimated that POC export at the base of the euphotic zone was 2.2 ± 0.8 mmol m−2 d−1, and that both small and large particles contributed considerably to the total export flux along the water column. The model results indicated that throughout the upper 500 m, remineralization leads to a larger loss of small POC than does aggregation, whereas disaggregation results in a larger loss of large POC than does remineralization. Of the processes explicitly represented in the model, zooplankton diel vertical migration is a larger source of large POC to the upper mesopelagic zone than the convergence of large POC due to particle sinking. Positive model residuals reveal an even larger unidentified source of large POC in the upper mesopelagic zone. Overall, our posterior estimates of particle cycling rate constants do not deviate much from values reported in the literature, i.e., size-fractionated POC concentration data collected at Station P are largely consistent with prior estimates given their uncertainties. Our budget estimates should provide a useful framework for the interpretation of process-specific observations obtained by various research groups in EXPORTS. Applying our inverse method to other systems could provide insight into how different biogeochemical processes affect the cycling of POC in the upper water column.

Description: This study was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) program award 80NSSC17K0555, NSF-OCE 1829614 to PJL, and NSF-OCE-1829790 to OM. VJA was supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program and the UC Eugene Cota-Robles Fellowship. MRM was supported by the Ocean Frontier Institute International Postdoctoral Fellowship Program and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Ocean Twilight Zone study.

Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Houstin, A., Zitterbart, D. P., Heerah, K., Eisen, O., Planas-Bielsa, V., Fabry, B., & Le Bohec, C. Juvenile emperor penguin range calls for extended conservation measures in the Southern Ocean. Royal Society Open Science, 9(8), (2022): 211708, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211708.

Description: To protect the unique and rich biodiversity of the Southern Ocean, conservation measures such as marine protected areas (MPAs) have been implemented. Currently, the establishment of several additional protection zones is being considered based on the known habitat distributions of key species of the ecosystems including emperor penguins and other marine top predators. However, the distribution of such species at sea is often insufficiently sampled. Specifically, current distribution models focus on the habitat range of adult animals and neglect that immatures and juveniles can inhabit different areas. By tracking eight juvenile emperor penguins in the Weddell Sea over 1 year and performing a meta-analysis including previously known data from other colonies, we show that conservation efforts in the Southern Ocean are insufficient for protecting this highly mobile species, and particularly its juveniles. We find that juveniles spend approximately 90% of their time outside the boundaries of proposed and existing MPAs, and that their distribution extends beyond (greater than 1500 km) the species' extent of occurrence as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Our data exemplify that strategic conservation plans for the emperor penguin and other long-lived ecologically important species should consider the dynamic habitat range of all age classes.

Description: This study was funded by the Centre Scientifique de Monaco with additional support from the LIA-647 and RTPI-NUTRESS (CSM/CNRS/University of Strasbourg), by The Penzance Endowed Fund and The Grayce B. Kerr Fund in Support of Assistant Scientists and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grant no. ZI1525/3-1 in the framework of the priority program ‘Antarctic research with comparative investigations in Arctic ice areas'.

Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Leistenschneider, C., Le Bohec, C., Eisen, O., Houstin, A., Neff, S., Primpke, S., Zitterbart, D., Burkhardt-Holm, P., & Gerdts, G. No evidence of microplastic ingestion in emperor penguin chicks (Aptenodytes forsteri) from the Atka Bay colony (Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica). Science of The Total Environment, (2022): 158314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158314.

Description: Microplastic (〈5 mm; MP) pollution has been an emerging threat for marine ecosystems around the globe with increasing evidence that even the world's most remote areas, including Antarctica, are no longer unaffected. Few studies however, have examined MP in Antarctic biota, and especially those from Antarctic regions with low human activity, meaning little is known about the extent to which biota are affected. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the occurrence of MP in the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), the only penguin species breeding around Antarctica during the austral winter, and an endemic apex predator in the Southern Ocean. To assess MP ingestion, the gizzards of 41 emperor penguin chicks from Atka Bay colony (Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica), were dissected and analyzed for MP 〉500 μm using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. A total of 85 putative particles, mostly in the shape of fibers (65.9 %), were sorted. However, none of the particles were identified as MP applying state-of-the-art methodology. Sorted fibers were further evidenced to originate from contamination during sample processing and analyses. We find that MP concentrations in the local food web of the Weddell Sea and Dronning Maud Land coastal and marginal sea-ice regions; the feeding grounds to chick-rearing emperor penguin adults, are currently at such low levels that no detectable biomagnification is occurring via trophic transfer. Being in contrast to MP studies on other Antarctic and sub-Antarctic penguin species, our comparative discussion including these studies, highlights the importance for standardized procedures for sampling, sample processing and analyses to obtain comparable results. We further discuss other stomach contents and their potential role for MP detection, as well as providing a baseline for the long-term monitoring of MP in apex predator species from this region.

Description: This study was supported by the Alfred Wegner Institute (AWI; Germany), the Ricola Foundation (Switzerland), the Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft Basel (FAG; Switzerland), the CNRS-France and the RTPI-NUTRESS (CSM Monaco & CNRS University of Strasbourg France).

Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 36(9), (2022): e2021GB007145, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gb007145.

Description: In this study, we compare mechanistic and empirical approaches to reconstruct the air-sea flux of biological oxygen (F[O2]bio-as) by parameterizing the physical oxygen saturation anomaly (ΔO2[phy]) in order to separate the biological contribution from total oxygen. The first approach matches ΔO2[phy] to the monthly climatology of the argon saturation anomaly from a global ocean circulation model's output. The second approach derives ΔO2[phy] from an iterative mass balance model forced by satellite-based physical drivers of ΔO2[phy] prior to the sampling day by assuming that air-sea interactions are the dominant factors driving the surface ΔO2[phy]. The final approach leverages the machine-learning technique of Genetic Programming (GP) to search for the functional relationship between ΔO2[phy] and biophysicochemical parameters. We compile simultaneous measurements of O2/Ar and O2 concentration from 14 cruises to train the GP algorithm and test the validity and applicability of our modeled ΔO2[phy] and F[O2]bio-as. Among the approaches, the GP approach, which incorporates ship-based measurements and historical records of physical parameters from the reanalysis products, provides the most robust predictions (R2 = 0.74 for ΔO2[phy] and 0.72 for F[O2]bio-as; RMSE = 1.4% for ΔO2[phy] and 7.1 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 for F[O2]bio-as). We use the empirical formulation derived from GP approach to reconstruct regional, inter-annual, and decadal variability of F[O2]bio-as based on historical oxygen records. Overall, our study represents a first attempt at deriving F[O2]bio-as from snapshot measurements of oxygen, thereby paving the way toward using historical O2 data and a rapidly growing number of O2 measurements on autonomous platforms for independent insight into the biological pump.

Description: N. Cassar was supported by the “Laboratoire d'Excellence” LabexMER (ANR-10-LABX-19) and co-funded by a grant from the French government under the program “Investissements d'Avenir.” Y. Huang was supported by grants from the China NSF (Nos. 42130401 and 42141002). Y. Huang was also partly supported by Chinese State Scholarship Fund to study at Duke University as a joint PhD student (No. 201806310052). R. Eveleth was supported by the NSF GRFP under grant (No. 1106401). D. Nicholson was supported by the NSF OCE-1129973 and OCE-1923915.

Description: In recent years, there have been significant advances in the understanding of seismicity scaling laws, the study of spatiotemporal correlations, and earthquake clustering, with direct implications for time-dependent seismic hazard assessment. New models based on seismicity patterns, considering their physical and statistical significance, have shed light on the preparation process before large earthquakes and the evolution of clustered seismicity in time and space. On the other hand, the increasing amount of seismic data available at both local and global scales, together with accurate assessments of the reliability of the catalogs, offers new opportunities for model verification. This Special Issue brings together eight peer-reviewed articles. The articles represent a collection of innovative applications of earthquake forecasting, including the earthquake preparation process, seismic hazard assessment, statistical analysis of seismicity, synthetic catalogs, and cluster identification. It is therefore invaluable to seismologists, statistical seismologists, research students, government agencies, and academics. We are especially grateful to all the authors as without them this Special Issue would not have become a reality. As guest editors, we would like to thank the reviewers for their careful evaluation and valuable contributions. Special thanks go to Assistant Editors Carlos Sanchez and Jill Fang for their dedication to this project and their invaluable collaboration in setting up, promoting, and managing the Special Issue

Description: Published

Description: 4504

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"

Description: JCR Journal

Description: he present research aims to assess the role of geogenic and anthropogenic activities in coastal aquifer vulnerability using a modified index. To achieve the objective of the current research, a GIS-based GALDIT-NUTS index has been developed for aquifer vulnerability assessment on Favignana Island, Italy. The GALDIT-NUTS index has been developed by expanding the GALDIT index using three significant parameters of the DRASTIC index and adding the landuse of the area. The GALDITS-NUTS index and the different index weights were validated using a hierarchical analytical process, vulnerability rating (obtained by this application), and field observed aquifer electrical conductivity data. The GALDIT-NUTS showed that approximately 66% of the study area was covered with high to maximum vulnerability zones and followed by medium vulnerability zones (32% of the study area). The present research outcome suggested that the GALDIT-NUTS index helps assess Island aquifer vulnerability because the index considers both human and seawater intrusion impacts.

Description: Published

Description: 11706-11731

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Description: 1TR. Georisorse

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This study analyses the morphological changes induced by eruptive activity at Stromboli volcano (Italy) during and after events occurring during July–August 2019. This period was characterized by intense eruptive activity (two paroxysmal explosions, a two-month-long lava emission, and more intense and frequent “ordinary” explosive activity) that produced significant changes within the region known as Sciara del Fuoco, located on the most unstable, north-western flank of the volcano. Since September 2019, the eruptive activity waned but remained intense, and erosive phenomena continued to contribute to the re-shaping of the Sciara del Fuoco. The morphological changes described here were documented by integrating topographic (PLÉIADES satellite tri-stereo Digital Elevation Models) and multibeam bathymetric data, acquired before, during, and after the paroxysmal events. This allowed the study of the cumulative effect of the different processes and the characterization of the different phases of accumulation/emplacement, erosion, remobilization and re-sedimentation of the volcaniclastic materials. Data acquired at several periods between September 2018 and April 2020, allowed a comparison of the subaerial and submarine effects of the 2019 events. We find evidence of localized, significant erosion following the two pyroclastic density currents triggered by the paroxysmal explosion of the 3 July 2019. We interpret this erosion as being caused by submarine and subaerial landslides triggered by the propagation of pyroclastic density currents down the Sciara del Fuoco slope. Immediately after the explosion, a lava field accumulated on the sub-aerial slope, produced by effusive activity which lasted about two months. Subsequently, the newly emplaced lava, and in particular its breccia, was eroded, with the transfer of material onto the submarine slope. This work demonstrates how repeated topo-bathymetric surveys allowed identification of the slope processes that were triggered in response to the rapid geomorphological variations due to the eruptive activity. The surveys also allowed distinction of whether estimated volumetric losses were the result of single mass-flows or gradual erosive processes, with implications on the related geohazard. Furthermore, this work highlights how submarine slope failures can be triggered by the entry into the water of pyroclastic density currents, even of modest size. These results are important for the development and improvement of an early warning system for tsunami-induced by mass flows, both in Stromboli and for island-based and coastal volcanoes elsewhere, where landslides and pyroclastic density currents can trigger significant, potentially destructive, tsunami waves.

Description: Published

Description: 108093

Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: We present a detailed seismic imaging of the harnessed Nesjavellir geothermal area, SW-Iceland, which is one of several geothermal fields on the flanks of the Hengill volcano. We map the vP , vS , and vPvS ratio using seismic data recorded in 2016–2020 and compare them with both a resistivity model of the same area and the rock temperature as measured in boreholes. The results show that the shallower crust (depth less than 1 km) is characterized by low vP and vS , and high vPvS ratio (around 1.9). Shallow low resistivity values at similar depths in the same area have been interpreted as the smectite clay cap of the system. At depths between 1 and 3 km the observed low vPvS ratio of 1.64–1.70 correlates with high resistivity values. In this area, characterized by temperatures larger than 240°C, the seismicity appears to be sparse and located close to the production wells. This seismicity has been interpreted as induced by the production in combination with naturally occurring earthquakes. At depths greater than 4 km, high vPvS ratio of 1.9 correlates well with low resistivity values. In the valley of Nesjavellir, a deep-seated conductive body, domes up at about 4.500 m b.sl. and coincides spatially with a significant high vPvS ratio anomaly (〉1.9). Above these anomalies an elevated temperature is registered according to borehole temperature data. This is proposed here to be caused by hot 600°C–900°C cooling intrusives, close to the brittle ductile transition—probably the heat source(s) of the geothermal field above. These anomalies are at the same location as the last fissure eruption in Hengill almost 2,000 years ago. The NNE-SSW trending, deeper seismic cluster at 3–6 km depth is located at the edge of this high vPvS anomaly. The heat source of the Nesjavellir geothermal field is most likely connected to this most recent volcanism as reflected by the deep-seated low resistivity body and high vPvS ratio, located beneath the deep fault that connects the flow path of the high temperature geothermal fluid, resulting in an actively producing reservoir.

Description: Published

Description: 994280

Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Description: JCR Journal

Description: An innovative method of estimating the relative risk of buildings exposed to seismic and tsunami hazards in volcanic islands is applied to Stromboli (Italy), a well-known stratovolcano affected by moderate earthquakes and mass-flow-induced tsunamis. The method uses a pre-existing quali-quantitative analysis to assess the relative risk indices of buildings, which provide comparative results useful for prioritisation purposes, in combination with a historical-geographical settlement analysis consistent with the ‘territorialist’ approach to the urban and regional planning and design. The quali-quantitative analysis is based on a new proposed survey-sheet model, useful to collect building information necessary for the relative risk estimation, whereas the historical-geographical investigation is based on the multi-temporal comparison of aerial and satellite images. The proposal to combine two consolidated methods represents an innovation in estimating relative risk. Considering that Stromboli Island had never been subjected to similar analyses, the results of the relative seismic risk assessment are novel and moreover identify buildings with a fairly-low and spatially-uniform relative risk. The results of the relative tsunami risk assessment are consistent with results of similar past studies, identifying buildings with a higher relative risk index on the northern coast of the island. The combined use of a building-by-building survey with a multi-temporal analysis of settlements allows obtaining a higher detail than previously available for the region. If adequately modified, the proposed combination of methods allows assessing relative risk also considering other geo-environmental hazards and their cascading effects, in a multi-hazard risk assessment perspective.

Description: Published

Description: 103002

Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Sub surface operations for energy production such as gas storage, fluid injection or hydraulic fracking modify the physical properties of the crust, in particular seismic velocity and anelastic attenuation. Continuously measuring these properties may be crucial to monitor the status of the reservoir. Here we propose a not usual use of the empirical ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) to monitor large-scale medium properties variations in a reservoir during fluid injection experiments. In practice, peak-ground velocities recorded during field operations are used to update the coefficients of a reference GMPE whose variation can be physically interpreted in terms of anelastic attenuation and seismic velocity. We apply the technique to earthquakes recorded at The Geysers geothermal field in Southern California and events occurred in the St. Gallen (Switzerland) geothermal field. Our results suggest that the GMPEs can be effectively used as a proxy for some reservoir properties variation by using induced earthquakes recorded at relatively dense networks.

Description: Published

Description: 12632

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: After more than forty years since the 1980 Irpinia-Lucania earthquake, with this Special Issue “The November 23rd, 1980 Irpinia-Lucania, Southern Italy Earthquake: Insights and Reviews 40 Years Later” we revisit this milestone geological and seismological event, bringing together the latest views and news on this earthquake, with the aim of improving the dissemination of wide-ranging information on this remarkable case history.

Description: Published

Description: 173

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: We present an automated method for mapping the b values. The algorithm is very simple and presents three advantages: (a) it does not requires any tuning of the parameters like, for instance, a fixed cell size or a maximum radius of the cell; (b) it implies a more appropriate use of the catalog, by using almost all the events in the catalog used (with a tolerance of 1%) with no overlap; (c) it implies the full independence of the b values, thus allowing the statistical comparison of the results using standard tests. Although the resulting b values are comparable with those obtained by applying the other methods of common use in seismology, these latter (a) leave out many earthquakes from the analysis, with loose of useful information, (b) produce diffuse cells overlapping aiming at reaching many cells of the grid in order to get the correct number of events in each cell, and (c) results in correlated b values, which do not allow the test of significance for the differences in the b values. Finally, due to the independence from any ad hoc a-priori choice, our method is suitable for automatic and operator-free procedures.

Description: Published

Description: e2021EA002205

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The physicochemical and isotopic characteristics of groundwater and dissolved gas of central Mexico provide valuable information about the geologic and tectonic context of the area. Low–high-enthalpy manifestations (up to 98 °C in springs and more than 100 °C in geothermal wells) are distributed within the San Juan del Río, Querétaro, and Celaya hydrologic basins, located at the boundary between the current Mexican magmatic arc and an extensional continental area with intraplate volcanism called Mesa Central Province. Groundwaters in the study area represent a mixture between the cold water end-member with a Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- composition and a hydrothermal end-member enriched in Na+ , K+ , SO4 2−, and Cl-. Cold and hot groundwaters δ2 H and δ18O plot along the same evaporation lines and do not exhibit a magmatic input. Dissolved and free gas do not show a typical volcanic composition signature. He and Ne isotope composition provide evidence of an important contribution of non-atmospheric noble gases. Although helium composition mainly has a crustal origin (21–83%), the mantellic contribution (1–39%) is higher than expected for an area lacking recent volcanism. A volatile-rich magma aging at depth was discarded as the source of this mantellic helium signature but points out a recent mantellic contribution. Thus, we propose that mantellic helium comes from the sublithospheric mantle into the shallow crust through the highly permeable tectonic boundaries between the geologic provinces, namely the N−S Taxco−San Miguel de Allende and ChapalaTula fault systems. Mantellic helium flow rates through these fault systems were estimated to have values ranging from 0.1 m/yr to 2.9 m/yr. This He flux range implies that aside from subduction, mantle volatile degassing enhanced by crustal fault systems is the main degassing process in the region studied.

Description: Published

Description: 335–347

Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The Fucino Pliocene-Quaternary extensional basin represents a puzzling tectonic structure in the central part of the Apennine chain (Italy). Bordered by seismogenetic faults responsible for strong earthquakes in the last millennium (Mw = 6–7), differently from other elongated intermontane basins in this area, it has a rounded shape and extends for 15–20 km both in the E-W and N-S directions. This structural peculiarity is also demonstrated by the very intense gravity low, with amplitude 〉30 mGal (e.g., Cella et al., 2021), associated with this basin. Available reflection seismic data in this area are often considered of low quality (e.g., Compagnia Mediterranea Idrocarburi, 1999), and no deep well (i.e., 〉200 m depth) is present in this basin, so that its structure at depth results poorly constrained. In a recent paper, Mancinelli et al. (2021; hereafter this paper will be referred to as MSPM), by forward modelling residual gravity data try to confirm a recent 2D seismic stratigraphic interpretation (Patruno and Scisciani, 2021) and the relative model of the Fucino basin structure. In this interpretation of seismic data, the Pliocene-Quaternary units infilling the basin overlies an older (Messinian) siliciclastic flysch, instead of a carbonate substrate as hypothesized in previous studies (e. g., Cavinato et al., 2002; Cella et al., 2021). The forward gravity modelling attempted in MSPM would confirm the presence of huge volumes of Miocene sediments, with a thickness up to 1000 m, and would support the hypothesis of the presence of a, rapidly filled, transient Messinian foredeep basin. However, we have concerns about the quality of the gravity modelling proposed in MSPM, and consequently we are doubtful about the geological conclusions that are drawn from it.

Description: Published

Description: 229540

Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Bewertung ist mit Entwertung ebenso verbunden wie die Eingrenzung der Einen mit der Ausgrenzung der Anderen. Dieser Mechanismus, genannt "Externalisierung als Prinzip", ist bezeichnend für die herrschaftlich geprägte kapitalistische Wertbildung, die systematisch Abwertungen und Ausschlüsse hervorruft. Die Konstruktion dieses externalisierenden Prinzips wird theorie- und ideengeschichtlich analysiert, um sodann nach aktuellen Veränderungen zu suchen: "Wertbeben" durch COVID-19? Herrschaftsfreie Bewertung ohne Externalisierung in alternativen Handlungsräumen? Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudie laden zu kritischen Reflexionen und zukunftsweisenden Überlegungen ein. Im ersten Kapitel analysieren die Autorinnen ideen- und theoriegeschichtlich die politik- und wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Konstruktion des externalisierenden Prinzips, seine auch gewaltsame Durchsetzung und die damit einhergehenden Herrschaftsformen. Sie beginnen mit Thomas Hobbes und enden bei Karl Marx. Entwicklungslinien im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert skizzieren Uta von Winterfeld und Adelheid Biesecker im zweiten Kapitel und stellen die wirkmächtigen Erzählungen und ihre Schatten vor. Das umfangreiche dritte Kapitel war nicht vorgesehen, ebenso,wie COVID-19 selber. Das Virus hat uns eine "Fallstudie" beschert, in der die Autorinnen der Frage nachgehen, ob COVID-19 ein Wertbeben darstellt. Andrea Baier steuert einen Beitrag zur Sorge und Sorgearbeit in Zeiten der Pandemie bei. Charlotte Horras, Luisa Lucas und Annika Rehm erzählen uns die Geschichte der "erschöpft und empörten" berufstätigen Mütter. Vera Kravchik, Melanie Lucas und Yasmin erzählen als politische Sozialarbeiterinnen, die sich in Pandemiezeiten engagieren und zugleich blockiert werden. Biesecker und von Winterfeld analysieren weiter, ob sich Gesellschaftliche Naturverhältnisse verändern und ob hier ein "Wertbeben" stattgefunden hat. Das für die Autorinnen unerwartete Ergebnis ist, dass die Pandemie auch als Ausdruck krisenhafter gesellschaftlicher Naturverhältnisse verstanden werden muss und ein Wertbeben kaum stattfindet. Da sie gleich zu Beginn der Pandemie vermutet haben, dass sie einen Digitalisierungsschub auslösen wird, haben sie Andrea Vetter gebeten, dies in einem Beitrag kritisch zu reflektieren. Im vierten Kapitel wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie und von wem und inwiefern die Geschichte von Wert und Herrschaft anders erzählt werden kann, was sie daran hindert und worin gleichwohl ein utopischer Funke besteht.

Description: 〈jats:p〉Plastic debris is ubiquitous in all ecosystems and has even reached locations that humans will hardly reach such as the deep ocean floor and the atmosphere. Research has highlighted that plastic debris is now pervasive even in remote Arctic regions. While modeling projections indicated local sources and long-distance transport as causes, empirical data about its origin and sources are scarce. Data collected by citizen scientists can increase the scale of observations, especially in such remote regions. Here, we report abundance and composition data of marine debris collected by citizen scientists on 14 remote Arctic beaches on the Spitsbergen archipelago. In addition, citizen scientists collected three large, industrial sized canvas bags (hereafter: big packs), filled with beached debris, of which composition, sources and origin were determined. A total debris mass of 1,620 kg was collected on about 38,000 m〈jats:sup〉2〈/jats:sup〉 (total mean = 41.83 g m〈jats:sup〉-2〈/jats:sup〉, SEM = ± 31.62). In terms of abundance, 23,000 pieces of debris were collected on 25,500 m〈jats:sup〉2〈/jats:sup〉 (total mean = 0.37 items of debris m〈jats:sup〉-2〈/jats:sup〉, SEM = ± 0.17). Although most items were plastic in both abundance and mass, fisheries waste, such as nets, rope, and large containers, dominated in mass (87%), and general plastics, such as packaging and plastic articles, dominated in abundance (80%). Fisheries-related debris points to local sea-based sources from vessels operating in the Arctic and nearby. General plastics could point to both land- and ship based sources, as household items are also used on ships and debris can be transported to the north 〈jats:italic〉via〈/jats:italic〉 the oceans current. Overall, 1% of the items (206 out of 14,707 pieces) collected in two big packs (2017 and 2021), bore imprints or labels allowing an analysis of their origin. If the categories ‘global’ and ‘English language’ were excluded, most of identifiable items originated from Arctic states (65%), especially from Russia (32%) and Norway (16%). But almost a third of the items (30%) was of European provenance, especially from Germany (8%). Five percent originated from more distant sources (e.g. USA, China, Korea, Brazil). Global measures such as an efficient and legally binding plastic treaty with improved upstream measures and waste management are urgently needed, to lower the amount of plastic entering our environments and in turn lifting the pressure on the Arctic region and its sensitive biota.〈/jats:p〉

Description: 〈jats:p〉Abstract. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) plays an important role in the atmosphere by influencing the formation of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei. In contrast, the role of methanethiol (MeSH) for the budget and flux of reduced sulfur remains poorly understood. In the present study, we quantified DMS and MeSH together with the trace gases carbon monoxide (CO), isoprene, acetone, acetaldehyde and acetonitrile in North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean surface waters, covering a transect from 57.2 to 80.9∘ N in high spatial resolution in May–June 2015. Whereas isoprene, acetone, acetaldehyde and acetonitrile concentrations decreased northwards, CO, DMS and MeSH retained substantial concentrations at high latitudes, indicating specific sources in polar waters. DMS was the only compound with a higher average concentration in polar (31.2 ± 9.3 nM) than in Atlantic waters (13.5 ± 2 nM), presumably due to DMS originating from sea ice. At eight sea-ice stations north of 80∘ N, in the diatom-dominated marginal ice zone, DMS and chlorophyll a markedly correlated (R2 = 0.93) between 0–50 m depth. In contrast to previous studies, MeSH and DMS did not co-vary, indicating decoupled processes of production and conversion. The contribution of MeSH to the sulfur budget (represented by DMS + MeSH) was on average 20 % (and up to 50 %) higher than previously observed in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, suggesting MeSH as an important source of sulfur possibly emitted to the atmosphere. The potential importance of MeSH was underlined by several correlations with bacterial taxa, including typical phytoplankton associates from the Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae families. Furthermore, the correlation of isoprene and chlorophyll a with Alcanivorax indicated a specific relationship with isoprene-producing phytoplankton. Overall, the demonstrated latitudinal and vertical patterns contribute to understanding how concentrations of central marine trace gases are linked with chemical and biological dynamics across oceanic waters. 〈/jats:p〉

Description: Dormancy is a biological process that allows communities to survive in adverse environmental conditions. The production of dormant structures is one of the main strategies performed by aquatic microfauna (ciliates, rotifers, cladocerans, copepods and ostracods). This study aimed to evaluate the dormant structures of aquatic microfauna, addressing different ecological aspects such as hatching time, dispersal, fungal influence and viability of the structures at different temperatures. The hatching experiments were performed with sediment and aquatic macrophytes of lakes from the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. The results evidenced that ostracod resting eggs have similar hatching times among taxonomically close species and that the functional traits of the species (e.g. body size and presence of spines) influence the hatching time. In addition, dried roots of the free floating macrophyte (Eichhornia crassipes) shelter and disperse ostracod resting eggs. While, for all dormant aquatic microfauna a positive effect was observed between the presence of fungi in the sediment and species richness of the dormant communities, which did not negatively influence the viability of the dormant structures. The results also showed that the increase in temperature reduced significantly the species richness of the dormant microfauna and led to homogenisation of the egg bank. Based on the results, we highlight the importance of dormant structures in the recolonisation of environments and the high potential for dispersal by biotic vectors (plants), however this is also a warning for the invasion process. In addition, climate change responsible for temperature increase is a threat to the dormant structures of aquatic microfauna, thus it necessary to create mitigation measures for the conservation of the egg bank.

Description: A dormência é um processo biológico que permite que as comunidades sobrevivam em condições ambientais adversas. A produção de estruturas dormentes é uma das principais estratégias realizada pela microfauna aquática (ciliados, rotíferos, cladóceros, copépodes e ostrácodes). Avaliou-se as estruturas de dormência da microfauna aquática, abordando diferentes aspectos ecológicos como o tempo de eclosão, dispersão, influência de fungos e a viabilidade das estruturas em diferentes temperaturas. Experimentos de eclosão foram realizados com sedimentos e macrófitas aquáticas de lagoas da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, Brasil. Os resultados evidenciaram que os ovos resistência de ostrácodes possuem o tempo de eclosão semelhante entre espécies taxonomicamente próximas e que os traços funcionais das espécies (por exemplo: tamanho do corpo e presença de espinhos) influenciam no tempo de eclosão. Constatou-se que as raízes secas da macrófita flutuante livre (Eichhornia crassipes) abrigam e dispersam ovos de resistência de ostrácodes. Enquanto, para toda a microfauna aquática dormente observou-se uma relação positiva entre a presença de fungos no sedimento e riqueza de espécies da comunidade dormente, o que não influenciou negativamente a viabilidade das estruturas dormentes. O aumento da temperatura reduziu significativamente a riqueza de espécies da microfauna dormente e levou a homogeneização do banco de ovos. Mediante aos resultados, ressalta-se a importância destas estruturas dormentes na recolonização dos ambientes e o alto potencial de dispersão por vetores bióticos (plantas), entretanto também é um alerta para o processo de invasão. As mudanças climáticas responsáveis pelo aumento da temperatura são uma ameaça para as estruturas dormentes da microfauna aquática, e desse modo, é necessário criar medidas para a conservação do banco de ovos.

Description: PhD

Description: Diese Bergordnung wurde von den Räten der sieben wichtigsten Bergstädte des Bergbaureviers Zips in bei einer Zusammenkunft in Kaschau (Košice) am 26. und 27. Dezember 1487 erlassen. Es wurde vereinbart, das ein getroffener Rechtsspruch in einer der Städte fortan auch für die anderen Städte gelten soll. Dabei waren das Gericht und der Rat der Stadt Göllnitz die erste Instanz. In der Rechtssatzung wurden die Zuständigkeit der Rechtsprechung durch die Bergmeister und die Rechte der Arbeiter bei der Lohnzahlung definiert. Eindeutig wurde darauf verwiesen, dass die genannten Bergstädte nicht gleichberechtigt sind und deren Rangfolge aufgeführt. An erster Stelle stand Göllnitz (Gelnica), gefolgt von Schmöllnitz (Smolník), Ruda (Rudabánya), Jossau (Jasov), Telken (Telkibánya), Rossenau (Rožňava) und Neundorf (Spišská / Nová Ves). Die Bergmeister bestätigten die von den Räten beschlossene Satzung und ließen diese in fünf Artikeln im Göllnitzer Stadtbuch eintragen. Die Entstehungszeit fünf weiterer Artikel lässt sich nicht genau bestimmen. In ihnen wurden die Rechte und Pflichten der Bergmeister beschrieben.

Description: source

Description: Nowadays, the coating industry offers a wide range of products to protect, decorate, and perform special functions on surfaces of objects such as automobiles, aerospace aircrafts, heavy industrial machines and structures, consumable toys, and many other products. The use of coatings as a corrosion protection agent is of great interest in the research and development industries, acting as a barrier between the material substrate and the corrosive elements. In the present work, we have tested the anti-corrosion performances of three types of protective coatings, derived from calcium-phosphate (CaP) minerals, ethyl silicate (TEOS) and polysilazanes. These coatings have been applied on different lapideous materials that belong to the groups of siliceous and carbonaceous rocks. CaP minerals and TEOS coatings are performed by the immersion of samples in baths of crafted solutions, whereas polysilazanes are applied on surfaces with techniques of spraying and brushing. Raw and coated samples have been analysed by SEM/EDX and FTIR to address their effective functionalization of the surfaces. The coated lapideous samples have been tested with corrosive agents to simulate decay processes in harsh acidic environments. The main results reveal that PHPS treated samples offers a considerable higher level of protection against acidic attack compared to the other protective coatings. Moreover, we highlighted a different behaviour among siliceous and carbonaceous surfaces treated with PHPS, as the former reveals a much longer survivability in acidic environments.

Description: Published

Description: 128507

Description: 1TR. Georisorse

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The Nirano Salse, known since the Roman Times, are one of the most beautiful and scenic mud volcanoes areas of Italy with thousands of visitors every year. In this work, we apply novel (for the context) hydrogeological techniques to characterize mud levels in the Salse by means of GPS-RTK positioning and continuous level logging within mud conduits. This is important to quantify the gas–liquid ratio in the conduits and evaluate the potential for dangerous abrupt mud eruptions. The results presented suggest that different mud levels in mud volcanoes clusters are due to the different gas–liquid ratio in the conduits and not necessarily exclude interconnection at depth, a hypothesis, on the other hand, that seems strengthened by mud level time series correlations. The presence of shallow aquifers at a depth of 5 to 30 m is also supported by our field data and allows us to delineate the boundaries of the shallow mud reservoir—pipes system and its overall shape. The shallow aquifers may provide a temporary storage for the ascending gas and when fluid pressure in these aquifers exceeds the tensional strength of the sedimentary rock, leakage of fluids to the surface would occur. In this case, if the gas–liquid ratio is high, mud volcanoes develop into tall gryphons and tend to have a discontinuous activity with sudden eruptions of mud after long periods of quiescence. This, together with the knowledge of shallow conduits localization has an important implication for site safety in proximity to the mud volcanoes. Our inferences based on mud level relationships to mud extrusion dynamics can be applied to lower risk in other mud volcanoes areas of the world with high geo-tourist visits, such as those of Trinidad, Azerbaijan, and Colombia.

Description: Published

Description: 480

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Despite their markedly different structural setting, the northern and southern outer Albanides share a common tectonic evolution from detachment-dominated to ramp-dominated, basement-involved thrusting. The former process (mainly Oligocene to Miocene) is essentially related with the occurrence of a thick décollement level represented by Triassic evaporites, while the latter involves basement ramps splaying out from a middle crustal décollement. As this weak crustal layer is inherited from the Mesozoic rifting stage, the original continental margin architecture is interpreted to strongly influence subsequent convergent deformation. The profoundly different nature of the two dominant décollements in the study area controlled the structural style of the fold and thrust belt. The decoupling capacity of the upper décollement is strongly dependent on the thickness of the Triassic evaporites. Where this is significant (≫1 km; southern outer Albanides), the occurrence of such a thick incompetent layer at the base of competent carbonate units favored the development of break-thrust folds and imbrication of the sedimentary cover. Fold and thrust belt propagation was instead hindered where original stratigraphic variations resulted in a reduced thickness (≤1 km) of Triassic evaporites. On the other hand, the deeper middle crustal décollement is controlled by basement rheology. Its reactivation during plate convergence was assisted by collision-related thermal weakening of the crust. This process governed late-stage (〈5 Ma) crustal-scale tectonic inversion and plays a major role in controlling present-day seismicity.

Description: Published

Description: e2022TC007274

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Geosphere is constantly crossed by fluid fluxes of varying flow velocity and chemical composition. The development of gas geochemistry techniques over the last 50 years allowed of gaining a significant understanding of gas accumulations, gas fluxes, and their geological sources. Although gas geochemistry is a relatively recent discipline of geochemistry, advancements over the last 2 decades in sampling, storage and analysis of gas samples have enabled gas geochemistry to emerge as a critical scientific tool for constraining processes occurring in the geosciences. Chemical and isotopic features of various gas species have provided critical information about their origin, source, migration, and accumulation in specific environments, making gas geochemistry a widely used tool in a variety of fields of geosciences, including environmental/climate problems, geohazards, origin and evolution of rocks, as well as biogeochemical processes involving microbial activity. Due to the economic relevance of hydrocarbons and hydrothermal gases, they have been investigated more intensively than other gas types since very early time. Additionally, advances in our understanding of unconventional gases such as shale and tight gas in recent decades, represent new applications for these gas-related approaches. Over the last half-century, scientists in the field of gas geochemistry have exchanged their findings/experiments at major international scientific conferences organized by the International Conference on Gas Geochemistry (ICGG), the Geochemical Society, the American Geophysical Union (AGU), the European Geosciences Union (EGU), the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), and the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI). Numerous applications of gas geochemistry in geology and the environment have been studied in recent years, and the present trend confirms that Earth and Environmental Sciences are the most promising domains for gas geochemistry applications. It is worth noting that advances in our understanding of noble/rare gas geochemistry are more closely tied to technology achievements than to fundamental geological knowledge. The current Research Topic has been devoted of compiling the most recent and pertinent experiences in the various domains of gas geochemistry. 23 papers presented but not limited in the 2019 ICGG meeting in Sicily have been accepted for publication. Hereby it is useful to report the list of published papers by date of publications and a keyword at the end in parentheses able to roughly identify the basic field of interest. In particular the paper by: (1) Qin et al. reported about Genetic Types, Distribution Patterns and Enrichment Mechanisms of Helium in China’s Petroliferous Basins (raw materials) (2) Xia et al. reported about The Characteristics of Organic Carbon in the Offshore Sediments Surrounding the Leizhou Peninsula, China (hydrocarbons) (3) Xiaobo et al. reported about Differences on Geochemical Characteristics and Their Implicating Significances of Nitrogen in Coal-Derived Gas and Oil-typed Gas in China (hydrocarbons) (4) Wu et al. reported about Inversion Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Gases Carbon Isotopes Varying With Temperature and Implications for Shale Exploration (hydrocarbons) (5) Longo et al. reported about Black Sea Methane Flares From the Seafloor: Tracking Outgassing by Using Passive Acoustics (hydrocarbons) (6) Nicula et al. reported about Geochemical Features of the Thermal and Mineral Waters From the Apuseni Mountains (Romania) (geothermics) (7) Melián et al. reported about Insights from Fumarole Gas Geochemistry on the Recent Volcanic Unrest of Pico do Fogo, Cape Verde (volcanic risk) (8) Nguyễn et al. reported about Radioactive Thoron 220Rn Exhalation From Unfired Mud Building Material Into Room Air of Earthen Dwellings (radioprotection in living environment) (9) Wang et al. reported about Potential Production of Carbon Gases and Their Responses to Paleoclimate Conditions: An Example From Xiaolongtan Basin, Southeast Tibetan Plateau (hydrocarbons) (10) Chen et al. reported about Factors Controlling Natural Gas Accumulation in the Southern Margin of Junggar Basin and Potential Exploration Targets (hydrocarbon) (11) Liang et al. reported about Preliminary Experimental Study of Methane Adsorption Capacity in Shale After Brittle Deformation Under Uniaxial Compression (hydrocarbons) (12) Ni et al. reported about Geochemical Comparison of the Deep Gases From the Sichuan and Tarim Basins, China (hydrocarbons) (13) Daskalopoulou et al. reported about Insight Into Hartoušov Mofette, Czech Republic: Tales by the Fluids (tectonophysics) (14) Gao et al. reported about Characteristics of Organic Matter and Biomarkers in Core Sediments From the Offshore Area of Leizhou Peninsula, South China Sea (hydrocarbons) (15) Cao et al. reported about The Paleoclimate Significance of the δ13C Composition of Individual Hydrocarbon Compounds in the Maoming Oil Shales, China (hydrocarbons) (16) Zhang et al. reported about Geochemical Characteristics of Gas and Flowback Water in Lake Facies Shale: A Case Study From the Junggar Basin, China (hydrocarbons) (17) Sun et al. reported about Soil Degassing From the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang Fault System at the Eastern Boundary of the Chuan–Dian Rhombic Block, Southwest China (tectonophysics) (18) Xiaowei et al. reported about Catalytic Hydrogenation of Post-Mature Hydrocarbon Source Rocks Under Deep- Derived Fluids: An Example of Early Cambrian Yurtus Formation, Tarim Basin, NW China (hydrocarbons) (19) Fu et al. reported about An Automatic System for Continuous Monitoring and Sampling of Groundwater Geochemistry in Earthquake-Prone Regions of SW Taiwan (tectonophysics) (20) Kim et al. reported about Short-Term Monitoring of Geogenic Soil CO2 Flux in a Non-Volcanic and Seismically Inactive Emission Site, South Korea (tectonophysics) (21) Sano et al. reported about Groundwater Anomaly Related to CCS-CO2 Injection and the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake in Japan (carbon capture and storage) (22) Siino et al. reported about Stochastic Models for Radon Daily Time Series: Seasonality, Stationarity, and Long-Range Dependence Detection (data processing) (23) Zafrir et al. reported about The Impact of Atmospheric and Tectonic Constraints on Radon-222 and Carbon Dioxide Flow in Geological Porous Media—A Dozen-Year Research Summary (tectonophysics)

Description: Published

Description: 936733

Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This paper explored the relationship between acidic sulfate alteration, geostructural frameworks, and geomorphological changes that can be observed in active volcanic hydrothermal systems. The target area was Pisciarelli in the Campi Flegrei volcano, where diffuse acidic sulfate alteration and hydrothermal dynamics have been growing since 2012, causing a progressive deterioration of landscapes. Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), photogrammetry of proximity survey, geological field work, mineralogical and geochemical analysis with Optical Microscopy (OM), electron microscopy, and energy dispersive micro-analysis (BSEM-EDS) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) to characterize (and monitor) altered rock outcrops were repeatedly carried out in the area. We present the multi-temporal acquisition and analysis referring to Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) datasets (2014 survey) with 3D-point clouds obtained from the Structure for Motion (SfM) photogrammetry (2021 survey) with a high-resolution digital camera aimed at evaluating volumetric changes on the mostly damaged and altered fault scarp. For each survey, we obtained a vertical Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and a true color RGB orthomosaic that provided the setting of the area at the different times and its evolution through their comparison. Changing sites were examined in the field and characterized for mineralogical and geochemical purposes. The investigated slope lost up to about 4 m3 of deposits between 2014 and 2021, mostly related to hydrothermal alteration induced by gas emissions and meteoric infiltration. Our methodological approach appears promising to evaluate evolution and rock-fall susceptibility of solfataric terrains subjected to hydrothermal dynamics.

Description: Published

Description: 3526

Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Despite the progress in the international and regional governance efforts at the level of climate change, ocean acidification (OA) remains a global problem with profoundly negative environmental, social, and economical consequences. This requires extensive mitigation and adaptation effective strategies that are hindered by current shortcomings of governance. This multidisciplinary chapter investigates the risks of ocean acidification (OA) for aquaculture and fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea and its sub-basins and the role of regional adaptive governance to tackle the problem. The identified risks are based on the biological sensitivities of the most important aquaculture species and biogenic habitats and their exposure to the current and future predicted (2100) RCP 8.5 conditions. To link OA exposure and biological sensitivity, we produced spatially resolved and depth-related pH and aragonite saturation state exposure maps and overlaid these with the existing aquaculture industry in the coastal waters of the Mediterranean basin to demonstrate potential risk for the aquaculture in the future. We also identified fisheries’ vulnerability through the indirect effects of OA on highly sensitive biogenic habitats that serve as nursery and spawning areas, showing that some of the biogenic habitats are already affected locally under existing OA conditions and will be more severely impacted across the entire Mediterranean basin under 2100 scenarios. This provided a regional vulnerability assessment of OA hotspots, risks and gaps that created the baseline for discussing the importance of adaptive governance and recommendations for future OA mitigation/adaptation strategies. By understanding the risks under future OA scenarios and reinforcing the adaptability of the governance system at the science-policy interface, best informed, “situated” management response capability can be optimised to sustain ecosystem services.

Description: Published

Description: 403–432

Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima

Description: The phenomenology of lava flow emplacement involves complex physical processes related to crystallization, eruption rate, temperature, crust solidification, and a variety of other factors. Changes in effusion rate are a natural part of lava flow emplacement and can complicate lava flow morphology and propagation. Analog experiments are a useful tool for investigating the role of changing effusion rates on flow propagation because they allow reasonably precise control of conditions and detailed documentation of resulting flows. Experimental datasets that investigate the impact of variable effusion rates on flow propagation can be used to enhance fundamental understanding of flow processes and to inform numerical models for hazards forecasts. In this study, we address the effects of decreasing and increasing eruption rates (Q) on four emplacement modes common to lava flows: resurfacing, marginal breakouts, inflation, and lava tubes. Laboratory analogue experiments using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 600 wax were used to derive Ψ, a dimensionless parameter that relates crust formation (ts) and lateral advection (ta) timescales of a viscous gravity current. We conducted 120 experiments using a peristaltic pump to inject dyed PEG wax into a chilled bath (∼ 0 °C) in a tank with a roughened base at a slope of 0°. The experiments were divided into two conditions: decreasing Q with time (condition 1) and increasing Q with time (condition 2). We controlled for volume of extruded wax, temperature, instantaneous eruption rate, Ψ, and duration of the decrease or increase in eruption rate. Results indicate that the duration of the pulsatory eruption rate, the experimental condition, initial Ψ, and the extruded volume influence the presence and strength of a crust (or lack thereof) which in turn influences the onset and extent of the four emplacement modes investigated. Prolonged increase in eruption rates favored resurfacing, widespread marginal breakouts and flow advancement, inflation, and some tube formation, while the specific morphology and area covered was controlled by an extensive, coherent crust, which in turn depended on initial Ψ and duration of the initial eruptive stage. Prolonged decreasing eruption rates promoted localized marginal breakouts, inflation, and tube formation. The duration of the pulse during the eruption rate change affected the likelihood and/or significance of the mode of emplacement. Similar observations were made on the early stages of the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption in Iceland to demonstrate the utility of the wax experiments in interpreting natural systems.

Description: Published

Description: 107674

Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The study of the ground deformation in active calderas provides valuable indications of the ongoing dynamical processes. In this framework, we analyze the borehole tiltmeter data recorded at Campi Flegrei (Southern Italy) from their first installation (1 April 2015), in order to retrieve the kinematics of the ground deformation and its main anomalies. Our approach involves the nonlinear dynamics analysis aimed at the identification of the degrees of freedom of the system and thus its complexity. Starting from the second part of the year 2020, the behavior of the dynamical system becomes collective, and a locally significant deviation of the deformative pattern from the background trend is observed. In particular, a series of 15 slow tilt variations (like jumps lasting a few days) appears in the ground deformation. They are associated with a very low-dimensional system likely generated by a local second-order source. The latter is related to fluid migration and it is superimposed on the primary one located in Pozzuoli town and driving the current uplift of Campi Flegrei. The effects of such a local, second-order stress field are, indeed, evident in the area of the volcanic dome of Mt. Olibano, where they are measured as tilt steps. The superposition of primary and second-order sources of deformation acting contemporaneously can justify the recent variations in geophysical and geochemical parameters. Our approach based on the joint dynamical and kinematical analyses of the tiltmeter data can be applied to other volcanic/tectonic areas or extended to other geophysical and geochemical variables.

Description: Published

Description: e2022EA002702

Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: We introduce an end-to-end (E2E) deep neural network architecture designed to perform seismo-volcanic monitoring focused on detecting change. Due to the complexity of volcanic processes, this requires a polyphonic detection, segmentation, and classification approach. Through evolving epistemic uncertainty, invoking a Bayesian network strategy, we detect change and demonstrate its significance as an indicator for possible forecasting of eruptions using data from the Bezymianny and Etna volcanoes. Specifically, we propose morphing the scattering transform from previous work into a novel E2E hybrid and recurrent learnable deep scattering network to adapt to multi-scale temporal dependencies from streaming data. The time-dependent scattering is in some sense physics informed, namely, through time–frequency representation (TFR) of the data. At the same time, with a carefully designed deep convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM) architecture, we learn intra-event, temporal dynamics from the scattering coefficients or features. We verify the effectiveness of transfer learning switching between volcanoes. Our experimental results set a new norm for semi-supervised seismo-volcanic monitoring.

Description: The Mt. Etna data were collected within the framework of the project: Volcanic Emissions Analysis through Seismic and Infrasound Advanced monitoring (VOSSIA), supported by the Trans-National Access component of the EUROVOLC project (European Network of Observatories and Research Infrastructures for Volcanology, EU Horizon 2020 Research Infrastructure Project grant No 731070).

Description: Published

Description: 5909123

Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Numerical modelling of tephra fallout is a fast-developing research area in volcanology. Several models are currently available both to forecast the dispersion of volcanic particles in the atmosphere and to calculate the particles deposited at different locations on the ground. Data from these simulations can then be used both to manage volcanic crises (e.g., protect air traffic) or perform long-term hazard assessment studies (e.g., through hazard maps). Given the importance of these tasks, it is important that each model is thoroughly tested in order to assess advantages and limitations, and to provide useful information for quantifying the model uncertainty. In this study we tested the coupled PLUME-MoM/HYSPLIT models by applying them to the Puyehue–Cordon Caulle 2011 sub-Plinian eruption. More specifically, we tested new features recently introduced in these well-established models (ash aggregation, external water addition, and settling velocity models), we implemented a new inversion procedure, and we performed a parametric analysis. Our main results reaffirm the pivotal role played by mass eruption rate on the final deposit and show that some choices for the input parameters of the model can lead to the large overestimation in total deposited mass (which can be reduced with our inversion procedure). The parametric analysis suggests a most likely value of the mass eruption rate in the range 2.0–6.3 × 106 kg/s. More studies with a similar approach would be advisable in order to provide final users with useful indications about the parameters that should be carefully evaluated before being used as input for this kind of model.

Description: Published

Description: 784

Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The Arabian Peninsula (AP), the largest peninsula in the world, contains hot spot’ areas for intensive dust storms. Dust sources outside the AP can also represent ‘hot spots’ that heavily impact the AP. This study explores the sourc and transport pathways of severe dust storm events over the AP over nine years (2010–2018) using MODIS Aqua and Terra satellites (0.25–0.5 km/pxl resolution) combined with the HYSPLIT model and synoptic meteorology. The study identified ten dust source ‘hot spots’ that affect the AP; two are local (within the AP) and eight are regional (outside the AP). The identified local dust sources were (1) the Empty Quarter and (2) the Mesopotamian flood plain in southern Iraq, while the regional dust sources were (3) the Syria-Iraq border, (4) Hamun-e Jaz Murian, (5) Coastal desert of Iran, (6) Seistan basin ephemeral lakes, (7) Hamun-e Mashkel, (8) Thar desert of Rajasthan, (9) Nile River basin, and (10) Wadi Langeb Tokar Delta. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the emission and transport of dust storms over the AP at the local and regional/subcontinental levels using medium-high resolution remote sensing. This study has important implications for the international community and the multilateral environmental agreements related to desert dust.

Description: Published

Description: 105932

Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Magmatic dykes interact with heterogeneous crustal stress. As a result, their propagation towards the surface can be tortuous and their propagation velocity may vary. While the deflection of dykes in response to the local stress field has been addressed by several studies, less has been done about the effect on their propagation velocity. Understanding under which conditions an intrusion may accelerate or decelerate due to crustal stress heterogeneities has obvious important implications in terms of forecasting the timing of the onset of the eruption. Here we analyse the velocity of fluid-filled crack propagation in a gelatin block characterized by a heterogenous stress field considering the case study of a load applied at the surface. We find that a crack deflected towards the load and its underlying compressive stress field is decelerated. By comparing experimental results with numerical solutions, we evidence the potential complementary role played by stress field variations and changes in trajectory orientation, controling the buoyancy, on the velocity of magma propagation. We also show that the energy release estimated along the crack path by simplified numerical models appears to be a good proxy for the velocity. We conclude that numerical models allowing for magma path estimations could also be used to infer magma velocity variations. In addition, 1D numerical models solving for the fluid flow along a prescribed path, provide velocity variation as a function of the surrounding stress field and the magma driving pressure.

Description: Published

Description: 838318

Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Faults are characterized by a complex internal architecture. In carbonates, the geometry, attitude, and distribution of fault-related fractures and subsidiary faults can largely affect the petrophysical properties and hydraulic behavior of the fault zone. This work investigates the footwall damage zone of a seismic-scale normal fault (throw ∼ 300 m) from a structural, petrophysical and seismic point of view. The studied Venere Fault (VF) bounds the intra-mountain Fucino Basin (central Italy) and crosscuts Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates. A significant portion of the footwall VF damage zone (VF-DZ) is well exposed in the 400 × 200 m Santilli Quarry. There, we assess the amount of outcrop-scale fracture porosity and permeability by in-situ fracture analyses and permeability measurements. The results show a composite power-law decay of fracture intensity away from the main slip surfaces, strongly influenced by subsidiary faults. An outcrop-based, digital 2D model of the VF-DZ is constructed and populated with acoustic properties (Vp, Vs and density) derived from both the matrix and fracture porosities. This model is enlarged five times and used for seismic modelling to investigate the seismic signature of the VF-DZ under different but realistic geological and geophysical conditions. Seismic modelling suggests that within the modelled damage zone and for wave frequencies of 20–40 Hz, seismic impedance contrasts associated with subsidiary faults may be imaged, depending on the degree of fracture porosity, fracture aperture, and the illumination angle (a measure of the maximum dip that can be imaged), the last two parameters being controlled by overburden depth. These results have implications for the seismic interpretation and characterization of fault zones in carbonates, and hence for the evaluation of fluid migration through these structures.

Description: Published

Description: 104515

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This study sums up the first estimates of the young water fraction (Fyw; here understood as the percentage proportion of groundwater passing through the well’s screen and younger than approximately 2–3 months) from groundwater collected in 75 wells from alluvial fans facing the northern Italian Apennines of Italy. The Fyw estimates were based on a monthly dataset of waterstable isotopes (oxygen-18 (18O)) from surficial water (9 rivers), while the dataset of groundwater (75 wells) consisted of three-monthly isotopic data. In the cases of surficial water and stable isotopes, these lasted over the period of January 2003 to December 2007, while in the case of groundwater, the data were collected from January 2005 to December 2007. The values of Fyw were estimated by means of a sine-wave fitting technique; the results made evident the presence of unexpectedly reduced differences between groundwater. In particular, shallower groundwater hosted in aquifers from the apical parts of the alluvial fans (i.e., aquifers characterized by the coarsest materials such as gravels and sands, and closest to the recharge areas) showed similar values of Fyw to the deepest aquifers from the distal parts; however, former studies mentioned here evidenced the existence of poorly recharged old groundwater. Our results seem to confirm a complex behavior of these aquifers compared with what had previously been thought.

Description: Published

Description: 659

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Description: JCR Journal