ALBERT

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 133〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Christian N. Madu, Chu-hua Kuei〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper models landscape sustainability in the oil-producing Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Simon decision making cycle (intelligence-design-choice) was used to examine landscape sustainability planning issues. This approach involves three levels of application namely intelligence, design, and choice. Probability topic model was used in 〈em〉R〈/em〉 software to identify the key problems in the Niger Delta area as (1) oil spillage impacts on water/land use (landscape capital) and (2) militancy (vandalism) and leadership (planning). These problems significantly, affect the landscape capital in the Niger Delta area. System dynamic simulation was applied to evaluate landscape capital under different scenarios of vandalism and different levels of revenue allocation. The study found that the greatest landscape capital can be achieved in 18.25 years if the revenue allocation to the Niger Delta oil producing states is increased from the current level of 13 percent to 21 percent. These results are consistent with UNEP's report that highlights oil spillages in the Niger Delta area as affecting landscape sustainability in the area.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 133〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Remko J. Detz, Bob van der Zwaan〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In this policy perspective we argue that mankind likely needs to achieve negative CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions before 2050, describe the transition to CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-neutrality and CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-negativity, and illustrate the possibly critical role played herein by CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 use.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 124〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Lindsey Jones, Marco d'Errico〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉As resilience continues its rise to top of the international policy agenda, development funders and practitioners are under mounting pressure to ensure that investments in resilience-building are effective and targeted at those most in need. It is here that robust resilience measurement can make valuable contributions: identifying hotspots; understanding drivers; and inferring impact. To date, resilience measurement has been dominated by objectively-oriented approaches. These rely on external definitions of resilience (often informed by outside ‘experts’, literature reviews or resilience practitioners) and measured through observation or external verification. More recently, the potential for subjective approaches has been proposed. These take a contrasting approach, soliciting people’s judgements of what resilience means to them, and getting them to self-evaluate their own resilience.〈/p〉 〈p〉While both approaches have their strength and weaknesses, little is known about how objective and subjective modes of resilience measurement compare. To shed light on this relationship, we provide like-for-like comparisons of these two approaches using a regionally representative household survey of 2308 households in Northern Uganda. In so doing, we introduce a new measurement approach named the Subjective self-Evaluated Resilience Score (SERS). Outcomes from SERS are directly compared with an objectively-evaluated approach, the Resilience Index Measurement Analysis (RIMA), widely used by resilience practitioners.〈/p〉 〈p〉Findings from the survey suggest a moderate correlation between objectively- and subjectively-evaluated resilience modules. More importantly, both approaches share similar associations with many key socio-economic drivers of resilience. However, there are notable differences between the two. In some case, the approaches differ entirely regarding contributions of important traits, including coping strategies, levels of education and exposure to prior shocks. Our results highlight the need for resilience evaluators to consider a diversity of knowledge sources and seek greater use of evidence in indicator selection. We also investigate the properties of the SERS module itself. We find that characterisations of resilience that mimic various commonly-used frameworks produce similar resilience outcomes, suggesting that debates over the exact composition of resilience-characteristics may matter little. In addition, shorter SERS modules match the performance of the full set of SERS questions, allowing for quicker administration and reduced survey burden. Lastly, we call for evaluators to consider the strengths and weaknesses of subjective and objective measurement approaches, including options for combining both formats.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 124〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Anna T. Falentina, Budy P. Resosudarmo〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉The reliability of electricity supply is one of the most pressing challenges faced by many micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in developing countries. MSEs play a pivotal role in generating employment in these countries, yet the productivity of MSEs is relatively low. Little is known about how blackouts affect performance of MSEs. This paper is the first study to estimate the impact of such power blackouts on productivity of manufacturing MSEs and to discuss the role of the government in addressing the problem.〈/p〉 〈p〉We employed a pseudo-panel dataset covering six firm cohorts within 21 regions the Indonesian national electricity company operates in from 2010 to 2015. Our identification strategy firstly involved examining blackouts determinants and then using these determinants as instruments in an instrumental variable (IV) dynamic panel fixed effects estimation while controlling for factors that potentially affected productivity and correlated with blackouts.〈/p〉 〈p〉We found that electricity blackouts reduced average labor productivity and the resultant losses amounted to approximately IDR 71.5 billion (USD 4.91 million) per year in Indonesia. Therefore, it is crucial to improve electricity supply reliability in developing countries. We found that introducing a captive generator as a way to cope with power outages is positively associated with productivity, and that MSEs that have captive generators benefit when the power supply is poor. Our findings will assist policy makers to prioritize addressing power blackouts relative to other constraints MSEs face.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 124〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Weiye Wang, Jinlong Liu, John L. Innes〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉China has built a large Protected Areas (PA) system with more than 2700 PAs. This has occurred in a modern, industrialized economy in a highly populated country, and the designation of PAs has had significant impacts on local people. Equitable sharing of responsibilities and benefits arising from biodiversity conservation with local/indigenous people is important, especially for countries such as China, which has millions of people living in and around PAs. This paper seeks to understand the notion of conservation equity and demonstrate how it works in practice. Perceptions of conservation equity changed over time and across development stages, where variance in the economic activity of locals (agriculture to tourism), state control, degree of input from locals, and local government implementation was observed. In order to achieve conservation equity, policymakers often recognize three aspects of equity: distribution equity, participation equity, and recognition equity. This study examines these notions of equity among the different stakeholders (central government, local government, and local people) during the process of PA establishment and tourism development. It focuses on four villages in Jiuzhaigou Biosphere Reserve (JBR) in China during three different periods of development. Interviews with local residents, village leaders, and government officers were conducted. Distribution equity was identified by participants as the most important of the three equities. Policies created by the central government usually address equity issues, but when these policies are implemented by the local government, equity is sometimes ignored. When local people engage in specific direct actions to improve their livelihood, they are able to better pursue participation equity and recognition equity.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 124〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Pauline Dixon, Anna J. Egalite, Steve Humble, Patrick J. Wolf〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉We present experimental evidence from a school choice program carried out in a 20-square kilometer, highly urbanized slum area known as Shahdara, which is situated in East Delhi, India. The lottery-based allocation of vouchers allows us to structure an impact evaluation as a randomized controlled trial. We conduct an Intent-to-Treat (ITT) analysis of the impact of the offer of a voucher as well as a Treatment-on-Treated (TOT) analysis of the impact of using a voucher, employing the lottery results as an instrumental variable. Four years after random assignment, we find large positive impacts of voucher use on student test scores in English (0.31σ, p 〈 .05). We find suggestive negative impacts of voucher use on test scores in the native language of Hindi (−0.20σ, p 〈 .10), but this impact is not significant at the standard 95% confidence level. We find no voucher impact on student test scores in mathematics.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 13 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Space Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Takuya Wakimoto〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Commercial space transportation (CST) will occur in the foreseeable future. After the success of Virgin Galactic's first suborbital commercial human spaceflight in 2004, many believed that our generation will explore another frontier of technology. Despite technological advancements, however, the international law currently in place is not prepared to regulate and secure the safety of CST including human spaceflights. Previous legal studies mainly focused on finding ways to accommodate CST under existing international laws, air law, or space law regime. Nevertheless, more than fifty years of legal discussion have yet to yield a decisive solution. Against the odds, CST will commence its business sooner or later. While national laws would be sufficient in many CST operations, some operations (e.g., international flight) would require international rules to secure a safe CST operation akin to what the aviation community developed for international air transport. That mechanism is encompassed in the technical standards created by the International Civil Aviation Organization. In this respect, this study aims to analyze a way to generate internationally harmonized technical standards on CST activities, with or without achieving an international law for CST. First, the article analyzes past legal discussion to understand the landscape of future aerospace activities. Then, the study reviews the history of the international aviation legal regime to find the implications of creating internationally harmonized technical standards for CSTs. The study suggests to the international community first, to forge a common ground across countries and second, that qualitative (not quantitative) international technical standards should arise based on this mutual understanding.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 124〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Adane Hirpa Tufa, Arega D. Alene, Julius Manda, M.G. Akinwale, David Chikoye, Shiferaw Feleke, Tesfamicheal Wossen, Victor Manyong〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Soybean constitutes an important component of the maize-based smallholder cropping systems in Malawi and holds considerable potential for countering soil fertility decline, enhancing household food and nutrition security, and raising rural incomes. A number of yield-enhancing improved soybean varieties and agronomic practices (ISVAPs) have been developed and disseminated in Malawi, but there is limited evidence on the adoption and impacts of these technologies. This paper assesses the productivity and income effects of adopting ISVAPs using plot level data collected from a nationally representative sample of 1237 soybean growing households in Malawi. Our results show that over a third of the sampled households have adopted ISVAPs. Furthermore, results from a stochastic dominance analysis showed that soybean yields and net crop incomes for adopters are significantly higher than those of non-adopters over the entire probability distribution of ISVAPs adoption. Endogenous switching regression model results further demonstrated that adoption of ISVAPs is associated with an average of 61% yield gain and 53% income gain for adopters. Overall, the results point to the need for further scaling of ISVAPs for greater adoption and impact on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Malawi.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 133〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Tamás Szőke, Olivér Hortay, Eszter Balogh〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The article compares the market power of Hungarian electricity traders during the partially liberalised transitional market model from 2004 to 2008 and the fully liberalised period lasting since 2008. In our empirical work, we use an econometric modelling technique based on asymmetric price transmission (APT) theory to measure the market power of traders in the electricity market. The aim of our work is to conduct a quantitative analysis of the Hungarian electricity trading market by applying the APT modelling technique – used widely in agro-economic analyses – to electricity markets. The intuition behind the method is the assumption that asymmetric price transmission refers to deviations from perfect competition. The research has found that different regulation regimes lead to different patterns of asymmetry in price transmission and the results underline that the market position of electricity traders have improved since the introduction of the liberalised market model. By mapping the results of the APT model to the actual policy and market changes we argue that the APT method is a useful tool for analysing the competition on electricity markets.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 124〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Peter R. Wilshusen〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This article critically explores the dynamic, constitutive processes that animate economistic conservation and sustainable development as an expression of governance-beyond-the-state. I focus attention on governance in motion—expanding logics, hybrid practices, diffuse networks, and shifting social technologies that incrementally reshape power dynamics and the institutional domains that enable and constrain them. While the majority of institutional approaches to environmental governance emphasize intentional designs rooted in collective choices, less attention has been focused on dynamic processes of assemblage resulting from differentially coordinated actions across interrelated networks. Building from Foucauldian perspectives on governmentality and biopower, I argue that processes of assemblage help to constitute new techniques of governance aligned with the language and practices of economics. I examine two business and biodiversity initiatives—the Natural Capital Finance Alliance and the Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme—in terms of five practices of assemblage: authorizing knowledge, forging alignments, rendering technical, reassembling, and anti-politics. I highlight four dimensions of political performativity associated with business and biodiversity initiatives that exemplify environmental governance in motion: discursive amplification, organizational articulation, institutional re-shaping, and technical instrumentation. Governance in motion reflects the distributed power dynamics of diverse individuals and collectives in generating economistic techniques of governance.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 133〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Avraam Charakopoulos, Theodoros Karakasidis, loannis Sarris〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Renewable energy sources, where wind energy is an important part, are increasingly participating in developing economies and environmental benefits. Wind power is strongly dependent on wind velocity and thus identifying patterns in wind speed data is an important issue for forecasting the generated power from a wind turbine and it has significant importance for the renewable energy market operations. In this work we approach the problem of identification of the underlying dynamic characteristics and patterns of wind behavior using two approaches of non-linear time series analysis tools: Recurrence Plots (RPs) and Complex Network analysis. The proposed methodology is applied on wind time series collected by cup anemometers located on a wind turbine installed in Greece. We show that the proposed approach provides useful information which can characterize distinct two time intervals of the data, one ranging from 2 to 4.5 days and another from 5 to 8.5 days. Also analysis can identify and detect dynamical transitions in the system's behavior and also reveals information about the changes in state inside the whole time series. The results will be useful in wind markets, for the prediction of the produced wind energy and also will be helpful for wind farm site selection.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 133〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Karin Troncoso, Patricia Segurado, Margarita Aguilar, Agnes Soares da Silva〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉In 2011, a government initiative provided Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) stoves and cylinders to almost 1000 rural families in Chiapas, Mexico. In 2017, the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) conducted an evaluation of cooking practices among the beneficiaries of these stoves.〈/p〉 〈p〉Although almost 100% of households continue to use firewood for cooking, they cook an average of 58% of their food with LPG. Of the families that used to rely exclusively on firewood before 2011, 32% have now started to use LPG. Primary cooks —almost entirely women— recognize the advantages of cooking with LPG and the health Problems associated with firewood use, with the primary barrier to using LPG being its high cost. Women spend 35–65 h a month preparing tortillas —the main food cooked with firewood. The alternative store-bought tortillas are up to three times costlier.〈/p〉 〈p〉When given the opportunity to cook with LPG, families recognize its advantages and are incentivized to continue using it, despite its cost. The higher the socioeconomic status, the higher LPG use is. The authors suggest that subsidizing tortilla production could facilitate the exclusive use of LPG, avoiding the negative health impacts of firewood use and saving more than 25% of women's productive time.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 133〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sergio Ulgiati, Feni Agostinho, Gengyuan Liu, Maddalena Ripa, Jesus Ramos Martin, Sudhakara Reddy〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Serena Lucrezi, Minoo Hassani Esfehani, Eliana Ferretti, Carlo Cerrano〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Stakeholder engagement is a critical component of marine protected area (MPA) management. Education and capacity-building initiatives, in particular, have the potential to empower stakeholders, promote collaboration, create a culture of marine stewardship and encourage alternative and sustainable livelihoods. Empirical evidence on the impacts of these initiatives on stakeholders and MPAs is however still lacking. This study tested the impact of an ocean literacy, marine education and environmental monitoring initiative on stakeholders' views of conservation, community and livelihood in the Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve (PPMR) in southern Mozambique. Data were collected via two focus groups, one before and one after participation in the initiative. Stakeholders who participated in this research included representatives from governance, tourism and education sectors in the PPMR. Participation in the initiative had a positive effect on stakeholders' views of conservation, community and livelihood. Following the initiative, some of these views became more aligned with the goals of the PPMR, while others highlighted important issues to be addressed by management. This study demonstrates the bilateral nature of stakeholder engagement in MPAs, including stakeholder empowerment and steering management strategies.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Travis C. Tai, Nadja S. Steiner, Carie Hoover, William W.L. Cheung, U. Rashid Sumaila〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The Arctic remains one of the most pristine marine regions in the world, however climate change and increasing favourable conditions is triggering increasing exploration and development of commercial fisheries. Canada's Arctic marine capture fisheries are currently small relative to fisheries in other regions in Canada but small scale, predominantly Inuit fisheries are more wide spread. In this study, catch data was first used to estimate the current state of Arctic marine fisheries. Next, an integrated modelling approach was used to estimate the current and future fisheries potentials under high and low climate change scenarios. Comparisons of the current (2004–2015) annual reported tonnage and modelled estimates (±standard deviation) suggest that annual sustainable fisheries catch potential could be much greater at 4.07 (±2.86) million tonnes than the current catch of 189 (±6.26) thousand tonnes. Under a high climate change scenario, future (2091–2100) fisheries potential was projected to increase to 6.95 (±5.07) million tonnes of catch, while under low climate change scenario catch potential was similar to estimates of current catch potential. However, the greatest source of variance in catch potential estimates came from parameter uncertainty, followed by scenario and model uncertainty. These results contribute to understanding Canada's Arctic marine ecosystems in the face of a rapidly changing environment, yet proper steps must be taken to ensure cultural preservation for Inuit communities as well as ecological, economic, and social sustainability.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 133〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kazi Arif Uz Zaman, Kaliappa Kalirajan〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Prudent demand-supply management of energy is pivotal for the energy security of the countries and transitions towards the sustainable low-carbon energy system. This study empirically investigates the existing demand-supply gaps of energy in the South-though-East Asian (StEA) countries and analyzes how the gaps can be minimized most efficiently through intraregional energy trade. Stochastic Frontier Gravity model extended with the determinants of efficiency models used for both primary energy and Renewable Energy Goods (REG) trade. The result implies that for most of the countries, intraregional export of primary energy, as well as REG, are positively influenced by Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of the exporting and importing countries. Tariff and distance adversely affect the exports while the implication of cross exchange ratio seems minimal in both cases. Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) are also found to have notable positive impact on intraregional trade. Results show that China and Thailand are the most-efficient in this intraregional primary energy export, while Bangladesh and Myanmar remain the least-efficient. China and Japan are the most-efficient in REG exports, while Bangladesh remains the least-efficient. On average, the whole region has the weighted export efficiency of 56.5% in intraregional primary energy trade and 63.1% in REG trade. The determinants of efficiency model reveals that institutional quality, better infrastructure, goods market efficiency, and technological readiness have reasonable impacts to enhance the countries’ intraregional energy trade efficiencies.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 133〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yanzhe Yu, Jie Cheng, Shijun You, Tianzhen Ye, Huan Zhang, Man Fan, Shen Wei, Shan Liu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The building energy efficiency labeling (BEEL) scheme has been adopted in China since 2008. However, until now, its effect on the actual building energy efficiency has not been accurately established. The objective of this study was to investigate this effect through a case study in Shanghai, China. Additionally, by performing a thorough review, potential barriers for implementing the BEEL scheme in major areas of China were analyzed. The results indicated that 1) the energy use intensity of labeled commercial office buildings in Shanghai followed a normal distribution, with an average value of 79.14 kWh/(m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉a); 2) the energy-saving rate and energy consumption exhibited an inversely proportional relationship for residential buildings, but this relationship was not applicable for commercial office buildings; 3) for Shanghai, ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) and variable refrigerant volume systems are more appropriate for commercial office buildings, and GSHPs and split air conditioners are more useful for residential buildings. The potential barriers were classified into three main categories—technical, political, and awareness—and corresponding solutions were proposed. The authors hope that this study can promote the adoption of the BEEL scheme in China.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 133〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Akinsehinwa Sharimakin〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Previous studies of decomposition of factor inputs have limited their analysis on the estimation of substitution and output effects. However, this paper develops a two-step approach to estimate the substitution and output effects of changes in energy demand resulting from changes in prices and further examines the implications of these effects on CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions using European industrial dataset over the period 1995–2007. In our empirical estimations, instead of relying only on iSUR model like previous studies, we introduced a multilevel model, which is a more befitting model to our data. Our analysis covers industry as a whole and for different sector types. The primary results emerged from our analysis suggest a strong evidence using the multilevel model. Generally, our results show that production inputs are substitutable. We find the substitution and output effects to be negatively related to CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions, however, the substitution effects dominate. From policy perspectives, our results suggest that output adjustments may not play a significant role in reducing emissions. We find the overall effects of changes in energy demand to be moderate. Then, we argue that increment in energy taxes should be complemented by cleaner factor substitution and sustainable growth to achieve a desirable carbon reduction.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 133〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Celedonio B. Mendoza, Dwane Darcy D. Cayonte, Michael S. Leabres, Lana Rose A. Manaligod〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper attempted to calculate a composite index that would represent the magnitude of incidence and intensity of multidimensional household energy poverty (MEPI) in the Philippines using seven indicators of energy deprivation to analyse 17 regions and 81 provinces. Generally, the MEPI scores of regions from 2011 to 2016 revealed that the proportion of the multidimensional energy poor across all regions improved. Moreover, the study systematically put together a composite index that aims to capture the multidimensional aspects of household energy poverty. It consciously avoided a uni-dimensional stance in measuring energy poverty. Among the seven indicators, access to communication and education related appliances consistently had the highest incidence of deprivation among households across all regions at 90.4 percent. Conversely, a Filipino household is identified as multidimensional energy poor if it is deprived in at least the equivalent of 50 percent of the weighted seven indicators to be considered multidimensional poor. On the average, households in the Philippines are experiencing lower moderate energy poverty. Among the regions, Luzon (except MIMAROPA and Bicol) experienced low energy poverty levels. The energy-poorest regions are ARMM and Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula). The statistical result suggests the association of MEPI and income poverty incidence points out a high correlation. In conclusion, an increase in poverty incidence would lead to a more multidimensionally deprived household. The correlation outcome validates that a significant relationship exists between MEPI and income poverty.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 133〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Per Gegg, Victoria Wells〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Macroalgae (seaweed)-derived fuels are gaining increasing attention due to the high rate of seaweed growth, its lack of lignocellulose (which makes for energy-efficient processing), its lack of need for land or freshwater, and its potential suitability for commercial applications in the UK. However, while technological issues are progressively being solved, wider issues of stakeholder and public perception have largely been ignored, potentially hindering the development of this technology. This research fills this gap by conducting 19 interviews with stakeholders and 7 focus groups with members of the public to gain a deeper and broader understanding of perceptions of macroalgae-derived fuels. The results highlight the technological promise and confidence in the potential of macroalgae-derived fuels. However, they also emphasise conflicts and uncertainties among stakeholders (e.g. competition with other high-value products derived from macroalgae) and the general public (e.g. conflict with marine users). This paper provides insight into potential social resistance and key issues in the macroalgae-to-fuels supply chain. This information will enable two-way communication between everyone involved and increase the likelihood of successfully developing this supply chain. Key policy issues are discussed to facilitate this communication and encourage investment in the process.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 5 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Julian Clifton, Eslam O. Osman, David J. Suggett, David J. Smith〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The management and conservation of marine resources in Seychelles, a small island developing state (SIDS) in the western Indian Ocean, is fundamental to maintaining the flow of international visitors which forms the mainstay of the nation's economy. There is an increasing trend towards empowering non-governmental organisations and parastatal entities with protected area management responsibilities, which partly reflects the chronic underfunding of the state protected area management institution. This paper explores these and related issues through a governance analysis of Curieuse Marine National Park, which is the most popular state-owned marine national park in terms of recorded visitor numbers. This demonstrates that the inability to implement economic incentives through not fully capitalising on the use and non-use values of the park has deleterious consequences for managing the combined impacts of tourism and fisheries on the ecological assets of the park. Furthermore, the capacity of the state management institution is being eroded through a focus on the development of an extensive network of new marine protected areas under the direction of an international non-governmental organisation. Suggestions are made that could strengthen economic, participative and interpretative incentives to provide a more sustainable basis for marine national park management.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 5 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Peter J.S. Jones〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The governance frameworks for Ningaloo Marine Park (NMP) and Shark Bay Marine Park (SBMP) are explored, employing the MPA governance analysis framework. Both face similar conflicts typical of ecotourism, particularly related to the impacts of recreational fishing and marine wildlife tourism. A high diversity of incentives is found to be used, the combination of which promotes effectiveness in achieving conservation objectives and equity in governance. Highly evolved regulations have provided for depleted spangled emperor (〈em〉Lethrinus nebulosus〈/em〉) stocks in NMP to stabilise and begin recovery, and pink snapper (〈em〉Pagrus auratus〈/em〉) stocks in SBMP to recover from past depletions, though there are still concerns about recreational fishing impacts. The governance frameworks for marine wildlife tourism are considered extremely good practice. Some incentives need strengthening in both cases, particularly capacity for enforcement, penalties for deterrence and cross-jurisdictional coordination. In NMP there was also a need to promote transparency in making research and monitoring results available, and to address tensions with the recreational fishing sector by building linkages to provide for their specific representation, as part of a strategy to build trust and cooperation with this sector. Both case studies represent world-leading good practice in addressing proximal impacts from local activities, but in the longer-term the foundation species of both marine parks are critically threatened by the distal impacts of climate change. A diversity of incentives has promoted resilience in the short-term, but global action to mitigate climate change is the only way to promote the long-term resilience of these iconic marine ecosystems.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 5 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Space Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Joel Marks〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yannick Rousseau, Reg A. Watson, Julia L. Blanchard, Elizabeth A. Fulton〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉While small-scale and artisanal fisheries are undeniably important globally, there is no global consensus on how to define the sectors, hindering comparative studies and international agreements. We focused on the usage of the words in both the scientific literature and legal documents and show that the confusion stems from a misuse of the terms artisanal, small-scale, coastal and subsistence, and is further propagated by language barriers. Accepting the complexity and subtleties of each term, we developed a simple method based on rhetoric and within a transdisciplinary background, which allows the ‘level’ of artisanal fisheries between nations to be parameterised and compared.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Nadia Seeteram, Mahadev Bhat, Brett Pierce, Kevin Cavasos, David Die〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉As global fisheries management shifts towards ecosystem-based management, responsible organizations and governments must also address the socio-economic impacts of this shift. This study evaluates potential impacts of such management shift with a case study of Pulley Ridge (PR), an ecologically rich area in the Gulf of Mexico, on fishermen and economies of Florida's Gulf Coast. We developed an input-output model to estimate direct, backward-linkage, forward-linkage, and induced consumption effects of various management scenarios on the region's economy. We also solicited input on the proposed management changes from Florida saltwater fishing license holders using an online survey. Although gear restrictions may affect harvest of the region's two most lucrative fish types, snappers and groupers, the proposed changes would impact only a small fraction of the fishing industry and the regional economy. Results suggest economic impacts to affected counties and the overall Gulf Coast fishery from management changes would be limited, i.e., less than 3% reductions in income, taxes and employment. Nonetheless, almost 90% of survey respondents indicated the proposed management changes would affect their business either “Significantly” or “Very Significantly”. Results suggest developing broad based support for changes affecting the commercial fishing sector may require stakeholder negotiation along with convincing evidence that the proposed changes will improve regional fishery production in the near term.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 108〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Callum Nolan〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Primarily applied to land-based resources, academics have utilised the concept of commodity frontiers to understand the expansionary nature of capitalism, and the ways that existing hegemonies and systems of control and access of resources are challenged and altered. Following recent calls to expand this concept to marine spaces, this paper has used political ecology and in particular its focus on power and access to explore how capitalist expansion has impacted the means and methods of access to key resources in a small-scale marine fishing community in Ghana. The findings of the paper are based upon an eight-month field visit to Aboadze in the Western Region of Ghana, a traditional fishing community that is considered a ‘closing’ frontier, on account of recent research that suggests the small-pelagic fish stocks will collapse within a decade. The findings of the paper show that accessing fish and other necessary resources such as gear and capital has become increasingly difficult as stocks continue to dwindle, and those living in the case study community have to resort to unsustainable fishing methods in order to survive. The paper also finds that the vulnerability caused by decades of overfishing by foreign trawlers is felt disproportionately by certain members of the community, compounding existing vulnerabilities that arise through gender and class.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): María Semitiel-García, Pedro Noguera-Méndez〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The role of traditional fishing institutions appears, paradoxically, to be waning despite scientific support and rhetoric about the value of fishers’ involvement in local marine management. Relational data of fishers have been used in this paper as a lens through which to explore the status of their participation in Marine Protected Area (MPA) management and to identify structural and contextual barriers to participation. Fieldwork was carried out during 2013–2015 in Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas MPA (CPH-MPA) using a mixed method approach involving the collection and analysis of data from institutional surveys and community meetings. The analysis shows that the fishers’ self-perception of having low influence in decision-making is consistent with the perception towards fishers of the wider social system. Several barriers and constraints to participation in CPH-MPA management are identified. The inefficient structure of the information exchange network further explained fishers’ feelings of distrust and marginalisation regarding decision-making. Understanding how structural barriers make it difficult to set in motion a collective learning process – necessary for an efficient decision-making process – breaks new ground for the design of interventions. Recommendations include clarifying the scope for participation in an appropriate institutional setting and careful consideration of the space in which dialogue takes place in order to integrate diverse knowledge and to acknowledge differential power relations.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Marie-Julie Roux, Ross F. Tallman, Zoya A. Martin〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In remote and data-limited situations such as encountered in Arctic regions, traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) is an important and valuable information source. TEK from local fishers (fishers knowledge, FK) is highly relevant to fisheries management. The integration of FK in fisheries assessments remains complicated by the lack of tools to combine scientific and FK observations. This study implements a productivity-susceptibility analysis (PSA) for assessing the risk from fishing to fish stocks and incorporate FK in the assessment process. The PSA method consists of scoring productivity attributes of fish populations and susceptibility attributes affecting fisheries exposure and intensity. The method can be adapted to incorporate FK on two levels: (1) in the validation of biological data (indirect inclusion); and (2) in the definition and scoring of independent FK attributes (direct inclusion). Risk scores measured along the productivity-susceptibility gradient serve to identify areas and populations most vulnerable to fishing activities and formulate science advice for prioritisation and management. We apply the method to small-scale fisheries for Arctic char 〈em〉Salvelinus alpinus〈/em〉 in Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, Nunavut. These fisheries are key to food security and economic growth in Canada's Arctic territories, yet management remains complicated by data paucity; by the widespread distribution and biological complexity of Arctic char stocks; and by growing uncertainties related to climate change impacts on Arctic fish and ecosystems. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of the method for combining science and FK information to improve management advice for Arctic char stocks, and applicability to other small-scale, data-limited fisheries.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sandra Mallol, Raquel Goñi〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) is one of the most significant measures governments can take to halt the degradation of marine ecosystems and fisheries overexploitation. Although MPAs can be created with the support of current stakeholders, mainly fishers, implementation of spatial restrictions and of no-take zones in particular, force adjustments to the existing fisheries in the area. The Llevant de Mallorca-Cala Rajada MPA (Spain, Western Mediterranean) was created in 2007 under the patronage of the artisanal fishermen association of Cala Rajada. This study uses onboard observer data of the existing artisanal fisheries practices (〈em〉métiers〈/em〉), their seasonality and spatial distribution of effort in the area before (2003–2007) and after (2008–2012) MPA designation, to illustrate how fishing restrictions and regulations have changed the structure and dynamics of local fishery 〈em〉métiers〈/em〉, with inshore fishing effort partially reallocated to offshore fishing grounds farther from port. Unforeseen effects of MPA restrictions concerned coastal artisanal 〈em〉métiers〈/em〉 – impinging on the smaller boats and the oldest and most knowledgeable fishers – and the expansion of 〈em〉métiers〈/em〉 that use newer boats and manned by younger, less experienced fishermen. Studies like this are needed to inform the design of future fisheries spatial management measures for Mediterranean artisanal fisheries that take into account foreseeable socio-economic outcomes and loss of knowledge.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Anna Chrysafi, Jason M. Cope, Anna Kuparinen〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Data-limited fisheries are a major challenge for stock assessment analysts, as many traditional data-rich models cannot be implemented. Approaches based on stock reduction analysis offer simple ways to handle low data availability, but are particularly sensitive to assumptions on relative stock status (i.e., current biomass compared to unperturbed biomass). For the vast majority of data-limited stocks, stock status is unmeasured. The present study presents a method to elicit expert knowledge to inform stock status and a novel, user-friendly on-line application for expert elicitation. Expert opinions are compared to stock status derived from data-rich models. Here, it is evaluated how experts with different levels of experience in stock assessment performed relative to each other and with different qualities of data. Both “true” stock status and expert experience level were identified as significant factors accounting for the error in stock status elicitation. Relative stock status was the main driver of imprecision in the stock status prior (e.g., lower stock status had more imprecision in elicited stock status). Data availability and life-history information were not identified to be significant variables explaining imprecision in elicited stock status. All experts, regardless of their experience level, appeared to be risk neutral in the central tendency of stock status. Given the sensitivity to stock status misspecification for some popular data-limited methods, stock status can be usefully elicited from experts, but expert subjectivity and experience should be taken under consideration when applying those values.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mingming Liu, Mingli Lin, Peijun Zhang, Tianfei Xue, Songhai Li〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The South China Sea (SCS) is known to support diverse cetacean species, yet their stranding information has not been well documented. To fill this knowledge gap, available records on cetacean stranding around Hainan Island in the SCS from 1978 to 2016 were collected and overviewed. In total, 112 records were obtained. Among them, 19 records involved 19 baleen whales (5 mysticeti species) and 93 records involved 134 toothed whales (12 odontoceti species). More stranding events occurred in the waters along the east coast than in the waters along the west coast, which was especially true for toothed whales stranding events. This may reflect the distribution patterns of cetaceans around Hainan Island. The spatial distribution of stranding events might be driven by different oceanographic features between the east and west offshore waters of the Hainan Island. The number of stranding events increased gradually from 1978 to 2000 and more rapidly from 2000 to 2016, which is likely due to both increasing public attentions and increasing anthropogenic activities within the SCS in recent decades. Stranding events were recorded throughout the year but peaked in spring (〈em〉p〈/em〉 = 0.016). In sum, cetacean stranding events occurred rather frequently around Hainan Island. The establishment of a regional stranding network in the SCS is conducive for further research, conservation and management of cetaceans in this region. More scientific data about the survival status of cetaceans and threats to them in the SCS are also needed.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: June 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 129〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): A. Abdulla, P. Vaishnav, B. Sergi, D.G. Victor〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Decarbonization will require deployment of low-carbon technologies, but analysts have struggled to quantify which ones could be deployed in practice—especially where technologies have faced public opposition. For nuclear power, some analysts have tried to solve this problem with caps on deployment or nuclear-free scenarios; however, social science research has not offered nuanced guidance about these caps. We deploy an experiment involving a large U.S. sample (N = 1226) to disentangle public opposition due to the dread of nuclear power from opposition stemming from its actuarial risk. Respondents are asked to build a power generation portfolio that cuts CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions, given information about the actuarial risks of technologies. Half the sample is exposed to the nuclear power label while the other half is treated with the risk information but blinded to the label. Respondents who see the labels deploy 6.6 percentage points less nuclear power as a share of the U.S. electricity mix. Our results suggest that dread about nuclear power leads respondents to choose 40% less nuclear generation in 2050 than they would have chosen in the absence of this dread. These methods could apply to other technologies, such as carbon storage, where there may be gaps between actuarial and perceived risks.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Priscila Silva, Henrique Cabral, Mafalda Rangel, João Pereira, Cristina Pita〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In Portugal, the common octopus (〈em〉Octopus vulgaris)〈/em〉 dominates the total catches and landings from small scale fisheries. The small-scale fisheries have been targeting the common octopus for a long time and it is consistently one of the most important commercial fishing resources in the country. Questionnaires were conducted in 13 fishing ports in the south and southwest coasts of Portugal, from November 2014 to December 2016, to explore octopus artisanal fishers’ preferences for management and their knowledge about the biology and ecology of octopus. The survey revealed that fishers are generally not satisfied with the current management of the octopus fisheries. Some differences in preferences for management were found between regions, but in general, fishers strongly supported biological closures and local management plans developed by themselves. Fishers seemed to be interest in being more involved in the decision-making process, but only seem to have a moderate knowledge about the biology and ecology of the resource they exploit. A greater involvement of fishers in decision-making process will contribute to increase their awareness and knowledge about the resource, their receptivity to and acceptance of management measures, as well as increase their feeling of responsibility towards, and ownership of the resource.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Leyre Goti-Aralucea〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉The European Union requires that major legislative actions undergo an impact assessment (IA), but this methodology is often not adapted to policy measures in complex situations, as the coexistence of marine protected areas and small scale fisheries.〈/p〉 〈p〉The appropriateness of the IA methodology currently in use is tested on the example of a small scale fishery in a protected area in the German coast in the Baltic Sea (Fehmarn island). The impact of the fisheries management measures is first assessed using the available data and the results are then checked with the local fishermen and a producer organization representative using a focus group. Given the discrepancies identified in the focus group, additional methodologies are explored.〈/p〉 〈p〉By performing a literature review and a workshop with scientists, fishermen representatives, environmental organizations and managers, inputs from political science (the “wicked problem” approach) and philosophy of science (the NUSAP matrix) are applied to cope with the context of high uncertainty driven by poor ecological, economic and social data.〈/p〉 〈p〉This case study brings the opportunity to identify challenges as the assessment of biodiversity and potentially conflictive differences in national policy objectives under different EU policies (including the Common Fisheries Policy), in a way that goes beyond the contribution of other commonly used management tools as impact assessment and spatial planning. The usefulness of the approach resides both in a better identification of impacts on small scale fisheries and the unveiling of hidden governance conflicts that prevent the fulfilment of the objectives of policy measures.〈/p〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Pablo Pita, Diana Fernández-Márquez, Manel Antelo, Gonzalo Macho, Sebastián Villasante〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉We combined different data sources to analyse key changes in the shellfisheries of Galicia (NW Spain). The shellfishing capacity of this region, a major fishing power in Europe, has been severely reduced in recent decades. The number of vessels has fallen by 13%, vessel length, capacity and engine power have decreased by 10%, 7% and 3%, respectively, while the number of on-foot shellfishers has halved. Landings and sale value of shellfish species have declined in the last decade by 16% and by 13%, respectively. This decline follows a period of recovery from the mid-1980s, when coastal fishery management were transferred from the Spanish to the regional government. Production of local clam species has been progressively abandoned in favour of the foreign Japanese carpet shell 〈em〉Ruditapes philippinarum〈/em〉, leading to losses in sales value and increasing market risks. Overfishing, poaching, degradation of habitats, pollution, disease outbreaks and ocean warming may be responsible for the drop in landings and sales value of key species like edible cockle 〈em〉Cerastoderma edule〈/em〉 and Atlantic goose barnacle 〈em〉Pollicipes pollicipes〈/em〉. Despite the development of new fisheries, e.g. algae, anemone and polychaete harvesting, the overall declining trend has important socioecological implications for Galician society, because of the traditional link between shellfishing and coastal communities. The socioecological sustainability of this sector requires policies to be developed by the regional government regarding the support of multidisciplinary research and surveillance, increase control over pollution and poaching, a greater focus on the production of native species and the strengthening of co-management frameworks.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mafalda Rangel, Cristina Pita, Manuela Maria de Oliveira, Maria Helena Guimarães, Rita Rainha, Carlos Sonderblohm, Pedro Monteiro, Frederico Oliveira, Marta Ballesteros, Jorge M.S. Gonçalves, Graham J. Pierce, Karim Erzini〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Fishers’ participation in the fishery management decision-making process is generally low, particularly in small-scale fisheries (SSF). Within the overarching goal of improving fisheries governance, fishers’ participation is crucial. Yet, how can fishers participate in the decision-making processes which affect their actions, and to what extent do fisher associations represent their interests? These questions were tackled by means of an empirical case study in the “Tertúlia do Polvo” project, focusing on the octopus SSF in the Algarve region (south Portugal), where the octopus fishery is managed top-down with sporadic participation of fishers. During the study (2014 and 2015), seven participatory workshops (〈em〉tertúlias〈/em〉) were held, involving fisher associations, management authorities and researchers, to propose and discuss management measures for the fishery. Also, a face-to-face questionnaire survey (121 valid replies) was undertaken with local fishers to gauge their opinions about the management measures proposed during the workshops. Results show a strong agreement between the outcomes achieved during the workshops and the main concerns and possible solutions identified by fishers. Taking into consideration the difficulty in structuring and assuring a transparent and effective participation of fishers in the management of their activity, the results obtained are promising. In this study, the use of a participatory process (restricted to a small group of stakeholders) combined with consultation (targeting a sample of the fisher population) allowed the validation of the overall results obtained. Such a methodological approach can be tried in other fishing communities to implement efficient and effective collaborative management, contributing to improved fisheries governance.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jesús M. Jiménez, Lina M. Saavedra-Díaz〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In artisanal fisheries, rules are essential elements for controlling access to and using resources, regulating the behavior of users and contributing to successful management. In Colombia, the management of the coastal marine artisanal fishing sector has utilized a centralized approach, limiting the implementation of rules and generating the need to look for alternatives that facilitate rule enforcement and contribute to the sustainability of fishing. Therefore, this study evaluates the enforcement of formal (regulations) and informal rules related to fisheries based on the perspective of 120 Colombian fishers from two case study coastal communities: 〈em〉Taganga〈/em〉 (Caribbean) and 〈em〉Bahía Solano〈/em〉 (Pacific). The implementation of an ancestral rule based on the allocation of fishing turns to beach seine nets in specific locations (ancones), stands out in the Caribbean community, while the implementation of an Exclusive Zone of Artisanal Fishing is stands out in the Pacific community. The results indicate that fishers recognize several regulations and have created informal rules within their territories, and the enforcement of these rules varies according to the context of each community. However, there are factors that influence the enforcement of both types of rules, such as participation of users in decision-making, the congruence of the rules with the socioeconomic context of the communities, the organization of the fishers and the monitoring, control and surveillance by the National Fisheries Authority. This study shows the urgency of managing the artisanal fishing sector in Colombia using a participatory approach and strengthening the empowerment of communities as alternatives to improving the implementation of rules.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0308597X18302276-fx1.jpg" width="304" alt="fx1" title="fx1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 29 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Krista Greer, Dirk Zeller, Jessika Woroniak, Angie Coulter, Maeve Winchester, M.L. Deng Palomares, Daniel Pauly〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉There are currently two separate approaches for estimating global CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions from marine fishing. One approach uses catch-based fuel use intensity (FUI) estimates for well-studied areas/fisheries to estimate FUI in data poor regions. The second approach, effort-based FUI, uses reconstructed fishing effort data to estimate fuel use based on vessel size and fishing times. Both methods utilize assumptions which are inherently uncertain; the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. The two approaches are found to be complementary to one another, not contradictory, and global estimates of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions from marine fishing should be based on a combination of both approaches, depending on the data locally available.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 28 March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Rhona Barr, Aaron Bruner, Scott Edwards〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Fishery improvement projects (FIPs) have recently emerged as a mechanism to assist fishery recovery. Yet successfully expanding the FIP model into small-scale fisheries (SSF) will require modifying its design in order that it might best work within these more complex social and economic environments. Drawing on a growing understanding of what contributes to successful SSF management, as well as other similar smallholder market-based instruments, this article distils a core set of recommendations for a revised “FIP+” approach. The ‘+’ denotes a broader set of integrated and complimentary interventions that recognize the complex social and economic landscape inherent within SSF, and that SSF reform will not occur through simply raising fishers' income alone. In order to be successful the FIP + model will need to consider investing in the following: strengthening tenure and community governance; covering upfront opportunity costs; reducing fisher vulnerability to market shocks by supporting a broader livelihood portfolio; and relaxing credit, social and human constraints within the wider context of SSFs. In addition it should do so in a manner that is conditional on improving fisheries management.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: July 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 119〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ole Boysen, Kirsten Boysen-Urban, Harvey Bradford, Jean Balié〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉The consumption of highly processed food has been singled out as one of the factors responsible for the rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and its associated non-communicable diseases and costs. While obesity prevalence is still comparatively low in lower-income sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), development prospects in this region render markets especially attractive for these foods, whose consumption is already growing at higher rates than in developed countries. This might be reflected in the massive rise in obesity prevalence growth rates in SSA over the past decade, while many of these countries are simultaneously struggling with high undernutrition prevalence.〈/p〉 〈p〉Using a newly constructed cross-country panel dataset, this study econometrically investigates the effect of higher import tariffs on highly processed 〈em〉vis-à-vis〈/em〉 less-processed foods with respect to their impacts on obesity and underweight prevalence in the adult population. While the analysis is global, the discussion focuses primarily on SSA. The effects of the tariff differences are found to be significant and substantial and to differ by income level of the country as well as by gender. More generally, the results show that policies affecting the consumer price differential between the two food groups are effective in influencing obesity and underweight prevalence and that these two issues cannot be treated separately.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: June 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 129〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Timo Gerres, José Pablo Chaves Ávila, Francisco Martín Martínez, Michel Rivier Abbad, Rafael Cossent Arín, Álvaro Sánchez Miralles〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Electricity systems experience a period of transition towards decarbonisation and face multiple uncertainties. Variable renewable energy resources undergo a rapid cost decline while policy makers push for stricter decarbonisation targets to limit global warming and to comply with international commitments such as the 2015 Paris Agreement. In this context, a better understanding on how today's electricity market design has to be modified to comply with high shares of variable RES generation is required. This work demonstrates the need to extend the current electricity market design by additional remuneration mechanisms to reach imposed quotas of renewable generation and provide investment incentives for new firm capacity. A Spanish case study presented in this paper explores the electricity system transition between 2025 and 2040. An electricity system resource expansion model (SPLODER) is used to study different policies and estimate the evolution of investments and costs over the transition period. Results indicate that the interactions between energy market prices, additional capacity and RES remuneration mechanisms are particularly sensible to policy decisions, demand growth and technological developments. Conclusions indicate that such remuneration mechanisms must account for the uncertainty of future electricity market developments and additional hedging alternatives are required to ensure the cost recovery of new generation technologies.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: June 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 129〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mai Miyamoto, Kenji Takeuchi〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This study examines the Kyoto Protocol's impact on the international diffusion of renewable energy technologies including solar and wind energy. Using patent application data of 133 countries from 1990 to 2013 and a difference-in-difference approach, we find that the Kyoto Protocol increased international patent applications from the countries with emission targets. The effect appeared over many years during the period studied, particularly for solar energy technology. When we focus on countries with more stringent targets, the effect of the Kyoto Protocol is even stronger. For these countries, the Protocol's impact on the numbers of applications for international patent persisted strongly, even for wind energy technology. Moreover, we find a similar effect for the international patent applications filed in four developing countries that are large emitters of greenhouse gases: Brazil, China, India, and Mexico. These results suggest that the Kyoto Protocol stimulated international patenting activities from countries that are committed to stringent targets for climate mitigation. Our results endorse the importance of climate change agreements for international diffusion of technology.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: June 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 129〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Maria Teresa Punzi〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉This paper evaluates the macroeconomic implications of energy price volatility through the lens of a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in an open economy. The model develops a small open economy in which households consume energy products and firms use energy as productivity inputs, where the country is so small that it needs to import energy, the price of which is determined abroad. Whereas positive energy price shocks cause an economic slowdown due to higher costs for consumers and firms, energy price volatility shocks generate an increase in GDP in the short-run and a reversal in the long-run. These findings are empirically supported by estimates from a Panel VAR model applied to 10 Asian economies, where energy price volatility has a positive impact on GDP in the short-run. Moreover, the paper finds that increasing demand or supply uncertainty also affect energy prices, with amplified fluctuations relative to a model that abstracts from energy. Market volatility leads households to cut consumption for precautionary savings motives, which in turn increases investment.〈/p〉 〈p〉Both energy price and uncertainty fluctuation lead to high macroeconomic volatility in the business cycle. Policy makers should encourage investment in energy security and renewable energy, such that households and firms would become less responding to fluctuations in the non-renewable energy market.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ross F. Tallman, Marie-Julie Roux, Zoya A. Martin〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Governance of fisheries in Canada’s North is shared between communities, Inuit land claim management boards and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans under co-management systems outlined in the Nunavut Land Claim Agreement and the Inuvialuit Final Agreement. The management, conservation and optimization of Arctic Charr resources remain complicated by data paucity; by biological complexity of Arctic Charr stocks; climate change impacts; and by the lack of adapted stock assessment tools and co-management frameworks linking Inuit traditional knowledge with scientific expertise. The current state of Arctic Charr fisheries in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories is reviewed and alternatives presented for the evaluation of Arctic Charr stocks using intra-specific life history diversity as a basis for risk and quantitative assessments. The approach fits well with the shared governance model in that the biological characteristics at the root of the analysis, such as size at spawning and maximum length (life history metrics), can be observed through Inuit knowledge and/or through scientific sampling carried out by community members. Assessment is developed as a two stage process using productivity-susceptibility analysis and life history invariant models to determine the maximum sustainable production. The resulting analytical model can but updated through further ecological observations from the community and field sampling. The approach provides for active engagement by the fishers in the process of stock assessment. These science alternatives can be used by managers within the co-management framework to maximize sustainability of Arctic Charr fisheries.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): David A. Gill, Hazel A. Oxenford, Rachel A. Turner, Peter W. Schuhmann〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Data scarcity in small-scale fisheries hinders the effective management of marine resources. This is particularly true within small island developing states that often have limited capacity for monitoring activities that could inform policy decisions. This study estimates the spatial distribution of fishing activity in the data-poor nearshore reef fisheries of Barbados using low cost interview surveys of fishers combined with a geospatial platform. With data from over 150 fishers in the island's major reef fisheries, the estimated total annual yield ranged from 272.6 to 409.0 mt, with seine fishing accounting for 65% of landings. This estimate is substantially higher than the recorded landings in official databases. Fishing activity is concentrated on the sheltered and heavily populated West Coast of the island. Reef fishing effort decreases markedly during the months associated with the offshore pelagic fishery season, as many fishers switch fisheries during this time and rough sea conditions restrict access to the nearshore windward reefs. The high levels of fishing intensity and low yields per unit of reef area appear to validate anecdotal evidence that the nearshore reefs of Barbados are heavily overexploited. The qualitative nature of interview data and other data gaps hinder the precise estimation of fishing effort and yield, where relative values are likely to be more accurate than absolute values. Nonetheless, the spatially and temporally explicit data generated here demonstrates how simple cost-effective methods can be used to fill important information gaps for marine resource management and spatial planning.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: June 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 129〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Guoxing Zhang, Nana Deng, Haizhen Mou, Zhe George Zhang, Xiaofeng Chen〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The problem of environmental pollution becomes serious along with the advancement of urbanization in China. The public is paying more and more attention to environmental governance. The Chinese government has promulgated and implemented policies to ensure public participation in environmental governance. Based on Chinese provincial data from 2006 to 2014, this study analyzes the problem from the aspect of the public's own living environment and investigates the interaction between public participation behavior and policy. The empirical results show that public environmental participation behavior measured by the number of complaint letter has no impact on the public's own living environment, while the number of proposals from members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) does. Moreover, the public participation policy plays a significant role in improving environmental governance. In addition, the impact of public participation policy and proposals on environmental governance is mutually replaceable. This may be due to the proposals are different from ordinary letters. We recommend that the government should adopt the proposals from CPPCC when formulating policies.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: July 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 119〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Lakshmi Iyer, Anandi Mani〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Using an original survey conducted in India’s largest state, we offer systematic evidence on the gender gaps in a rich set of electoral and non-electoral participation metrics. We find that gender gaps in non-electoral forms of participation (such as involvement in public petitions, interactions with public officials and attendance of village meetings) are larger than those in election-related activities, including political candidacy. These gender gaps in political participation persist even after we account for women’s poorer knowledge of political institutions, self-assessment of leadership skills, literacy rates and asset ownership, as well as constraints on their mobility and voice in household decisions. Using a Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition approach, we find that bringing women on par with men on these attributes would bridge less than half of the gender gap in political participation. This suggests that external factors, such as the roles played by voters, political parties or societal groups, may constitute important barriers to women’s political participation. The presence of a woman leader in the village increases women’s propensity to meet with government officials, but is not enough to close the gender gap in this outcome or others. Our evidence points to the need to consider a wider set of policy tools beyond quotas to encourage women’s civic and political engagement.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Paolo Prosperi, James Kirwan, Damian Maye, Fabio Bartolini, Daniele Vergamini, Gianluca Brunori〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper presents an analysis of the diversification and non-productivist practices and strategies deployed by European small-scale fishers vis-à-vis contextual regulatory and market factors. Building on resilience thinking – combined with a qualitative case study approach involving primary producers and associated stakeholders – the strategies of primary producers in two specific contexts are examined: inshore fisheries in Cornwall (UK) and coastal fisheries in Tuscany (Italy). In so doing, the analysis identifies possible adaptation strategies that can help support the sustainability of the fisheries involved. The strategies adopted by fishers include, for example, investing in innovation, reorganising the supply chain, multifunctionality and diversification, and implementing environmentally friendly activities.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kerstin B.J. Glaus, Irene Adrian-Kalchhauser, Susanna Piovano, Sharon A. Appleyard, Juerg M. Brunnschweiler, Ciro Rico〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Sharks are an important component of coastal fisheries. Accordingly, the impacts of small-scale shark fisheries are likely significant, but data, including socio-economic drivers, are often scarce. Fiji features active but largely unregulated and unmonitored artisanal fisheries. Data suggest that the country's small-scale shark fisheries have the potential to become more targeted. This study considers the socio-economic value of shark fisheries across stakeholder groups. In 2017, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 211 fishers throughout Fiji, out of which 66.8% reported catching sharks of 11 species. Of those who caught sharks, 19.9% stated to release them dead or alive, while 78.7% retained the sharks. Various reasons were cited for shark retention with the most common explanation being to meet dietary needs. Only 19.8% of the participants who retained sharks sold them, yet fishers who gain additional income from the sale of sharks had significantly higher mean maximum catch rates compared to fishers who retained sharks for consumption. Fewer fishers reported selling shark fins compared to a previous comparable survey. This study indicates a decreasing relevance of small-scale coastal shark fisheries for income generation but an increasing utilisation of shark meat as a substitute for traditional food fishes.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Lisa M. Campbell, Noella J. Gray〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper draws on the published literature on marine protected areas (MPAs) and marine protected areas targets to argue that the MPA target (14.5) will dominate in the pursuit, measurement, and evaluation of the much broader ‘oceans’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG14) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 2015. MPAs are a ‘privileged solution’ in marine conservation, in part because their expansion is relatively easy to measure and there is opportunity for further expansion in the mostly unprotected global ocean. However, the evolution of MPA targets over time in organizations like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) illustrates the importance of other means for achieving conservation and of elements other than area coverage, including the need to ensure MPAs are effectively and equitably managed. By excluding these important, but contested, complex, and difficult to measure components, Target 14.5 is likely to be met. However, the meaning of this success will be limited without concerted efforts get beyond area coverage.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): José-María Da-Rocha, Jordi Guillen, Raúl Prellezo〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Fisheries account for one-third of the total jobs in the world's ocean economies. In the European Union (EU), small-scale fleets account for over 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si0049.gif" overflow="scroll"〉〈mrow〉〈mn〉40〈/mn〉〈mo〉%〈/mo〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉 of employment in the fisheries sector. Given this marine employment source, it is important to analyse SSF productivity growth. This is done here using Total Factor Productivity (TFP), defined as the portion of output not explained by the traditionally measured inputs of labour, energy and capital used in production. Calculating TFP is relevant to understanding the development of technology in fisheries. It is calculated for SSF in two main EU sea areas: the Mediterranean (FAO area 37) and the North-East Atlantic (FAO area 27). Constant elasticity production functions are used to analyse the intensity of the use of production factors and how they are substituted or complemented when producing. Additionally, TFP is corrected by stock evolution indices to assess EU conservation policy. The results show that there is complementarity between capital and energy and external factors affecting them and that the productivity increase observed in the Atlantic can be attributed mainly to stock recovery and resource availability rather than to production factors. This suggests that technological development has been limited and that the use of production factors should be decreased in the coming years. It is concluded that in the North-East Atlantic the EU conservation policy is fulfilling the objective of restoring fish stocks and contributing to a productivity growth of 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si0050.gif" overflow="scroll"〉〈mrow〉〈mn〉4〈/mn〉〈mo〉%〈/mo〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉 per year. In the Mediterranean, stocks are not being restored, so they do not contribute to growth as a production factor. Finally, it is concluded that the conservation policy does not suffice in either area to provide positive productivity trends.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zack S. Oyafuso, PingSun Leung, Erik C. Franklin〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉No-take marine reserves are common strategies used in spatial fisheries management. There are at least four general objectives for marine reserve design: (1) maximizing conservation, (2) minimizing total reserve area, (3) maximizing reserve compactness, and (4) minimizing socioeconomic opportunity cost (e.g., fisheries revenue). A spatial optimization model was developed to solve for reserve placements under those four objectives, while evaluating the bioeconomic tradeoffs and potential gaps of a subset of bottomfish restricted fishing areas (BRFAs) for the Hawaiian bottomfish fishery. Optimized reserve placements with minimal opportunity costs had little overlap (〈 9%) with the placements of the BRFAs, opportunity cost values 50–83% less than that of the BRFAs with 40–54% higher potential conservation value. When reserve placements were optimized to provide a maximal opportunity cost, solutions had up to 49% overlap with the BRFAs, highlighting a potential drawback of the BRFA system with respect to socioeconomic impacts. When opportunity cost was instead calculated as total area, the optimized placements also had considerable overlap (up to 42%) with the BRFAs, highlighting the importance of socioeconomic data to the reserve design process. The solutions that provided maximal reserve compactness may be the most pragmatic for a reserve design team with specific area and/or conservation targets, as these solutions produced compact reserve placements that best matched those targets at a minimal opportunity cost. This analysis emphasized the use of spatial optimization models to not only guide the reserve design process, but to highlight tradeoffs of conflicting fisheries objectives in reserve design.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: April 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 116〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): José R. Bucheli, Matías Fontenla, Benjamin James Waddell〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉There is reason to suspect that return migrants can reduce social violence in migrant-prone regions of the world. Taking into account that recent research shows positive effects of return migration, we consider that returners may reduce violence by contributing to social renewal and economic growth in their home communities. We estimate the direct effects of return migration in the context of Mexico, a traditionally migrant country that has suffered record levels of violence in the past decade. Using data on homicide rates from 2456 municipalities for the 2011–2013 period and an instrumental variable bivariate Tobit maximum likelihood approach, we find that higher rates of return migration lead to a decline in local homicide rates. We also show, with a censored quantile instrumental variable (CQIV) model, that municipalities in the bottom quartile of the homicide rate distribution benefit the most from return migration. Our work has important implications for crime reduction policies in developing countries, and specifically in Mexico, where social violence has wreaked havoc on society in recent years.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): François Taglioni, Sébastien Guiltat, Magali Teurlai, Mathieu Delsaut, Denis Payet〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉This paper analyses data related to the 57 shark attacks that were recorded on Reunion from 1980 to 2017, against the backdrop of an Indian Ocean island that is particularly vulnerable to shark attacks. To address this issue of vulnerability, the discussion focuses on the respective weight of environmental, contextual and individual variables. The most pertinent parameters to explain the occurrence of attacks on Reunion are as follows: time of day, month and turbidity. Two specific features of Reunion Island can be added to those: first, the high mortality rate of the attacks (46% vs a world average of 11%), and secondly, the average increase in the number of attacks between 2011 and 2017, despite the average drop in the number of ocean users. To understand and explain this rise, three variables are identified: water turbidity, swell height and victim activity.〈/p〉 〈p〉In addition, the multiple correspondence analysis, despite the limited number of attacks, provides correlations between some variables: on the one hand, attack outcome, turbidity, swell height, and, as regards attacks before or after 2011, board sports and swell height.〈/p〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: April 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 116〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Alexander De Juan, Carlo Koos〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Cooperative norms and behavior are considered to be essential requirements for sustainable stabilization and development in conflict-affected states. It is therefore particularly important to understand what factors explain their salience in contexts of war, violence and displacement. In this paper, we assess the role of historical political legacies. We argue that precolonial processes of nation-building have strengthened people’s communal bonds to an imagined community, and that these bonds continue to positively impact present-day cooperative norms and behavior. We investigate this argument using the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) as an empirical case. We combine historical information on the location and the main features of the precolonial Bushi Kingdom with original georeferenced survey data to investigate variation in cooperative norms 〈em〉within〈/em〉 and 〈em〉outside〈/em〉 of the boundaries of the precolonial “nation.” We exploit information on people’s awareness of proverbs associated with the original foundation myths of the kingdom to assess the role of long-term norm persistence. We find evidence in line with our argument on the historical roots of cooperative behavior.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kailin Kroetz, James N. Sanchirico, Elsa Galarza Contreras, David Corderi Novoa, Nestor Collado, Elaine W. Swiedler〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The implementation of rights-based management programs is increasing worldwide yet there are few ex post evaluations, especially in developing country contexts. This paper examines changes following the implementation of a catch share system in the Peruvian anchovy fishery, which is the world's largest commercial fishery by volume. After implementation of the Individual Vessel Quota (IVQ) management system, there was a shift toward higher value product and a 105% increase in per-unit revenue with the IVQ program. Additionally, landings are more spread out over the fishing season with an increase in the number of fishing days and fleet consolidation occurs over time with a shift toward larger vessels in the steel fleet. Finally, using cost estimates from a large fishing firm on the cost of steel vessel operation, variable harvesting profit is estimated to have increased from 34% to 41% of the ex-vessel revenue pre-IVQ to 63–65% post.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xiangbo Yang, Ning Liu, Peidong Zhang, Zhen Guo, Changlei Ma, Peipei Hu, Xuanzhao Zhang〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The advancement of the Marine renewable energy (MRE) industry will contribute to actualizing sustainable development in China. However, the Chinese MRE industry is still in its nascent stage. Therefore, effective policies are needed to improve the development of this emerging sector and facilitate its maturation. Focusing on MRE policies, this article provides constructive suggestions for the establishment and reform of Chinese MRE policy. It summarizes current MRE policies in both China and in nations with a relatively mature MRE industry, identifying the challenges in China's current MRE policy in the process. While several market incentive strategies have been found to be incomplete and have faced significant limitations during implementation, several non-market incentive strategies are entirely absent. Examining these deficiencies and their causes, this paper suggests corresponding improvement strategies: notably the need to reform the Marine Renewable Energy Funds, refine feed-in tariffs and subsidy policy, introduce a tradable renewable certificate, enact special laws for this field, and strengthen its publicity campaign.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mihoko Wakamatsu, Shunsuke Managi〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Many tuna stocks are being depleted, and the bluefin tuna stock is of particular concern because it has been designated endangered or severely overexploited. Japan's actions are pivotal in protecting bluefin tuna stocks because high volumes are caught for sushi/sashimi. However, the efforts of the Japanese government to conserve these valuable stocks have been limited or even counterproductive, as the government currently seems to prioritise the short-term interests of the domestic fishing industry. In this study, public preferences are revealed, potentially affecting the position of the Japanese government in the long run by quantifying the extent to which public support could be generated with changes in specific features of the international agreement on the conservation and management of tuna resources. With a choice experiment that focused on the catch limits, target species, and parties who would be responsible for the expenses of monitoring, this paper finds that a fishery closure is the scenario least likely to inspire public support for tuna conservation. Japanese consumers favour a prompt management response to the overfishing of tuna fisheries beginning immediately when the exploitation of the stocks reaches an unsustainable level. Atlantic/Pacific bluefin tuna, compared to other tuna species, is a top conservation priority for Japanese consumers. These results indicate that although the current movement towards conserving bluefin tuna is publicly supported, conservation actions should have been initiated sufficiently early to avoid a drastic catch reduction before the stock was overfished or the population became endangered.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: April 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 127〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sinan Küfeoğlu, Michael G. Pollitt〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Electric power distribution network charges have become a popular area of study for regulators, industry and academia. Increasing use of photovoltaics (PVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) by domestic customers has created concerns about the fairness of the current tariff structure. Proposing a tariff design, which will be cost reflective, transparent, sustainable, economically efficient is socially desirable. Wealth transfer through electricity distribution tariffs is a major concern for energy regulators. This paper aims to analyse the current distribution network tariffs faced by four main household customer groups in Great Britain (GB) - defined as those who own a PV and an EV, those with EV but no PV, those with PV but no EV and finally those with neither EV nor PV – under various uptake scenarios for EVs and PVs. We illustrate the impact on household tariffs for the most and least expensive GB network operators, namely London Power Networks and Scottish Hydro Electric Power Distribution. The results show that, due to the current network charges calculation structure, as PV penetration increases, the distribution tariffs increase for all customers regardless of whether someone owns a PV or not. On the other hand, as EV penetration increases, the distribution tariffs decrease for all customer groups. Another key finding is that the distribution tariffs in Great Britain are EV dominated and the future EV and PV penetration projections indicate that the distribution tariffs will likely decrease for all customers in Great Britain.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Elizabeth Figus, Keith R. Criddle〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper compares observations of commercial fishermen with a fishery-independent survey, and explores putative relationships between characteristics of fishing operations and incidental catch in the Pacific halibut fishery in Southeast Alaska. Results from a multiple factor analysis demonstrate statistically significant relationships between fishing characteristics and the incidental catch of various species. Results from a proportional odds logistic regression model indicate the presence of a strong unavoidable component of incidental catch in the halibut fishery. Consequently, patterns of incidental catch in this fishery generally paralleled patterns of incidental catch in a fishery-independent stock assessment survey that uses similar gear. This suggests that increased onboard monitoring of this fleet by cameras or human observers is unlikely to reveal broad trends in incidental catch that are not already apparent in the fishery-independent stock assessment survey. Nevertheless, weaker statistically significant relationships in the model indicate that incidental catch may be influenced by observable and controllable characteristics of fishing operations (e.g., fishing grounds, season, vessel length, gear configuration). This suggests a proportional odds model like the one presented in this paper could be used to generate operation-specific estimates of incidental catch by species from incidental catches observed in fishery-independent surveys based on known characteristics of fishing operations.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): K.A. Alexander, M. Haward〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Although ecosystem-based management (EBM) has been adopted by many management organisations in principle, operationalising EBM has been problematic. A mismatch in institutional arrangements, created by the traditional sectoral focus of marine environmental and resource management, may be one factor acting against EBM implementation. To investigate this potential issue, this study focused on ‘sectoral interplay’, the challenges and tensions that prevent ‘whole of government’ cooperation, political consensus among conflicting user and interest groups, and collaboration between government and stakeholders that preconditon implementation of EBM. Four key challenges/tensions to sectoral interplay in marine EBM were found, including: governance structures and mechanisms, communication and sharing, participation and exclusion and fragmentation. Several ways in which these challenges/tensions could be addressed are proposed such as creating co-ordinating structures which operate across sectors and clarifying mandates and precedence between decision-making agencies. There are myriad case study examples from which to learn how to manage, and how not to manage, sectoral interplay in marine governance, and this should be the focus of future research.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Catherine A. Courtney, Robert Pomeroy, Stephen H. Brooks〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉With the growing recognition of the significance of small-scale fisheries, the FAO working member states developed the 〈em〉Voluntary Guidelines on Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication〈/em〉 (SSF Guidelines). In order to increase awareness and catalyze the uptake of the guidelines by national governments, a simpler framework and process was developed and tested in two countries for use by governments to assess their progress in meeting the guidelines. These SSF Guidelines were re-structured into an assessment framework to enable a country-level assessment of the status of implementation and to inform development programming and project design. The assessment process consisted of a combination of desk reviews, expert consultations, and workshops. The SSF assessment framework and process provides a step forward to increase awareness and application of the SSF Guidelines in support of sustainable small-scale fisheries.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Daniel Pauly, Dirk Zeller〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The last three bi-annual State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) reports by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) gave the impression that they downplayed the stark reality of declining trends in global marine fisheries catches. In contrast, the most recent SOFIA 2018 deserves praise for seemingly striking a different tone, and for more directly and clearly identifying the key issues faced by marine fisheries. This includes the acknowledgment of globally declining catches and several data deficiencies, such as the ‘presentist’ bias in official data reported by countries to FAO, and the utility of catch data reconstructions in informing such data deficiencies, as advocated by the 〈em〉Sea Around Us〈/em〉 for nearly two decades. FAO also acknowledges its personnel limitations and hence the need to collaborate with non-governmental entities. Further, we congratulate FAO on explicitly addressing in SOFIA 2018 two major challenges in global marine fisheries, namely the effects of climate change and the problems related to subsidies for the enormous Chinese fishing fleets. We applaud FAO for this different, more open tone in SOFIA 2018, which even includes animal welfare consideration, and we hope that it signals a new period of increased FAO engagement with Civil Society and academia, to address the important fisheries and sustainability challenges facing our world.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: May 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 128〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ambe J. Njoh, Simon Etta, Uwem Essia, Ijang Ngyah-Etchutambe, Lucy E.D. Enomah, Hans T. Tabrey, Mah O. Tarke〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This study analyzed a rural renewable energy project—the Esaghem Village solar photovoltaic-based electrification project—in Manyu Division, Cameroon. The aim was to unveil impediments to the project rooted in the country's institutional framework for energy policy administration. The framework adheres to the country's Weberian-style administrative machinery. Conspicuous features of the machinery, including its pyramidal structure, tendency for top-down hierarchical communication, aversion for interorganizational interaction, and standardization are shown to constitute major institutional impediments. These features caused problems such as a lack of information, skills, and innovation. They also exacerbated problems relating to custom formalities and stand to threaten project sustainability. Administrative reform actions including the promotion of inter-organizational coordination, administration decentralization reinforced with the creation of renewable energy extension programs, and market-oriented liberalization measures are recommended. These reforms promise to facilitate the diffusion of solar PV electrification and other renewable energy technologies in Camerooon and other developing countries.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: April 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 127〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jong Ho Hong, Jitae Kim, Wonik Son, Heeyoung Shin, Nahyun Kim, Woong Ki Lee, Jintae Kim〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This study aims to provide roadmaps for the sustainable development of South Korea's energy system. To this end, this study developed transition scenarios toward renewable energy for both supply and demand. We use “Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning system (LEAP)” Model and a backcasting approach to illustrate pathways to achieve the goals set forth in each of the scenarios. The four scenarios developed are Business-As-Usual (BAU), Moderate Transition Scenario (MTS), Advanced Transition Scenario (ATS), and Visionary Transition Scenario (VTS). The scenarios are defined according to the differences in the level of final energy consumption and renewable energy share by 2050. Analysis shows an increase in the percentage of renewable energy and a decrease in energy demand lead to improved energy security, more jobs in the electricity generation sector, and a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. The pathways represented by these scenarios can be regarded as strategic targets for the sustainable development of South Korea's energy system. A set of comprehensive and long-term policies will be needed to attain the goals set forth in the scenarios.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Meghan E. Borland, Megan Bailey〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Fishery certification programs and ecolabels have emerged to promote fisheries and seafood sustainability. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification program is considered the largest, most recognized seafood certification program, yet has been criticized for its lack of accessibility to small-scale fisheries in developing countries and its purely ecological focus. New to the seafood industry, and in part filling the accessibility and social sustainability gap, is Fair Trade USA's (FTUSA) Capture Fisheries Program. Sixty percent of internationally-traded seafood products originate from developing regions of the world, so it is imperative to gain an understanding of how to best utilize seafood certifications in developing countries to promote ecological, economic, and social sustainability. This research focused on Maluku, Indonesia, which has a FT Certified™ handline yellowfin tuna fishery and is also working towards achieving wide-scale MSC certification across tuna fisheries, to understand the role of FTUSA in relation to MSC. The relevance and appropriateness of both the FTUSA and MSC standards in relation to the FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries was assessed, and focus groups and interviews with key informants were conducted. Results from this study suggest that FTUSA better aligns with the FAO Guidelines, delivers benefits more quickly to fishing communities, and seems to rely less on national level requirements. There is therefore merit in FTUSA standing alone as a credible certification for developing world small-scale fisheries, as opposed to being used as a kind of fisheries improvement project towards MSC, as some currently view it.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Carl Walters, Karl English, Josh Korman, Ray Hilborn〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Commercial salmon harvests have declined dramatically for all Pacific salmon species in British Columbia, mainly over the period 1995–2000. Much of this decline is attributable to declining abundance, but some of it has been due to deliberate reduction in allowable exploitation rates. Various reasons have been given for this reduction, but the main rationale appears to have been concern about declines in a few relatively small and unproductive stocks that are intercepted in mixed-stock fisheries. Reductions in exploitation rate have generally not been followed by the increases in stock size that would be expected if overfishing had been the main cause of the declines. Current procedures for setting exploitation rate goals do not appear to involve explicit analysis of the risk-reward trade off relationship between mixed stock exploitation rates and yields.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 101〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): James F. Casey, Peter W. Schuhmann〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The primary objective of this paper is to determine whether tourists are willing to pay (WTP) fees to support conservation in Belize and, if so, to determine their maximum willingness to pay. This is an important issue for Belize and for all countries that heavily rely on the quality of their environmental resources to attract tourists. From 1996 to 2017, the Protected Areas Conservation Trust (PACT) has charged a $3.75US conservation fee to all tourists upon their departure from Belize. In April of 2017, this fee was raised to $20.00US, but not without controversy. In May 2012, February 2013, and again in May 2014 almost 400 tourists were surveyed to determine if raising the fee was possible and by how much. Results suggest a significant percentage of tourists are willing to pay for conservation in Belize; many in excess of the current fee of $20.00US. So far, the increased fee does appear to have had any impact on tourism arrivals. This empirical observation, combined with the results of this paper, are important pieces of information as it relates to conservation finance in Belize and has potential implications for conservation finance in other tropical destinations.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): C. Cullen-Knox, A. Fleming, L. Lester, E. Ogier〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper analyses mediatised environmental conflict over the Tasmanian salmon aquaculture industry's performance. It compares the Senate Inquiry into the “Regulation of the fin-fish aquaculture industry in Tasmania”, the influential 〈em〉Four Corners〈/em〉 investigative journalism television program ‘Big Fish’ and news media coverage following each of these mediatised public investigations. The concept of “mediatised environmental conflict” is applied to reveal how these different modes of investigation influence public debate. Both the Senate Inquiry and the 〈em〉Four Corners〈/em〉 program allowed previously invisible actors and networks to be made visible, while rendering others largely silent, particularly scientists despite strong references to science within the debate. Also, the traditional role of ENGOs in holding industries and Governments to account has shifted in this case to an industry player. Considerable differences in the discourses was observed, raising further questions concerning accountability and transparency in public-policy decision-making in relation to management of marine resources.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chung-Ling Chen, Ya-Chieh Chuang, Tuey-Chih Lee, Chien-Ho Liu, Cheng-Lang Yang〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In light of a gap in the area of fishery harbor greening, the objective of this paper is to identify potential environmental issues associated with fishery harbor operations and establish a multi-criteria evaluation structure for green fishery harbors. This structure is intended to bring an environmental dimension into the management of fishery harbors and facilitate informed decision-making in achieving environmental sustainability. A review of literature related to harbor environments, the modified Delphi technique and the AHP method were used to establish an evaluation structure for high-use fishery harbors in Taiwan. Results show that 〈em〉vessel and harbor management〈/em〉, 〈em〉hygiene〈/em〉, and 〈em〉waste and energy management〈/em〉 are considered relatively important criteria at the second level. Among 15 indicators, 〈em〉safety of equipment and facilities〈/em〉, 〈em〉management of vessels and catches〈/em〉, 〈em〉clean harbors〈/em〉, 〈em〉catch hygiene〈/em〉, 〈em〉a management committee〈/em〉, 〈em〉fish market sanitation〈/em〉, 〈em〉controlled waste discharge〈/em〉, and 〈em〉energy saving and green energy〈/em〉 are the top half rankings at the third level. Management implications from the findings were discussed, with an emphasis on feasible options to advance green fishery harbors, including managing harbors in an integral manner, implementing a HACCP system to enhance catch hygiene levels, controlling waste, developing green energy and establishing harbors an education and outreach outposts. At last, a three-step model was highlighted as a practical way to assist policy makers to find priority factors and engage in effective management to achieve fishery harbor greening.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): C. Josh Donlan, Gloria M. Luque〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Seafood mislabeling is receiving increased attention by civil society, and programs and policies to address it are being implemented widely. Yet, evidence for the causes of mislabeling are largely limited to anecdotes and untested hypotheses. Mislabeling is commonly assumed to be motivated by the desire to label a lesser value product as a higher value one. Using price data from mislabeling studies, Δ〈sub〉mislabel〈/sub〉 is estimated (i.e., the difference between the price of a labeled seafood product and its substitute when it was not mislabeled) and a meta-analysis is conducted to evaluate the evidence for an overall 〈em〉mislabeling for profit〈/em〉 driver for seafood fraud. Evidence is lacking; rather, Δ〈sub〉mislabel〈/sub〉 is highly variable. Country nor location in the supply chain do not account for the observed heterogeneity. The Δ〈sub〉mislabel〈/sub〉 of substitute species, however, provides insights. Some species, such a sturgeon caviar, Atlantic Salmon, and Yellowfin Tuna have a positive Δ〈sub〉mislabel〈/sub〉, and may have the sufficient characteristics to motivate 〈em〉mislabeling for profit〈/em〉. Atlantic Bluefin Tuna and Patagonian Toothfish have a negative Δ〈sub〉mislabel〈/sub〉, which could represent an incentive to mislabel in order to facilitate market access for illegally-landed seafood. Most species have price differentials close to zero—suggesting other incentives may be influencing seafood mislabeling. Less than 10% of studies report price information; doing so more often could provide insights into the motivations for fraud. The causes of mislabeling appear to be diverse and context dependent, as opposed to being driven primarily by one incentive.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Emily Rollins, Sabrina Lovell〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This study develops several single- and multi-region input-output models in IMPLAN using the annual expenditure data from a 2012 survey of charter fishing operations in the state of Hawaii. The survey reached out to 207 charter vessel operators, with a response rate of 36%, and collected demographic, trip, catch, and economic information across islands and vessel sizes. Four separate county models are built to observe regional effects, and one state model to observe total state effects. The state model is linked to secondary regions (the mainland west coast made up of Oregon, California, and Washington, as well as the rest of the mainland U.S.) to observe the economic effects occurring outside the state of Hawaii. This is especially relevant to Hawaii because of its dependence on the mainland to supply many of its raw materials and finished products. The multi-region approach allows us to observe spillover effects (effects occurring in the secondary regions in response to a demand in the study region) and feedback effects (further effects that occur in the study region as a result of purchasing goods and services by the secondary regions). The results from this multi-region model method are more informative and broad reaching as they capture the spillover and feedback effects that would otherwise be lost as leakages.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): MA Xinmin〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉China's Arctic policy attracts highly attention worldwide, especially on how China views the current legal framework of the Arctic, how China defines its role, interests and priorities in the Arctic and how China engages in the Arctic international governance. The aim of this paper is, through analyzing China's first white paper on Arctic policy from the perspective of international law, to provide a comprehensive overview of China's perceptions on the legal status and framework of the Arctic, China's identification, policy goals, basic principles, policies and positions as well as practices relating to its participation in Arctic affairs. It concludes with two distinct characteristics of China's Arctic Policy.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jenny Katila, Katariina Ala-Rämi, Sari Repka, Esteban Rendon, Janne Törrönen〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉European Union (EU) strategy on blue growth has directed interest in the debate on utilizing marine resources. At the same time, EU Member States are taking the first steps in doing maritime spatial planning (MSP). For strategic planning such as MSP and prioritizing future investments, governments and policy makers are in need of economic indicators for the blue economy. Although in all parts of the world the sea has traditionally been the driver for the growing economy, research on the economic value of the blue economy has been limited. However, when MSP is becoming the norm, evaluating the existing blue economy becomes more important. In this paper, the economic significance of blue economies is estimated for the Gulf of Bothnia (GoB) region of Finland. By conducting a case study on the current situation of the blue economy in a specific region it is possible to bring the discussion of blue growth to a practical and local level. The GoB was seen as a potential area to study blue growth or the blue economy because of the already existing active maritime sector and the relatively pristine environment. The core problems of defining and quantifying multi-sector resources such as the blue economy will be discussed, and comprehensive data to scrutinize the blue economy sector in the GoB will be provided. This study stresses the importance of local economic data to be able to understand the potential of blue economies.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Johann D. Bell, Michael K. Sharp, Elizabeth Havice, Michael Batty, Karen E. Charlton, Joanna Russell, Wayne Adams, Kamal Azmi, Alessandro Romeo, Colette C.C. Wabnitz, Neil L. Andrew, Leonard Rodwell, Steve Gu’urau, Robert Gillett〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Canned fish is a healthy alternative to the poor-quality, imported, processed foods implicated in the rise of non-communicable diseases in Pacific Island countries. Increased availability and consumption of canned fish also promises to help fill the gap between sustainable coastal fish production and recommended intake of fish for good nutrition. This study estimates the recent contribution of canned products to fish supply in Fiji, Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Solomon Islands, based on the quantities of imported and locally-produced canned fish sold on domestic markets. The greatest quantities of canned fish were sold in PNG, however, average annual consumption of canned fish per capita was highest in Fiji (8.8 ± 1.3 kg) and Solomon Islands (5.9 ± 0.6 kg), where it supplied an average of 25 ± 4% and 17 ± 2% of recommended dietary fish intake, respectively. Canned tuna comprised an average of 53 ± 2% of the canned fish consumption in Fiji and 92 ± 1% in Solomon Islands. Key actions needed to maintain/increase per capita consumption of canned fish in Pacific Island countries include promoting the health benefits of canned tuna to help combat non-communicable diseases, and facilitating distribution of locally-canned products, especially to the inland population of PNG. Increasing the market share of locally-canned tuna by assisting national canneries to obtain sufficient supplies of tuna to achieve economies of scale and compete effectively in both domestic and intra-regional canned fish trade, could create more employment and contribute indirectly to local food security.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 100〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Helven Naranjo-Madrigal, Ingrid van Putten〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Understanding linkages between socio-cultural and environmental factors in fisheries promotes a successful response to conflicts. Misunderstanding of resource user's drivers and goals in management interventions can lead to unintended consequences. Holistic analysis approaches are required in order to resolve conflicts for these complex socio-ecological systems. An empirical study of small-scale fisheries in Costa Rica analyses the relationships between fishers and their environment using a Cultural Landscape approach. The cultural landscape is described on three dimensions i) lifestyle and cultural identity ii) fishers´ perceptions of the local environment, and iii) dependence on subsistence catch. A heuristic model was built to improve the understanding of links between these three dimensions facilitating the inclusion of fishers´ expectations in the policy making process. Bi-variate and non-parametric statistics was applied to subsistence catch data and ethnographic attributes to determine the relationships in the cultural landscape. The three-dimensional analysis uncovers that high catch levels are associated with social status, and both are also linked to drug and alcohol use and risk taking. Social status and substance abuse are also linked to lifestyle and job satisfaction. Even though an important ethical consideration arises in this particular fishery with respect to drug and alcohol use, it is evident that taking account of the cultural landscape in fisheries management interventions is likely to improve outcomes. Knowledge of the cultural landscape enhances the understanding of positive feedback links between the social, cultural, and the ecological dimensions of fisheries systems, which may increase the likelihood of sustainable use of fisheries resources.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 109〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Andrés M. Cisneros-Montemayor, U. Rashid Sumaila〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The World Trade Organization's (WTO) has committed to achieving a multilateral and legally binding agreement to eliminate fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfished stocks, and to illegal, unreported, and unregulated fisheries. This agreement is due in December of 2019 and also represents UN Sustainable Development Goal 14.6. A strong agreement would benefit fishers and marine environments, represent a milestone for multilateralism and both international and national fisheries policy, and become the first global achievement of a SDG target. To help discussions and negotiations focus on real challenges, we briefly dispel five myths related to harmful fisheries subsidies. Harmful fisheries subsidies are not effective at competing with large fishing nations and worsen poverty in the long-term. The worst effects of harmful subsidies occur when management capacity is limited, and overexploitation and overcapacity in one region can impact others. Because most global stocks are already exploited at least at maximum sustainable levels, more fishing capacity is unnecessary. Turning away from harmful subsidies can enable new investments to benefit fishing communities, national economies, and marine ecosystems.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 26 September 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Bruno Iñarra, Carlos Bald, Marta Cebrián, Irene Peral, Raquel Llorente, Jaime Zufía〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The European legislation establishes that all unavoidable unwanted catches (UUC) must be landed and properly managed, but that their uses should not incentivise their capture. This means that the fishery sector needs to find technically and economically feasible valorisation options for their UUC. This paper uses one representative harbour of the Basque Country as a case study in the Bay of Biscay (BoB) in order to evaluate the profitability of several scenarios. Historical estimations of discards in this case study show that the main UUC, over 95% of them are horse mackerel, mackerel, hake, blue whiting, black-bellied angler, anglerfish and megrim. Following a Multi-criteria Decision Analysis methodology, three valorisation options were selected as potentially the most suitable solution for these discards: minced fish derived products for mackerel or blue whiting, protein hydrolysates for hake and fishmeal and fish oil for all discards. In this paper these valorisation options are the subject of an economic feasibility study. Main economic indicators were calculated for each process in a theoretical simulation for the case study using unfavourable economic criteria, and different scenarios for each solution. Results show that the production of fish burgers from mackerel, hake hydrolysates (as flavouring agent) and fishmeal and fish oil can be profitable within the stated scenario. A sensitivity analysis of main parameters has been also performed. However, despite all these solutions being profitable, the current uncertainties regarding the LO application do not favour investment in new facilities and the use of existing management infrastructures is preferred.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 135〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Will Gorman, Andrew Mills, Ryan Wiser〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Estimating the overall costs of transmission needed to integrate variable renewable energy (VRE) onto the grid is challenging. An improved understanding of these transmission costs would support electricity system planning as VRE penetrations increase. This paper brackets VRE transmission capital costs using multiple approaches based on interconnection studies, actual transmission projects, capacity-expansion simulation models, and aggregated U.S. VRE-related transmission expenditures. Each approach possesses advantages and drawbacks, and combining the approaches lends confidence to the results. The resulting range of average levelized VRE transmission costs is $1–$10/MWh, which is generally lower than earlier estimates in the literature. These transmission capital costs can increase the direct plant-level levelized cost of VRE by 3%–33%, based on levelized costs of energy of $29–$56/MWh for utility-scale wind and $36–$46/MWh for utility-scale solar. As VRE deployment continues to expand, policy makers can use this information to (1) assess the benefits of transmission avoidance and deferral when comparing distributed energy resources versus utility-scale projects, (2) evaluate the potential costs of large-scale public transmission investments, and (3) better analyze system-level costs of utility-scale VRE technologies. Future research can expand on the framework presented here by providing a review of operation and maintenance costs for transmission systems.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 135〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Shu Yang, Peng Cheng, Jun Li, Shanyong Wang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉As a sustainable innovation in transport sector, electric vehicles (EVs) have shown great potential in reducing carbon emissions and pollution. Understanding the factors affecting consumers' adoption intentions of EVs is vital to the diffusion of EVs. This study aims to identify factors that can encourage consumers to adopt EVs from both internal and external perspectives. We examined three types of policies for EVs formulated by the Chinese government since 2010. Aiming to understand consumers' perceptions of these policies and their impacts on adoption intentions, a survey was sent to potential vehicle consumers in urban China. The survey asked respondents about their cognitions of EVs, including environmental performance and vehicle property, and their perceptions toward three types of incentive policies and their adoption intentions. Results show that consumers' adoption intentions of EVs are determined by product cognition toward EVs and perceptions of incentive policies. Respondents’ perceptions of policies are also diverse when grouped according to different demographic characteristics. Women, the elders, and those with lower income exhibit higher acceptance and interest in the policies than their counterparts. Our results are meaningful to policy makers and companies interested in targeting at certain groups and guiding consumers toward clean vehicle technologies.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 109〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): S.R.J. Gray, C. O'Mahony, B. O'Dwyer, S.A. Gray, J. Gault〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Adaptation to climate change is an increasingly urgent priority for coastal managers. At the highest levels of governance, European Union and Member State adaptation policies and strategies are now well established, but meaningful adaptation interventions illustrating tangible gains in resilience remain scarce. A clear framework for generic adaptation processes, along with barriers to their smooth progress, have now been identified in the literature, and equally generic scenario analysis tools have been put forward to strengthen adaptation delivery by assisting coastal managers to overcome them. Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) is a relatively novel option in this respect, having yet to achieve the kind of widespread uptake and trial that more orthodox futures approaches such as intuitive logic scenarios have. FCM is however growing rapidly in its range of uses and breadth of uptake, and its utility in overcoming the barriers to adaptation among coastal managers is therefore worthy of analysis. This case study, in which FCM was employed in place of intuitive logic scenario analysis within an adaptation strategy development process, found FCM to carry a number of key strengths that intuitive logic scenario analysis has been found to lack. Through enabling a more detailed and granular level of participatory development of the ‘engine’ of the futures process than possible under an intuitive logic approach, the level of buy-in and commitment to the adaptation strategy development process achieved among coastal managers and stakeholders was significantly greater.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 125〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Meina Cai, Pengfei Liu, Hui Wang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper examines how political trust across local government levels and risk preferences impact individual support to land-taking compensation policies in China. Land expropriation becomes a touchstone for protests and conflict during China’s urbanization, driving local governments to diversify land-taking compensation from the traditional one-time lump-sum cash payment to multiple payments, notably, in the form of monthly pension payments and yearly dividends. We found that political trust in the county-level government positively correlates with individual support to pension payments; political distrust in the village collective induces villagers to favor the one-time payment to yearly dividends. Both risk-averse and risk-seeking individuals prefer the one-time cash payment to yearly dividends. The findings are developed using two choice experiments embedded in an original survey: we elicit individual policy support by asking villagers to state their preferences over hypothetical alternative compensation policies; we elicit risk preferences using a lottery-choice experiment with varying probability of winning real monetary rewards. The findings highlight the multi-level local government structure under decentralization and offer insight into to what extent the government efforts in innovative compensation policies are effective at quelling rural anger.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 125〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Paul Clements〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Learning and accountability in foreign aid require project comparisons, but the dominant framework for aid evaluation institutionalizes inconsistency. Today, most aid evaluations are organized in terms of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) criteria: relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability. Usually the evaluators determine how to apply each criterion. Also, with donor agencies organizing their own evaluation systems, project monitoring tends to be weak and many evaluations are superficial, positively biased, and/or poorly timed. Logically, the most effective way to improve learning and accountability would be to implement independent and consistent evaluation for cost effectiveness. We substantiate and illustrate this argument by explaining why evaluation should be oriented to cost effectiveness and how this could be accomplished by an evaluation association, and by discussing six evaluations of health projects and several documents that summarize many evaluations.〈/p〉 〈p〉The proposed association would provide a stronger foundation in evidence and incentive environment for aid managers to make decisions that maximize the cost effectiveness of their interventions. This would enhance the professionalism of foreign aid and hasten an end to poverty.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 134〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Helen Viggers, Michael Keall, Philippa Howden-Chapman, Kristin Wickens, Tristram Ingham, Cheryl Davies, Ralph Chapman, Julian Crane〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of receiving a voucher for electricity on the electricity use of a household. The Warm Homes for Elder New Zealanders Study was a randomised controlled trial which gave participants aged over 55 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a voucher providing NZ$500 credit to their electricity account for one winter. Electricity use increased over the winter the participant received the voucher. Participants with lower initial electricity use increased their consumption by about 10%, those with medium- or high-initial use by 2–3%. However, most participants did not use the entire value of the voucher on additional electricity. The study involved only a small informational component: this consisted of a brochure sent to the participants to encourage them to increase their energy use. This was designed to mimic the effects of a possible widespread rollout of this programme. The policy implication of this analysis is that a winter energy voucher accompanied by minimal education was effective at increasing winter energy use among a vulnerable sub-population with a health condition that merited additional heating in winter.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 134〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): J. Wesley Burnett, L. Lynne Kiesling〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In August 2018, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a new policy – the Affordable Clean Energy rule – to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from existing coal-fired electric generating units and power plants. The new rule establishes emissions guidelines, including heat-rate efficiency improvements, for states when developing plans to limit GHG emissions. Past studies have indicated that heat-rate efficiency improvements can increase electricity output, leading to a reduction in emissions rates and an increase in emissions levels – a rebound effect that can temper the emissions-reduction benefits of plant-level heat-rate efficiency. This study adds to the literature by examining data on the relationship of plant-level heat-rate efficiency on the rate and level of GHG emissions. We explored three different types of GHGs – carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Controlling for variation across operators, our results suggest that gains in heat-rate efficiency are associated with higher levels of all three pollutants. Specifically, we found that a ten percent increase in heat-rate efficiency led to an average seven-to-nine percent increase in the level of GHG emissions. Our analysis highlights the need to further study the full effects of heat-rate efficiency policies before such rules are enacted.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 134〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kieran Harrahill, Owen Douglas〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The rhetoric of the ‘just transition’ lies at the heart of energy and development policies internationally. In this context, it is crucial that communities dependent on fossil fuel extraction and production for employment do not become ‘victims’ of the decarbonisation process. This paper involves a theoretically and conceptually grounded comparative analysis of policy measures that have been introduced in three first world jurisdictions which have been dependent on coal for employment – North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany, Alberta in Canada and Victoria in Australia. In so doing, measures which have successfully ameliorated the socio-economic well-being of coal dependent communities are identified and a framework for successful just transition is proposed. Recognising, but notwithstanding, inherent power dynamics, the framework identifies an important role for government in assisting workers and communities in navigating the transition process and in supporting new and emerging low-carbon industries in the context of ‘strong’ sustainable development.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 134〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Verena Višković, Yihsu Chen, Afzal S. Siddiqui, Makoto Tanaka〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Interconnected regional electricity markets are often subject to asymmetric carbon policies with partial coverage for CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions. While the resulting problem of carbon leakage has been well studied, its mitigation has received relatively less attention. We devise a proactive carbon policy via a bi-level modelling approach by considering the impact of an emission cap that limits the cost of damage from a regional power market. In particular, a welfare-maximising policymaker sets the cap when facing profit-maximising producers and the damage costs from their emissions at two nodes. A partial-coverage policy could degrade maximised social welfare and increase total regional CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions with potential for carbon leakage due to a higher nodal price difference. A modified carbon policy that considers CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions from both nodes tightens the cap, which increases maximised social welfare and decreases total CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions vis-à-vis the partial-coverage policy, albeit at the cost of greater scope for carbon leakage as it causes nodal prices to diverge. As a compromise, an import-coverage policy, implemented by California, that counts only domestic and imported CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions could alleviate carbon leakage at the cost of lower maximised social welfare with higher total emissions vis-à-vis the modified-coverage policy.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 134〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Bangzhu Zhu, Mengfan Zhang, Yanhua Zhou, Ping Wang, Jichuan Sheng, Kaijian He, Yi-Ming Wei, Rui Xie〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Industrial structure adjustment is one of the effective measures for achieving green development. Aiming at improving green development efficiency through industrial structure adjustment, this study proposes a novel integrated approach incorporating industrial structure adjustment measurement, super-efficiency slacks-based measure with undesirable outputs and panel regression models to explore the effect of industrial structure adjustment on green development efficiency. Taking the provincial data of China from 1999 to 2016 as an example, the empirical results show that during the study period, China's provincial industrial structure rationalizations and advancements have three trends, i.e. rising, U-shaped and inverted U-shaped. In the meantime, China's provincial green development efficiency also has three trends, i.e. rising, falling and U-shaped. Industrial structure rationalization and advancement both have a positive effect on green development efficiency. Compared with the industrial structure rationalization, the advancement has a greater effect on green development efficiency. Environmental protection, urbanization, energy conservation and emission reduction policy are conducive to improving green development efficiency. However, human capital and openness have a negative effect on green development efficiency.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 134〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): C.K. Woo, I. Milstein, A. Tishler, J. Zarnikau〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Using reliability differentiation via tolling agreements with diverse heat rates and fuel types, we propose an efficient wholesale electricity market design under demand and supply uncertainty. Mainly based on North America's market experience, our proposed design adopts an independent system operator's (ISO's) existing practice of least-cost dispatch of heterogeneous generation units, real-time energy price determination and capacity rationing. It solves the missing money problem of inadequate incentive for thermal generation investment, without requiring the ISO to operate centralized capacity auctions, make capacity payments, set high energy price caps, or subsidize market entry. It preempts independent power producers' price manipulation in the ISO's real-time market for energy, thus easing the ISO's burden of market monitoring. It suggests two-part pricing of end-use consumption and power demand of a load serving entity's retail customers, thus meaningfully linking the wholesale and retail markets. It is applicable to countries that have implemented wholesale competition or are in the process of doing so. Hence, its policy implication is that it should be considered in the ongoing debate of electricity reliability and market competition.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 134〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Leigh Raymond〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉How can governments build political support for carbon pricing? This question has challenged policy designers since the earliest programs imposing new prices on pollution, and remains a vital question today. This perspective offers insights on strategies for building greater political support for carbon pricing, based on previous experiences with long-running “auction and invest” programs in the U.S. and abroad, including the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), California's carbon pricing system, and the EU emissions trading system (ETS). Three key insights can be derived from those experiences. First: cap and trade with an auction of allowances is an important option for carbon pricing with distinctive advantages. Second, it is important to generate 〈em〉tangible public benefits〈/em〉 from a carbon price that are distributed among citizens in a way that is broadly perceived as fair and addresses potential concerns about higher consumer costs for energy. Third, the most effective form of those public benefits should vary predictably across a few clearly defined categories according to local circumstances.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 109〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Karina L. Ryan, Stephen M. Taylor, Rory McAuley, Gary Jackson, Brett W. Molony〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Shark encounters while fishing in Western Australian waters have been perceived to be increasing by some fishers in recent years. A lack of quantitative information remains a significant obstacle to determining the nature and magnitude of these encounters. A probability-based survey was implemented to assess the occurrence of and attitudes toward shark encounters by commercial fishers, charter tour operators and private boat-based recreational fishers during 2015/16. Of the 906 fishers interviewed, 52% indicated they had experienced at least one shark encounter while fishing during the previous year. The loss or damage of fish was involved in over half of these encounters while charter fishing and nearly a third while recreational fishing. The level of concern towards shark depredation was highest among charter tour operators state-wide and all sectors in the Gascoyne bioregion. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated fishing method and bioregion were the most important predictors of encounters. Depredation through fish loss below or at the surface was highest for pelagic or demersal line fishing in the North Coast and Gascoyne bioregions. Overwhelmingly, the majority of fishers in all sectors were satisfied with their fishing experience despite the occurrence of shark encounters. Future research on shark depredation would benefit from focusing on fishing methods and bioregions where depredation events were highest, with consideration of associated behavioural and environmental characteristics likely to influence depredation rates. The approach outlined here could easily be applied to other human-wildlife interaction studies where representative views of stakeholders are required for policy development and effective management.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 134〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ben Hoen, Jeremy Firestone, Joseph Rand, Debi Elliot, Gundula Hübner, Johannes Pohl, Ryan Wiser, Eric Lantz, T. Ryan Haac, Ken Kaliski〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Experts predict continuing deployment of wind turbines in the United States, which will create more interactions between turbines and surrounding communities. Policymakers can benefit from analyses of existing wind projects that enable them to better understand likely effects on residents around proposed projects. Our analysis of a randomly drawn, representative national survey of 1705 existing U.S. wind project neighbors provides previously unavailable detail about factors influencing the attitudes of these neighbors toward their local wind projects. Overall, we find positive-leaning attitudes, which improve over time as individuals self-select into communities near existing wind projects. Hearing wind turbines leads to less-positive attitudes, although living very near to turbines does not, nor does seeing wind turbines. In fact, our findings suggest complex relationships among nearby residents’ attitudes, their perceptions about the particular fit of turbines within their landscape and community, and their perceptions of wind project impacts on property values. These findings—along with the positive correlation between perceived planning-process fairness and attitude—suggest areas of focus for wind project development that may influence social outcomes and acceptance of wind energy. The concluding discussion provides a number of policy and future research recommendations based on the research.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Energy Policy, Volume 134〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zhongfei Chen, Wanjing Huang, Xian Zheng〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract:〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Global energy intensity has decreased significantly during the past two decades. Against this background, this study aims to investigate a novel relationship between development of the financial system (financial development) and energy intensity and explore the underlying mechanisms influencing the relationship between these two indicators. Using long-term country-level data and a two-way fixed-effect model, this study reveals that financial development exerts a significant negative effect on energy intensity for non-OECD countries. However, financial development has a limited impact on energy reduction for OECD countries as a result of the mature financial systems of these developed economies. The estimated results are robust for various specifications. In addition, we reveal a U-shaped relationship between financial development and energy intensity in developing countries. Our results suggest that the influence of financial development on energy intensity reduction can be achieved through technological progress and innovation. Our findings suggest that stimulating financial development is an efficient way to reduce national energy intensity, and specific long-term policies must be established in order to balance the trade-off between financial development, economic growth, and energy intensity.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 World Development, Volume 127〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Naomi Millner, Irune Peñagaricano, Maria Fernandez, Laura K. Snook〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Since the 1970s, Community forestry (CF) initiatives have sought to combine sustainable forestry, community participation and poverty alleviation. Like other community-based forms of natural resource management (CBNRM), CF has been lauded for its potential to involve local people in conservation while opening new opportunities for economic development. However, CF programmes are not always successful, economically or ecologically, and, by devolving new powers and responsibilities to an abstractly defined “community,” they risk exacerbating existing patterns of social exclusion, and creating new conflicts. In this paper we mobilise a relational concept of negotiation within a political ecology framework to explore how the power relations of CF are addressed and transformed in a region where issues of conflict and tenure security have long shaped the social forest. Specifically, we focus on the emergence and consolidation of ACOFOP [〈em〉Asociación de Comunidades Forestales de Petén〈/em〉], a Forest Based Association in the Maya Biosphere Reserve in the Petén region of Guatemala, where CF has been practised for 25 years. Emphasising the importance of longer histories of social movements and organisations to local capacities for CF, we explore the conditions of possibility that enabled ACOFOP to emerge, as well as the strategies it has adopted to make national regulatory frameworks work for local communities. Through qualitative analysis derived from participatory research, interviews and ethnographic data, we trace four key areas of ACOFOP’s model of accompaniment (participatory decision-making; conflict resolution; advocacy and capacity-building) that have been developed in response to the negotiation of political issues pertaining to, and stemming from, the practice of CF. Highlighting ongoing challenges, and key strategies for CBNRM in other contexts, we conclude by emphasising that systems of community management cannot be “equitable,” or indeed sustainable, if political issues of access and tenure are not kept central to questions of participation.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉We capitalize on access to plant-level data in examining the changes in emissions of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and greenhouse gas (GHG) for a set of Canadian pulp and paper mills from 2005 to 2013. In particular, we investigate the roles played by changes in output, emission intensity, allocation of production among surviving plants, and plant closures. Output change is the main factor and improvement of emission intensity by surviving plants—the so-called technique effect—brings a small, yet positive contribution. However, there are no indications that market operations determining plant output and plant survival lead to lower emissions.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Despite the expansion of international fisheries law, fish stocks are still threatened by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. An inevitable question arises: What can be done to better induce state compliance with international fisheries law? This article reveals a factor affecting compliance with international fisheries law that had not yet been explored in the compliance studies literature: the processes for implementing that law. It notes that one actor’s implementation processes may enhance other actors’ compliance with international fisheries law if the processes aim to affect others’ behaviour and others conform to them. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to identify conditions under which the implementation processes have such a socialisation effect. These conditions are explored in two case studies concerning IUU fishing: that existing between the Republic of Korea and the European Union (2013–2015) and that between the Republic of Korea and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (2011). The case studies show that, from an institutional perspective, the design of transparent implementation processes with dialogue between the actors involved is crucial and, in terms of social context, the international leverage and reputations of the implementing actor and the targeted actor, as well as collaboration with media and civil society, are also significant factors in the processes’ socialisation effect.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This paper examines the interaction of two types of provisions in international environmental agreements: an identity-based minimum participation clause (MPC) and an equal treatment provision. While MPCs have been widely studied in the context of multilateral agreements, this paper is the first to formally introduce treaties specifying equal proportional reductions from the no-treaty equilibrium for all participants. Does the presence of these two provisions assist or impede the formation and efficiency of the grand coalition? In cases of equal treatment and heterogeneity of agents, smaller coalitions may result in higher welfare than requiring the grand coalition. Using game theoretic analysis of a 〈em〉set〈/em〉 of games, this paper gives a set of sufficient conditions for this welfare result to hold in a one-shot negative externality coalition game and presents examples of when smaller agreements do, and do not, improve upon unanimity. Furthermore, this paper focuses on how the choice of negotiation rules affects the optimal set of signatories. By specifying equal treatment (e.g. a proportional reduction rule) in a treaty, gains to the “narrow but deep” approach may warrant a smaller coalition.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉We present the results of a series of economic laboratory experiments designed to study the compliance behavior of polluting firms when penalties are stochastic. The experiments consist of a regulatory environment in which university students faced emission standards and an enforcement mechanism composed of audit probabilities and penalties (conditional on detection of a violation). We examine how uncertainty about the penalty affects the compliance decision and the extent of violation with two levels of enforcement: one in which the regulator induces perfect compliance and another one in which it does not. Our results suggest that in the first case, uncertain penalties increase the extent of violations in firms with higher marginal benefits. When enforcement is not sufficient to induce compliance, the uncertain penalties do not have any statistically significant effect on compliance behavior. Overall, the results suggest that a cost-effective design of emission standards should include complete, public information on the penalties for violations.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This article offers a descriptive and normative economic analysis of international environmental rights. States, sovereignty, international negotiations, and international law resemble legal persons, property, the market, and private law, respectively. Just as the initial entitlement of persons’ property rights is important to increasing welfare when transaction costs are significant, so too is that of states’ sovereignty rights, including those regarding the environment. What is the initial entitlement of these rights? Is this relatively efficient? How are these rights protected? The article considers three possible initial entitlements. First, states’ right to cause transboundary environmental harm and, second, their right to be free therefrom are each rejected due to weak theoretical support and insufficient state practice. These initial entitlements would also be less efficient. In contrast, an initial entitlement consisting of both the prevention of transboundary harm and the equitable use of shared natural resources is supported by theory and practice. This entitlement appears relatively efficient, and the relevant legal instruments reveal an implicit underlying economic logic. These international environmental rights are generally protected by mechanisms that resemble liability.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The literature is abundant with studies analyzing inequality in carbon emissions at the macroeconomic level, but very limited at the household level. The issue of household carbon footprint inequality is relevant in mitigating climate change through curbing household emissions. This study investigates household carbon footprint inequality in the Philippines and decomposes it into consumption sources applying the standard method used in analyzing income inequality. Results show that the richest 20% of the population has an aggregate share of more than 50% in the total household emissions. Between 2000 and 2006, the Gini coefficient of carbon footprint increases from 0.455 to 0.475. This implies that there is a high and worsening carbon footprint disparity among Filipino households. This disparity in emissions is more pronounced among rich and poor households relative to the middle-income households depicting a non-monotonous kind of relationship between household income and carbon emissions. This suggests that variations in lifestyle and consumption preferences determine overall household emissions inequality. In addition, the decomposition analysis suggests that inequality in carbon footprint is mainly driven by energy-intensive consumption such as fuel, light and transportation. At any affluence level, promotion of less carbon-intensive or energy-efficient consumption allows for the reduction of not just the emissions level, but also the disparity in household carbon footprint.〈/p〉