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  • Other Sources  (199)
  • ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)  (199)
  • 1985-1989  (199)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1986  (199)
  • 101
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    A system for conducting igneous petrology experiments under controlled redox conditions in reduced gravity (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Space Shuttle and the planned Space Station will permit experimentation under conditions of reduced gravitational acceleration offering experimental petrologists the opportunity to study crystal growth, element distribution, and phase chemistry. In particular the confounding effects of macro and micro scale buoyancy-induced convection and crystal settling or floatation can be greatly reduced over those observed in experiments in the terrestrial laboratory. Also, for experiments in which detailed replication of the environment is important, the access to reduced gravity will permit a more complete simulation of processes that may have occurred on asteroids or in free space. A technique that was developed to control, measure, and manipulate oxygen fugacites with small quantities of gas which are recirculated over the sample is described. This system should be adaptable to reduced gravity space experiments requiring redox control. Experiments done conventionally and those done using this technique yield identical results done in a 1-g field.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Space Station Planetology Experiments (SSPEX); 3 p
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  • 102
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    Impacts of free-floating objects: Unique space station experiments (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The transfer of momentum and kinetic energy between planetary bodies forms the basis for wide ranging problems in planetary science ranging from the collective long term effects of minor perturbations to the catastrophic singular effect of a major collision. Although the collisional transfer of momentum and energy was discussed over the last two decades, major issues remain that largely reflect current limitations in Earth based experimental conditions and 3-D numerical codes. Two examples with potential applications in a Space Station laboratory, are presented: asteroid spin rates and orientations, and planetary disruption/spin rates. Asteroid spin rate and orientation experiments are needed wherein free floating nonspining and spining objects of varying strength, porosity, and volatility are impacted at varying velocities and angles. A space station platform also could provide an opportunity to test important facets of planetary disruption/spin rate models by allowing freely suspended spherical targets of varying viscosities, internal density gradients, and spin rates.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Space STation Planetology Experiments (SSPEX); 2 p
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  • 103
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    Electrostatic aggregation of finely-comminuted geological materials (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Electrostatic forces are known to have a significant effect on the behavior of finely comminuted particulate material: perhaps the most prevalent expression of this being electrostatic aggregation of particles into relatively coherent clumps. However, the precise role of electrostatic attraction and repulsion in determining the behavior of geological materials (such as volcanic ash and aeolian dust) is poorly understood. Electrostatic aggregation of fine particles is difficult to study on Earth either in the geological or laboratory environment principally because the material in an aggregated state remains airborne for such a short period of time. Experiments conducted in the NASA/JCS - KC135 aircraft are discussed. The aircraft experiments are seen as precursors to more elaborate and scientifically more comprehensive Shuttle or Space Station activities.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Space Station Planetology Experiments (SSPEX); 2 p
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  • 104
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    Grain dynamics in zero gravity (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The dynamics of granular materials has proved difficult to model, primarily because of the complications arising from inelastic losses, friction, packing, and the effect of many grains being in contact simultaneously. The kinetic model of granular systems is similar to the kinetic theory of gases, except that collisional energy losses are always present in the former and must be treated explicity. Few granular materials on Earth are describable by this limiting model, since gravity tends to collapse the grains into a high density state where Coulombic friction effects are dominant. The planned Space Station offers an unusual opportunity to test the kinetic grain model and to explore its predictions. Without gravity, the regime of low interparticle velocities (where an elastic description of the collision is still valid) can be investigated. This will allow for direct interpretation by dynamical computer simulations as well as by the kinetic theory. The dynamics of spherical grains inside a clear box would be examined. Results would be compared with the predictions of the kinetic theory and computer simulations.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Space Station Planetology Experiments (SSPEX); 3 p
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  • 105
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    To catch a comet: Technical overview of CAN DO G-324 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The primary objective of the C. E. Williams Middle School Get Away Special CAN DO is the photographing of Comet Halley. The project will involve middle school students, grades 6 through 8, in the study and interpretation of astronomical photographs and techniques. G-324 is contained in a 5 cubic foot GAS Canister with an opening door and pyrex window for photography. It will be pressurized with one atmosphere of dry nitrogen. Three 35mm still cameras with 250 exposure film backs and different focal length lenses will be fired by a combination of automatic timer and an active comet detector. A lightweight 35mm movie camera will shoot single exposures at about 1/2 minute intervals to give an overlapping skymap of the mission. The fifth camera is a solid state television camera specially constructed for detection of the comet by microprocessor.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 1-9
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  • 106
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    Space Station design for growth (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This paper reviews the current status of Space Station planning for growth as the basis of an assessment of potential Space Station evolution directions in the 21st Century to meet the challenges of the report of the U.S. National Commission on space, 'Pioneering the Space Frontier'. Thus future mission requirements are reviewed and assessed. Based on these requirements, evolution scenarios and potential configurations are developed. It is concluded that the Space Station, as a multipurpose facility, should evolve to a capability of 300 kW, crew of 18 and 5 lab modules. Beyond this capability it will be necessary to separate functions and establish two separate Space Stations, one for research and one for operational activities (e.g., transportation node, servicing, etc.). If the U.S. National Commission on space's recommendations are adopted, this separation or 'branching' could occur as early as 2005 to meet the needs of a permanent lunar base.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-461
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  • 107
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    Earth observing system - Concepts and implementation strategy (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The concepts of an Earth Observing System (EOS), an information system being developed by the EOS Science and Mission Requirements Working Group for international use and planned to begin in the 1990s, are discussed. The EOS is designed to study the factors that control the earth's hydrologic cycle, biochemical cycles, and climatologic processes by combining the measurements from remote sensing instruments, in situ measurement devices, and a data and information system. Three EOS platforms are planned to be launched into low, polar, sun-synchronous orbits during the Space Station's Initial Operating Configuration, one to be provided by ESA and two by the United States.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-72
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  • 108
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    NASA's robotic servicing role for Space Station (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Attention is given to evaluations of the relative impacts on and benefits to the Space Station Program of various levels of robotics devices for space servicing operations. The leading robotic candidate concept for the IOC Space Station, the Smart Front End, uses a small, stiff and highly dexterous work effector controlled by a human-in-the-loop from a remote control station. This configuration offers both a quality multifunctional performance capability at the work site as well as technology transparency through the ground teleoperation control mode.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-47
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  • 109
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    Logistics resupply scenario for the Space Station (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The paper addresses an approach to developing an integrated scenario definition, operations considerations and hardware concepts development cycle that will provide the most effective set of concepts meeting Space Station logistics criteria. Attention is given to logistics system requirements sources, design package team involvement, requirements analysis and development, scenario development and evaluation, and logistics elements configuration. It is noted that the surviving set of integrated scenarios provided hardware and support requirements with built in discipline compliance and operational sensitivity.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-49
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  • 110
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    U.S. experience in satellite servicing and linkage to the Space Station era (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A history of on-orbit servicing and repair is given with emphasis placed on the Solar Maximum Repair Mission. The experience gained thus far in on-orbit servicing and the design of the Space Station's servicing capabilities impose the following requirements on users: (1) satellites must have a standard grapple for capture and a standard berthing interface, (2) Space Station safety requirements must meet to preclude damage to the Space Station or injury to the EVA crew, (3) sensitive instruments will need to implement remotely controlled protective devices to prevent damage, and (4) satellite thermal systems must be designed to maintain survival temperatures during transfer from orbit to the Space Station servicing facility.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-43
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  • 111
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    Supporting planetary missions - The Space Station role (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Spacecraft destined for interplanetary flight can be assembled, fueled, and tested near the Space Station, thus providing for spacecraft too large and/or massive for launch from earth on a single boost. The 28.5-deg-inclination orbit of the Station will, however, cause penalties for some missions. Another Station role is to recover sample returns from, e.g., Mars or a comet.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS PAPER 85-475
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  • 112
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    The Space Station program (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Cost constraints to a large degree control the functionality and form of the IOC of the Space Station. Planning of Station missions must be delayed to retain flexibility, a goal also served by modular development of the Station and by multi-use laboratory modules. Early emphasis on servicing other spacecraft is recommended, as is using available Shuttle flight time for R&D on Space Station technologies and operations.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS PAPER 85-451
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  • 113
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    Opticians as astronauts (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: One of the most useful tasks to be carried out at the Space Station will be the making of large precision telescopes. It will become possible to assemble optics bigger than can be launched in one piece. A further step would be to take advantage of extraordinarily favorable conditions in space for testing and even manufacturing optics. In this short paper, these two aspects are considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 114
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    Manned Mars missions: A working group report (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The discussions of the Working Group (based in large part on working papers, which will shortly be published separately) are summarized. These papers cover a broad range of subjects which need to be addressed in the formulation of such a formidable enterprise as a manned Mars program. Science objective and operations; Mars surface infrastructure and activities; mission and system concepts and configurations; life sciences; impacts on the space infrastructure; and costs, schedules, and organizations are addressed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-88777 , NASA-M001 , NAS 1.15:88777
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  • 115
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    An investigation of selected on-orbit satellite servicing issues (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of three separate investigations performed by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) between August 1985 and October 1986 as the second phase of the two-phase Satellite Services System Program Plan contract for the Engineering Directorate of the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center are discussed. The objectives of the first phase of this contract (reported in SAIC-85/1762) were to determine the potential for servicing a diverse range of spacecraft from the Space Shuttle Orbiter and to assess NASA's role as the catalyst in enabling routine on-orbit servicing. The second area of investigation was prompted by the need to understand satellite servicing requirements in the far term (1995 to 2010) and how results from the first phase of this contract could support these requirements. The mission model developed during the first phase was extended using new data and information from studies which address the later time period. The third area of investigation looked at a new servicing mode which had not been studied previously. This mode involves the on-orbit exchange of very large modules with masses greater than approximately 9,000 kilograms and/or lengths greater than approximately nine meters. The viewgraphs used for the final briefing for each of the three investigations, as presented to NASA are given.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-171968 , NAS 1.26:171968 , SAIC-86/1942 , SAIC-1-120-778-S22
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  • 116
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    VEGA Pathfinder navigation for Giotto Halley encounter (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Results of the VEGA Pathfinder concept which was used to successfully target the European Space Agnecy's Giotto spacecraft to a 600 km encounter with the comet Halley are presented. Pathfinder was an international cooperative navigation activity involving USSR, European and U.S. space agencies. The final Giotto targeting maneuver was based on a comet location determined from optical data acquired by the earlier arriving Soviet VEGA spacecraft. Inertial pointing angles extracted from optical images of the comet nucleus were combined with a precise estimate of the VEGA encounter orbits determined using VLBI data acquired by NASA's Deep Space Network to predict the location of Halley at Giotto encounter. This article describes the VLBI techniques used to determine the VEGA orbits and shows that the insensitivity of the VLBI data strategy to unmodeled dynamic error sources resulted in estimates of the VEGA orbits with an accuracy of 50 km.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report; p 268-278
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  • 117
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    Coordinated observations in support of the solar maximum mission (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The in-orbit repair of the Solar Maximum Mission satellite has provided an opportunity to continue observations of the Sun's outer corona, transition region, and bolometric flux through the decay phase and minimum of the solar cycle. The coordinated observation of the solar photosphere, chromosphere, and low corona from the ground is a necessary companion to understanding the full range of phenomena seen over the solar cycle by the spacecraft instruments. A program of such observations has been undertaken at the Mees Solar Observatory, and has established a broad database for the analysis of the solar atmosphere and interior.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-179931 , NAS 1.26:179931
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  • 118
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    Calibration of the ISEE plasma composition experiment (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Plasma Composition experiment on the ISEE-1 satellite was designed to measure ions from 1 to 16 amu, at energies from near zero to 16 keV. The two nearly identical flight instruments were calibrated by means of preflight laboratory tests and in-flight data comparisons. This document presents most of the details of those efforts, with special emphasis on the low energy (0 to 100 eV) portion of the instrument response. The analysis of the instrument includes a ray-tracing calculation, which follows an ensemble of test particles through the detector.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-86542 , NAS 1.15:86542
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  • 119
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    Drop tube technical tasks (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Criteria, using fundamental thermochemical dynamics, were developed to assist a scientist using the Drop Tube Facility in designing a good experiment. The types of parameters involved in designing the experiments include the type of furnace, the type of atmosphere, and in general which materials are better behaved than others as determined by past experience in the facility. One of the major advantages of the facility lies in its ability to provide large undercoolings in the cooling curve during the drops. A beginning was to consider the effect of oxygen and other gases upon the amount of undercooling observed. The starting point of the thermochemistry was given by Ellingham and later transformed into what is known as the Richardson Chart. The effect of surface oxidations upon the nucleation phenomena can be observed in each specimen.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-178741 , NAS 1.26:178741 , UAH-RR-475
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  • 120
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    The Mars Observer mission (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Attention is given to the establishment of the Planetary Observer program and the initiation of the Mars Observer project (scheduled for 1990), its scientific objectives, and plans for operations. The Mars Observer mission will provide a spacecraft platform about Mars from which the entire Martian surface and atmosphere may be mapped for at least one Martian year. This first Planetary Observer mission will reveal how a series of low-cost missions can be planned and implemented to fit within constrained NASA budget for planetary operation.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-318
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  • 121
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    Manned Mars Missions. Working group papers, volume 1, section 1-4 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The papers presented by the working group on Manned Mars Missions are given. The purpose is to update earlier Mars missions study data, to examine the impact of new and emerging technologies on Mars mission capabilities, and to identify technological issues that would be useful in projecting scientific and engineering research in the coming decades. The papers are grouped into nine sections, which are: (1) rationale; (2) transportation trades and issues; (3) mission and configuration concepts; (4) surface infrastructure; (5) science investigations and issues; (6) life science/medical issues; (7) subsystems and technology development requirements; (8) political and economic issues; and (9) impact on other programs.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-89320-VOL-1 , NASA-M002-VOL-1 , NAS 1.15:89320-VOL-1 , EEI-85-94
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  • 122
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    Tethered orbital refueling study (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: One of the major applications of the space station will be to act as a refueling depot for cryogenic-fueled space-based orbital transfer vehicles (OTV), Earth-storable fueled orbit maneuvering vehicles, and refurbishable satellite spacecraft using hydrazine. One alternative for fuel storage at the space station is a tethered orbital refueling facility (TORF), separated from the space station by a sufficient distance to induce a gravity gradient force that settles the stored fuels. The technical feasibility was examined with the primary focus on the refueling of LO2/LH2 orbital transfer vehicles. Also examined was the tethered facility on the space station. It was compared to a zero-gravity facility. A tethered refueling facility should be considered as a viable alternative to a zero-gravity facility if the zero-gravity fluid transfer technology, such as the propellant management device and no vent fill, proves to be difficult to develop with the required performance.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-171954 , NAS 1.26:171954 , MCR-86-587 , MCR-86-591
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  • 123
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    ICE Second Halley radial: TDA mission support and DSN operations (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The article documents the operations encompassing the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) second Halley radial experiment centered around March 28, 1986. The support was provided by the Deep Space Network (DSN) 64-meter subnetwork. Near continuous support was provided the last two weeks of March and the first two weeks of April to insure the collection of adequate background data for the Halley radial experiment. During the last week of March, plasma wave measurements indicate that ICE was within the Halley heavy ion pick-up region.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report; p 285-290
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  • 124
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    EOS production on the Space Station (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The paper discusses a conceptual integration of the equipment for EOS (Electrophoresis Operations/Space) on the Space Station in the early 1990s. Electrophoresis is a fluid-constituent separation technique which uses forces created by an electrical field. Aspects covered include EOS equipment and operations, and Space Station installations involving a pressurized module, a resupply module, utility provisions and umbilicals and crew involvement. Accommodation feasibility is generally established, and interfaces are defined. Space Station production of EOS-derived pharmaceuticals will constitute a significant increase in capability compared to precursor flights on the Shuttle in the 1980s.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-2358
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  • 125
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    Preparation of large-particle-size monodisperse latexes in space (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Results are reported of latex sphere polymerization experiments performed on two flights of the Columbia and three flights of the Challenger. The trials were carried out because polymerization of the spheres in space avoids coagulation, nucleation of a new crop of particles, and excessive stirring requirements, and allows growth of spheres larger than 4 microns diam. The Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR) held four stirred 100 cc sealed stainless steel cylindrical containers. The mixtures were monitored for the conversion times, volume decreases as spheres formed and the mixture temperature. The spheres were grown from 0.19 micron seeds. Details of the flight preparation efforts are outlined. In flights which did not experience mechanical malfunctions spheres 3-30 microns diam were grown that had noticeably lower size variations than did the ground-based control particles. The 10 micron diam spheres grown on STS-6 were accepted as standard reference material by the NBS and became the first products made in space to be commercially sold on earth; the 30 micron spheres also became NBS standards. The experiments confirmed all projected benefits of producing the spheres in space, as well as provided the opportunity to grow more larger offsize spheres by finishing the growths on earth.
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  • 126
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    Maintainability planning for the Space Station (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The planned NASA Space Station, which is expected to have many years of on-orbit operation, for the first time confronts spacecraft designers with major questions of maintainability in design. A Maintainability Guidelines Document has been distributed to all Space Station Definition and Preliminary Design personnel of the Space Station Program Office. Trade studies are being performed to determine the most economical balance between initial (reliability) cost and life cycle cost (crew time and replacement hardware) costs.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-9754
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  • 127
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    Spacecraft 2000 (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Spacecraft 2000 program has been conceived by NASA with the objective to maintain the U.S. in a strong technical position in the space arena. The program is to involve a cooperative NASA/industry effort with long-range technology development aims. The technology areas addressed are related to spacecraft power, spacecraft energy storage, power management and distribution, autonomous operation-control, onboard systems integration, secondary propulsion, communications technologies, and systems/subsystems technology verification. Aspects of Spacecraft 2000 interactions with industry are discussed, taking into account visitations of NASA personnel to selected industrial concerns, most critical concerns (general), major technical concern, technology drivers for future spacecraft power systems, technology considerations for secondary propulsion, and questions of commercialization. Plans related to a Spacecraft 2000 program formulation are also considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-0616
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  • 128
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    Technology for large space systems: A bibliography with indexes (supplement 13) (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This bibliography lists 399 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between January 1, 1985 and June 30, 1985. Its purpose is to provide helpful information to the researcher, manager, and designer in technology development and mission design according to system, interactive analysis and design, structural and thermal analysis and design, structural concepts and control systems, electronics, advanced materials, assembly concepts, propulsion, and solar power satellite systems.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-SP-7046(13) , NAS 1.21:7046(13)
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  • 129
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    The great observatories for space astrophysics (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Motivated by the ancient urge to observe, measure, compute, and understand the nature of the Universe, the available advanced technology is used to place entire observatories into space for investigations across the spectrum. Stellar evolution, development and nature of the Universe, planetary exploration, technology, NASA's role, and careers in asronomy are displayed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-176754 , NAS 1.26:176754
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  • 130
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    Manned Mars Mission. Working group papers, volume 2, section 5 - appendix (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Topics discussed include: science investigations and issues; life science/medical issues; subsystems and technology development requirements; political issues; and impacts on other programs.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-89321-VOL-2 , NASA-M002-VOL-2 , NAS 1.15:89321-VOL-2
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    Space Station polar orbiting platform - Mission analysis and planning (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Space Station Polar Orbiting Platform will be a serviceable spacecraft supporting a range of missions. The planning and analysis of these missions is investigated. The subjects of STS compatibility, rendezvous strategy, and requisite launch windows are addressed. General, as well as, two specific cases are detailed with respect to their incremental velocity requirements.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-2178
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  • 132
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    Historical data and analysis for the first five years of KSC STS payload processing (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: General and specific quantitative and qualitative results were identified from a study of actual operational experience while processing 186 science, applications, and commercial payloads for the first 5 years of Space Transportation System (STS) operations at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC). All non-Department of Defense payloads from STS-2 through STS-33 were part of the study. Historical data and cumulative program experiences from key personnel were used extensively. Emphasis was placed on various program planning and events that affected KSC processing, payload experiences and improvements, payload hardware condition after arrival, services to customers, and the impact of STS operations and delays. From these initial considerations, operational drivers were identified, data for selected processing parameters collected and analyzed, processing criteria and options determined, and STS payload results and conclusions reached. The study showed a significant reduction in time and effort needed by STS customers and KSC to process a wide variety of payload configurations. Also of significance is the fact that even the simplest payloads required more processing resources than were initially assumed. The success to date of payload integration, testing, and mission operations, however, indicates the soundness of the approach taken and the methods used.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-83105 , NAS 1.15:83105
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  • 133
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    Pressure distributions obtained on a 0.10-scale model of the Space Shuttle Orbiter's forebody in the Ames Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pressure distribution test data obtained on a 0.10-scale model of the forward fuselage of the Space Shuttle Orbiter are presented without analysis. The tests were completed in the Ames Unitary Wind Tunnel (UPWT). The UPWT tests were conducted in two different test sections operating in the continuous mode, the 8 x 7 feet and 9 x 7 feet test sections. Each test section has its own Mach number range, 1.6 to 2.5 and 2.5 to 3.5 for the 9 x 7 feet and 8 x 7 feet test section, respectively. The test Reynolds number ranged from 1.6 to 2.5 x 10 to the 6th power ft and 0.6 to 2.0 x 10 to the 6th power ft, respectively. The tests were conducted in support of the development of the Shuttle Entry Air Data System (SEADS). In addition to modeling the 20 SEADS orifices, the wind-tunnel model was also instrumented with orifices to match Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI) port locations that existed on the Space Shuttle Columbia (OV-102) during the Orbiter Flight test program. This DFI simulation has provided a means for comparisons between reentry flight pressure data and wind-tunnel and computational data.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-87654 , NAS 1.15:87654
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  • 134
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    Graphical techniques to assist in pointing and control studies of orbiting spacecraft (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Computer generated graphics are developed to assist in the modeling and assessment of pointing and control systems of orbiting spacecraft. Three-dimensional diagrams are constructed of the Earth and of geometrical models which resemble the spacecraft of interest. Orbital positioning of the spacecraft model relative to the Earth and the orbital ground track are then displayed. A star data base is also available which may be used for telescope pointing and star tracker field-of-views to visually assist in spacecraft pointing and control studies. A geometrical model of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is constructed and placed in Earth orbit to demonstrate the use of these programs. Simulated star patterns are then displayed corresponding to the primary mirror's FOV and the telescope's star trackers for various telescope orientations with respect to the celestial sphere.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TP-2575 , NAS 1.60:2575
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  • 135
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    A scientist in space (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An account is given of an experiment involving the equilibrium shapes of the dynamics of a rotating and oscillating drop conducted aboard the Space Shuttle in April 1985. The Drop Dynamics Module used in the experiments was fabricated and tested at JPL. In the experiment, a one-inch drop was spun out and then controlled acoustically so that physical contact with it could be avoided. In the axysymmetric shape region, the drop behaved nicely, but once it got to the bifurcation point it deviated from the theory substantially; the fission point agreed with theory but the shapes were different.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS PAPER 85-617
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  • 136
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    A proposed comet nucleus penetrator for the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby mission (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The importance of the study of comets has led NASA to plan a mission to rendezvous with comet Tempel 2 in 1997. Critical to the understanding of comets will be measurements of the nucleus material to determine its elemental and isotopic composition, its mechanical properties, and its thermal state and properties. this paper describes a proposal for a Comet Nucleus Penetrator to accomplish these measurement goals. The Comet Nucleus Penetrator will implant instruments into the comet's nucleus beneath a probable volatile-depleted surface mantle into material more representative of the bulk composition of the nucleus.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-297
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  • 137
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    Giotto navigation support (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Cooperative efforts between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) in supporting the flight of Giotto to Halley's Comet included prelaunch checks of ESA navigation software and delivery of validated DSN radio metric tracking data during the mission. Effects of drag from passing through the coma are seen in data received pre and post encounter. The post encounter Giotto trajectory provides a solar occultation in January 1988, prior to returning to the Earth in 1990 for possible retargeting to yet another comet.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report; p 249-262
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  • 138
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    Pathfinder operations (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In 1981, the Inter-Agency Consultative Group (composed of European, Soviet, Japanese and American space agency representatives) conceived the idea of using the two Soviet Vega spacecraft as pathfinders for Giotto since they would arrive at Halley's Comet approximately one week before Giotto. The Vega trajectory data and the Halley camera angle data were combined to improve the comet orbit accuracy. This was used to improve the Giotto fly-by targeting. The DSN performed delta DOR (VLBI) and one-way Doppler measurements of the Vega spacecraft for orbit determination. Although the early part-up phase had many problems, the results during the critical November 30, 1985 to March 4, 1986 operational phase had an overall 95 percent success rate, with 59 successes out of 62 two-station passes.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report; p 263-267
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  • 139
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    Giotto mission support (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Deep Space Network (DSN) support of the Giotto mission to Comet Halley is summarized. The support is described beginning with the prelaunch testing and continues through the post comet encounter period.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report; p 243-248
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  • 140
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    Mars sample return mission options (1996-2005) (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Missions to the surface of Mars, carrying a Rover and having a sample return capability, constitute another logical step in the exploration of that planet in the late 1990's. Results of a recent study are described. A comparison of viable mission options, involving: retropropulsion vs. aerobraking/aeromaneuvering, direct return vs. Mars orbit rendezous, as well as the future potential of 'in-situ propellant production', is presented. An overview of a variety of scenarios of unmanned expeditions to Mars and their subsequent return to earth, within the addressed time period, is provided.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS PAPER 85-417
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  • 141
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    Elements of oxygen production systems using Martian atmosphere (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Hardware elements have been studied in terms of their applicability to Mars oxygen production systems. Various aspects of the system design are discussed and areas requiring further research are identified. Initial work on system reliability is discussed and a methodology for applying expert system technology to the oxygen processor is described.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-1586
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  • 142
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    National Space Transportation and Support Study/technology requirements and plans (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This paper presents a generic technology plan which has been developed as part of the National Space Transportation and Support Study. This program, which addresses a wide variety of potentially high payoff technology areas, is structured to promote both enhanced vehicle performance and greatly improved operational efficiency and includes both evolutionary and breakthrough technologies. The plan is presented in terms of disciplinary plan elements, which were developed by joint NASA/USAF disciplinary working groups, and as a set of demonstration projects which serve as focal points for the overall plan and drive the development of the many interrelated disciplinary activities.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-1213
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  • 143
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    Future space transportation options - Overview (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A comprehensive consideration of space transportation system design possibilities and capabilities has noted that the U.S. (NASA and Department of Defense) launch vehicle users may enter the post-1995 period with a high operating cost space transportation architecture, primarily consisting of a small Space Shuttle fleet and its Complementary Expendable Launch Vehicle for unmanned operations. On the other hand, many technologies critical to the future of space transportation could yield substantial benefits in the post-1995 period. Current funding levels are expected to inhibit the timely development of many such technologies, however, and many current development programs have narrow and short term objectives that will not yield a cohesive data base for further development.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-1210
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  • 144
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    National space transportation and support study/mission requirements and architecture studies (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The government approach to fulfilling the requirements of the National Space Transportation and Support Study is described. DOD and NASA were required to determine the architecture and technology that would be needed for civil and defense space transportation during the 1995-2010 time range. NASA collected data from the National Commission on Space and the DOD research focused on SDI requirements. The objectives and recommendations of the space transportation architecture, transportation and support systems, and technology assessment and planning tasks are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-1211
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  • 145
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    Design of a thermocapillary flow experiment in reduced gravity (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Detailed considerations for the design of a low-gravity thermocapillary flow experiment are presented. The basic configuration is one in which a fluid contained in a circular dish is subjected to an imposed surface heat flux. Specific consideration is given to the imposed thermal signature, thermal boundary conditions, free-surface deformations, and g-jitter effects. Numerical analysis and ground-based and drop-tower tests are utilized to ensure that reasonable flows are obtained in which measurements can be made relatively easily. The configuration chosen is of further importance because it differs from others in which oscillations were observed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-0200
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  • 146
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    Evaluation of solar array flight experiment response during flight for extension/retraction phase (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This post flight evaluation of the Solar Array Flight Experiment's (SAFE) deployment dynamics explains the encountered resonances.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-86551 , NAS 1.15:86551
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  • 147
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    A study of factors related to commercial space platform services (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In the past four years, the issue of the commercial development of space has come to the forefront of the U. S. national space policy. Though the Administration, Congress and NASA have all shown strong support for encouraging the private sector to become more actively involved in the commercial utilization of space, the question remains whether they must do more to foster the creation and development of a viable U. S. commercial space industry. Marketing aspects, insurance and risk loss, tax related factors, space transportation, termination liability, institutional barriers, and procurement laws and regulations are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-176881 , NAS 1.26:176881
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  • 148
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    The Association of Schools of Journalism and mass communication journalist-in-space project (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: During the summer of 1985, NASA asked the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communication (ASJMC) to select a U. S. journalist who could ride aboard the space shuttle and report the experience to the American public. Eligibility critieria and selection procedures are discussed. The forty semifinalists are listed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-176961 , NAS 1.26:176961
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  • 149
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    Review and evaluation of space processing applications (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Materials research in space which offers advantages in studying phenomena and preparing materials under conditions which cannot be realized in the gravity field of the Earth is discussed. Many techniques were developed to improve processing systems and reduce the effect of gravitationally induced restrictions. The space-based devices take advantage of a wide range of low-gravity facilities including drop towers and tubes, aircraft and sounding rocket parabolic trajectories, simple materials experiment accommodations in the Space Shuttle, and more complex capabilities in Spacelab. All these systems are used to produce novel materials and to study material processing under unique conditions.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-178703 , NAS 1.26:178703
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  • 150
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    Pressure distributions obtained on a 0.10-scale model of the space shuttle Orbiter's forebody in the AEDC 16T propulsion wind tunnel (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pressure distribution test data obtained on a 0.10-scale model of the forward fuselage of the Space Shuttle Orbiter are presented without analysis. The tests were completed in the AEDC 16T Propulsion Wind Tunnel. The 0.10-scale model was tested at angles of attack from -2 deg to 18 deg and angles of side slip from -6 to 6 deg at Mach numbers from 0.25 to 1/5 deg. The tests were conducted in support of the development of the Shuttle Entry Air Data System (SEADS). In addition to modeling the 20 SEADS orifices, the wind-tunnel model was also instrumented with orifices to match Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI) port locations that existed on the Space Shuttle Orbiter Columbia (OV-102) during the Orbiter Flight Test program. This DFI simulation has provided a means of comparisons between reentry flight pressure data and wind-tunnel and computational data.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-87653 , NAS 1.15:87653
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  • 151
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    Ground testing in a simulated auroral environment (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Shuttle polar orbit missions are being planned in which astronaut extravehicular activities (EVA) will eventually include external operations or repair and refurbishment of satellites. Recent satellite data and model calculations show that significant spacecraft charging and differential charging occurs in that environment and could endanger equipment and personnel involved in the EVA. These spacecraft charging events take place in response to an intense flux of high energy electrons accompanied by a large drop in the ambient plasma density. The extent of which the auroral environment can be simulated in a large vacuum chamber are determined so that conditions which lead to significant charging and discharging may be observed and controlled. A large chamber would be required in order to simulate the effects of an aurora-like, large cross-section, energetic electron precipitation on a target system the size of an astronaut with a life support system. The precipitating electrons can be simulated with an array of multipactor sources and the background ionization produced by the beam can be limited to the range of the auroral density if the chamber pressure is not significantly above 1 x .000001 Torr. Some small chamber work has shown that the plasma in the beam will diffuse radially at a rate determined by the Bohm diffusion coefficient.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: JPL, Space Technology Plasma Issues in 2001; p 314
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  • 152
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    Feasibility assessment of the Get-Away Tether Experiment (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: The small free-flying tether system deployable from a Get-Away Special canister is analyzed. The objectives of the GAS experiment which include demonstrating electric power generation and orbital reboost using electrodynamic technology, measuring micrometeoroid hazards to the tethers, conducting a radio propagation experiment, and measuring long wire radar-cross-section are discussed. The physical layout and components of the mother and daughter satellites are described. The command and control system of the tether system is examined. The electrodynamic experiments to be conducted after plasma contact is established and the electrodynamical capabilities of the system are considered.
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  • 153
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    Scientific purposes of earth orbital tether operations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: The earth orbiting tethered systems will allow long-term observations of the 90-130 km environment and spatial gradiometry at altitudes from 130-400 km. The advantages such tethered systems could provide to the physics of the atmosphere/magnetosphere boundary, and the spatial and temporal structure of the earth's gravity and magnetic fields are discussed. The physical characteristics of the polar and equatorial regions, and the ionosphere and upper atmosphere are described.
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  • 154
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    Concepts for space maintenance of OTV engines (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In this paper, concepts for space maintainability of Orbital Transfer Vehicles engines are examined. An engine design is developed which is driven by space maintenance requirements and by a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). Modularity within the engine is shown to offer cost benefits and improved space maintenance capabilities. Space-operable disconnects are conceptualized for both engine change-out and for module replacement. Through FME mitigation the modules are conceptualized to contain the most often replaced engine components. A preliminary space maintenance plan is developed around a Controls and Condition Monitoring system using advanced sensors, controls, and conditioning monitoring concepts.
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  • 155
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    The tethered satellite system for low density aerothermodynamics studies (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The feasibility of the operation of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) as a continuous open wind tunnel for low-density aerothermodynamic studies (applicable to the design of hypersonic space vehicles including STARFAC, AOTV, and ERV) is considered. The Shuttle Continuous Open Wind Tunnel (SCOWT) program, for the study of the energy and momentum transfer between the tethered satellite and its environmental medium during the TSS/2 mission, is described. Instrumentation and TSS design requirements to meet SCOWT objectives are also considered. SCOWT will provide information on the gasdynamic processes occurring downstream of the bow wave standing in front of the TS, the chemistry and physics of the upper atmosphere related to satellite aerothermodynamics, and TSS's overall experimental envelope of operation.
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  • 156
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    Maintenance components for Space Station long life fluid systems (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Space Station elements or modules will maintain thermal conditioning by way of fluid systems. Because of the Station's 20 year minimum orbital lifetime, these fluid system designs must allow for on-orbit maintenance. This paper describes the maintenance assessment of the various Space Station thermal control system options, their components and the recommended maintenance approach for each. The design and utilization of the primary fluid isolation servicing method, the Maintainable Maintenance Disconnect Valve (MMDV) and the effects of selecting different levels for the orbital replacement unit (ORU) are also presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: SAE PAPER 861005
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  • 157
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    Servicing of user payload equipment in the Space Station pressurized environment (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: NASA Space Station servicing support facilities will include both pressurized and unpressurized work areas. While the latter will allow astronauts operating in EVAs or aided by robots to accomplish Orbital Replacement Unit (ORU) and instrument changes, tests, assembly, refueling, and repairs, the former will furnish astronauts engaged in work requiring intravehicular activities (IVAs) the ability to enter through an airlock into a module in which they can more carefully service ORUs. Baseline IVA accommodations encompass (1) a staging/assembly area for ORUs brought in from satellites, orbital platforms or attached payloads, (2) a work station for monitoring and control of the external Servicing Bay facility, and (3) a large, laminar flow workbench which would provide highly controlled conditions, as well as (4) a 'glovebox' for delicate servicing and (5) an assortment of hand tools and test equipment.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: SAE PAPER 860973
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  • 158
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    National space transportation studies (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This paper describes the government and industry activities and findings in response to a Presidential directive to study second-generation space transportation systems. Topics discussed include study purpose, mission needs, architecture development, system concepts, and technology recommendations. Interim study findings will also be presented. The study is being jointly managed by DOD and NASA and equally funded by DOD, NASA, and the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: SAE PAPER 861681
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  • 159
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    Space station systems: A bibliography with indexes (supplement 2) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This bibliography lists 904 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between July 1, 1985 and December 31, 1985. Its purpose is to provide helpful information to the researcher, manager, and designer in technology development and mission design according to system, interactive analysis and design, structural and thermal analysis and design, structural concepts and control systems, electronics, advanced materials, assembly concepts, propulsion, and solar power satellite systems. The coverage includes documents that define major systems and subsystems, servicing and support requirements, procedures and operations, and missions for the current and future space station.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-SP-7056(02) , NAS 1.21:7056(02)
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  • 160
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    Contemporary achievements in astronautics: Salyut-7, the Vega Project and Spacelab (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The latest achievements in Soviet aeronautics are described; the new stage in the space program to study Venus using Soviet automated space probes, and the next space mission by cosmonauts to the Salyut-7 station. Information is also presented on the flight of the Spacelab orbiting laboratory created by Western European specialists.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-77712 , NAS 1.15:77712
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  • 161
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    Towards industrial development in space (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: NASA's role in the industrial and commercial development of space is examined. The objectives of the Office of Commercial Programs are discussed. The technology dissemination and technology applications of the Technology Utilization Program are described; examples of successful technology transfers such as the programmable implantable medication system, automatic implantable defibrillation, and the ultrasonic residual stress monitor are provided. Future goals of this program are considered. The Center for Commercial Development of Space program is designed to stimulate space-related research which will produce new products with commercial applications. Examples of NASA-supported R&D projects are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-444
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  • 162
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    Studies of the ultraviolet spectra of astronomical sources (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An intensive program of observations of the Comet Halley during the week of the Vega 2 and Giotto encounters was carried out by the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite observatory. The IUE Fine Error Sensor, normally used for target acquisition and tracking, was used in a photometer mode to provide nealy continuous light curves over an 8 hour observing shift, a unique capability relative to ground-bases observers. The ultraviolet data can be used to derive an estimate of the total gas production rate even though the models generally used for this purpose assume a steady-state gas production which is clearly not the case for Halley. Additionally, the IUE data provide column abundances of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, OH, CO, CS, C2, and CO2 to compare with the in-situ measurements of these species by Vega 2 and Giotto.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-176865 , NAS 1.26:176865
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  • 163
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    The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The 1985 Get Away Special (GAS) Experimenter's Symposium provided a formal opportunity for GAS experimenters to share the results of their projects. The focus is on payloads that have been flown on Shuttle missions, and on GAS payloads that will be flown in the near future.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CP-2401 , REPT-86B0015 , NAS 1.55:2401 , Oct 08, 1985 - Oct 09, 1985; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 164
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    'On-line' analyses of simulated solar wind implantations of terrestrial analogs of lunar materials (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: In connection with the establishment of a lunar base, it would be necessary to provide water, and the feasibility to obtain water from solar wind (SW) implanted lunar soils has been considered. In this context, a project involving the examination of materials under conditions of simulated SW irradiation has been initiated. A description is presented of initial results on oligoclase, ilmenite, and simulated lunar glass (SLG). Attention is given to the reaction chamber, the target materials, the saturation concentrations, aspects of water release, depth profiles, thermal release, effects from helium-3 preimplants, mechanisms of possible water release related to direct emission and thermal release, and lunar soil components enriched in trapped SW hydrogen. It is found that ilmenite stores about twice as much deuterium as the other target materials. However, it is unknown whether the small enrichment factor will be sufficient to make the material a potential source of lunar water.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; D467-D47
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  • 165
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    Frontiers of technology (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An evaluation is made of the Space Station technology assessment efforts conducted by NASA under its Advanced Development Program, which has over the last three years enlisted 14 different disciplines in the refinement of every aspect of Space Station interior and exterior design. Major investigations have delved into the application of novel coatings to materials subjected to prolonged exposure to radiation, the design of berthing and docking mechanisms, the demonstration of EVA structural assembly methods in a neutral buoyancy water tank, and an investigation of the effects of meteoroids and space debris on EVA garments, which have prompted the development of a novel 'hard' suit.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 24; 48-51
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  • 166
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    The evolution of automation and robotics in manned spaceflight (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The evolution of automation on all manned spacecraft including the Space Shuttle is reviewed, and a concept for increasing automation and robotics from the current Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (RMS) to an autonomous system is presented. The requirements for robotic elements are identified for various functions on the Space Station, including extravehicular functions and functions within laboratory and habitation modules which expand man's capacity in space and allow selected teleoperation from the ground. The initial Space Station will employ a telerobot and necessary knowledge based systems as an advisory to the crew on monitoring, fault diagnosis, and short term planning and scheduling.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-12
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  • 167
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    Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT) (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: As result of the Challenger accident, the alternative possibility for launch of the ROSAT mission with an Atlas/Centaur launch vehicle is being considered. An overview of the problems involved in having the ROSAT flight ready for either a Shuttle or Atlas/Centaur launch is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-88576 , NAS 1.15:88576 , TN4/0435
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  • 168
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    An overview of NASA's programs and plans (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An overview is given of NASA's technical program offices and their status, recent accomplishments, and plans for the future. Programs covered include the Space Transportation System, TDRS, the Deep Space Network, the various Spacelab missions, the Galileo mission to Jupiter, the Ulysses mission over the poles of the sun, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the Space Station program.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS PAPER 85-647
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  • 169
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    The international team (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In view of the limited resources anticipated for the initial stages of the NASA Space Shuttle program, NASA planners have proposed a multinational partnership concept which will attempt to meet user requirements with minimum duplication of facilities and equipment. A major aspect of this concept is that the assignment of functions to as given country's laboratory module only implies that its subsystems will be tailored as necessary to the accommodation of such functions; the outfitting of the laboratory with research equipment will then be shared by all partners.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 24; 56-58
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  • 170
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    Technologies for affordable access to space (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: NASA plans for advanced research and technology programs aimed at reducing operating costs and extending the capability of future space systems are described. The evolution of an almost entirely space-based mode is discussed, including the role of earth launch, servicing, fabrication and assembly and communications. The development of technology for affordable access to space is examined, taking into account progress in the areas of telerobotics, machine autonomy, human autonomy, space-based manufacturing and construction, electric power, and space-based propulsion.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-442
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  • 171
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    Historical evolution of tethers in space (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The evolution of concepts of the application of tethers in space is traced from its origin in the last century to today's tethered satellite system project. Early, ambitious concept descriptions are followed by sporadic efforts in late 1960's to the 1970's until NASA entered into systematic investigations of the theoretical and practical feasibility of various applications. These efforts culminated in the establishment of the Tethered Satellite System Project presently under development at NASA and Aeritalia.
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  • 172
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    Technical aspects of the United States Space Station (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The design and development of the Space Station are described. The proposed design of the Station is a dual keel configuration which will include manned facilities and unmanned free flying platforms. The Station is to be utilized as a space-based laboratory for basic research and observations, a depot for repair and servicing of spacecraft, a strorage area, and a manufacturing facility. International participation in the Space Station program and technological developments applicable for the Station are discussed. A diagram of the Space Station configuration and a Space Station development schedule are provided.
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  • 173
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    Advancing automation and robotics technology for the space station and for the US economy: Submitted to the United States Congress October 1, 1986 (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In April 1985, as required by Public Law 98-371, the NASA Advanced Technology Advisory Committer (ATAC) reported to Congress the results of its studies on advanced automation and robotics technology for use on the space station. This material was documented in the initial report (NASA Technical Memorandum 87566). A further requirement of the Law was that ATAC follow NASA's progress in this area and report to Congress semiannually. This report is the third in a series of progress updates and covers the period between April 1, 1986 and September 30, 1986. NASA has accepted the basic recommendations of ATAC for its space station efforts. ATAC and NASA agree that the will of Congress is to build an advanced automation and robotics technology base that will support an evolutionary space station program and serve as a highly visible stimulater affecting the long-term U.S. economy. The progress report identifies the work of NASA and the space station study contractors, research in progress, and issues connected with the advancement of automation and robotics technology on the space station.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-89190 , NAS 1.15:89190
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  • 174
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    Space Station - A model for future cooperation in space (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Advances in the ability to operate in, and thus to exploit, space have come more rapidly than almost anything else that has been done. From the beginning, nations have engaged in both cooperation and competition, from the stage of adventurous exploration to the current routine commercial activity. The Space Station program serves as a focus for the free world to move forward together, sharing both risks and benefits during the initial, formative period of an entirely new level of capability.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS PAPER 85-600
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  • 175
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    Space Station as a vital focus for advancing the technologies of automation and robotics (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The application of robotics and automation technologies to the Space Station design is examined. Experiments being conducted in the fields of autonomy and robotics, and the benefits provided by these technologies are discussed. The use of automation and robotics in the operation management, the power system, and telerobot of the Space Station is described.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-62
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  • 176
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    A new day: Challenger and space flight thereafter (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: On January 28, 1986, at an altitude of 14 kilometers, the Space Shuttle Challenger was torn apart by an explosion of the external tank. The effects of the accident are undoubtedly far-reaching; they have broad repercussions that affect NASA's international partner organizations. The effects of the postponed shuttle flights on European space programs are discussed. A review of the German participation in the American space program is presented. The need to continue the future projects such as the space station is examined in light of its importance as a springboard for further exploration.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-77717 , NAS 1.15:77717
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  • 177
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    Exploration of the solar system: Achievements and future plans in NASA's programme (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Voyager 2 encounter with Uranus, ground-based and spacecraft observations of Comet Halley, and other NASA solar system exploration is reviewed. The Challenger tragedy significantly delayed the next NASA planetary mission, Galileo, as well as the Ulysses and the Space Telescope missions, all of which will provide data vital to understanding of the solar system. However, the results anticipated from these missions, as well as those from the 1989 Voyager encounter with Neptune and from other approved and planned planetary missions promise that NASA's future role in solar system exploration will remain alive and vital.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the GIREP Conference 1986. Cosmos: An Educational Challenge; p 25-29
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  • 178
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    Extraterrestrial research in the Federal Republic of Germany (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This German program for basic extraterrestrial research is an essential, successful, and worldwide recognized part of the space program and has the same attributes for basic research in the Federal Republic of Germany. It covers all major scientific disciplines.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-88010 , NAS 1.15:88010
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  • 179
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    Point of view of the U.S. science community (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A special task force was formed by the National Academy of Sciences to examine the applications of Manned Space Station (MSS) platforms, communications and information systems, MSS operations and satellite assembly and repair capabilities on seven areas of space research. The task force reached several conclusions, including comprehensive space science planning by NASA with the MSS being one element of the plan. The STS is to provide a test bed for space research technologies and its basic design should be studied for conversion to an extended duration flight vehicle. The MSS could be categorized as a national facility, and payloads should be developed which specifically take advantage of its capabilities. The repair and maintenance capabilities which the MSS will furnish are concluded to be a significant asset to any future space science activities, and participation in those activities by the international science community is to be encouraged.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Earth-Oriented Applications of Space Technology (ISSN 0277-4488); 6; 1, 19
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  • 180
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    Space Station utilization (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Progress in the definition of Manned Space Station (MSS) capabilities and operations as of June 1985 is assessed in terms of the user requirements and engineering decisions. Input for making design and performance envelope decisions has come from various NASA offices, the NOAA, ESA and Japan. NASA, in coordinating the planning, is incorporating as much flexibility as possible to accommodate unforeseen requirements of the various participants. The decisions extend to the co-orbiting and polar orbiting platforms that are actually integral parts of the MSS concept. The rapid identification of uses of the MSS and man-tended platforms has defined sufficient uses to surpass the STS launch capabilities in the late 1990s and projected data recording capabilities. Other activity requests to-date have included 400 hr of EVA, 120 kW solar power input and six Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle missions the first year of operation.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Earth-Oriented Applications of Space Technology (ISSN 0277-4488); 6; 1, 19
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  • 181
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    Spacecraft technology requirements for future NASA missions (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Missions selected by NASA as representative of the most critical technology issues are described and the key technology requirements are discussed. The following are considered: (1) the Large Deployable Reflector (LDR), (2) the Sample Return Missions (SRM), (3) the Earth Observing System (EOS), and (4) the Geostationary Communications Platform (GCP). The LDR, designed for infrared and submillimeter astronomical measurements, will contain the following components for its instruments: indium antimonide charge-coupled arrays, extrinsic photodetector arrays, and heterodyne photoconductors. New technology developed for SRM includes an X-band transponder, a fiber-optic rotation sensor, and long-life batteries. The EOS will consist of instruments designed to measure the earth's atmosphere, interior, and surface, as well as an information system to support scientific research. Inherent in the platform of the GCP is the ability to effectively utilize both the geostationary arc and the electromagnetic spectrum; the GCP can also reduce overall satellite communications system costs.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-1160
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  • 182
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    NASA space plans and scenarios to 2000 and beyond (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: NASA's research and development plans, as reflected in its missions, goals, and objectives to the year 2000 and beyond, are presented. New starts for the next decade and space program activities are highlighted, including space science and applications, space flight, space stations, space tracking and data systems, and space research and technology. Space programs for the 21st century are also covered.
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  • 183
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    The US Space Station program (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: International participation in the U.S. Space Station program is examined. Proposed Space Station mission studies to be conducted by Canada, Japan, and Europe are described; the establishment and implementation of these programs is discussed. The use of the Space Station as a laboratory, test center, and manufacturing area, and the commercial applicability of the Space Station are analyzed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: (ISSN 0007-084X); 39; 80-84
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  • 184
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    Planetary exploration through year 2000: An augmented program. Part two of a report by the Solar System Exploration Committee of the NASA Advisory Council (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In 1982, the NASA Solar System Exploration Committee (SSEC) published a report on a Core Program of planetary missions, representing the minimum-level program that could be carried out in a cost effective manner, and would yield a continuing return of basic scientific results. This is the second part of the SSEC report, describing missions of the highest scientific merit that lie outside the scope of the previously recommended Core Program because of their cost and technical challenge. These missions include the autonomous operation of a mobile scientific rover on the surface of Mars, the automated collection and return of samples from that planet, the return to Earth of samples from asteroids and comets, projects needed to lay the groundwork for the eventual utilization of near-Earth resources, outer planet missions, observation programs for extra-solar planets, and technological developments essential to make these missions possible.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-89235 , NAS 1.15:89235
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  • 185
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    Technology for large space systems: A bibliography with indexes (supplement 14) (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This bibliography lists 645 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between July 1, 1985 and December 31, 1985. Its purpose is to provide helpful information to the researcher, manager, and designer in technology development and mission design according to system, interactive analysis and design, structural and thermal analysis and design, structural concepts and control systems, electronics, advanced materials, assembly concepts, propulsion, and solar power satellite systems.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-SP-7046(14) , NAS 1.21:7046(14)
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  • 186
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    Nucleation experiments in a microgravity environment (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A simple experimental apparatus is described in which a wide variety of vapor phase nucleation studies of refractory materials could be performed aboard NASA's KC-135 Research Aircraft. The chief advantage of a microgravity environment for these studies is the expected absence of thermally driven convective motions in the gas. The absence of convection leads to much more accurate knowledge of both the temperature distribution in the system and the time evolution of the refractory vapor concentration as a function of distance from the crucible.The evolution of the apparatus will be described as more experience is gained with the microgravity environment. Such experiments will be used to prepare for similar ones carried out aboard either the shuttle or Space Station where considerably longer duration experiments are possible.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Space Station Planetology Experiments (SSPEX); 2 p
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  • 187
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    Norwegian Aerospace Activities: an Overview (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Excerpts from a Governmental Investigation concerning Norwegian participation in the European Space Organization (ESA) is presented. The implications and advantages of such a move and a suggestion for the reorganization of Norwegian Aerospace activity is given.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-77711 , NAS 1.15:77711 , (ISSN 0333-2306)
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  • 188
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    Behavior of a non-wetting melt in free fall - Experimental (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: To explain why nonwetting metals and semiconductors, directionally solidified in space, yield ingots which are smaller in diameter than the ampoule, the behavior of mercury during a parabolic free-fall in a KC135 aircraft was observed using transparent ampoules with attached video cameras. Triangular glass ampoules and cylindrical polycarbonate ampoules were filled to 30-95 percent capacity. In polycarbonate ampoules, mercury did not pull away from the ampoule walls. The photographs displayed either liquid columns separated by gas spaces or gas bubbles on the wall. At low levels of liquid, separated columns were favored, while only bubbles were seen when the liquid mercury almost filled the ampoule. In ampoules with triangular cross section, the liquid pulled away from the glass walls along the edges and contacted the walls along the centers, over about half of the wall width of each side.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 74; 591-596
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  • 189
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    Satellite debris - Recent measurements (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: More frequent reports concerning orbital debris damage to spacecraft have prompted the design, development and testing of equipment and techniques for the observation of moving objects by passive optical means. A consolidation is presently made of hundreds of hours of space debris observation, quantifying the numbers of small bodies in space relative to the actively watched artificial satellite population and estimating the numbers of detectable objects from near-earth orbit to geostationary orbit distances. The debris reported constitutes 11 times the tracked population in near-earth orbit and between 25 and 50 percent of the deep space population.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AD-A183271 , ESD-TR-87-059 , Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 23; 342-346
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  • 190
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    Space debris - Electrodynamic effects (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: It is shown that electrodynamic forces play a crucial role in the orbital dynamics of the small Al2O3 particles that are injected into the terrestrial magnetosphere during solid rocket propellant burns. Due to the simplified model that is used to describe the plasma distribution in the magnetosphere, the present results are necessarily preliminary. Even so, it appears that the smallest particles (a = 0.1 micron) will be rapidly eliminated from the magnetosphere. Evaluation of the fate of the somewhat larger (a = 1 micron) particles awaits the construction of a more complete and realistic model of the magnetospheric plasma.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 7 19
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  • 191
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    Laboratory experiments on planetary and stellar convection performed on Spacelab 3 (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Experiments on thermal convection in a rotating, differentially heated hemispherical shell with a radial buoyancy force were conducted in an orbiting microgravity laboratory. A variety of convective structures, or planforms, were observed, depending on the magnitude of the rotation and the nature of the imposed heating distribution. The results are compared with numerical simulations that can be conducted at the more modest heating rates, and suggest possible regimes of motion in rotating planets and stars.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 234; 61-64
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  • 192
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    NASA's space program - Space Station: A status report and a view of its value for space science (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The current status of the Space Station program and the proposed configuration, operation, and evolution of the Space Station are described. The Space Station is to be composed of a manned base and two unmanned platforms; the configuration of the Station is dual keel, and the baseline system includes a hybrid power system with photovoltaics providing 25 kW and solar dynamics providing 50 kW. International participation in the development and use of the Space Station, in particular the design of the pressurized modules, is discussed. Intended scientific uses of the Space Station Complex are considered.
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  • 193
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    Get away special the low-cost route to orbit (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: NASA has established the Get Away Special (GAS) program as a means for providing anyone who wishes the opportunity to place a small self-contained experimental payload aboard a Space Shuttle mission for a very low cost. The GAS program is now well established, and has a respectable history with 53 payloads flown to date. The GAS experimenters are a diverse group who have demonstrated that people from all walks of life, and from many nations, are interested in working in space. This paper traces the history of the program from its concept through the development phase to the present time, and takes a brief look at the future. It also addresses the steps involved in making a payload reservation and the programmatic and technical relationships that are established between NASA and GAS customers.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Format: text
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  • 194
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    Halley's comet exploration and the Japanese Usuda large antenna (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: An overview of the Japanese PLANET-A project to investigate Halley's Comet is given. The objectives and scientific challenges involved in the project are given, and the nature of the contribution made by the large antenna array located at Usuda-Cho, Nagano Prefecture, Japan is discussed. The structural design of the MS-T5 and PLANET-A probes are given, as well as the tracking and control network for the probes. The construction, design, operating system and site selection for the Usuda antenna station are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-88518 , NAS 1.15:88518
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 195
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    An overview of Dutch participation in the Spacelab D1 mission and the Columbus Space Station Project (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Articles and a few short descriptions of recent developments in the field of space travel are discussed. Information on research and technology in space to facilitate contact between these two fields is provided. A description is given of the successful Spacelab D-1 flight and the standard instrument package. The Netherlands experiments in the D-1 mission, the next Spacelab flights, and the Columbus program are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-87986 , NAS 1.15:87986
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 196
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    Telescience in orbit (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A promising concept for the scientific use of the NASA Space Station involves attaching payloads to the dual keel truss structure of the manned base, specifically on the upper and lower booms. The lower boom will be primarily employed by the earth observation and space plasma studies community, while the upper boom will be used by astronomers for such instruments as the Solar Optical Telescope and the Astrometric Telescope Facility. The indispensability of a robust Space Shuttle system for these Space Station uses is noted.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 24; 44-46
    Format: text
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  • 197
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    Assessment of Space Station design and operation through bioastronautics (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The main elements which affect human well-being and productivity during a mission on the Space Station are reviewed. These include: the physical environment, the nature of operations the crew is required to perform, man's physiological response to microgravity, and the psychological and social conditions. The individual components of each of these elements are presented, and special design and support needs are identified. Particular attention is given to noise pollution, ionizing radiation, and behavioral factors.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 86-54
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  • 198
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    The Space Station program (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Likely configurations and goals of the Space Station are delineated. The Station will be a permanent facility designed to be amenable to evolutionary changes. It will be highly automated and user friendly, will be used to perform basic scientific research and observations and to study technologies and processes that may lead to products manufactured in space, and will allow the repair, refurbishment and launch of satellites. The configuration of the Station is being guided by input from future users, which have already helped identify a need to place the laboratory modules at the center of the station to minimize accelerations imparted by other Station activities. Materials which have commercial potential and can only be produced in space after process definition on the Station are discussed, along with NASA efforts to inform industries of the benefits of participation in the program.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 199
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    Distributed automatic control of technological processes in conditions of weightlessness (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Some problems associated with the automatic control of liquid metal and plasma systems under conditions of weightlessness are examined, with particular reference to the problem of stability of liquid equilibrium configurations. The theoretical fundamentals of automatic control of processes in electrically conducting continuous media are outlined, and means of using electromagnetic fields for simulating technological processes in a space environment are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-TM-77953 , NAS 1.15:77953
    Format: application/pdf
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