ALBERT

Description: Unter diesem Titel, indessen mit dem Zusatz \xe2\x80\x9eunter Benutzung des Materials der Kollektion Eisner, Dahlem" \xe2\x80\x94 die Sammlung befindet sich z.Zt. im Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden \xe2\x80\x94 haben mein Freund Felix Bryk und ich die Gruppen Parnassius mnemosyne L., P. stubbendorfi M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. eversmanni M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. nordmanni M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. clarius Eversm., P. clodius M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. Orleans Ch. Oberth., P. apollonius Eversm., P. honrathi Staud. und A. Bang-Haas, P. bremeri Bremer, P. phoebus F., P. actius Eversm., P. jacquemontii Boisd., P. epaphus Ch. Oberth., P. tianschanicus Ch. Oberth., P. nomion Hb. und einen Teil von P. apollo L. kritisch bearbeitet, bis die Entwicklung der politischen Verh\xc3\xa4ltnisse in Deutschland die weitere Herausgabe der \xe2\x80\x9eParnassiana" durch uns unm\xc3\xb6glich machte und dadurch unsere Arbeit unterbrach. W\xc3\xa4re der Weltkrieg nicht ausgebrochen, h\xc3\xa4tten wir wahrscheinlich einen Weg gefunden, um das uns an\'s Herz gewachsene Werk schon l\xc3\xa4ngst fortzusetzen. Bryk weilt nun in Stockholm, mein Wohnsitz ist Den Haag, die enge Zusammenarbeit der Vergangenheit ist nicht m\xc3\xb6glich. Ich habe mich deshalb gefragt, ob ich es ohne die Unterst\xc3\xbctzung von Bryk\'s tiefem Wissen um die Parnassier und ohne seine kritische Kontrolle wagen kann, allein mit der Revision der Gattung fortzufahren. Ich habe aber das Gef\xc3\xbchl, damit doch einen Beitrag zu der Kenntnis dieser interessanten Lepidopteren-Familie leisten zu k\xc3\xb6nnen, und habe mich angemutigt durch meine Leidener Freunde entschlossen, dies zu tun. Herr Professor Boschma, dem ich daf\xc3\xbcr zu grossem Dank verpflichtet bin, hat mir angeboten, f\xc3\xbcr die Ver\xc3\xb6ffentlichung meiner Arbeiten in einer Form sorgen zu wollen, die es gestatten wird, diese separat zu sammeln und als Fortsetzung der fr\xc3\xbcheren Ver\xc3\xb6ffentlichung in \xe2\x80\x9eParnassiana" zu ge-

Description: In June 1951 Dr. A. R. Ranjha of the Zoological Survey Department, Government of Pakistan, at Karachi, sent me 26 samples of Loricata, together 46 specimens, preserved in 75% rectified spirit, all, except one, from the rockey beach of Manora Island, about two miles West off the Karachi coast, where they had been collected from the tidal area at low tide.\nThe samples were taken at different dates and by several collectors or collecting parties.\nThere are four species and one variety among the material, of which three species and the variety are supposed to be new.\nChiton iatricus Winckworth, 1930 Winckworth, R., 1930. Description of a new Chiton from Karachi. Proc. Malac. Soc.\nLondon, vol. 19, pp. 78-80, pl. 8b.\nMaterial examined: 200 yards W. of Mandir, Manora Island, rocky beach, 26-IV-1950, coll. Sufi, Taher & Qadri, 11 specimens.\nManora Creek, W. of Mandir, rocky beach, 11-V-1950, coll. Taher & Sufi, 5 specimens.\nManora Creek, Karachi, 16-V-1951, coll. Departmental Survey Party, 12 specimen \xce\x9b.\nManora Island, rocky beach, 6-X-1950, coll. S. Taher, 5 specimens.\nManora Creek, 22-IX-1949, coll. Dr. A. R. Ranjha, 6 specimens.\nWinckworth gave an excellent description of this species. His specimens were collected near the end of the East Pier at Karachi. The type measures 54 X 36 mm, the largest specimen 66 X 41 mm.\nThe 39 specimens from Manora Island are of a smaller size, the largest measuring 43 X 31, the smallest 8X6 mm. A few additional characters

Description: The material to be described below forms part of a collection of fossil vertebrates made by Dr. J. Cosijn North of Djetis and Perning in Eastern Java (Cosijn, 1931, 1932). The Cosijn collection has not yet been fully described, some preliminary identifications were made by the late Prof.\nDr. J. H. F. Umbgrove (in Cosijn, 1931, pp. 118-119). The collection is preserved in the Geological Museum at Leiden ; I have previously described the remains of rhinoceros (Hooijer, 1946, pp. 3, 55, 73, and 76) and those of hippopotamus (Hooijer, 1950, pp. 66, 69-72, and 87-108). It is a pleasure again to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. Dr. B. G. Escher and to Prof. Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk for permission to study this valuable material.\nUmbgrove\'s first conclusion that the vertebrate fauna found by Cosijn is analogous to that of the Trinil bone beds is not shared by Von Koenigswald, who claims the mammalian fauna first discovered by Cosijn, the Djetis fauna, to be older than the Trinil fauna. The latter is Middle Pleistocene, and the Djetis fauna is placed in the Early Pleistocene (Von Koenigswald, 1935, p. 193).\nI have presented arguments elsewhere (Hooijer, 1952) for regarding the Djetis fauna as similar in age to the Trinil fauna. Both are early postVillafranchian faunas, and both are characterized by the presence of a series of forms (notably Macaca, Hylobates, Pongo, Ursus, Crocuta, and Tapirus) typifying the Southern Chinese Stegodon-Ailuropoda fauna (fully described in Colbert and Hooijer, 1953). The presence of these forms in the Javanese faunas shows that by the time of the formation of the Djetis and the Trinil beds these invading elements from the mainland of Asia had already reached Java (cf. Von Koenigswald, 1940, p. 72; 1950, p. 92). In our opinion the

Description: In the course of the year 1954 I received for identification a little Nematoceron belonging to the family Lycoriidae (Sciaridae). After a careful examination of the material and the literature I arrived at the conclusion that my specimens represented a hitherto undescribed species. It belongs to the genus Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (sensu Lengersdorf, 1930 and Frey, 1942).\nThere is some confusion about the naming and delimitation of the genera in the subfamily Lycoriinae. The four most important opinions are : I. Lengersdorf (1930) : Genus Lycoria Meigen, 1800, syn. Saara Meigen, 1803, Gruppe I (no name, veins cu and m with bristles) and Gruppe\nII\nNeosciara Pettey, 1918 (cu and m bare).\nII. S\xc3\xa9guy (1940) : Genus Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (cu and m with bristles) and S ciara Meigen, 1803 (veins cu and m bare).\nIII. Frey (1942) : Genus Sciara Meigen, 1803, syn. Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (cu and m with bristles) and genus Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (cu and m without bristles).\nIV. Frey (1948): Genus Sciara Meigen, 1803 (cu and m with bristles) and genus Bradysia Winnertz, 1867, containing the subgenus Neosciara Pettey, 1918.\nThe character concerning the bristles on the veins cu and m is very important for distinguishing these genera. When summarizing the above opinions we find that the species with bristles on cu and m have been named Lycoria Meigen, 1800 = Sciara Meigen, 1803 (Lengersdorf, 1930) ; Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (S\xc3\xa9guy, 1940) ; Sciara Meigen, 1803 = Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (Frey, 1942, 1948). The species lacking setae on the veins cu and m have been named Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (Lengersdorf, 1930, Frey, 1942) ; Sciara

Description: The species mentioned in the title of the present contribution was first described on the base of two incomplete upper molars, some fragments, and two portions of limb bones (Hooijer, 1949). The two and only complete molars were described later (Hooijer, 1953a). To this has been added the description of the milk dentition and of three premolars (Hooijer, 1953c).\nThere are, however, important lacunae in our knowledge of the molar dentition to be filled. It remains as yet uncertain whether the type upper molar of 1949 represents M2 or M3, while the smaller of the complete lower molars of 1953 could be either M1 or M2. The prolonged study of the fragmentary molars in the Celebes collection has now made it possible to assemble the full set of upper and lower molars, and to determine the correct serial position of the previously described specimens. This study further showed the occasional presence of tusks in the mandible, the first time that incisive tusks have been found to occur in the lower jaw of an Archidiskodon. The problem of the descent of the archidiskodonts, and thereby of the elephantids in general, has to be reconsidered in the light of this unexpected discovery.\nI wish, again, to express my feelings of gratitude toward Prof. Dr. A. J.\nBernet Kempers, former Head of the Dinas Purbakala R.I. at Djakarta, Java, who entrusted the material to me for study, and to Mr. H. R. van Heekeren to whom we owe the discovery of the Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of Celebes.\nArchidiskodon celebensis Hooijer Archidiskodon celebensis Hooijer, Zool. Med. Museum Leiden, vol. 30, no. 14, 1949, p. 206, pis. VIII-IX; Chronica Naturae, vol. 105, 1949, p. 149; The Scientific Monthly,

Description: While engaged on working out the beautiful pycnogonid material dredged by Dr Th. Mortensen in shallow waters near the Virgin Islands, I thought it useful to compare this dredged material with material collected between the tide marks, or just below the low tide line. So I was very glad to meet Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, who has made extensive collections of littoral marine animals during his various trips to the West Indies, and who kindly entrusted me with about 50 lots of pycnogonids which had already been sorted from his material.\nA definitive paper will be published as soon as his entire marine material has been searched for the presence of sea spiders.

Description: My previous account on the Nannostomidi (1951, The Amsterdam Naturalist, 1 (1): 11\xe2\x80\x9427) dealt with the synonymy of the recognized species. Diagnoses were given of the three genera, Nannostomus, Poecilobrycon and Nannobrycon (new genus). The account was based on but little material, largely on descriptions in literature, yet it could readily be proved that the species described before belong to 5 species only and to 3 well defined genera.\nI have since had the opportunity to study rather large series from Surinam and some other localities. An entirely new species was found among this material, which is so interesting in many respects that it induced me to reconsider the matter of the phylogeny of the tribe.

Description: The present paper is based on a collection of bats from Tobago brought together by Mr. G. F. Mees. From July 1953 to March 1954 Mr. Mees stayed at the island of Trinidad, making occasional short visits to Tobago.\nThough his main attention was directed to the avifauna of these islands, he collected also several specimens of bats, those from Tobago being of special interest. The larger part of this material has been obtained by shooting. After collecting the specimens were immediately placed in a refrigerator and were sent in a frozen condition to the Leiden Museum, where they finally were prepared. I want to express here my sincere gratitude to Mr. Mees for his willingness to devote part of the time spent by him in the West Indies to the collecting of bats, and for his information on these specimens. All the material mentioned here is now inserted in the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, the reg. no. being given under the species in question.\nNotwithstanding the fact that the number of species as well as the number of specimens obtained by Mr. Mees at Tobago is small, in his material not less than three species occur which are not mentioned by Jones (1951, p. 224) in his paper on the Tobago bats, a paper which was based on Jones\'s own material and on the collection of Tobago bats in the British Museum (Natural History).\nOnly one of the nine species reported upon by Jones was also collected by Mr. Mees, viz., Carollia perspicillata perspicillata (L.) : Grafton, N. W.\nTobago, 13 February 1954, attic of a country house (one adult cf, skin and skull, reg. no. 12226; one juv. cf with milk dentition, skin and skull, reg. no. 12245; one $, skull only, reg. no. 12224).

Description: Two large specimens of a hitherto unknown species of neotropical catfish have recently been found dead and washed ashore beneath the dike along the Westerscheldt near Biezelinge, Zeeland, at a mutual distance of approximately 300 meters. Both were in excellent condition and have been presented to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden by Mr.\nB. J. J. R. Walrecht.\nA superficial examination already disclosed the fact that the two specimens belong to the (sub)genus Selenaspis, a well known group of catfishes inhabiting the salt and brackish shores and estuaries of the northern part of the South American continent. Some of the species are known to spawn in fresh water. The present specimens must have been transported by ship.\nWhether they have been thrown overboard dead or alive remains uncertain though the first possibility seems more plausible. The damaged and fringed condition of the fins indicates a period of drifting along the shore, while the length of this period is limited by the still rather fresh condition, especially of the larger and first collected specimen. On the other hand, putrefaction seems to be slow in this group of fishes.\nOn his request, Mr. Walrecht received the information that no recent shipment of South American aquarium fishes had arrived at the aquarium of the Antwerp Zoological Garden.\nAn investigation of the stomachs of the two specimens gave the following results. In the larger specimen, no remains of food were found; in the second specimen, the stomach contained a considerable quantity of remains, viz., a part of a rib, possibly from a pig, measuring 1.8 by 5 cm; several pieces of cartilage; numerous split peas; several small remains of plants

Description: In seiner Behandlung der Gattung Archon Hb. im Tierreich \xe2\x80\x9eLepidoptera pars I" kommt Bryk am Schluss seiner Betrachtungen zu der Feststellung, dass sich die geographischen \xe2\x80\x9eFormen" (subspecies?) in drei Gruppen zusammenfassen lassen. Unbestreitbar sind davon der \xe2\x80\x9ebellargus-Kreis" und der Rassenkreis, der die verschiedenen subspecies aus Pontus und Armenien beheimatet. Unklar ist die dritte Gruppe, zu der Bryk A. apollinus Herbst und subsp. thracica Buresch vereinigt.\nDie Diagnosen, die Bryk f\xc3\xbcr die verschiedenen Rassen gibt, zwingen mich, da ich sein tiefes Wissen von allem und sein Feingef\xc3\xbchl f\xc3\xbcr alles, was mit Parnassxus zu tun hat, kenne, zu der Annahme, dass ihm ein zu beschr\xc3\xa4nktes oder unzuverl\xc3\xa4ssiges Material bei seiner Arbeit zu Verf\xc3\xbcgung gestanden hat. Ich weiss aus eigener Erfahrung, das gerade von Archon ungez\xc3\xa4hlte Exemplare mit falschen Fundortetiquetten im Umlauf sind, oder solche, die den Vermerk e.l. missen. Das letztere ist insofern von Bedeutung, als mir eine grosse Anzahl e.l. Archon \xe2\x80\x94 teilweise aus eigener Zucht \xe2\x80\x94 vorliegen, die die Berechtigung der Aufstellung geographischer Rassen geradezu l\xc3\xbcgenzustrafen scheinen. Das Zudhtmaterial zeigt die ganze Variabilit\xc3\xa4tsbreite der Art und erinnert beispielsweise bei syrischer Herkunft kaum noch an das typische Aussehen von subsp. bellargus Staud. Zucht von Parnassiern ergibt fast stets Tiere, die vom Typus der betreffenden Rasse abweichen, aber sie doch nicht so vollst\xc3\xa4ndig verleugnen, wie es bei der grossen Serie Material, Herkunft Beyrouth, in meiner Sammlung der Fall ist.\nWas ist aber der typische apollinus? Bryk f\xc3\xbchrt als Fundort f\xc3\xbcr den Typus \xe2\x80\x9eUmgebung von Aleppo (Insel Kurlak)" auf, gibt aber als Verbreitungsgebiet gleichzeitig \xe2\x80\x9eKleinasien, Mesopotamien" an. Der Begriff \xe2\x80\x9eKlein-

Description: I.\nINTRODUCTION\nIn the last tens of years more and more attention has been paid to the much neglected and ignored publications written by the eccentric early American naturalist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. Until now, however, Rafinesque\'s work in the field of carcinology has received but little attention from modern authors. In 1905 Ortmann (1905, p. 107) pointed out that the name Astacus limosus Rafinesque, 1817, is older than the name Astacus affinis Say, 1817, for the same species, and that consequently the former name has to be used. In the same year Richardson (1905, p. 10) replaced the invalid generic name Ligia Fabricius, 1798, by Ligyda Rafinesque, 1815.\nM. J. Rathbun (1937, p. 63) substituted the generic name Thelxiope Rafinesque, 1814, for the name Homola Leach, 1815. Finally, in 1949 Hubricht & Mackin (1949, p. 334) dropped the generic name Mancasellus Harger, 1876, in favour of Lirceus Rafinesque, 1820, at the same time changing the species name Mancasellus macrourus Garman, 1890, to Lirceus fontinalis Rafinesque, 1820. I know of no other names given by Rafinesque to Crustacea that have been adopted by modern authors, though many of the names given by him to genera and species of that group antedate names which now are currently in use. Since the acceptance of most of Rafinesque\'s valid generic and specific names would greatly upset the stability of carcinological nomenclature, the present author has submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature a proposal in which is asked the suppression of those of Rafinesque\'s Decapod and Stomatopod names that might cause undesirable nomenclatorial confusion.\nSince most of Rafinesque\'s papers were not available to me in Holland, I

Description: In Madro\xc3\xb1o (1936) Herre has lamented the disappearance of lichen species through the disastrous interference of man. Unavoidably, the advance of civilised modern life is linked with destruction of the vegetation. This applies all the more as the endangered area is more densely populated and it certainly applies most alarmingly to the lichen flora of the Netherlands. Here, every way-side tree felled is an irreparable loss to the epiphytic lichen communities, every acre of heath burnt or turned into arable land is a blow to our stock of terrestrial lichen species, whereas the use of dry fertilisers and the spraying of orchards are very effective in killing any lichen in the neighbourhood that otherwise might have survived. A comparison of the material preserved in the older collections with what can be found nowadays, clearly shows what has gone lost. It is sad to think that an ever increasing number of species are on their way to total extermination.\nHowever, from a thorough investigation of the epiphytic communities of cryptogams latterly started by Mr J. J. Barkman, it becomes apparent that at least to some extent the losses may be compensated by the discovery of species hitherto overlooked or not recognised. It is on such and other finds that I intend to report from time to time.

Description: The present paper deals with the results of my investigations on the Tenebrionidae of the Leeward Group and the xerophilous regions of Venezuela and Colombia. I am much indebted to Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck for giving me the opportunity to study the material he collected during his trips to this area. Some other specimens used were collected by the present writer himself. Material for comparison has been obtained through the courtesy of several people, particularly the Director of the British Museum (N.H.), Mr H. Kulzer (Frey collection, Munich), and Prof. E. Tortonese (Museum of Zoology, Turin University), to all of whom I am deeply obliged. In particular I also wish to thank Prof. E. Gridelli, Director of the Natural History Museum, Trieste, to whom I am greatly indebted for his constant help and advice in my work, and to Prof. R. Malaroda, of the Institute of Geology, Padua University, for the useful criticism about my geological considerations. Not the last, I would express my gratitude to Dr E. MacC.Callan of the I.C.T.A. (Trinidad, B.W.I.) for the communication of material of that Institute. \xe2\x80\x94 The photographs were made by Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, with the expert assistance of Mr H. van Kooten, at the Zoological Laboratory of the State University, Utrecht.\nThe material has been deposited with the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam and the State Museum at Leyde. The material indicated as \xe2\x80\x9cMarcuzzi leg.\xe2\x80\x9d is included in author\xe2\x80\x99s private collection, excepting some specimens which have been given to the Biological Department of the Caracas University, Venezuela.

Description: The Netherlands Antilles may be divided into: (1) The Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group (or Netherlands Leeward Islands): Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Aruba and Bonaire. (2) The St. Martin Group (or Netherlands Windward Islands): (Netherlands) St. Maarten, Saba and St. Eustatius. The latter islands are very small, forming together only 8.1 per cent of the total area of the Netherlands Antilles, and 2.2 per cent of its population.\nThe Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group often has a desert-like aspect with a \xe2\x80\x9ctropical dry-forest\xe2\x80\x9d vegetation. Therefore on these islands the mosquito pest is nothing like so bad as it usually is in the tropics. There are few permanent breeding places, except man-made receptacles in and around the houses to store rainwater or well-water in as the Government waterworks do not always produce sufficient and adequate water. The St. Martin Group has a higher rainfall and a more abundant vegetation.\nIn the preceding pages the morphological characteristics which are of taxonomic value have been described. Keys to the mosquitoes, their classification, their geographical distribution and their biology observed in the Netherlands Antilles have been given.\nMosquitoes may be spread by automobiles, ships and airplanes on the islands. Fortunately, all airplanes from foreign airports and St. Maarten are sprayed on Cura\xc3\xa7ao and Aruba. Except this measure little was done before 1951 to control mosquitoes, except in the areas occupied by the oil companies. An anti-A\xc3\xabdes aegypti campaign was initiated on Cura\xc3\xa7ao in October 1951 and on Aruba in March 1952 (residual DDT house spraying and larviciding).\nBecause of the paucity of mosquito records of the Netherlands Antilles a rather thorough survey was made on Cura\xc3\xa7ao from 1941- 1947, while the other islands were visited only for a short time.\nAt the moment 20 species are known from the Netherlands Antilles.\nAnopheles pseudopunctipennis pseudopunctipennis was found on Cura\xc3\xa7ao and rarely on Aruba, and An.albimanus once on St. Maarten, but never an indigenous case of malaria has been reported from the Netherlands Antilles. The larvae of An. pseudopunctipennis were found in earth-lined breeding places, but also frequently in manmade receptacles. Nearly all these breeding places contained clear, fresh or slightly brackish water with green algae; the majority were sunlit. Though the females of An.pseudopunctipennis attacked man, they were more attracted to animals.\nCulex quinquefasciatus was a common domestic pest mosquito on all of the islands. Though it often bred in earth-lined breeding places, it was found more frequently in man-made receptacles. The water was fresh or slightly brackish and usually polluted. Wuchereriasis bancrofti prevailed at a low rate on the Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group (4.2%, of which at least 2.7% was indigenous) and at a higher rate on the St. Martin Group (10.3% of which at least 5.1% was autochthonous). Elephantiasis was very rare.\nA\xc3\xabdes aegypti was the most common domestic pest mosquito on both groups of islands. It was usually caught in clear, fresh water in man-made receptacles in or around human dwellings. The females bit in the daytime and at night. Several epidemics of yellow fever occurred in the previous century; the last one was on Cura\xc3\xa7ao in 1901. The last sporadic case occurred on Cura\xc3\xa7ao in 1914. Dengue was very common in newcomers from non-endemic areas.\nHaemagogus anastasionis was collected on Cura\xc3\xa7ao and rarely on Aruba. The larvae were mainly found in tree holes after occasional rains. All the breeding places contained dark brown rainwater with a layer of humus. The bite of the female is painful. Fortunately it has not been incriminated as a vector of jungle yellow fever. Besides, there are no wild monkeys on the Netherlands Antilles.\nWyeomyia celaenocephala was found in various species of bromeliads on the Christoffelberg on Cura\xc3\xa7ao. The females will bite fiercely in the jungle.\nUranotaenia lowii was collected from a pond on Bonaire.\nA\xc3\xabdes taeniorhynchus was mainly caught in stagnant, sunlit beach pools with clear, dark brown, brackish water on Cura\xc3\xa7ao, and once in a well on Saba. The females are severe biters.\nA\xc3\xabdes busckii was found in a tree hole on St. Eustatius.\nPsorophora cyanescens was reported from Aruba only once.\nPsorophora confinnis bred in rock holes and other earth-lined breeding places, and rarely in man-made receptacles on the Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group. The majority of the breeding places were temporary and sunlit, and contained clear or turbid rainwater. The females are fierce biters. They entered houses.\nPsorophora pygmaea was collected from a ditch on St. Maarten.\nDeinocerites cancer was mainly found in crab holes on both groups of islands. The water of the breeding places was turbid and brackish. Adults lived in the crab holes. Females did not bite the author.\nCulex erraticus was caught in clear fresh water near the airport on Cura\xc3\xa7ao.\nCulex americanus was found in various bromeliads on the St. Martin Group.\nCulex bahamensis was collected from fresh or brackish water on the St. Martin Group.\nCulex habilitator adults and larvae were found in crab holes on St. Maarten.\nCulex maracayensis was caught in earth-lined breeding places and sometimes in concrete tanks and troughs on Cura\xc3\xa7ao. The water was usually clear, shaded and fresh or slightly brackish.\nCulex nigripalpus was collected near the airport on Cura\xc3\xa7ao from a temporary ground pool with rainwater.\nMegarhinus guadeloupensis was found once in a bromeliad on Saba.

Description: The X-ray powder method for determining minerals has been applied to the important rock-forming mineral group of the pyroxenes in this thesis.\nThe purpose of the investigation was to seek the relationship between the variations of the intensities and positions of the reflections in the powder diagram and the variations in optical properties and chemical composition. For that purpose a number of pyroxenes from different localities were investigated optically, chemically and r\xc3\xb6ntgenographically.\nThe orthopyroxenes. \xe2\x80\x94 The optical examination of the orthopyroxenes indicates, that the variation of the optical properties is related to the chemical composition (see Table 1).\nA difference between plutonic and volcanic orthopyroxenes lies in the size of the optic axial angle 2 V; this appears to be smaller with volcanic orthopyroxenes between En80 and En15 than with plutonic orthopyroxenes (see fig. 5).\nFurther a lamellar structure can be observed in the plutonic orthopyroxenes (see figs. 2 and 3) while the volcanics do not have these lamellae but often show zoning (see fig. 1).\nIt is seen from chemical investigation of the orthopyroxenes that both the plutonic and volcanic orthopyroxenes show about the same variation in Al- and Ca-atomic proportions (see Table 3). It is quite possible that a part of the Ca content of the plutonic orthopyroxenes is present in exsolved diopside lamellae according to the hypothesis of Hess and Philips (1938).\nThe orthopyroxenes can be distinguished from the clinopyroxenes by X-ray powder diagrams on the ground of their characteristic reflection pattern. These powder diagrams are made by means of a camera with a diameter of 9 centimeters and FeK\\u03b11 radiation (\\u03bb = 1.93597 \xc3\x85). All powder diagrams of the orthopyroxenes are classed as one group (Group A, see fig. 6). The variation in the relative distance between the reflections 10 31 and 0 6 0 appears to be connected with the chemical composition. These distances are measured very accurately in millimeters by means of a Cambridge Universal Measuring Machine and plotted against the chemical composition in fig. 8. Through the influence of Al and Ca, the Mg content cannot be determined unequivocally from this diagram. Therefore also X-ray powder photographs are made of a mixture of 70 % orthopyroxene and 30 % quartz (see fig. 9). The relative distance between quartz reflection 2 1 3 1 and pyroxene reflection 0 6 0 in millimeters and the distance between quartz reflection (2 0 2 3) (3 0 3 1) and pyroxene reflection 11 3 1 in millimeters depend on the chemical composition which can be seen in figs. 10 and 11, respectively. In fig. 10 two curves are shown, one for orthopyroxenes with an atomic proportion of Al of about 0.010 and one for those with an atomic proportion of Al of about 0.050 in BVI position. In fig. 11 two curves can be seen which are related to orthopyroxenes with an atomic proportion of Ca of about 0.020 and those with an atomic proportion of Ca of about 0.060. One may determine the chemical composition of an orthopyroxene from these three diagrams (figs. 8, 10 and 11).\nFor that purpose one should measure three relative distances. In each diagram one can find two values for the Mg content. From these, a total of six values, three will lie close to each other; the average of these three values indicates the Mg content. With this Mg content one can determine the Al and Ca contents in the diagrams.\nThis r\xc3\xb6ntgenographic method meets with difficulties when there do not occur certain proportions of Al and Ca in the orthopyroxene. Then there may be present two groups of three Mg\'s which lie close together (see Table 9). In such cases of doubt one must use the optical method to determine the Mg content. By substitution of Fe for Mg, Nz changes strongly, the unit cell dimensions do not, however, and neither do the relative distances. The Al and Ca contents then may be determined by the r\xc3\xb6ntgenographic method. By substitution of Al and Ca for Mg, the unit cell dimensions change strongly and with them the relative distances between the reflections, which are very sensitive.\nThe variation in the relative distance between the reflections mentioned has been explained by means of a crystal model of enstatite (see figs. 12 and 13). This variation results from the substitution of Fe, Al and Ca for Mg and of Al for Si. The substitution of Fe for Mg increases the unit cell dimensions only slightly so that the shape of the unit cell also changes little. The substitution of Ca for Mg has a great influence on the a- and the c dimension, which both become much greater. The substitution of Al for Mg and of Al for Si strongly decreases the b dimension. These changes in the unit cell occur because all substituting ions have a different ionic radius from Mg and moreover because in the structure of enstatite two kinds of Mg ions occur with altogether different positions and which are linked with the tetrahedra in very different ways.\nSince the relative distance in millimeters between certain reflections depends on the camera and radiation used, in Tables 7a, 7b and 7c these distances are stated for a few types of camera and radiation. In addition the differences between the lattice spacings of these reflections are given in \xc3\x85ngstr\xc3\xb6m units.\nThe clinopyroxenes. \xe2\x80\x94 In this thesis the optical investigation on clinopyroxenes consists of a description of the specimens, both macroscopieally and microscopically and a determination of 2 V and Z \\u039b c. For a few clinopyroxenes the values of Nz and Nx have also been determined. The described clinopyroxenes are subdivided in a number of groups; this classification is based upon the chemical composition (see p. 224). It turned out that the optical properties of the r\xc3\xb6ntgenographically investigated clinopyroxenes do not differ much from the data mentioned in the literature about this group of minerals (see fig. 20 and Table 10).\nThe chemical investigation is restricted to the analysis of a few clinopyroxenes; the results are stated in Table 11.\nOn the basis of difference in position and intensity of certain reflections in the X-ray powder diagrams a classification in four groups has been established for the clinopyroxenes.\nGroup B 1 (figs. 21 and 23) The group includes, hedenbergite, diopside, augite and diallage.\nGroup B 2 (figs. 21 and 23) Pigeonite belongs to this group.\nGroup B 3 (figs. 21 and 22) This group includes, aegirite and jadeite.\nGroup B 4 (figs. 21 and 22) Spodumene belongs to this group.\nNo sharp limits can be drawn between these groups and transitions may exist between some of these groups, as between groups B 1 and B 2 and also between groups B 1 and B 3. Through lack of clinoenstatite and ferrosilite samples we could not check whether any more groups may be distinguished.\nOf each of these groups the principal features are discussed on p. 245. Each group has its own characteristic reflection pattern; the similarity between these patterns, however, is great enough to conclude that all the investigated clinopyroxenes have a similar structure. The grouping of the X-ray powder diagrams agrees in the main with the classification of the pyroxenes according to the chemical composition.\nThe chemical composition of the different clinopyroxenes of the groups B 1 and B 2 may be determined by a combined optical and r\xc3\xb6ntgenographic investigation. This combination is necessary because the substitution of Fe for Mg has practically no influence on the dimensions of the unit cell, but it does have on the refractive indices. On the other hand the substitution of Ca for Mg strongly influences the shape of the unit cell.\nFor the different clinopyroxenes of groups B1 and B 2 the variation of the relative distance in millimeters between the reflections 2 2 0 and 2 2 1, the reflections 2 2 1 and 3 1 0 and the reflections 1 3 1 and 2 2 1 is plotted against the chemical composition in figs. 25 and 26. From these diagrams one may determine the chemical composition by measuring the relative distances mentioned, on the X-ray powder diagrams. In figs. 27, 28 and 29 the relation between the chemical composition and the difference between the lattice spacings of the reflections in question in \xc3\x85 can be seen. Further Tables 16a, 16b and 16c indicate the distances between these reflections for a few types of camera and radiation.\nThe X-ray powder diagrams of the alkali pyroxenes can be distinguished from those of the other pyroxenes, while they also show great mutual differences. It may be noted, however, that transitions between these pyroxenes always are possible.\nThe powder diagram of spodumene has its own character, so that this pyroxene can be distinguished very simply from the other pyroxenes by the r\xc3\xb6ntgenographic method.\nThe X-ray investigation on clinopyroxenes is not yet completed, because much can still be done, for instance in the jadeite-diopside-aegirite field.

Description: The border region between Coahuila and Zacatecas is part of the mountainous country south of Parras in northeastern Mexico. It includes a thickness of about 2,600 meters of Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks that were deposited along the northern border of the Mexican geosyncline along the southern margin of the Coahuila Peninsula massif.\nDuring early Tertiary time these sediments were compressed into folds parallel to the borders of the massif. The majority of the anticlines in the area mapped is overturned to the north.\nAfter the compressive stage a tensional stage developed and a system of tensional faults was formed. Block faulting found place on a large scale.\nA suggestion by de Sitter that some longitudinal faults may be comparable to schistosity planes in microfolds is tested in the horizontal outcrop pattern of this area, and no indications are found which could contradict this hypothesis. It is suggested that this horizontal outcrop pattern should also vary with the relative competency of the rock formation.\nThe stratigraphic column is divided into formations. The Jurassic includes the Zuloaga limestone of Oxfordian age and the equivalent La Caja and La Casita formations of Kimmeridgian-Portlandian age. The Cretaceous from the base upward includes the Taraises formation of Lower Neocomian age, the Cupido limestone of upper Neocomian-lower Aptian age, the La Pe\xc3\xb1a formation of upper Aptian-lower Albian age, the Aurora limestone of middle Albian age, the Indidura formation of upper Cenomanian-Turonian age, the Caracol formation of Coniacian age, and the Parras shale of Santonian age.\nThe La Caja formation contains a variable amount of phosphorites, the genesis of which is discussed. The conclusion is reached that there are indications that this deposit had a biochemical mode of origin rather than a purely chemical one as advocated by Kazakov.

Description: Ch. I. The environment of the Dutch Wadden Sea, as well as that of the estuaries in the southwestern part of the Netherlands can be divided into three sub-zones: (1) the channel floors (sensu lato), i.e. the areas below mean low tide level, (2) the tidal flats (sensu stricto), between the levels of mean low and mean high water and, (3) the salt marshes, above the level of mean high tide. The channel floors are composed, either of older sediments, which have been laid bare by erosion of the tidal currents, or by new deposits, formed in the channels themselves. The latter are predominantly of sandy character, but may show locally high contents of muddy material, especially in sheltered bays. The tidal flats consist for the greater part of sand. Slightly muddy sand is often encountered along the high tide lines and very muddy deposits, dissected by small ebb gullies, are frequently present along the sides of the channels. The marshes are usually composed of comparatively clayey deposits, which are cut through by creeks. Details are given concerning the morphology of these sub-zones, and on the processes of erosion and sedimentation, which are responsible both for the morphology and for the composition of the sediments. The chapter is based on own observations (most of them published before) and on the results of a great number of other investigators (see list of references).\nCh. II. The chief sediments in the Wadden Sea are (1) sands, (2) mud and clay, (3) shell beds. \xe2\x80\x9cTrue\xe2\x80\x9d hard rock gravels are very rare. They occur in the vicinity of outcrops of older, psephitic deposits (glacial till). Special mention is made of the formation of gravelly sediments, composed of small, limonitic clay-rhizo-concretions (found at the base of marsh cliffs and in the mass of the marsh deposits themselves). Granulometrical analyses of Wadden sediments have been carried out by a number of authors. Several conclusions may be drawn from their work: The Wadden sands are rarely pure, but contain mostly a certain amount of material 〈 16 \\u03bc; the average grain size of the sands decreases usually from the tidal inlets inwards; the material which has been transported in suspension, most of the time, shows a remarkably uniform grain size distribution along the whole length of the Dutch coast (Doeglas, Favejee, Hissink, Zuur) etc.\nCh. III. The investigated sediments are mainly composed of psammitic and pelitic, elements of the following minerals: quartz, carbonates, micas and clay minerals, felspars, glauconites and heavy minerals. The quartz percentages decrease with diminishing of the grain size of the material under consideration. Micas and clay minerals show an increase in this same direction. Grains of carbonates and felspars have their maximum distribution in the siltfractions. From the heavy mineral composition of the Wadden Sea sands it may be deduced that the greater part of the material has been brought in from the North Sea, via the tidal inlets (Crommelin). The same conclusion is reached with regard to the silt fractions (Crommelin) and the clay material (Favejee).\nCh. IV. The organic matter of the Wadden Sea sediments is partly derived from older peat beds which have been eroded; for another part it is produced by plants and animals living in the Wadden Sea area itself. The basic organic materials, required for the growth of the latter organisms, are probably chiefly supplied out of the North Sea (Verwey). The organic content of the Wadden Sea sediments may show a decrease from the surface downwards, at least in the first few decimeters. This is presumably due to decomposition, under the influence of bacterial activities, by enzymes and by purely chemical processes. A notable parallelism is observed between the percentage variations of the organic matter and those of the material 〈 16 \\u03bc.\nCh. V. A close relation exists also between the percentages of material 〈 16 \\u03bc and the iron content. This element is present in various authigenous compounds: Hydroxides of iron are found in marsh deposits (above the ground water table) and in the uppermost few millimeters or centimeters of the tidal flat and channel sediments. FeS.nH2O is formed in anaerobic environment, under the surface of the tidal flats and the channel floors. This substance tends to take up additional sulphur, thereby changing into pyrite. The pyrite is normally distributed in very small elements. Comparatively large, more or less globular aggregates of pyrite crystals (up to 40 \\u03bc diameter) are seen in brackish water sediments. The transformation of iron hydroxides into monosulphuric compounds takes place in a short time. That of the FeS . nH2O into FeS2 requires at least half a century. Where the vertical accretion has been continuous, a gradual change in colour is observed between the deep black monosulphuric sediments just below the surface and the greyish, pyritic material at greater depths.\nCh. VI. The major part of the calcium carbonate material is (primarily) formed by calcareous organisms (foraminifera, echinoderms, molluscs etc.). A minor amount may have originated in other ways, e.g. by bacterial activities and by chemical processes. A relation is found between the increase of the carbonate percentages and the amounts of material 〈 16 \\u03bc. A maximum is reached in the fraction 2\xe2\x80\x9416ft. Marsh sediments are subject to decalcification processes. The velocity of the solution of the carbonates depends on many factors, which require still further investigation. No decalcification phenomena are known from the normal tidal flat and channel floor sediments in the Netherlands. They have been observed, however, in the Basin of Arcachon (France). It is thought that the solution in this area is caused, at least to an important extent, by organic acids, produced during the decomposition of the large masses of dead Zostera remains, which are embedded in the sediments.\nCh. VII. Considerable quantities of silica are formed on the surface of the tidal flats by the skeletons of (living) benthonic diatoms. The numbers of dead skeletons which are encountered in the tidal flat deposits themselves are, however, mostly very small. In the marsh sediments a more normal relation seems to exist between the amounts of skeletons of living and of buried diatoms. It is supposed that, after the death of the organisms, a solution or at least a beginning peptization of the silica takes place, which is swifter in the tidal flat environment than in the marsh deposits, probably in consequence of the higher alkalinity. The relatively coarse and less soluble skeletons of a part of the planktonic diatoms are of much more even distribution and are found in all Wadden Sea sediments. Other sources of locally formed silica are: radiolarians, sponges and plants.\nCh. VIII. This chapter gives some conclusions, to be drawn from the study of thin sections of Wadden Sea sediments and of various deposits formed in more brackish water environment. The minimum grain size of separate sand (and silt) laminae is about 40 \\u03bc in the former and down to at least 20 \\u03bc in the latter. The parallel orientation of mica flakes and clay minerals is often much more pronounced in brackish (and fresh) water muds than in muds of Wadden Sea origin. Another conclusion, following from thin section analysis, is that brackish water deposits often show a coating of the sand grains, which may be due to peptization of clay material.\nCh. IX. Useful evidence regarding the circumstances of sediment formation can be gathered from the structures as seen in undisturbed core samples. Several types of laminations are described. The laminae of channel floor- and tidal flat deposits have comparatively even, smooth upper and lower sides. The sand may show current or wave ripple structures. The laminae are of a sublenticular character and cannot be traced over great horizontal distances. The marsh laminations are characterized by the somewhat undulating, nodular aspect of the lamiae. The structures of beach deposits differ from the channel floor- and tidal flat laminations in that their laminae are more strictly parallel (apart from ripple mark structures). Another difference between these two laminations is that the latter are normally free of mud material. The finest laminations, with the thinnest laminae, are found in (some) brackish water deposits.\nThe laminations and other primary oppositional structures may be disturbed by secondary influences: the burrowing of bottom dwelling organisms, the penetration of the sediment by plant roots etc. The effect of the burrowing animals is in general most pronounced on the highest parts of the tidal flats, where the sedimentation tends to be slow, but continuous. A sharp limit is often found between the disturbed deposits of the high tidal flats and the overlying marsh sediments, the lower parts of which are scarcely inhabited by bottom dwelling animals at all.\nAmong the other structures, which are dealt with in this chapter, special mention may be made of the fissures, developed in mud beds under a permanent cover of water. Some new data are presented concerning their distribution and character, but no satisfactory conclusion about the manner of their formation is reached.\nCh. X. The sediment properties, described in the foregoing chapters, are summarized and arranged according to their distribution in the various environments of formation.

Description: Les Cop\xc3\xa9podes commensaux et parasites d\xe2\x80\x99Invert\xc3\xa9br\xc3\xa9s, quoique tr\xc3\xa8s communs dans toutes les mers, sont peu connus. En v\xc3\xa9rit\xc3\xa9, on en a d\xc3\xa9crit un nombre assez grand de genres et d\xe2\x80\x99esp\xc3\xa8ces, mais les descriptions sont trop souvent superficielles, voire m\xc3\xaame erronn\xc3\xa9es.\nUn de ces genres tr\xc3\xa8s peu connu est Tococheres, \xc3\xa9tabli par le Professeur Paul Pelseneer, 1929, pour un Cop\xc3\xa9pode trouv\xc3\xa9 sur les branchies de Loripes lacteus. Bivalve r\xc3\xa9colt\xc3\xa9 dans l\xe2\x80\x99Aber de Roscoff (Bretagne). La description de Pelseneer ne donne d\xe2\x80\x99informations que sur la forme generale de la femelle, sur les antennules et sur la cinqui\xc3\xa8me paire de pattes. On ne sait absolument rien sur l\xe2\x80\x99antenne, les pi\xc3\xa8ces buccales et les 4 paires ant\xc3\xa9rieures de pattes thoraciques.

Description: 1 began my investigations about the galls of the Loranthaceae in Salatiga in 1908 and continued this work in Samarang from 1909 to 1915. Here I also examined the germination of the seeds. From 1915\xe2\x80\x941918 I stayed in Bandung where I had little opportunity to continue my investigations. From 1918\xe2\x80\x941932 I lived in Buitenzorg (Bogor) where I could resume my studies on the Loranthaceae, not only as to the germination of the seeds, but also the pollination of the flowers. For this purpose I sowed many species of Loranthaceae on shrubs in the neighbourhood of my home, so that I could easily check the development and had ample material at my disposal.\nThe investigations were hampered by the chaotic conditions of the systematics of the Indomalayan Loranthaceae in 1909. In Samarang for instance I found that the germination of various species followed a different course, but could not work it out comparatively, because most species could not be indentified with certainty. The material I collected in Salatiga and Samarang was compared by Dr J. J. Smith, at the time on leave in Holland, with Loranthus-material in the Leyden Herbarium. Only a few of them could be identified with sufficient certainty, many of them could only be classed with some genus and some of them could not be classified at all. The result was that in the first publication on the germination of the seeds (Docters van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan, 1915: 220) some species could only be indicated by a digit, an unsatisfactory solution.

Description: The problem of the retardation of the processes of growth and differentiation is certainly as important as the processes of growth and differentiation themselves. It is striking, therefore, that whereas the analysis of growth has been carried out for a considerable period of time already, the analysis of inhibition was only commenced a few decades ago. It has to be admitted that Wiesner (1894) succeeded in demonstrating the presence of a substance retarding germination in the slime of the mistletoe (Viscum album), but this remained a solitary observation for some time.\nAbout 1920 a series of important publications appeared which deal with inhibiting substances. Oppenheimer (1922) discovered a substance of this kind in the fruit pulp of ripe tomatoes, Reinhard (1933) found one in tomato juice, K\xc3\xb6ckemann (1934) some in other pulpy fruits such as apples, pears, quinces and tomatoes, Lehmann (1937) one in the exocarp of buckwheat, Ruge (1939) some in the fruits of Helianthus annuus and Avena sativa, Fr\xc3\xb6schel (1939, 1940) one in Beta, Stolk (1952, 1953a) some in the roots of Fuchsia hybrida and Pelargonium zonale and in the roots of Allium Cepa.

Description: During the study of the Xyridaceae of the Malaysian area it was desirable to study those of Australia and Continental Asia as well. The Malaysian species now have, in the meantime, been published (Flora Malesiana, ser. 1, 4, 1953, 366\xe2\x80\x94376). To the new taxa described in Blumea 7, 1953, 307\xe2\x80\x94308 the Latin diagnoses of the following new species and a new section may here be added: 1. Xyris linifolia van Royen, nov. spec. \xe2\x80\x94 Fig. 1. Herba mediocris, ad 40 cm alta. Folia subulata, ad 25 cm longa, c. 1 cm diam., subfalcata, acuta, sparse papillata; vaginae 6\xe2\x80\x948 cm longae, basi 3\xe2\x80\x946 mm latae; ligula brevis acuta c. 1 mm longa. Scapus 20\xe2\x80\x9440 cm, c. 1 mm diam., teretiusculus, 2- vel pluricostatus, minute papillatus. Capitula ovoidea ad globosa, pauciflora, ad 7 X 6 mm, bracteae basales suborbiculares, 4.5\xe2\x80\x945.5 X 3.5\xe2\x80\x944 mm, obtusae, enerves, in parte superiori minute papillatae, papillis arcum triangularem formantibus, medianae obovatae, 6\xe2\x80\x946.5 X 4.5\xe2\x80\x945 mm, nervosae, nervis nervo mediano et uno nervo completo in costae utroque latere orto ad bracteae apicem laxe reticulato compositis, in parte mediana superiori minute papillatae, papillis aream suborbicularem formantibus. Flores masculini ignoti, florum femineorum sepala lateralia angusta, 5.5\xe2\x80\x946.5 X c. 1.5 mm, acutiuscula, emarginata, ecristata, alata, alis sat latis, sepalum medianum cucullatum, 4.5\xe2\x80\x945 X c. 2 mm, binerve. Petala nondum evoluta limbo orbiculari 4 mm longo et lato munita, margine serrata, unguiculo c. 2 mm. Stamina c. 3 mm, antherae c. 2 mm, apice profunde emarginatae, basi apiceque obtusae thecis emarginatis. Staminodia 2.5\xe2\x80\x943 mm, penicillata bifida? Ovarium incomplete cognitum, stylus 4.5\xe2\x80\x945 mm (vel longior?), trifidus, ramificationibus c. 2.5 mm, apice capitatis. Capsula ignota. Typus: Smiles s. n. in K. Distr.: Siam \xe2\x80\x94 in open grassland near base of Mt Kau. This species differs from all Malaysian species except X. borneensis in the terete leaves and the three complete nerves of the bracts. Though the leaves of X. borneensis are also terete, the bracts are provided with numerous complete nerves. Moreover, the lateral sepals in X. borneensis are ciliate, those of X. linifolia smooth and entire. In its anthers the present species resembles X. ridleyi, X. pauciflora, X. borneensis, X. capensis, X. complanata etc., the anthers being deeply incised at the top and the thecae emarginate. 2. Xyris nigromucronata van Royen, nov. spec. \xe2\x80\x94 Fig. 2. Herba annua parva, ad 6 cm alta. Folia linearia, 1\xe2\x80\x942.5 cm X c. 1 mm, mucronata, apice nigra et pilis robustis paucis hispida, anguste bi-alata, alis tenuiter et sparse papillatis, in parte basali elliptica in sectione transversa, apice incrassata et triangularia in sectione transversa, vaginae 3\xe2\x80\x94 6 cm longae, apice pilis multis albis munitae, margine membranacea, marginibus pedunculi basin includentibus, pedunculo ligula biloba pilis destituta praedito. Scapus ad 6 cm longus, subangularis, valde obscure alatus, alis 1 vel 2, proxime infra capitulum elatus ubi 3- vel 4-alatus. Capitula oblongo-ellipsoidea, c. 7 X 5 mm, bracteae omnes cristatae, basales ovatae, c. 6.5 X 3 mm, sat brunneo-nigrae, mucronatae, mucrone ad 2.5 mm longa, cristata, nigra, crista pallide flava in parte apicali tantum tenuiter et sparse papillata, medianae subcirculares ad panduriformes, 4\xe2\x80\x945 X 2\xe2\x80\x945 mm, margine sat brunneo-nigrae, uninerves, nervo completo laevi, in parte basali membranaceae. Sepala lateralia naviculata, fere ad apicem connata, c. 5 X 1 mm, membranacea ecristata. Petala 6, alba, 6\xe2\x80\x947 mm longa, unguiculata, ungui 4\xe2\x80\x945 mm, arcte cohaerentia et quasi tubulosa, limbo elliptico-oblongo, obtuso, c. 2 X 0.8 mm. Stamina 6, c. 1.2 mm, antheris ovoideis, c. 0.6 mm, truncatis, emarginatis thecae basi obtusae; filamenta subulata, c. 0.6 mm. Staminodia desunt. Ovarium subovoideum ad ellipsoideum, c. 2 X 1 mm, trilobum, in parte basali 3-, in parte superiori 1-loculare, stigmatibus 3 terminatum. Capsula ovario similis, sed ad 3 X 1.5 mm metiens; semina sparse papillatae. Typus: Pritzel 635 a in L. Distr.: Australia \xe2\x80\x94 in scrub between Moore and Murchinson river. This specimen was found mixed with Stylidium bulbiferum Benth. var. septentrionale Mild braed in Pritzel 635. Therefore it is separated from that species under 635 a. This highly characteristic species differs from all other species of Xyris by the fimbriate top of the sheath, the united lateral sepals (also found in the Brasilian X. obtusiuscula Nilsson), the 6 united petals, the 6 stamens (also once found by the author in X. bancana Miquel), the more or less campylotropous ovules, the entire style, and the papillate curved seeds. Moreover, the flowers seem to be white but owing to the dried material it can not be stated for certain whether this is the proper colour. These details warrant the establishment of a separate section in Xyris, Australoxyris with the following Latin diagnosis: Xyris Linnaeus, sect. Australoxyris van Royen, nov. sect. Folia apice in sectione transversa triangularia, vaginae exteriores apice ciliatae, flores capitati; sepala lateralia maxime connata; petala 6, connata; stamina 6; stylus simplex; ovarium in parte basali 3-loculare, in parte superiori 1-loculare; ovula plus minusve campylotropa; semina papillata. Typus: Xyris nigromucronata van Royen.

Description: Parmi les limaces non-identifi\xc3\xa9es du Mus\xc3\xa9e Zoologique d\xe2\x80\x99Amsterdam, que M. le Professeur Dr. H. Engel et Mme. W. S. S. van der Feen n\xc3\xa9e van Benthem Jutting ont bien voulu me permettre d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tudier, il se trouvait une esp\xc3\xa8ce nouvelle dont je donne ci-apr\xc3\xa8s la description.\nGigantomilax (Turcomilax) iliensis nov. spec. Mat\xc3\xa9riel \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9: un specimen en alcool (holotype), environs de Kouldja, Chine, 2.IX.1924, W. Beick. leg.

Description: West-Indi\xc3\xab heeft zijn naam te danken aan een vergissing. Een grootse vergissing overigens, want toen Columbus in 1492 Amerika ontdekte, meende hijzelf dat hij de Oostelijke eilanden van de Indische Archipel had gevonden. Het verhaal gaat, dat bij de eerste eilanden die Columbus bezocht, ook St. Maarten was (11 November 1492, d.i. op St. Maarten\xe2\x80\x99s dag). Al gauw moet men hebben bemerkt dat dit nog niet de gezochte (Oost)-Indische eilanden waren. Latere expedities hebben het pogen langs deze weg Oost-Indi\xc3\xab te bereiken voortgezet, wat tot gevolg had dat reeds in 1498 het vasteland van Zuid-Amerika (o.a. de monding van de Orinicorivier en Suriname) door Spaanse ontdekkingsreizigers werd betreden. Cura\xc3\xa7ao werd in 1499 ontdekt door Alonso de Ojeda. Zowel de Nederlandse Antillen als Suriname behoren dus tot de eerst ontdekte Amerikaanse gebieden.\nDe naam Indi\xc3\xab bleef in het taalgebruik bewaard, ook nadat de eerste reizen om de wereld aan het licht hadden gebracht hoever het oude en het nieuwe Indi\xc3\xab uit elkaar lagen. Men noemt de oorspronkelijke bevolking nog steeds Indianen en gebruikt de naam West-Indi\xc3\xab voor het gehele Caraibische eilandenrijk. Ook de aangrenzende kustgebieden van Middenen Zuid-Amerika worden er vaak bij gerekend.

Description: In 1950 I received from Mr. D. Hille Ris Lambers a strange Pseudococcid from Java which had been collected by Mr. F. W. Rappard, a senior forestry officer, who regularly collects aphids for Mr. Hille Ris Lambers on his tours of duty. As this insect was a coccid, it was transmitted to me for examination. Its appearance is quite abnormal; the shape of its body reminds one almost of a large mite (fig. 4). The 6-segmented antennae have a dense vestiture of fine hairs, with exception of the 2 first segments which are very short. A tuft of 5 very long setae is present on the top of each of the anal lobes. The ungual digitules are extremely large and very flat. It was only after close study that the insect was recognized as a Pseudococcid.\nIt has 2 pairs of ostioles in the usual position, a circulus on the ventral side of the second abdominal segment, and a few trilocular pores on both sides of the body.\nAs I suspected an abnormal mode of living, I asked Mr. Hille Ris Lambers to write to Java for further particulars, and more material. To comply with this request Mr. Rappard has collected abundant material and communicated his field notes on these insects, which he calls "ant-riders" from their peculiar habit of climbing upon the black ants by which they are closely attended, as soon as these ants are disturbed, to have themselves transported in this way.\nThe material at hand contains 3 different instars which seem to represent first and second stage larvae, and immature adult females. Of the latter stage only 3 specimens are available. Eggs or embryos were not observed in these specimens, but in one of them the oviduct and its exterior opening (one segment behind the posterior ostioles) is faintly visible in the chitinous

Description: Dr. E. Jacobson spent some months on the island of Simalur, and on some of the smaller islands in its immediate neighbourhood in the course of the year 1913. He made extensive zoological collections on these islands, whose fauna was very little known up till that time. Amongst his material was a series of shells belonging to the Pleurodontid genus Amphidromus.\nThis series has been entrusted to me by Dr. Van Regieren Altena, and I am grateful to him for the chance of seeing these very interesting shells, and for the help he has given me in dealing with them. I have too to thank Mr. G. L. Wilkins for the figures.\nSimalur is the most northerly of the long chain of large islands which lie along the West coast of Sumatra. The whole chain is roughly 1000 km in length from North to South. Its several islands are separated from Sumatra, and to some extent from each other by sea-depths of 500-1000 fathoms. Simalur itself is about 90 km in length; Pulau Babi or Saranbau is a smaller island lying S.E. of Simalur. Oelau Lekon (or Lekoeen) is a still smaller island near Pulau Babi. Dr. Van Regieren Altena tells me that Oelau is a local form of the Malay word Pulau.\nLoosjes (1953) has described Pseudonenia Jacob soni, a Clausiliid, collected by Dr. Jacobson on Simalur. Apart from this I can find no record of land mollusca from the island.\nOn the other hand three species of Amphidromus have been recorded from Nias Is. which lies about 100 km South of Simalur and is rather bigger. These species were described by Fulton (1907), and a full account of the land molluscan fauna of Nias was published by Van Benthem Jutting (1934-193S).

Description: OLETHREUTINAE\n(Eucosmidae auct., Eucosminae auct.) Introduction The study of the South Asiatic representatives of the subfamily Olethreutinae of the Tortricidae is difficult on account of various reasons. Our basic knowledge of this group of insects originates from the knowledge of the Palaearctic fauna; unfortunately the taxonomy, and especially the nomenclature of the European Olethreutinae has for a long time been in a deplorable state of confusion and only recent pioneer work along modern lines, chiefly by Obraztsov, leads to some order. Unavoidably this confusion throws a shadow upon the study of the Olethreutinae from other regions than the Palaearctis.\nSince genital characters are of cardinal importance for the classification of the genera and species of the present group, it is clear that a fundamental revision is necessary, because nobody has ever bothered about these characters before, at least with regard to the South Asiatic fauna. When describing species from that region classic authors, as e.g., Snellen, usually chose a convenient generic name, familiar to the students of the Palaearctic fauna, to attribute them to ; Meyrick, as conveniently, merged many species in one of some four of his enormous genera.\nMany species of Olethreutinae are ornated with intricate markings that are very difficult to describe in a terse diagnose, as was the habit with those older authors; these descriptions are still more difficult to read! Other species are uniform to such an extent that their identification is impossible without the use of genital characters. Furthermore, Meyrick

Description: For about half a year (February-July, 1953) Dr. M. Boeseman, curator of Fishes of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, was the guest of the Instituto Tropical de Investigaciones Cient\xc3\xadficas at San Salvador. During this time Dr. Boeseman made extensive collections in numerous localities throughout the Republic of El Salvador and, though his main attention was directed towards the fishes, an interesting collection of Decapod Crustacea was collected and sent home to Leiden. This collection forms the main subject of the present paper. As Dr. G. Kruseman, curator of Insects of the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam, collected some Decapoda in the same region during his stay in El Salvador in the summer of 1952, this material also is included in the present report.\nThe number of species of Decapoda dealt with here is not very large and probably represents only a small portion of the actual number of species inhabiting the territory of El Salvador. Nevertheless it seems worth while to publish the present notes since the carcinological fauna of El Salvador is very poorly known, most of the species being recorded here for the first time as belonging to that fauna. Furthermore the collections contain some species which until now were insufficiently known, and the systematic status of which could be elucidated.\nI am very thankful to Dr. Boeseman for the interest shown in my work and for the many informations received. Furthermore I am much indebted to the authorities of the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam for their permission to study the material collected by Dr. Kruseman.\nThe collector\'s numbers mentioned in the enumeration of the material are Dr. Boeseman\'s, unless stated otherwise. The abbreviations cb. and cl.

Description: Verrucaria maas-geesterani Serv\xc3\xadt sp. n. (fig. 1).\nThallus epilithinus, maculas 1\xe2\x80\x944 cm latas formans, atrofuscescens, H2O ater, sat tenuis, continuus vel h. i. imperfecte rimulosus, superficie verruculis atris 0.03 mm latis \xc2\xb1 tecta et levissime asperata, protothallo indistincto. Stratum corticale usque ad cca 20 \xce\xbc altum, p.p. pallidum usque ad fuscum, p.p. nigrum, cellulis in partibus pallidioribus ut in strato basali, in partibus atris ad 4 \xce\xbc in diam. Stratum algarum 40\xe2\x80\x9480 \xce\xbc altum, prosoplectenchymaticum, cellulis 4\xe2\x80\x946 \xce\xbc altis, 3\xe2\x80\x944 \xce\xbc latis, algis 6\xe2\x80\x9412 \xce\xbc altis, 4\xe2\x80\x946 \xce\xbc latis, in seriebus sat distinctis verticalibus, incoloratum, maculis obscuris interruptum. Stratum basale fusco-atrum vel carbonaceum, usque ad 60 \xce\xbc altum, supra cum maculis obscuris strati algarum concrescens.

Description: A study has been made of the Indo-Malaysian species of Cnestis. The mutual length ratio of sepals and petals, \xe2\x80\x94 brevi- and aequipetaly \xe2\x80\x94, is the main differentiating character for the species; there are no transitions. The areas of distribution overlap in the Malay Peninsula (fig. 1); brevipetalous types are known from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes, aequipetalous types from Burma, Siam, Indo-China and the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Fruits are of two different shapes: beaked in aequipetalae of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, and Indo-China, pear-shaped in remaining aequipetalae and in brevipetalae. Leaves tend to be longer and jugae more numerous in brevipetalae than in aequipetalae.\nOther characters do not have so clear a separating value, such as texture and indumentum of leaflets, indumentum of inflorescence, texture and indumentum of petals, length of stamens, type and length of pistils, length ratio of stamens and pistils. However, even on the strength of these characters there is some reason to distinguish both groups mentioned above. As to the indumentum of petals there is a remarkable cline in a decreasing sense from the Philippines to continental Asia, the Andamans and the Malay Peninsula and back to the east through the brevipetalae of Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes.\nBrevi- and aequipetalae have been considered to represent two species, viz Cnestis platantha Griff. and Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merrill. The latter one has been divided into two subspecies, viz subsp. palala with beaked fruits and subsp. diffusa (Blanco) Andreas with pear-shaped fruits. For their area of distribution see fig. 1.\nIn many respects some plants of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, Indo-China (and the Malay Peninsula) are different from the remaining aequipetalae, but not in a uniform way as to the various characters. Although there are some arguments for a further taxonomic subdivision, we did not think it advisable to introduce such a division at present. Our classification differs from the division as given by Schellenberg (1938). This was caused by the material on one hand, being more heterogeneous than Schellenberg described it, and, on the other hand, by the fact that some of the diagnostic characters used by him, in our opinion were not fit for use as such. Therefore a revision of Schellenberg\xe2\x80\x99s system of the genus Cnestis seems desirable.

Description: The collections of Dermaptera in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden and the Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Museum at Amsterdam, referred to in the present paper as "Museum Leiden" and "Museum Amsterdam", consist of numerous specimens including many types described by previous authors and a fairly large number of hitherto unidentified examples. A reinvestigation and an identification of the unidentified material therefore promised interesting results, a promise which has been fulfilled.\nThe investigations took place during the war years 1942 and 1943 under unfavorable circumstances. The original MS was finished shortly after the war but, due to printing difficulties, publication had to be postponed.\nDuring the recent preparation of the present paper, some alterations and corrections of the old MS were found necessary and recent literature was added. No time was available for the examination and inclusion in the present paper of the acquisitions of both collections during and since the war.\nThe almost 3500 specimens included in this paper proved to belong to 157 species, 2 subspecies, 16 varieties; among these, 20 species and 8 varieties are new to science while the types were found of 30 species described by previous authors, most by De Haan, De Bormans, Dohrn, and Burr.\nThe following new species are described: Diplatymorpha borneensis nov. gen., nov. spec. (fig. 2) Dicrana jacobsoni nov. spec. (fig. 4) Pyge vanderdoesi nov. spec. (fig. 5) Gonolabidura javana nov. spec. (figs. 6a, 7a, b)

Description: This charming and handy book printed on excellent paper, with its numerous clear pictures of well-known Malayan plants, reminds one in many ways of Merrill\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cPlant Life of the Pacific World\xe2\x80\x9d (MacMillan 1946, New York), which has perhaps served Prof. Holttum as an example. Its size being only slightly smaller than Merrill\xe2\x80\x99s book and the area covered being very considerably smaller, its descriptions of plants are naturally more detailed; the more so as only a choice has been made, in which the special interests of the author \xe2\x80\x94 ferns, orchids, gingers \xe2\x80\x94 are evident though not predominant.\nThe plants described are not regionally arranged. The 17 chapters are rather headed by names of life-forms, striking organs, and special habitats. As is pointed out in the Preface, the book is \xe2\x80\x9cintended primarily for the Malayan resident who wishes to begin a study of Malayan plants\xe2\x80\x9d. In this purpose the book will doubtless prove to be a success: the reader is gradually taught quite a bit of botany of various fields, morphology, anatomy, ecology, hybridisation, etc. These are demonstrated at plants which are within easy reach of the ordinary layman for which it is destined. Short opening and concluding chapters deal with general features of tropical plants and with the Malayan forest. Since the author is a well-known expert and the Malayan flora as here described is a very good example of any flora between, say, Calcutta and Fiji, it may well be useful to residents of many other countries as well.

Description: In 1934 Dr van Steenis recorded Elisma natans (L.) Buch. for the first time outside Europe, viz. from Java. This unusual record was based on a single specimen collected in 1932 by Dr A. Kleinhoonte in Central Java at 2000 m altitude on Mt Di\xc3\xabng, now preserved in the Herbarium Bogoriense. Miss Kleinhoonte assumed there was little doubt that she had collected it in Java. After having collected information from the Fisheries Department in Java, that no Elisma was ever planted by that Service, Dr van Steenis stated (1, p. 175): \xe2\x80\x9cThough it is a waterplant, I cannot account for this enormous discontinuity.\xe2\x80\x9d A year later (2, p. 55) he gave a figure of the specimen and concluded that he felt forced to accept the species as a native of Java.\nHowever, he nursed a feeling that there was something wrong in this forced assumption. The pools on Mt Di\xc3\xabng are easy to reach and have been subjected to repeated botanical field work by experienced botanists onwards of Junghuhn. His doubt was later still strengthened by the fact that shortly before the war, the late Mr J. G. T. Loogen, a planter and enthusiastic amateur-botanist living N. of Mt Di\xc3\xabng, repeatedly searched the spot where Elisma was said to be found but without success.

Description: Gynostemma hederifolia (Decne) Cogn. in D.C., Monogr. Phan. 3: 916, 1881. (\xe2\x80\x9chederaefolia\xe2\x80\x9d). \xe2\x80\x94 Sicyos hederifolius Decaisne in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 3: 450, 1834.\nKANGEAN Island (N. of Bali): Gua Peteng, 1 M alt.; Backer 26948 (BO), 15-III1919, \xe2\x99\x82, filaments connate up to the top, leaves far more densely puberulous than in the next specimen.

Description: Combretum kostermansii Exell, sp. nov.\nFrutex scandens, ramulis primo fulvo-pilosis et tomentellis demum sparse pilosis, atro-rubris. Folia opposita breviter petiolata, petiolo 1\xe2\x80\x943 mm longo, piloso, lamina chartacea, ovata vel oblongo-ovata, basi cordata, apice acuminata, 2\xe2\x80\x947 X 1.8\xe2\x80\x943.6 cm, supra nitidula, costa media excepta pilosula fere glabra, subtus ad nervo adpresse pilosula, haud lepidota, costis lateralibus utrinsecus 3\xe2\x80\x946. Flores \xe2\x99\x82+ protogyni, 4-meri, sessiles, albi, in paniculas terminales et axillares, rhachide fulvopiloso, bracteis filiformibus 3\xe2\x80\x944 mm longis fulvo pilosis dispositi. Receptaculum inferius 1\xe2\x80\x941.5 mm longum, dense pilosum, superius cupuliforme, 1.5 X 2.5 mm, pilosulum. Calycis lobi ovato-acuminati, 1 X 0.9 mm. Petala 4, late ovata, apiculata, 2 X 1.5 mm, pilosa. Stamina 8, biseriata, filamentis 2.5 mm longis, glabris, primi inflexis, antheris 1 mm longis glabris. Discus inconspicuus. Stylus 4 mm longus, glaber. Ovuli 2.

Description: G. kingiana (Brace) Van den Assem, Blumea VII\xc2\xb2, 1953, 373.\nVar. kingiana, l. c. 373.

Description: During a short stay at Bangkok on December 3rd, 1953, Professor H.\nBoschma observed that enormous quantities of minute insects were attracted by lamplight in the hotel of the Royal Dutch Airlines (K.L.M.) "Plaswijk" at the airport Laksi. From the enormous accumulations of these insects around the lamps he collected a sample which he entrusted to me for examination. This sample proved to consist almost entirely of a new species of mayfly which is described in the present paper.\nCaenis demoulini nov. spec.\nFemale imago.\nHead and thorax uniformly yellowish brown. Eyes purple-black, prominent.\nAntennae grey-brown ; median ocellus prominent, colour light brown with a darker edge.\nAbdomen pale yellowish brown, at the dorsal surface with light browngrey markings, except on the last three tergites. Ventral surface paler, especially the last three segments. Stigmata in or near a faint black or grey spot. Cerci and filum terminale silver-white, rather densely covered with stiff, long, silvery hairs, except at the base of these caudal filaments, where the colour passes into a very light brown, whilst here the hairs abruptly become much shorter, and are placed more densely.\nAnterior legs grey-brown, median and posterior legs pure white with a very faint yellowish spot at the end of the femora.\nWings vitreous, veins light grey, except subcosta and radius, which are dark grey-brown. Area subcostalis very light ferruginous.\nMeasurements: body Q 3.5 mm wing \xc3\x87 2.9-3.0 mm

Description: Apterous Aradidae were first brought to the attention of Hemipterists by N. C. E. Miller (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [11] 1: 498-510, 1938). In fact it can be said that this paper with its excellent illustrations was the stimulus for the striking discoveries that have been made in this group in the past decade.\nThe genus Chelonocoris Miller was proposed for a group of seven (actually 8 as is shown below) very large species from Malaya, Borneo, and (as it now appears) India. The present paper was prompted by the discovery in various European museums of several additional species which extend the known range of the genus to Java and Sumatra. In order to place these new species a key was prepared. The first key was based on Miller\'s types and was written while studying at the British Museum (Natural History) in 1949. A drastic revision of the key was necessitated when the species from Java and Sumatra were added. With the addition of the Sunda Island material certain inconsistencies became evident in the recorded distribution of the previously described species. I am indebted to N. C. E. Miller and W. E.\nChina for their generous aid in straightening out these matters and for checking the revised key. It now appears that two species were included under the name Chelonocoris peregrinus Miller. The type is from Aring which is not in North Borneo but in India. The Malayan specimens represent a new species which is described below and dedicated to N. C. E.\nMiller in recognition of his pioneer work on apterous Aradidae. Another error which was detected by Miller and China is the drawing of the apex of the mesonotum in Chelonocoris malayensis (fig. 5c). Actually the mesonotum forms a continuous ridge in the female as in the male.

Description: Facult\xc3\xa9 des Sciences de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Biologie g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9rale.\nMonsieur L. B. Holthuis m\'avait demand\xc3\xa9 de bien vouloir examiner un petit lot de Mesopodopsis provenant de Ceylan (lagune d\'eau saum\xc3\xa2tre, Bolgoda) et transmis au \xc2\xabRijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden\xc2\xbb par \xc2\xabthe Fisheries Research Station, Colombo\xc2\xbb. Je m\'attendais \xc3\xa0 y reconna\xc3\xaetre Mesopodopsis orientalis (Tattersall 1908), la seule esp\xc3\xa8ce du genre connue de la r\xc3\xa9gion indo-pacifique et pr\xc3\xa9cis\xc3\xa9ment des c\xc3\xb4tes indiennes, depuis Goa jusqu\'au del\xc3\xa0 du delta du Gange. Or il s\'ag:t d\'une esp\xc3\xa8ce nouvelle, bien diff\xc3\xa9rente de M. orientalis et plus proche des deux autres esp\xc3\xa8ces du genre: M. slabberi (P. J. van Beneden 1861), soigneusement red\xc3\xa9crite et figur\xc3\xa9e par G. O. Sars (1877) et M. africana, r\xc3\xa9cemment d\xc3\xa9crite par Mrs. O. S. Tattersall (1952). M. slabberi est connue des c\xc3\xb4tes de l\'Atlantique E. depuis les d\xc3\xa9troits Scandinaves, la Mer du Nord et le S.W. de l\'Ecosse jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 l\'Afrique du Sud, et p\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa8tre dans la M\xc3\xa9diterran\xc3\xa9e et la Mer Noire. M. africana habite les c\xc3\xb4tes E. et W. de l\'Afrique du Sud. Les trois esp\xc3\xa8ces, tr\xc3\xa8s euryhalines, fr\xc3\xa9quentent plus volontiers les estuaires, les eaux saum\xc3\xa2tres; M. orientalis peut m\xc3\xaame se trouver dans des eaux douces.\nL\'\xc3\xa9tiquette mentionne le nom indig\xc3\xa8ne : K-uni.\nMesopodopsis zeylanica n. sp. (fig. 1-16) Mat\xc3\xa9riel examin\xc3\xa9. \xe2\x80\x94 Environ 300 exemplaires comprenant de tr\xc3\xa8s nombreux m\xc3\xa2les adultes et femelles ovig\xc3\xa8res ainsi que des individus immatures et des jeunes.\nTaille. \xe2\x80\x94 La taille est mesur\xc3\xa9e de l\'extr\xc3\xa9mit\xc3\xa9 ant\xc3\xa9rieure de la plaque frontale \xc3\xa0 l\'extr\xc3\xa9mit\xc3\xa9 distale des spinules du telson. Femelles ovig\xc3\xa8res: 5,2 \xc3\xa0 5,6 mm. ; m\xc3\xa2les : jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 5,2 mm.

Description: In the taxonomy of Coccoidea or scale insects much confusion is due to an insufficient knowledge of the type species of several genera. Especially our knowledge of some of the older genera is very incomplete, as the descriptions of their type species are extremely short and superficial from the modern point of view. The type specimens, on which the original descriptions of the genera were based, are distributed over several museums in all parts of the world; in some cases type material is no longer in existence, and as far as available it is seldom lent to persons in foreign countries. In consequence of this we have often to rely on the original description, as the type material is not available for examination.\nSignoret (Essai sur les Cochenilles, 1868-1876) was one of the first to describe the microscopical details of the genera and species which he introduced. He boiled his specimens in a solution of caustic potash to make microscopical preparations of the chitinous parts and did not hesitate to prepare even unique specimens ("que nous n\'avons pas h\xc3\xa9sit\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 sacrifier dans l\'int\xc3\xa9r\xc3\xaat de la science, tout en conservant les pr\xc3\xa9parations bonnes \xc3\xa0 consulter, pensant qu\'elles seraient ainsi plus utiles qu\'une masse informe attach\xc3\xa9e \xc3\xa0 un \xc3\xa9pingle et qui ne peut pr\xc3\xa9senter aucun caract\xc3\xa8re que l\'on puisse \xc3\xa9num\xc3\xa9rer"). In many cases, however, his descriptions are not detailed enough for the needs of present taxonomy. As the number of described species has increased greatly since Signoret\'s time, it has become necessary to pay attention to several minute details which were formerly of no importance to separate the species then known.\nIn consequence of the superficial descriptions by earlier authors the concepts of several genera are rather vague. Ferris has emphasized that in order

Description: Although from 1255 up till now about 47 Physeter macrocephalus have been cast upon the coast of the Netherlands, or have come ashore alive, but very few materials have been preserved and we are in the possession of only two specimens, those of 1937, the complete skeletons of which are preserved in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.\nApart from these skeletons the following fragments are preserved : 1. The damaged upper part of the skull and three vertebrae from the animal of Scheveningen, 1617. These fragments are in the possession of the Dutch Protestant Church, Keizerstraat, Scheveningen (Van Deinse, 1918, p. 42, etc., and Plate IV). 2. The left humerus, radius, and ulna, grown together, probably from the same specimen as no. 1. This bone was found, November 1907, in a pond in The Hague, and is now kept at the Gymnasium Erasmianum, Rotterdam (Van Deinse, 1916, p. 521, etc., with 4 figures, and 1918, pp. 38, 39, 47, with 2 figures). 3. One tooth from the sperm whale of Terschelling, 1762, preserved in the West-Terschelling Museum (Van Deinse, 1946, p. 206). 4. Fragment of a lower jaw, found in 1885 in a moat at Leiden, now in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (Van Deinse, 1918, P- 49). 5. The distal part of a humerus, and an ulna with olecranon lacking. Both pieces were found at Sas-van-Gent, Zeeuwsch-Vlaanderen, Zeeland, in April 1948, they are now in the Geological Museum, Leiden (Van Deinse, Nieuwe Rotterdamse Courant, July 24th, 1948).\nThe above mentioned two skeletons are from male sperm whales (length

Description: It is well known that the main functional components of the skull in the Whalebone Whales (Mystacoceti) attain an ultimate size, which is out of normal proportion to the rest of the skeleton as compared to the proportions existing in land-mammals. As generally supposed the aquatic mode of life has greatly influenced the shape of the skull. Therefore, it is to be expected that the various species, which all have the same mode of life, show a certain amount of convergence. However, not all bones have become enlarged to the same degree; e.g., the alisphenoid and the orbitosphenoid have remained relatively small. Apparently these bones of the orbit have not been influenced by the aquatic mode of life to the same extent as is the case with other elements of the skull. In the present paper some features of the orbit of the Mystacoceti are described; the variability and the systematic importance of these peculiarities have been examined.\nIn order to indicate the degree of modification undergone by the Whale skull, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the typical arrangement of the elements bordering the orbit in the skull of a primitive mammal (fig. 1a).\nThis figure shows that the orbit is lined by several elements; of these the alisphenoid and the orbitosphenoid lie in the lateral wall of the skull and they immediately surround the foramen opticum. It also shows that these two bones are contiguous with the frontal, the parietal, and the squamosal. In these respects the skull of juvenile Cetacea shows more resemblance to the primitive mammalian skull than do those of the adults.\nComparison of the skulls of juvenile Tursiops tursio (Fabr.) (fig. 1b) and Balaenoptera borealis Lesson (fig. 1C) with those of adult specimens shows that in the adult the shape of some of the orbital bones has under-

Description: Au cours d\'un s\xc3\xa9jour \xc3\xa0 Leiden, au mois de juin 1953, j\'ai eu l\'occasion d\'examiner les Canestriniidae de la collection du Dr. A. C. Oudemans, propri\xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 du Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie2).\nQuoique peu nombreux, les Acariens de cette famille \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9s par le grand Acarologue n\xc3\xa9erlandais, pr\xc3\xa9sentent un grand int\xc3\xa9r\xc3\xaat. D\'autre part, le temps a fait d\xc3\xa9faut \xc3\xa0 Oudemans pour lui permettre de donner des descriptions compl\xc3\xa8tes et illustr\xc3\xa9es des esp\xc3\xa8ces nouvelles qu\'il avait d\xc3\xa9couvertes; seules des diagnoses pr\xc3\xa9liminaires furent publi\xc3\xa9es dans les \xe2\x80\x9eAcarologische Aanteekeningen". Il est \xc3\xa9vident que la publication des dessins originaux de Oudemans, ainsi que des notes in\xc3\xa9dites qui les accompagnent, doit rendre les plus grands services \xc3\xa0 ceux qui s\'int\xc3\xa9resseront \xc3\xa0 la syst\xc3\xa9matique des Canestriniides, car, dans bien des cas, une simple diagnose est devenue insuffisante par suite de l\'accroissement du nombre d\'esp\xc3\xa8ces connues.\nC\'est pourquoi il m\'est extr\xc3\xaamement agr\xc3\xa9able de remercier ici le Prof.\nH. Boschma, Directeur du Rijksmuseum \xc3\xa0 Leiden, d\'avoir bien voulu autoriser et assumer la publication de ces documents; elle constitue d\'ailleurs aussi la r\xc3\xa9alisation d\'un projet du Dr. A. C. Oudemans.et c\'est en quelque sorte un hommage \xc3\xa0 la m\xc3\xa9moire d\'un des ma\xc3\xaetres de l\'Acarologie 3). 1) Sous Directeur de Laboratoire \xc3\xa0 l\'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. 2) Ce s\xc3\xa9jour d\'\xc3\xa9tude au Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie \xc3\xa0 Leiden a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 effectu\xc3\xa9 gr\xc3\xa2ce \xc3\xa0 l\'aide de la Fondation pour favoriser l\'\xc3\xa9tude scientifique des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge. 3) Je tiens aussi \xc3\xa0 t\xc3\xa9moigner ma reconnaissance au Prof. H. Boschma, pour l\'accueil qu\'il m\'a r\xc3\xa9serv\xc3\xa9 au Rijksmuseum au cours de ce s\xc3\xa9jour, ainsi qu\'\xc3\xa0 mon coll\xc3\xa8gue Dr.\nL. van der Hammen, Conservateur \xc3\xa2 cette Institution, qui a mis tout en oeuvre pour

Description: Viele Sammler r\xc3\xbcmpfen die Nase \xc3\xbcber die Benennung von Formen. Deren Festhaltung ist indessen wichtig, um einen \xc3\x9cberblick \xc3\xbcber die Variabilit\xc3\xa4tsbreite einer Species zu geben ; ein weiterer Vorteil der dadurch erhaltenen \xc3\x9cbersicht ist, dass er es dem Systematiker leichter macht, die f\xc3\xbcr eine subspecies characteristischen Merkmale innerhalb der Variabilit\xc3\xa4tsm\xc3\xb6glichkeit der species festzulegen. Aus dieser Anschauung heraus benenne ich die folgenden Formen: Luehdorfia puziloi Ersch. cf f. pallida (m.).\nGrundfarbe des cf weissgelb, wie sie sonst nur ? zeigen.\nPatria : Sutschanski-Rudnik, Ussuri, \xce\xb9 cf Typus. subsp. coreana Mats. f. fasciata (m.). \xce\xb9 cf mit im Hinterfl\xc3\xbcgel einer continuierlichen Binde vom Wurzelfelde \xc3\xbcber Mittelzelle nach dem unteren Ende der Hinterrandschw\xc3\xa4rze.\nPatria: Umg. Seishin, N. Korea, \xce\xb9 cf Typus. subsp. inexpecta Shelj. f. rubrocatenaria (m.).\nDie roten Prachtflecken des Hinterfl\xc3\xbcgels sind ungew\xc3\xb6hnlich stark entwickelt zu einer breiten Binde, wie sie f\xc3\xbcr subsp. chinensis Leech typisch ist, w\xc3\xa4hrend bei inexpecta die roten Flecke normal gerade angedeutet sind.\nPatria: Kanoyama, Japan, \xce\xb9 cf \xce\xb9 ? Typen.\nSericinus telamon Donov. f. cellopura (m.). Mittelzellfleck im Vorderfl\xc3\xbcgel oberseits verschwunden, unterseits schwach als f. binaria Bryk erhalten, Endzell fleck stark reduciert.\nPatria : Mien-shan, Prov. Shansi, \xce\xb9 cf Typus, \xce\xb9 cf Paratypus, \xce\xb9 S Paratypus (subsp. mandschuricus Rosen). subsp. shantungensis M. Hering f. cellopurissima (m.).

Description: A collection of Surinam fishes, all probably collected in the neighbourhood of Paramaribo during the late autumn of 1952, was kindly presented to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden by the direction of the Rotterdam Zoological Garden \xe2\x80\x9eBlijdorp".\nThe collection contains some 800 specimens, the examination of which yielded sufficiently interesting results to justify the present publication.\nOrder\nOSTARIOPHYSOIDEA\nFamily\nCHARACINIDAE\nCurimatopsis macrolepis Steindachner 1 ex., neighbourhood of Paramaribo, standard length 26 mm (caudal fin damaged).\nThis species was already known from the lower regions of the Surinam River and the Marowini River.\nCurimatus copei Fowler Curimatus copei Fowler, 1906, p. 301, fig. 7. 1 ex., neighbourhood of Paramaribo, standard length 10.4 cm (caudal fin slightly damaged).\nThe specimen is in a reasonably good condition and hardly differs from Fowler\'s extensive description of the present species; moreover, some of the aberrant characters show a much closer agreement with Fowler\'s figure which, in some respects, slightly disagrees from his text. On account of this, only the differing characters are given.\nBody slightly more slender, the predorsal hump less developed (sexual character?), depth about 3 in standard length. About 24 scales before dorsal.\nSnout about 4 in head (as in Fowler\'s figure). Interorbital space 2.8 in head. Mouth roof with two moderate ridges, converging rostrad. Gill rakers

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction............... 1\nCelebochoerus heekereni Hooijer........... 2\nLower premolars............. 4\nUpper premolars............. 9\nLower canines.............. 13\nUpper canines.............. 15\nLower incisors.............. 23\nUpper incisors.............. 24\nLower molars.............. 25\nUpper molars.............. 30\nCranium and mandible............ 33\nPostcranial skeleton............. 35\nRelationships of Celebochoerus........... 38\nAge and composition of the Archidiskodon-Celebochoerus fauna .... 41\nReferences............... 42\nExplanation of the plates............ 44\nINTRODUCTION\nThe very first Pleistocene vertebrate remains to be made known from the island of Celebes were two fragments of upper canines that I considered to represent a new genus and species of Suidae (Hooijer, 1948a). These specimens, collected by Mr. H. R. van Heekeren at Beru near Tjabeng\xc3\xa8 (Sopeng district), between the Walanae river and the Singkang depression, about 100 km Northeast of Macassar in Southwestern Celebes, have been entrusted to me by the Head of the Archaeological Survey, Prof. Dr. A. J.

Description: Darstellung eines Klimaindexes mit direktem Bezug zu Holzzuwachs in Wäldern KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Formel für Klimaindex der mit dem durchschnittlichen Gesamtzuwachs korreliert ist KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T++: Tmj=2K (alle anderen Faktoren=konstant), dann Zuwachs sinkt um 7.5%; Delta Nied--: prozentualer Rückgang im Jahresniederschlag (alle anderen Faktoren=konstant), dann gleicher prozentualer Rückgang im Zuwachs; I=(P x pn x (Z - 60))/(Tmj - 10) x 92 x 100 (Tmj - mittlere Temperatur Mai – Juli P – jährliche Niederschlagssumme [mm] pn – Anzahl der Tage mit Niederschlag〉=0.1mm May - July Z - Anzahl der Tage ohne Frost (〉 0°))

Description: Der Autor erklärt das massenhafte Auftreten verschiedener Blattlausarten Ende Mai 1954 mit trockenem warmem Wetter und nennt 19°C Tagesmitteltemperatur und Schwachwindigkeit als Fluginitiator für die Blattläuse. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Bericht über Untersuchungen zur Terminwahl für die Bekämpfung von Kohlschotenrüßler und Kohlschotengallmücke sowie Vergleiche der Ergebnisse mit der bisherigen Literatur KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur auf das Auftreten des Kohlschotenrüßlers KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T +: Tmit 〉 15°C, dann Erscheinen des Kohlschotenrüßlers

Description: Zusammenwirken von N, P und K bei der Ertragsbildung KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Der Autor versucht das starke Auftreten von Blattläusen anhand der Temperatur sowie des Niederschlages zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten des Vegetationsjahres zu erklären. Trockenes Frühjahrswetter mit günstigen Temperaturen im Mai zwischen 12 und 20°C spielen eine große Rolle bei für die Vermehrung der Blattläuse im Frühjahr. Eine ebenso große Rolle spielen jedoch auch die Temperaturen und Niederschläge im Oktober des Vorjahres. Bei Temperaturen über 13°C und geringen Niederschlägen im Oktober haben die Blattlaus-Männchen sehr gute Bedingungen, um ihren Flug auf den Hauptwirt zu vollziehen und dort bereits Ende September zugeflogene Gynoparen zu befruchten. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:

Description: Berichte über Warndienste und Prognoseverfahren der kritischen Witterungsperiodes für Phytophthora infestans aus verschiedenen Ländern (Niederlande, England, Irland, Deutschland) werden zusammengefasst. Es wird beispielhaft auf eine andere Arbeit verwiesen, die die Befallsbedingungen für Krautfäule in Schleswig-Holstein beschreibt. Eine Regel aus klimatischen Parametern für die kritische Periode in Schleswig-Holstein wird rezitiert. Zudem wird eine Regel für das Nulldatum (Gefährdungsbeginn) aus der Literatur für Deutschland. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Regel für die kritische Periode bei Phytophthora infestans für Schleswig-Holstein. Regel für den Zeitpunkt des Nulldatums in Deutschland für 4 Sorten. KATASTER-DETAIL: Nulldatum liegt bei 800°C bzw. 1100°C Temperatursumme der Tagesmitteltemperaturen ab 1.April (für die Sorten Erstling & Sieglinde bzw. Bona & Flava). Kritische Periode -〉 2 Tage in Folge tmax 〉 23°C, tmin 〉= 10°C, Dampfdruck im Tagesmittel 〉 12mm, mittlere Bewölkung 〉= 5/10; diese Bedingungen treten nur auf, wenn der Warmsektor eines Tiefdruckgebietes über Schleswig-Holstein liegt und in diesem Warmsektor subtropische Luftmassen beobachtet werden.

Description: Zusammenfassender Bericht über die in den Jahren 1947-1952 in Westdeutschland durchgeführten Untersuchungen zur Epidemiologie, Verbreitung, wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung und Bekämpfung dieser Virose KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Hauptbefallsgebiete sind solche, mit mildem Winterklima, in denen die langjährigen Mittelwerte des kältesten Monats Januar nicht unter 0°C abfallen; KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T(Sommer)+ und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Delta t(Individualentwicklung der Überträger)- und Massenentwicklung (der Überträger) +; Delta T(Sommer)+ und Delta Nied (Sommer)-, dann Vergilbungsschäden +; Delta T - und Delta Lichtintensität -, dann Wirkung des Virus -;

Description: Zunächst werden Kardinalwerte der verschiedenen Entwicklungsphasen von Phytophthora infestans aus der Literatur zusammengefasst. Im folgenden erfolgt ein Review über den Einfluß von Temperatur und Feuchte auf die Überwinterung, sowie den Einfluß des Windes auf die Verbreitung. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL: