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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (11,952)
  • Seismology
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • 1970-1974  (4,441)
  • 1965-1969  (4,273)
  • 1930-1934
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 101
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    Possible formation of meteoritic chondrules and inclusions in the precollapse Jovian protoplanetary atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Nov. 197
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  • 102
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    Infrared measurements of Uranus and Neptune (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: New measurements verify that Neptune is brighter than Uranus near 20 microns and show that both planets have increasing brightness temperature with decreasing wavelength between 34 and 22.5 microns. The observations are not compatible with existing models for the atmospheres of these planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 103
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    Preliminary results of a cosmic dust experiment on the moon (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A three-axis cosmic dust experiment placed on the lunar surface by the Apollo 17 crew is registering impact parameters of cosmic dust and lunar ejecta. A total of 1117 events have been recorded in eight months of data. Preliminary conclusions on the nature of the data include possible evidence of lunar soil transport associated with the terminators. Particle fluxes have been derived for two of the three sensor systems and for specified conditions of exposure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Nov. 197
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  • 104
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    The asteroid belt - Doubts about the particle concentration measured with the asteroid/meteoroid detector on Pioneer 10 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 186; Nov. 15
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  • 105
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    Hydrodynamic instability of the solar nebula in the presence of a planetary core (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: When a planetary core composed of condensed matter accumulates in the primitive solar nebula, the gas in the nebula becomes gravitationally concentrated as an envelope about the planetary core. An analysis of models of such gaseous envelopes indicates that giant planets (such as Jupiter and Saturn) formed in a massive primitive solar nebula of the type constructed by Cameron and Pine (1973). When the mass of the accumulating planetary core becomes sufficiently great, the surrounding gaseous envelope will become hydrodynamically unstable against collapse onto the planetary core. Much of the surrounding gas also may be compressed onto the core by the background pressure of the gas.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 22; Aug. 197
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  • 106
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    Elemental abundances in interplanetary dust (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper reports on measurements taken of elemental abundances in two interplanetary dust grains. Meteoroidal residue found inside micrometeoritic craters was discovered by optically scanning the 800 sq cm aluminum surface of the S-228 transuranic cosmic-ray experiment exposed to space for 67d during the Skylab-IV mission. Crater analyses for two randomly sampled meteoroids showed a composition consistent with troilite in the 9 micron-minute particle. Chondritic abundances were found in the 30 micron-minute particle. Particles of similar size and chemistry were common in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The inferred grain sizes within the 30 micron-minute particle provided evidence for the similarity to carbonaceous chondrites rather than to other meteorite types.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 252; Dec
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  • 107
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    Depth/diameter relations of fresh lunar craters - Revision from spacecraft data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The first systematic data from Apollo photogrammetry provide a high standard of accuracy for the depth/diameter relation of fresh lunar craters. Apollo depth-diameter results resemble results obtained by measuring shadows on Lunar Orbiter imagery. The depth-diameter distribution inflects at a crater diameter of 10 to 15 km. Lunar craters less than 15 km across are at least 50% deeper than older, telescopic data indicated, but larger craters are not much deeper. There is no marked depth-diameter difference between fresh upland and postmare craters. The new depth-diameter relation for small lunar craters resembles those of experimental and impact craters on earth.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Nov. 197
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  • 108
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    Major, minor and trace element abundances in samples from the Apollo 17 station 7 boulder - Implications for the origin of early lunar crustal rocks (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 23; 3, Oc; Oct. 197
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  • 109
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    Pioneer 10 Jupiter atmospheric definition results: A summary (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The various entry probes for measuring outer planetary atmospheric compositions are discussed. Considered are chemical components and physical accumulation processes observable by spectroscopic studies, as well as pressure gauges, temperature gauges, accelerometers, nephelometers, and visible and infrared sensors for determining abundances.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Dynatrend, Inc. Proc. of Outer Planet Probe Technol. Workshop, Sect. 1 through 11; 23 p
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  • 110
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    Compositional measurements by outer planet entry probe (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recommended is a very simple probe on the Pioneer 8 mission with ESRO which does nothing more than enter the Jupiter atmosphere to make temperature and pressure measurements.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Dynatrend, Inc. Proc. of Outer Planet Probe Technol. Workshop, Sect. 1 through 11; 11 p
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  • 111
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    New IR observations of Titan and potential of in-situ atmospheric analysis of the outer planets (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Ground based telescopic observations of Titan and outer planet atmospheres are evaluated for their abundances and an effort is made to deduce the various hydrogen-to-carbon ratios. Jupiter and Saturn atmospheres seem to have roughly solar abundances as far as hydrogen and methane are concerned; for Uranus, Titan and Neptune these ratios are way down.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Dynatrend, Inc. Proc. of Outer Planet Probe Technol. Workshop, Sect. 1 through 11; 23 p
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  • 112
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    Metal-olivine associations and Ni-Co contents in two Apollo 12 mare basalts (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Olivine crystals in mare basalts 12004,8 and 12022,12 are normally zoned with Cr-poor rims. The Ni content of rare 2- to 10-micron metal inclusions in olivine decreases markedly as Fe/Mg in their immediate olivine hosts increases. Each metal grain appears to have been enclosed by late olivine almost immediately after it crystallized. The fractionation trend for the olivine and metal contrasts with the subsolidus equilibration trend for pallasites. For the basalts, not even local equilibrium of Fe, Ni and Co at metal/olivine interfaces can be detected by microprobe. Ni and Co concentrations range from about 300 ppm in olivine cores to about 70 ppm in rims. The limits of detection, at 95% confidence, are 36 ppm (Ni) and 25 ppm (Co). The distribution of Ni and Co in olivine, like that of Mg and Cr, records the depletion of these elements in the melt.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 24; 1; Nov. 197
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  • 113
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    Ferroan anorthosite - A widespread and distinctive lunar rock type (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Eight of eleven Apollo 16 rake-sample anorthosites are very similar to each other, to hand-specimen Apollo 16 anorthosites, and to Apollo 15 anorthosites. They have feldspar An-96.6, both high- and low-Ca pyroxene with a restricted range of (low-magnesium) composition, minor olivine, traces of ilmenite and chromite, and originally coarse-grained, but now cataclastic texture. Such ferroan anorthosite is evidently a coherent, distinctive and widespread lunar rock type of cumulate origin which may not necessarily be very closely related genetically to other highland rock types.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 24; 1; Nov. 197
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  • 114
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    Lunar paleointensity from three Apollo 15 crystalline rocks using an A.R.M. method (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An anhysteretic remanent magnetization method described by Banerjee and Mellema (1974) is used in the lunar paleointensity studies reported. The range of the difference in the paleointensity values obtained by the new method is not quite as great as the range of differences ordinarily found in values determined with the conventional method reported by Thellier and Thellier (1959). The results of the investigation show that the three Apollo 15 rocks studied acquired their natural remanent magnetization in a finite-sized magnetic field which was two or three orders of magnitude greater than the present ambient interplanetary field at the moon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 23; 2, Se; Sept
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  • 115
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    Substorms on Mercury? (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Qualitative similarities between some of the variations in the Mercury encounter data and variations in the corresponding regions of the earth's magnetosphere during substorms are pointed out. The Mariner 10 data on Mercury show a strong interaction between the solar wind and the plant similar to a scaled down version of that for the earth's magnetosphere. Some of the features observed in the night side Mercury magnetosphere suggest time dependent processes occurring there.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-143509 , CSR-TR-75-1
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  • 116
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    Phase chemistry of Apollo 14 soil sample 14259 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: 0.26 gm of Apollo 14 soil sample 14259 has been investigated by optical, X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe techniques. The mineral abundances in the soil are 45% plagioclase, 41% pyroxene, 7% olivine, 3% oxides, 2% K-feldspar, 1% nickel-iron and less than 1% troilite. Eleven percent of the glasses have compositions like those of mare basalts or mare soils and are believed to be mare-derived. Eighty-six percent of the glasses are equivalent in composition to basalts that have higher Al, and lower Ca/Al and Fe/Mg ratios than mare basalts. The most abundant compositional type is named Fra Mauro basaltic glass and is subdivided into three related types. The other major glass type in the soil corresponds in composition to anorthositic gabbro.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Modern Geology; 5; May 1974
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  • 117
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    Magnetism in meteorites (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An overview of this subject is presented. The paper includes a glossary of magnetism terminology and a discussion of magnetic techniques used in meteorite research. These techniques comprise thermomagnetic analysis, alternating field demagnetization, thermal demagnetization, magnetic anisotropy, low-temperature cycling, and coercive forces, with emphasis on the first method. Limitations on the validity of paleointensity determinations are also discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 9; Dec. 31
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  • 118
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    Mercury's infrared phase effect (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Predictions based on a smooth spherical blackbody do not agree with the observed brightness temperatures of the planet Mercury. The curves of measured effective brightness temperature as a function of phase angle are more steep than and reach lower values near absolute values of i of about 180 deg and higher values near absolute values of i of about 0 deg than those of a smooth sphere. Phase curves of the moon have also been obtained which confirm earlier measurements. The distribution of Mercury's emitted energy in wavelength is dependent upon phase angle, changing from clearly identifiable thermal spectra for absolute values of i less than 150 deg to a superposition of thermal emission at several color temperatures for greater phase angles. No significant variation of infrared brightness temperature with subearth longitude intensity was found. These results provide further evidence that the surfaces of Mercury and the moon are similar and that the top layer of the planetary terrain is rough on a millimeter scale.-
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 79; Dec. 197
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  • 119
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    Planetary accretions in jet streams (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The problem of planetary accretion in a jet stream is studied using the model developed by Alfven and Arrhenius. We find that there are basically three types of planetary accretion, corresponding to cases where the characteristic time of the occurrence of catastrophic accretion is less than, equal to, or greater than the time-scale of mass injection to the planetary system (300 m.y.). These different time scales of accretion are found to be closely related to the primordial thermal profiles and equatorial inclinations of the planets. Finally, Venus' retrograde rotational spin is shown to be a possible result of accretion process in a jet stream.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 31; Nov. 197
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  • 120
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    Venus and Mercury Encounters (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mariner 10 observations of Venus, Mercury, Comet Kohoutek, and other interplanetary objects are reported. Data cover planetary atmospheres, temperature, and surface detail.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-142829 , ISSUE-4
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  • 121
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    Mission to the Inner Planets (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mariner 10 mission objectives to investigate Mercury and Venus are discussed along with the spacecraft's design and its flight path. Scientific instruments onboard the spacecraft are also discribed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-142828 , ISSUE-3
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  • 122
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    Venus and Mercury as Planets (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A general evolutionary history of the solar planetary system is given. The previously observed characteristics of Venus and Mercury (i.e. length of day, solar orbit, temperature) are discussed. The role of the Mariner 10 space probe in gathering scientific information on the two planets is briefly described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-142826 , ISSUE-2
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  • 123
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    Innermost Planets of the Solar System (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The appearance and characteristics of Mercury and Venus as evening and morning stars are discussed. Inferior and superior conjunction are defined. The motions, phases, and planetary dynamics of the two planets are compared with those of the earth and moon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-142827 , ISSUE-1
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  • 124
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    Data users note: Apollo 17 lunar photography (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The availability of Apollo 17 pictorial data is announced as an aid to the selection of the photographs for study. Brief descriptions are presented of the Apollo 17 flight, and the photographic equipment used during the flight. The following descriptions are also included: service module photography, command module photography, and lunar surface photography.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-72535 , NSSDC-74-08
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  • 125
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    Correlation of thermomagnetic behavior of carbonaceous chondrites with chemical petrographic classification (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Some degree of correlation was noted between the thermomagnetic behavior of the carbonaceous chondrites and the chemical-petrographic classification scheme of Van Schmus and Hayes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-141060
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  • 126
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    Thermomagnetic analysis of meterorites. 4: Ureilites (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Samples of all available ureilites have been analyzed thermomagnetically. For three of the six (Dyalpur, Goalpara and Havero) evidence was found for only low-nickel metallic-iron as the magnetic component and the (saturation magnetization vs, temperature) curves were reversible. In the Novo Urei ureilite, magnetite in addition to low-nickel metallic-iron was indicated and again the Js-T curve was reversible. For the two badly weathered ureilites, Dingo Pup Donga and North Haig, indication was also found that both initial magnetite and low-nickel metallic-iron were present. However, the Js-T curves were somewhat irreversible and the final saturation magnetization was 20% and 50% greater than initially for North Haig and Dingo Pup Donga, respectively. This behavior is interpreted to be the result of magnetite production from a secondary iron oxide during the experiment.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-141143
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  • 127
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    Planetary mission summary. Volume 3: Mars surface sample return (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N76-23129.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147095 , JPL-SP-43-10-VOL-3
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  • 128
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    Planetary mission summary. Volume 4: Mars rover (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N76-23129.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147096 , JPL-SP-43-10-VOL-4
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  • 129
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    Analysis of Mariner 5 Radio Tracking Data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mariner 5 radio tracking data was analyzed to support the following goals: (1) the determination of the mass of Venus, (2) the determination of, or the placement of a stringent upper bound on, the second order terms in the harmonic expansion of Venus' gravity field; and (3) an independent estimate of the locations of the Deep Space Net tracking stations relative to the coordinate system defined by the orbits of the planets. The rotation vector of Venus was also studied using radar observations of the planet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-148482
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  • 130
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    Investigation of a glass spherule from the Luna-16 probe (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A glass spherule of the form of a flattened spheroid measuring 580 microns in diameter is studied. The spherule is transparent, shiny, and of a yellowish brown tint. It contains a number of central and peripheral spherical bubble-type cavities. The surface and morphology features resemble those of Apollo spherules, but differ in chemical composition, which is close to that of the Luna-16 regolith.
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  • 131
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    Mineralogy, petrology, and chemistry of basalt fragments returned by Luna 16 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mineralogical, petrological, and chemical analyses, along with Rb-Sr age and Ar-40/Ar-39 measurements, were carried out with the B-1 sample returned from the Luna 16 mission. The sample, weighing 62 mg, is a fine-grain basalt of ophitic structure. It differs from the Apollo samples in that the pyroxene and plagioclass contents are almost identical, and the ilmenite content (7%) lies between those of the Apollo-11 and Apollo-12 samples. Chemically, it is characterized by a high Sr content and a high K/U ratio.
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  • 132
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    Planetary mission summaries. Volume 1: Introduction and overview (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tabular synopses of twelve missions are presented along with the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 mission for comparison. Mission definitions considered include: Mars Polar Orbiter; Mars Surface Sample Return; Mars Rover; Marine Jupiter/Uranus 1979 with Uranus Entry Probe; Mariner Jupiter Orbiter; Mariner Mercury Orbiter 1978; Early Mariner Comet Flyby Solar Electric Encke Slow Flyby; Mariner Encke Ballistic Flyby; Solar Electric Encke Rendezvous 1981; Venus Orbital Imaging Radar; Solar Electric Out-of-the-Eliptic Probe 1979. Technical conclusions of mission studies are given in order that these results may interact with the broader questions of scope, pace, and priorities in the planetary exploration program.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147093 , JPL-SP-43-10-VOL-1
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  • 133
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    A meteorite that got away (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The mass and brightness are estimated for a meteorite which passed through the atmosphere without touching the ground and was observed over the northwestern part of North America. It is noted that the ultimate mass of a meteorite should be derived from its deceleration and that the ablated mass must also be calculated in order to obtain the initial mass. The deceleration, ablation, and brightness are calculated for the present meteorite on the basis of two composition models: a stony meteorite and a hard cometary dustball. The results suggest that this object probably was a hard cometary dustball.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Irish Astronomical Journal; 11; Mar
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  • 134
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    Planetary mission summary. Volume 2: Mars polar orbiter (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N76-23129.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-147094 , JPL-SP-43-10-VOL-2
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  • 135
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    Inert gases in twelve particles and one 'dust' specimen from the Lunar-16 sample (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mass spectrography was used to measure inert gases in lunar breccia and basalt particles. The He-4/Ne-20 ratio (mean value of 49) in the breccia was systematically lower than in basalt (mean value of 78). Possibly, this may be due to fractionation of He and Ne during and after breccia formation. Pronounced differences observed in the He-4/Ne-3 ratio are attributed to the presence of variable quantities of cosmogenic He-3. This means that either the solar wind intensity varied in time, or that small-ratio particles were exposed to solar radiation rich in He-3 and/or H-3. The exposure ages of four particles are several hundred million years. The Ar-40/Ar-36 ratio is 0.65 for breccia and basalts.
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  • 136
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    The rotation of the moon (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The present review attempts to give a comprehensible demonstration that the Cassini determination of the geometric laws describing the gross rotation of the moon relative to the precessing lunar orbit in terms of the mean orientation elements of the orbit (the Cassini motion) is an approximation to a dynamically consistent system. Traditional approaches to the derivation of the physical librations of the moon are presented, in addition to recent studies on flaws in the traditional theories. For future research, the advantages of an analytic theory will be required.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 137
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    Coercivity maxima at low temperatures (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Recent measurements have shown that the magnetic coercive forces of some Apollo lunar samples show an unexpected decrease with decreasing temperature at cryogenic temperatures. This behavior can be explained quantitatively in terms of a model which considers additive contributions from a soft, reversible magnetic phase and from a harder, hysteretic magnetic phase.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 24; 1; Nov. 197
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  • 138
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    The abundance of ammonia on Jupiter, Saturn and Titan (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: From recent spectra of Jupiter, Saturn and Titan in the 6450-A band of NH3, new values of the abundance of ammonia are derived for Jupiter and Saturn. NH3 abundances of 13 plus or minus 3 m-Am on Jupiter and 2 plus or minus 1 m-Am on Saturn were found. High resolution profiles of NH3 lines on Jupiter are used to estimate a pressure of 2.1 atm at the line formation level in the Jovian atmosphere. In the case of Titan, an NH3 abundance of less than 2 m-Am was found. The implications of these results are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 37; 1, De; Dec. 197
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  • 139
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    Chemical composition of boulder-2 rocks and soils, Apollo 17, Station 2 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The bulk and trace element composition of five small samples from four rocks is remarkably similar. This result indicates that the metaclastic rocks studied are relatively uniform in their chemical composition. The elemental abundances found in the study are presented in two tables and the implications of the data are considered, giving attention to siderophiles, atmophile elements, and questions of element correlations. The 'dark mantle' valley soil 75081 at Camelot Crater is low in siderophiles. Since the soil is low in alkalis, a derivation from low-alkali mare basalt is suggested. The identical volatile contents in the surface soil 72461 and the 4 cm depth soil 72441 under a 0.7 m boulder argue against any surficial volatization by galactic and solar particles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 23; 2, Se; Sept
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  • 140
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    Effect of yaw angle on steering forces for the lunar roving vehicle wheel (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A series of tests was conducted with a Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) wheel operating at yaw angles ranging from -5 to +90 deg. The load was varied from 42 to 82 lb (187 to 365 N), and the speed was varied from 3.5 to 10.0 ft/sec (1.07 to 3.05 m/sec). It was noted that speed had an effect on side thrust and rut depth. Side thrust, rut depth, and skid generally increased as the yaw angle increased. For the range of loads used, the effect of load on performance was not significant.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-143290 , AD-A006518 , AEWES-TR-M-71-7
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  • 141
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    Phase chemistry of Apollo 14 soil sample 14259 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Optical, X-ray-diffraction and electron-microprobe techniques were used to investigate 0.26 gm of Apollo 14 soil sample 14259. Major element microprobe analyses were made of 470 mineral grains and 388 glass grains. The mineral abundances in the soil are 45% plagioclase, 41% pyroxene, 7% olivine, 3% oxides, 2% K-feldspar; 1% nickel-iron, and less than 1% troilite. The glasses have a wide range of compositions but preferred values are evident and are interpreted as representative of rock types contributing to the soil at the Fra Mauro site. Eleven per cent of the glasses have compositions like those of mare basalts or mare soils and are believed to be mare-derived. Eighty-six per cent of the glasses are equivalent in composition to basalts that have higher Al, and lower Ca/Al and Fe/Mg ratios than mare basalts. The most abundant compositional type is named Fra Mauro basaltic glass and is subdivided into three related types. The other major glass type in the soil corresponds in composition to anorthositic gabbro.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Modern Geology; 5; 1974
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  • 142
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    Orientale multi-ringed basin interior and implications for the petrogenesis of lunar highland samples (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The lunar Orientale basin is a 900 km diam circular topographic depression covering an area of over 700,000 sq km on the western limb of the moon. Three major rings surround the central Mare Orientale. Orientale basin structures are considered along with Orientale basin deposits and the sequence of formation of structures and deposits. It is found that the structures and facies are related in time and mode of origin to the formation of a major impact crater approximately 620 km in diam. The study suggests that the Orientale basin configuration is very nearly the same as its geometry at its time of formation. The formation of multiringed basins such as Orientale provides a mechanism for an instantaneous production of tremendous volumes of melted lunar crystal material.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 11; Nov
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  • 143
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    New evidence for the variability of Titan (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent y-filter photometry shows that Titan has brightened by about 0.04 mag between 1972.7 and 1974.2. The trend is consistent with that derived by Andersson.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 15
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  • 144
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    The crystal chemistry of armalcolites from Apollo 17 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Single-crystal X-ray studies of armacolites from the 2 to 5 mm fraction of Apollo 17 soils 75082 and 78502 are evaluated. The two types of armacolites studied show slight composition differences and identical structures. Precession photographs of each crystal show the two forms, ortho and para, to have the same space group and nearly the same cell dimensions. The analyses conducted support the proposition that the difference in optical properties is caused by differing MgO and Cr2O3 contents.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 24; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 145
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    A neon-E-rich phase in the Orgueil carbonaceous chondrite (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Attention is given to a procedure for separating a silicate fraction which contains large amounts of neon-E from the carbonaceous chondrite Orgueil. In this fraction a 20Ne/22Ne ratio of 4.56 is measured. The obtained data support the hypothesis that neon-E might be associated with interstellar dust grains of the type not fully homogenized with the solar system and which retain some of their trapped neon. Neon results in a three-isotope diagram are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 24; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 146
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    Primordial noble gases in separated meteoritic minerals. II (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A stepwise heating technique was used to analyze eight silicate samples from the Orgueil carbonaceous chondrite for He, Ne, Ar, and Xe. Six samples, of which two were etched with NaOH, were density fractions. The other two samples were grain-size fractions separated according to their ability to form a colloid at pH 11.5. Results showed the LiCl separation procedure to be gentler than the NaOH procedure. All fractions were found to be deficient in cosmogenic neon. Above 950 C the fractions gave low 20Ne/22Ne ratios particularly in the low-density and noncolloidal fraction. Compared to the other fractions the fraction from 2.35 to 2.45 g/cu cm contained less Xe and released it more rapidly at low temperatures.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 24; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 147
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    Jupiter - A comment on the 8- to 14-micron limb darkening (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent laboratory measurements have yielded directly most of the parameters of a band model which describes the mean transmission of NH3 diluted in H2. Greenhouse models employing H2, He, and saturated NH3 explain both Jupiter's net thermal flux and the 8- to 14-micron limb darkening without invoking a temperature inversion in the layers responsible for this band emission. The results are not yet precise enough to yield accurate He/H2 ratios from observation of the brightness temperature at the center of the disk.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 148
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    Asteroid size distribution - Implications for the origin of stony-iron and iron meteorites (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The diameter-frequency distribution of large asteroids is analyzed, based on polarimetric and radiometric albedo data. The population of carbonaceous objects shows a high degree of fragmentation. But a class of apparently stony-iron asteroids shows a relative excess frequency between diameters of 100 to 200 km. It is proposed that the latter objects are predominantly metallic cores of a group of chemically differentiated planetesimals all of which (except Vesta) have suffered catastrophic collisions. Collision frequencies in the asteroid belt may have been much greater than previously supposed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Dec. 197
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  • 149
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    Periodic escape of relativistic electrons from the Jovian magnetosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We adopt a model in which the Jovian magnetospheric tail is forced open by plasma that is accelerated out of the ionosphere by the centrifugal force of corotation. Any longitudinal asymmetry that exists in the ionospheric plasma source and/or the planetary magnetic field will cause a diurnal variation in the radial extent of the trapping region for energetic electrons. This diurnal variation in the extent of the particle trapping region can result in a time-dependent loss of relativistic electrons from the Jovian magnetosphere, modulated at the planetary rotation period. The diurnal trapping process may be relevant to the observation of electron pulses in interplanetary space during the Pioneer 10 approach to Jupiter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Dec. 197
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  • 150
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    Dielectric comparison of lunar and terrestrial fines at lunar conditions (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The dielectric properties of lunar fines 74241,2 in the audio-frequency range under lunarlike conditions are presented. Results suggest that volatiles are released during storage and transport of the lunar sample. Apparently, subsequent adsorption of volatiles on the sample surface alters its dielectric response. The assumed volatile influence disappears after evacuation. A comparison of the dielectric properties of lunar and terrestrial materials as a function of density, temperature, and frequency indicates that if the terrestrial sample analyzed were completely devoid of atmospheric moisture, it would present dielectric losses smaller than those of the lunar sample. It is concluded that density prevails over temperature as the controlling factor of dielectric permittivity in the lunar regolith and that dielectric losses vary slowly with depth.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Dec. 10
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  • 151
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    Observations of moon-plasma interactions by orbital and surface experiments (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Extensive magnetic field observations together with crucial plasma measurements by the Explorer 35 lunar orbiter and Apollo surface and orbital experiments have established the basic nature of the moon's interaction with the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field. The effective absorption of the incident solar wind by the moon creates a plasma void or cavity behind the moon. The cavity-associated magnetic signature is characterized by an enhancement in magnetic field magnitude B within the cavity as compared with the mean level of B in the surrounding interplanetary plasma and dips or decreases in B near the cavity boundaries with the solar wind. Apollo particle and field measurements on the lunar surface have provided evidence of a regional interaction of the highly conducting solar wind with lunar remanent magnetic fields. Simultaneous plasma and magnetic field data, from the spectrometer and the lunar surface magnetometer at the Apollo 12 location, show the compression of the local remanent field by large solar wind and magnetosheath plasma dynamic pressures.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 152
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    Structure of the moon (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Seismic data fron the four stations of the Apollo passive seismic network have been analyzed to obtain the velocity structure of the moon. Analysis of body wave phases from artificial impacts of known impact time and position yields a crustal section. In the Mare Cognitum region the crust is about 60 km thick and is layered. In the 20-km-thick upper layer, velocity gradients are high and microcracks may play an important role. The 40-km-thick lower layer has a nearly constant 6.8-km/sec velocity. There may be a thin high-velocity layer present beneath the crust. The determination of seismic velocities in the lunar mantle is attempted by using natural impacts and deep moonquakes. The simplest model that can be proposed for the mantle consists of a 'lithosphere' overlying an 'asthenosphere'.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 12; Nov. 197
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  • 153
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    Magnetism and the interior of the moon (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During the time period 1961-1972, 11 magnetometers were sent to the moon. The primary purpose of this paper is to review the results of lunar magnetometer data analysis, with emphasis on the lunar interior. Magnetic fields have been measured on the lunar surface at the Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 16 landing sites. The remanent field values at these sites are 38, 103 (maximum), 3, and 327 gammas (maximum), respectively. Simultaneous magnetic field and solar plasma pressure measurements show that the Apollo 12 and 16 remanent fields are compressed during times of high plasma dynamic pressure. Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellite magnetometers have mapped in detail the field above portions of the lunar surface and have placed an upper limit on the global permanent dipole moment. Satellite and surface measurements show strong evidence that the lunar crust is magnetized over much of the lunar globe. Magnetic fields are stronger in highland regions than in mare regions and stronger on the lunar far side than on the near side. The largest magnetic anomaly measured to date is between the craters Van de Graaff and Aitken on the lunar far side.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 12; Nov. 197
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  • 154
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    Steady state asymmetric planetary electrical induction (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analytic solution is presented for the steady state electric and magnetic fields induced by the motional electric field of the solar wind in the atmosphere or interior of a planet that is asymmetrically surrounded by solar wind plasma. The electrically conducting ionosphere or interior must be in direct electrical contact with the solar wind over the day side of the planet. The conducting region of the planet is modeled by a sphere or a spherical shell of arbitrarily stratified electrical conductivity. A monoconducting cylindrical cavity is assumed to extend downstream on the night side of the planet. The solar wind is assumed to be highly conducting so that the induced fields are confined to the planet and cavity. Induced currents close as sheet currents at the solar wind-cavity and solar wind-planet interfaces. Numerical evaluations of the analytic formulas are carried out for a uniformly conducting spherical model.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Dec. 1
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  • 155
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    The remote determination of the mean kinetic temperature of planets and satellites having a negligible atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Nov. 197
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  • 156
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    A search for posteclipse brightening of Io in 1973. II (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Four eclipse reappearances of Io were observed with an area-scanning photometer during the 1973 apparition of Jupiter. The results of these observations and of the ones reported in the preceding paper are discussed in the context of recent physical models for posteclipse brightening. An evaluation of the relative merits and deficiencies of all observational techniques which have been used to search for posteclipse brightening of Io leads to the conclusion that the reality of this phenomenon remains very much in doubt.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Nov. 197
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  • 157
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    A search for posteclipse brightening of Io in 1973. I (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Eight eclipse reappearances of the innermost Galilean satellite, Io, were observed during the fall of 1973. The measurements were made using photometers specially designed to cope with the problem of scattered light from Jupiter. Posteclipse brightening of Io was not detected and, if present, was less than our estimated detection threshold of about 0.02 mag.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Nov. 197
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  • 158
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    Optical scattering properties of Saturn's ring. II (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Nov. 197
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  • 159
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    North polar hood of Mars in 1969 /May 18-July 25/. I - Blue light (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Nov. 197
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  • 160
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    Four-color photometry of the Galilean satellites (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Photometry obtained in 1973 on the uvby system yields high-precision rotational light curves for Io, Europa, and Ganymede at a mean phase angle of about 6 deg. By combining our observations with photometry obtained by others over a broader range of phase angle, we also derive improved values for the phase coefficients and opposition surges of the four Galilean satellites. The values of V(1, 0) obtained by linear extrapolation to zero phase are accurate to + or - 0.03 magnitudes. We also derive the colors of the sun on the uvby system and use these to obtain albedos of the satellites in four colors.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Nov. 197
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  • 161
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    Submillimeter observations of planets (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new program of ground-based observations at submillimeter (about 400-micron) wavelengths has yielded observations of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. We report here observations near planetary conjunctions, which have minimal corrections for atmospheric extinction: Mercury, 361 + or - 65 K; Venus, 231 + or - 35 K; and Saturn, 205 + or - 15 K (based upon the area of the planetary disk), using Jupiter (150 K) and Mars (220 K) as photometric standards. The Mercury observations show that the brightness temperature does not decrease at the submillimeter wavelengths, relative to observations at 3 mm; for Venus, however, the brightness temperature appears appreciably lower than at millimeter wavelengths. The results for Saturn indicate a strong and possibly optically thick contribution from the rings.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Nov. 197
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  • 162
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    Calculations of the early evolution of Jupiter (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The evolution of the protoplanet Jupiter is followed, using a hydrodynamic computer code with radiative energy transport. Jupiter is assumed to have formed as a subcondensation in the primitive solar nebula at a density just high enough for gravitational collapse to occur. The initial state has a density of 0.0015 nanograms per cu cm and a temperature of 43 K; the calculations are carried to an equilibrium state where the central density reaches 0.5 g per cu cm and the central temperature reaches 25,000 K. During the early part of the evolution the object contracts in quasi-hydrostatic equilibrium; later on hydrodynamic collapse occurs, induced by the dissociation of hydrogen molecules. After dissociation is complete, the planet regains hydrostatic equilibrium with a radius of a few times the present value. Further evolution beyond this point is not treated here; however the results are consistent with the existence of a high-luminosity phase shortly after the planet settles into its final quasi-static contraction.-
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Nov. 197
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  • 163
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    Six-color photometry of Iapetus, Titan, Rhea, Dione and Tethys (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Six-color photometric observations made during Saturn's 1972/73 opposition enable us to separate the solar phase and orbital phase contributions to the observed light variations of Iapetus, Titan, Rhea, Dione and Tethys. Titan shows no orbital variations, but has phase coefficients which range from negligible values in the infrared to 0.014 mag/deg in the ultraviolet. Rhea has a bright leading side, a light curve amplitude of about 0.2 mag, and surprisingly large phase coefficients. Combined with other available information, the observations suggest a very porous, texturally complex surface layer. Dione has a leading side which is a few tenths of a magnitude brighter than the trailing side, but the light curve amplitude has little wavelength dependence and the phase coefficients are significantly smaller than those of Rhea, suggesting a less intricate surface texture. The leading side of Tethys is probably a few tenths of a magnitude brighter than the trailing side. Our Iapetus observations generally supplement the earlier work by Millis.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Nov. 197
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  • 164
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    Mars physical parameters as determined from Mariner 9 observations of the natural satellites and Doppler tracking (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mariner 9 Doppler tracking data and television photographs of Deimos and Phobos were analyzed to determine the gravity field, mass, and spin-axis direction of Mars and the natural satellite orbits. The solutions agree with previously published results. Radio data consisted of an apoapsis state vector for each of revolutions 5-195 obtained from one-revolution fits of Doppler data. Optical data consisted of TV photographs of Phobos and Deimos taken between revolutions 25 and 221. A first-order analytical theory, extended to include dominant second-order resonance effects on the Mariner 9 orbit, was used to calculate the motion of the spacecraft, Deimos, and Phobos. The feasibility of combining radio and optical data in long-arc solutions for accurate determination of orbits and physical parameters is demonstrated. The analytical theory developed for the evolution of a highly eccentric orbit in shallow resonance is accurate to plus or minus 1 km in the apoapsis state vector of Mariner 9 over a period of 200 revolutions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Nov. 10
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  • 165
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    Io - A surface evaporite deposit (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model is suggested for Io's surface composition involving evaporite salt deposits, rich in sodium and sulfur. According to this model, these deposits were produced as a result of the migration of salt-saturated aqueous solutions to Io's surface from a warm or hot interior followed by loss of the water to space. This model satisfies cosmochemical constraints based on Io's initial composition, current density, and thermal history. Salt-rich assemblages are easily derivable from the leaching of carbonaceous chondritic material. The chemical and optical properties of such deposits, after modification by irradiation, can be used to explain Io's overall albedo and spectral reflectance, its dark reddish poles, and the observed sodium emission as well as or better than other currently suggested materials.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 186; Dec. 6
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  • 166
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    Centrifugal instability of the Jovian magnetosphere and its interaction with the solar wind (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The outer regions (r greater than 2.3 Jupiter radii) of the magnetosphere of Jupiter will systematically accumulate plasma. If sufficient plasma accumulates, the field lines must open to allow the plasma to escape. Available energy sources appear able to supply plasma at a high enough rate to keep the field lines constantly open beyond about 60 Jupiter radii. It is suggested that the solar wind interaction with Jupiter may be essentially different from that with the earth, with the Jovian magnetosphere opening up to form a planetary wind.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; Nov. 197
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  • 167
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    Variability of the Al-26 production rate in ordinary chondrites (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Fifteen ordinary chondrites for which unusually high spallogenic Ne-22/Ne-21 or He-3/Ne-21 ratios had been reported and one meteorite with marked shock characteristics were selected in order to investigate the relations between Ne-22/Ne-21 ratios, Al-26 contents and depth. We report Al-26 and K contents of 13 samples from 11 of these and noble gas contents of 30 samples from all of these stones.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; Dec. 197
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  • 168
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    A proposed origin of the Olympus Mons escarpment (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Olympus Mons (Nix Olympica) on Mars is delimited by a unique steep, nearly circular scarp. A pyroclastic model is proposed for the construct's origin. It is postulated that the Olympus Mons plateau is constructed predominantly of numerous ash-flow tuffs which were erupted from central sources over an extended period of time. Lava flows may be intercalated with the tuffs. A schematic radial profile incorporating the inferred compaction zones for an ash sheet is proposed. Following emplacement, eolian (and possibly fluvial) erosion and abrasion during dust storms would act on the ash sheets. Interior portions of the sheets would spall and slump following eolian erosion, generating steep, relatively smooth boundary scarps. The scarp would be circular due to symmetrical distribution of compaction zones. The model implies further that the Olympus Mons plateau rests on a more resistant rock substrate.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Oct. 197
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  • 169
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    Phobos - Control network analysis (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Initial analysis of the Mariner 9 high resolution pictures of Phobos surface features has been completed. A control network of 38 landmarks has been established and used to determine the physical size, shape, orientation, libration, and topography properties of Phobos. The results verified the synchronous rotation of Phobos and revealed a libration of approximately 5 deg in the orbit plane of Phobos. A preliminary map of Phobos, based on the control network analysis, is given.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Oct. 197
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  • 170
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    A Mariner 9 Atlas of the moons of Mars (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During its active lifetime Mariner 9 obtained 32 high-resolution pictures of Phobos, and 9 of Deimos. The spacecraft orbit was adequate for about 80% complete coverage of Phobos. However, the coverage of the outer satellite was restricted to the Mars-facing side. The approaches used in processing the pictures are discussed. For each satellite picture a coordinate grid of the satellite was obtained with the aid of a computer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Oct. 197
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  • 171
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    Mercury - Internal structure and thermal evolution (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mercury's thermal evolution and internal structure are modeled based on the planet's gross physical properties (which imply a high metallic iron content) and predictions for its chemistry made from the Lewis-Cameron model of condensation of the primitive solar nebula (which implies that Mercury may be composed only of those materials that condensed at temperatures near that of metallic iron condensation in the cooling nebula). Various heat sources, initial temperatures, and thermal conductivities are considered for a homogeneous model and a differentiated two-layer model. Density distributions are calculated from the mean density and estimates of the present-day temperature. The moment of inertia and the hydrostatic value of the second degree harmonic coefficient of Mercury's gravity field are found for the differentiated and undifferentiated models. These results should be useful for preliminary interpretation of the Mariner 10 measurements of Mercury's gravitational field.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Oct. 197
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  • 172
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    The nature of the residual Martian polar caps (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model of the behavior of the Martian polar caps is described which incorporates the heating effects of the atmosphere, as well as insolation and conduction. This model is used to try to match the observed regression curves of the polar caps, and it predicts that all the seasonally condensed CO2 will be lost by around the summer solstice. The implication is that the residual caps are composed of water ice which, it is found by further modeling, should be stable during the Martian summers. However, it is also argued that this model may be too simplistic, and that the effects of wind in redistributing the seasonal condensate may lead to sufficient thicknesses of CO2 in the central polar region to allow the year-long existence of CO2 without significantly changing the retreat characteristics of the cap, and it is, therefore, concluded that at the present, the nature of the residual caps cannot be reliably determined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Oct. 197
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  • 173
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    A photometric study of Saturn and its rings (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A 72-in. telescope and a polarimeter of the Wollaston type with a focal-plane scanning mechanism were used in the investigations reported. On a few occasions observations were made with a 42-in. reflector. The polarization data obtained are presented as vectors superimposed on a drawing of the planet. It is concluded that in the ultraviolet and close to opposition the vectors are consistently radial and decrease to nearly zero near the center of the disk. The polarization is essentially the same at all limbs. It is pointed out that under good seeing conditions Saturn presents a consistent though somewhat complicated, photometric pattern.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Oct. 197
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  • 174
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    Measurements of positive ion conversion and removal reactions relating to the Jovian ionosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measured rates are presented for the reaction of He(+) ions with H2 (and D2) molecules to form H(+), H2(+), and HeH(+) ions, as well as for the subsequent reactions of H(+) and HeH(+) ions with H2 to form H3(+). The neutralization of H3(+) /and H5(+)/ ions by dissociative recombination with electrons is shown to be fast. The reaction He(+) + H2 is slow (k 1.1 x 10 to the minus 13th cu cm/sec at 300 K) and produces principally H(+) by the dissociative charge transfer branch. It is concluded that there may be a serious bottleneck in the conversion of two of the primary ions of the upper Jovian ionosphere, H(+) and He(+) (which recombine slowly), to the rapidly recombining H3(+) ion.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Oct. 197
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  • 175
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    Dekametric and hectometric observations of Jupiter from the RAE-1 satellite (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analysis of RAE-1 satellite data has revealed the presence of radio bursts from Jupiter in the frequency range from 4700 kHz to 450 kHz. Variations in the activity with respect to the planet's system III longitude are presented at seven frequencies. A merge of ground-based and satellite-acquired data indicates that the long-sought-for peak in Jupiter's low-frequency flux spectrum occurs at about 8 MHz.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Nov. 15
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  • 176
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    Radiometric diameters and albedos of 40 asteroids (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The radiometric method of measuring the albedos and sizes of small airless objects was applied to forty asteroids. The largest asteroids were revealed to be 1 Ceres, 2 Pallas, 4 Vesta, 10 Hygiea, and 511 Davida. The highest albedo belonged to 4 Vesta. The darkest asteroids were 19 Fortuna, 324 Bamberga, and 747 Winchester. A comparison of the derived diameters and albedos with photometrically measured colors reveals three distinct classes of objects. The largest group is those with red color and albedos in the lunar range. The second group, which includes most of the largest objects, is characterized by more neutral color and lower albedo. The third class has one member, 4 Vesta, an object of high albedo and intermediate color. Objects in the first group have surfaces composed presumably of silicate minerals. The second and third groups may be similar in composition to the carbonaceous chondrites and the basaltic achondrite meteorites, respectively.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Nov. 15
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  • 177
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    Lunar magnetic field - Permanent and induced dipole moments (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Apollo 15 subsatellite magnetic field observations have been used to measure both the permanent and the induced lunar dipole moments. Although only an upper limit of 1.3 x 10 to the 18th gauss-cubic centimeters has been determined for the permanent dipole moment in the orbital plane, there is a significant induced dipole moment which opposes the applied field, indicating the existence of a weak lunar ionosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 186; Nov. 29
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  • 178
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    Structure of the Jovian envelope from Pioneer 10 gravity data (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurement of Jupiter's zonal harmonics J2 and J4 by the celestial mechanics experiment on Pioneer 10 may be used to obtain a constraint on the structure of the outer envelope of Jupiter, using an inversion technique which is insensitive to the structure of the deep interior for a plausible class of planetary models. The derived structure is consistent with an adiabatic, solar-composition envelope with a starting temperature of 250 plus or minus 40 K at 1 bar pressure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 179
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    Initial observations of plasma electrons from the Pioneer 10 flyby of Jupiter (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Initial results are presented from the electron measurements made by the Ames Research Center Plasma Analyzer during the inbound passage of Pioneer 10 in the vicinity of Jupiter. The observations indicate that as in the case of the earth's magnetosheath, there is an increase in electron temperature across the Jovian bow shock. During the second extended magnetosheath traversal (approximately 54 to 46.5 Jupiter radii) the electron temperatures were generally higher than those observed during the first magnetosheath traversal (109 to 96 Jupiter radii). These higher electron temperatures are in agreement with the measured higher magnitude of the magnetic field and ion density during this traversal. These observations are consistent with the contraction of the Jovian magnetosphere due to an increase in the solar wind dynamic pressure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Nov. 197
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  • 180
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    Surface geology of the moon (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Questions regarding the formation of major lunar surface features are discussed, giving attention to the multiringed circular basins, the craters, and the mare material. Aspects of lunar stratigraphy are explored. At the present time, a lunar-wide time-stratigraphic sequence exists, in which surface units belong to one of a number of systems, including the Copernican, the Eratosthenian, Imbrian, Nectarian, and pre-Nectarian system. Details of Apollo surface exploration as conducted in each individual mission are considered along with the chemistry and the age of lunar materials, the lunar interior, and the evolution of the lunar surface.
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  • 181
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    U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of Apollo 17 boulder 7 from the North Massif of the Taurus-Littrow valley (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Portions of highland breccia boulder 7 collected during the Apollo 17 mission were studied using U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics. A Rb-Sr internal isochron age of 3.89 plus or minus 0.08 b.y. with an initial Sr-87/Sr-86 of 0.69926 plus or minus 0.00008 was obtained for clast 1 (77135,57) (a troctolitic microbreccia). A troctolitic portion of microbreccia clast 77215,37 yielded a U-Pb internal isochron of 3.8 plus or minus 0.2 b.y. and an initial Pb-206/Pb-207 of 0.69. These internal isochron ages are interpreted as reflecting metamorphic events, probably related to impacts, which reset Rb-Sr and U-Pb mineral systems of older rocks.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 23; 3, Oc; Oct. 197
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  • 182
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    Implications of the Pioneer 10 measurements of the Jovian magnetic field for theories of Io-modulated decametric radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 15
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  • 183
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    Sulfuric acid cloud interpretation of the infrared spectrum of Venus (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Sulfuric acid single-cloud models are compared with the Venus spectrum in the 8-14 micron region. The results indicate that a cloud composed of a 75 percent H2SO4 solution and with a particle density of 100 per cu cm is in good agreement with observations. In addition to explaining the 11.2 micron absorption, this model also predicts an absorption feature at 16.7 microns which should be detectable if the observation is made from an aircraft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 15
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  • 184
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    The source of Neptune's internal heat and the value of Neptune's tidal dissipation factor (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The suggestion is made that Neptune's observed internal heating is the action of tidal torques between Triton and Neptune in despinning the planet and causing the orbital decay of Triton's orbit. These result from the frictional dissipation of tides within Neptune. It is shown that the considered process implies a value of the tidal dissipation factor of approximately 170. The results of the investigation do not change the conclusion which follows from the lack of internal heating for Uranus that the interiors of Uranus and Neptune differ significantly.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 15
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  • 185
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    Stratigraphy of the Descartes region /Apollo 16/ - Implications for the origin of samples (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analysis of terrain in the Apollo 16 Descartes landing region shows a series of features that form a stratigraphic sequence which dominates the history and petrogenesis at the site. An ancient 150-km diam crater centered on the Apollo 16 site is one of the earliest recognizable major structures. Nectaris ejecta was concentrated in a regional low at the base of the back slope of the Nectaris basin to form the Descartes Mountains. Subsequently, a 60-km diam crater formed in the Descartes Mountains centered about 25 km to the west of the site. This crater dominates the geology and petrogenetic history of the site. Stone and Smoky Mountains represent the degraded terraced crater walls, and the dark matrix breccias and metaclastic rocks derived from North and South Ray craters represent floor fallback breccias from this cratering event. The interpretation is developed that the stratigraphy of the Cayley and Descartes, and thus the historical record of the Apollo 16 region, documents the complex interaction of deposits and morphology of local and regional impact cratering events. Large local 60- to 150-km diam craters have had a dramatic and previously unrecognized effect on the history and petrology of the Apollo 16 site.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 11; Sept
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  • 186
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    Lunar gravity - Apollo 17 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Gravity results are displayed as a band of contours about 60 km wide spanning 140 deg of frontside longitude. The contours traverse Grimaldi, Mare Procellarum, Copernicus, Apennines, Mare Serenitatis, Littrow, and Mare Crisium. Redundant gravity areas previously mapped by Apollos 14, 15, 16, and the Apollo subsatellites are tabulated and show excellent consistency. Modeling of Grimaldi reveals a loading greater than the known mascons and thus makes Grimaldi the smallest known mascon feature. Copernicus' gravity profile is best modeled with a mass defect for the basin and a mass excess for the rim. Mare Serenitatis has an irregular mass distribution with central gravity highs shifted approximately 3 deg in latitude.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 11; Sept
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  • 187
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    Glass production differences for equal-diameter impact craters (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A thermodynamic model of meteorite impact is used to investigate the possibility that the creation of two impact craters of the same apparent diameter may have been accompanied by dissimilar shock heating regimes. For small craters, the idea may be concisely represented by the question of which event produces more glass, a large slow meteorite or a small fast one, if the resulting craters are of the same diameter. So that the results may be most apparent, the only parameters varied in this study are meteorite size and impact velocity. Identical basaltic material is assumed for meteorite and target. For impact velocities between 10 and 70 km/sec, an available model determines the radius of a spherical meteorite which would produce a crater diameter of 20 cm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 11; Sept
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  • 188
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    Lithium, sodium and potassium abundances in carbonaceous chondrites (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; Nov. 197
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  • 189
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    Rb-Sr age of lunar igneous rocks 62295 and 14310 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of Rb-Sr ages of crystallization performed on igneous lunar highland rocks 62295 and 14310 are reported. Lunar sample 62295 is a mesostasis-rich spinel-troctolite very-high-alumina basalt exhibiting a variable igneous structure. Sample 14310 is a feldspathic KREEP-rich basalt. The determined ages probably date the cooling of shock melts.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; Oct. 197
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  • 190
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    Surface history of some Apollo 17 lunar soils (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Cosmic ray track densities in Apollo 17 soil samples are used to infer surface exposure times of soils from a trench at Van Serg Crater, from on and near a boulder at Camelot Crater, and from the position of the heat flow and neutron flux experiments (the ALSEP site). The topmost 2 cm of soil at Van Serg was exposed for 11 m.y., the top cm at Camelot for 36 m.y. A layering chronology and average deposition rate are proposed for the trench. For all soils the median track densities imply predispositional irradiation in the top 15 cm of the lunar surface for times that were long compared with the actual residence in the stratigraphic positions from which the soils were collected. Van Serg crater is inferred to have been formed approximately 24 m.y. ago.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; Oct. 197
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  • 191
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    Trace elements in primitive meteorites. V - Abundance patterns of thirteen trace elements and interelement relationships in enstatite chondrites (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; Oct. 197
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  • 192
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    Lunar mascons as consequences of giant impacts (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An investigation is conducted regarding the effect of a giant impact on the thermal evolution of the moon. A model is proposed for the formation of the lunar mascons. The model takes into account the evidence of late volcanism during a period from about 3.7 to about 3.2 b.y. ago. It is found that a giant impact produces extensive fracturing in the region surrounding the basin and reduces the average thermal conductivity of the upper 20 km of this region by a factor of about 2. The less conductive ejecta blanket and the fractured zone behave as a thermal insulator. The lithosphere beneath the basin thickens monotonically and it becomes strong enough to support the mascon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 10; July-Aug
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  • 193
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    A scanning electron microscope study of olivine crystal surfaces (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: SEM photographs were taken of euhedral olivine grains from the Murchison C2 chondrite and several terrestrial and lunar occurrences. In general, the crystal faces of the meteorite grains are rough and uneven, with irregular growth patterns. They are very similar to crystal faces on terrestrial olivine grains that formed by sublimation from a vapor phase. They are very different from the relatively smooth and featureless surfaces of magmatic olivine crystals that precipitated from igneous melts. Qualitatively, the surface morphology of the crystal supports the contention that many euhedral crystals of olivine in C2 meteorites condensed from a gas phase.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 9; Sept. 30
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  • 194
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    Plagioclase twin laws in lunar highland rocks - Possible petrogenetic significance (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Plagioclases in different types of lunar highland rocks (all highly feldspathic) are twinned according to different laws and in different styles. Carlsbad and Carlsbad-albite twins, presumed to be growth twins, occur mainly in rocks which show igneous texture, and which have not been severely brecciated. These two twin laws appear to be absent from cataclastic rocks, including cataclastic anorthosite, possibly because the original twins were preferentially broken up in cataclasis (the composition plane being a plane of weakness). Pericline and lamellar albite twins, presumed to be deformation twins (except for some albite growth twins) occur in all types of rocks, and obvious deformation features, such as bending of lamellae, are well shown in many cataclastic rocks. Surprisingly, some Carlsbad and Carlsbad-albite twins are found in rocks with granoblastic texture, which presumably recrystallized in the solid state.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 9; Sept. 30
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  • 195
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    Lunar crater depths from Orbiter IV long-focus photographs (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Determination of the depths of more than 1900 small lunar craters from measures of shadows on the long-focus pictures obtained by Lunar Orbiter IV. The method for converting the measured shadow length into the true length in nature of the shadow hypotenuse is new and is applicable to other planetary bodies, provided that comparable spacecraft ephemerides are available. The measures were made with a simple surveyor's plotting scale on the standard Orbiter IV photographic enlargements. The results indicate that the smaller lunar (D less than 30 km) crater are appreciably deeper than is indicated by earlier work using imagery obtained at terrestrial observatories.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Sept
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  • 196
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    The major Martian dust storms of 1971 and 1973 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Comparison of the major features of the two largest Martian dust storms on photographic record, namely those of 1971 and 1973. Maps of the first nine days of both storms are presented to facilitate a comparison of their initial outbreaks and growth. The frequency and regularity of storms of this size are uncertain because of the lack of comprehensive photographic observation during past apparitions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Sept
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  • 197
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    A low resolution map of Europa from four occultations by Io (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analysis of three occultations of JII (Europa) by JI (Io) has resulted in a preliminary reflectivity map of JII for the hemisphere centered on longitude 324 deg, a measurement of 1483 plus or minus 20 km for the radius of JII, estimates of the event impact parameters, determination of the midevent times, and a visual geometric albedo of 0.74, for JII. A fourth occultation light curve was used after derivation of the results to confirm their validity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Sept
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  • 198
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    Unknown
    Erosion by catastrophic floods on Mars and Earth (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The morphologic features of the large Martian channels are shown to be strikingly similar to those of the Channeled Scabland of eastern Washington, produced by the catastrophic breakout floods of Pleistocene Lake Missoula. If the analogy is correct, floods involving water discharges of millions of cubic meters per second and peak flow velocities of tens of meters per second, but perhaps lasting no more than a few days, may have occurred on Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 199
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    Unknown
    The upper atmosphere of Neptune - An analysis of occultation observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analysis of available observations of the April 7, 1968, occultation of BD-17 deg 4388 by Neptune yields upper atmosphere temperatures of about 140 K near the 5 x 10 to the 14th power per cu cm level. The temperature structure of the atmosphere at these levels is complicated and nonisothermal. Diurnal temperature variations are certainly less than 15 K between 0 and 55 deg latitude.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Sept
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 200
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A radar brightness and altitude image of a portion of Venus (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High-resolution radar data, taken from over the 1500-km circular area that was at the center of the planetary disk on June 20, 1972, show that this part of Venus is nearly flat and cratered. The largest crater is 160 km across, but only about 500 m deep. The smallest craters that can be resolved are about 35 km across.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Sept
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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