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  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1965-1969  (919)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730101
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy-limitation of a sodium-independent amino acid transport in ovarian oocytes of the frog (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The frog, Rana pipiens, hibernates through the winter with ovaries containing oocytes which, in size and appearance, are ready for ovulation and maturation. From November through April, the normal time of egg laying, ovulation and maturation can be induced by interrupting hibernation and administering gonadotropic hormones. In the studies reported here, it has been found that oocytes taken from hibernating animals in early winter take up amino acids from a saline medium at a relatively rapid rate. Respiratory inhibition produced by such agents as dinitrophenol (DNP) and anaerobiosis, does not completely stop uptake but slows it down markedly.In late winter, amino acid uptake tends to be slower in normal cells and when DNP or cyanide is added, a marked acceleration of the rate of uptake is observed. The uptake in poisoned cells is accumulative, producing internal concentrations higher than that of the medium. At this concentration of DNP, amino acid incorporation is almost completely stopped. Fluoride abolishes the DNP stimulation of amino acid uptake. Removal of sodium ion from the incubating medium has no effect on either uptake or incorporation.These data are interpreted to mean that a capacity for oxidative phosphorylation in oocytes diminishes during winter hibernation. In the spring either an anaerobic capacity comes into being or becomes capable of being switched on. During this time the rate of amino acid uptake, even in the downhill phase, is limited by energy availability and is not dependent on a sodium gradient.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730102
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The retinal rod outer segment of the frog: Detachment, isolation, phosphorus fractions and enzyme activity (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 9-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Frog retinal rod outer segments were detached from dark adapted retinas by (1) agitation in frog Ringer's solution or (2) by crushing between two glass surfaces. The resulting suspensions were further purified by low and high speed centrifugation procedures in Ficoll density gradients. The density of the outer segments in Ficoll solutions was found to be 1.09. The large frog outer segments, unlike bovine outer segments, are not readily separated from nuclei, which were estimated to comprise 2.6-8% of the material, based on DNA analyses. The RNA/DNA ratio was 0.4-0.5, like that of neuronal nuclei. Representative enzymes of glycolysis (lactic dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase), phosphogluconate oxidation (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), the citric acid cycle (malic dehydrogenase) and ATP degradation (ATPase) were assayed. A major part of the malic dehydrogenase activity was probably due to inner segments attached to some of the outer segments. Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (but not lactic dehydrogenase) activities were lower in detached outer segments purified on Ficoll gradients than in samples of outer segment layer microdissected from freeze-dried sections of frog retina, as well as in whole retina. The data suggest that the activities of all the enzymes studied are intrinsically low in rod outer segments.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730103
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Decreased neutrophils and megakaryocytes in anemic mice of genotype W/Wv (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 25-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The concentration of neutrophils and megakaryocytes was determined in the marrow of anemic mice of genotype W/Wv and their normal (+/+) litter mates. In all groups studied, the humerus of W/Wv mice contained significantly less neutrophils and megakaryocytes than did normal animals. Blood neutrophil concentration was less in all groups of W/Wv mice but in only one group which was the youngest group studied, did this value differ significantly from normal.The blood and marrow neutrophil response to endotoxin was similar in W/Wv and “+/+” animals. This suggests that the neutrophilic system of W/Wv mice responds to this stimulus in a relatively normal manner, much as their erythroid system responds to hypoxia, and androgens.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730104
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of temperature on ATP levels in cells of an ascitic Hepatoma (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of temperature on intracellular ATP levels in cells of the ascitic Hepatoma 129 has been determined using an UV-enzymic method. ATP levels are found to vary inversely with temperature over the range (4°-37°C) studied, and this variation is found to be reversible. An indication of a possible direct correlation of ADP level with temperature was also obtained.A correlation is deduced between rise in intracellular ATP level and decrease in cytoplasmic viscosity, both from the present results, and from similar effects recently reported by Landau ('61) for increase in pressure.The significance of these observations is discussed with reference to the model for cytoplasmic viscosity proposed by Marsland ('56) and the wider biological significance of this effect is explored.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730106
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The stimulation of tumor cell growth by a substance produced by normal and tumor cells (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 43-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It has been shown that a dialyzable substance produced by normal and tumor cells can stimulate the growth of a myeloid, erythroid, and two lymphoid leukemias, and a sarcoma. The growth stimulation of the tumor cells was observed as an increase in cloning efficiency and number of cells per colony. Rat granulocytes stimulated the growth of mouse tumor cells as efficiently as a variety of mouse cells. The stimulating substance was found in conditioned medium, and it was produced by all the normal and tumor cells tested.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730107
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  • 107
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    Cell electrophoretic mobility and cationic fluxSupported in part by grant P-403A from the American Cancer Society. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The net negativity of the surfaces of Ehrlich ascites cells was reduced by treating them with either neuraminidase or ribonuclease. Neither enzyme treatment affected the Na+ or K+ content of the cells, before or after cooling at 4°C. Experiments with K42 revealed a reduction (9.5 to 17%) in unidirectional K+-fluxes following incubation with neuraminidase, but no change after ribonuclease-treatment. Our data suggest that surface anionic sites associated with RNA and sialic acid moieties are not of major quantitative importance in regulating either intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations, or unidirectional transmembrane K+-flux. Our results do not enable us to determine whether ion-binding to anionic sites at the electro-kinetic surface is not an essential prerequisite to transmembrane movement, or whether it is essential, but occurs through the 40% of cell surface net negativity which is unaffected by ribonuclease- and neuraminidase-treatment.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730105
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  • 108
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    Formation and properties of thin-walled phospholipid vesiclesSupported by grant GB-5474 from the National Science Foundation. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 49-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Large numbers of thin-walled vesicles, 0.5 to 10 μ in diameter, can be formed by permitting a thinly spread layer of hydrated phospholipids to swell slowly in distilled water or an aqueous solution of nonelectrolytes. Electron micrographs and phospholipid analyses indicate that the walls consist of a single or a few bilayers. The vesicles can be centrifuged and resuspended in another medium, making them a useful system for studying permeability. The osmolarity of the solution in the interior of the vesicles can be estimated by immersion refractometry. The osmolarity of the internal aqueous phase is linearly related to the osmolarity of the external medium.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730108
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  • 109
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    Changes in DNA polymerase activity associated with cell fusion in cultures of embryonic muscleThis work supported by U. S. Public Health Service grant 13882 to R.C.S. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In cultures of differentiating chicken embryo muscle cells there is a steep decline in DNA polymerase activity which closely parallels the time of rapid cell fusion and the formation of multinucleated myotubes. The DNA polymerase activity remaining in the cultures is almost completely associated with single unfused cells. Cell fusion does not require a confluent culture and fusion capability appears to be severely reduced in the remaining single cells following an approximately ten hour time period during which the majority of fusion takes place. A model is presented to explain the observed kinetics of cell growth and cell fusion in vitro.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730109
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  • 110
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    Impairment of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by dietary zinc deficiency in the ratSupported by United Health Foundation, Inc. grant 66-9-42. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 81-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dietary zinc deficiency has been shown to decrease the in vivo incorporation of thymidine into the nuclear DNA of liver parenchymal cells in the rat. A single injection of 100 μg of zinc was sufficient to rapidly reverse the effect of zinc deficiency on the synthesis of DNA.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730111
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  • 111
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    Water diffusion and water permeation in eggs from three Anuran species (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 69-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Water exchange has been studied in ovarian and body cavity eggs of three Anuran species (Rana esculenta, R. pipiens and R. temporaria) with the isotope exchange method using the automatically recording diver balance. In order to estimate the rate of water diffusion in egg cytoplasm (D), a factor required to determine the rate of water permeation (= the exchange coefficient, E), three different chemical treatments (digitonin, ethanol and formaldehyde) have been used to remove the surface barrier to water flow. The obtained mean value of D, 5 × 10-6 cm2 sec-1, has been accepted as a close approximation of water diffusion in the egg cytoplasm. This value has been used to determine the exchange coefficients in the egg types of the above mentioned species. Comparisons have been made between the calculated values of E both within and between species, and some suggestions have been made concerning the influence of microvilli on the rate of water exchange. Although, on the average, water exchange proceeds at a greater rate in ovarian than in body cavity eggs, a measurable diffusion barrier at the surface can be demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730110
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  • 112
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    Thymidine as a synchronizing agent. I. Nucleic acid and protein formation in synchronous HeLa cultures treated with excess thymidineThis work was supported by USPHS grants 2RO1 CA-05402-09VR and 5TO1 GM-00813-07. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 109-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synchronous cultures of HeLa cells obtained by selective detachment of mitoses were treated with high concentrations of thymidine. The inhibitor was added soon after completion of cell division and rates of cell enlargement and accumulation of DNA, RNA and protein were compared for untreated and thymidine-treated cultures at various points of the cell cycle. It was found that concentrations of thymidine which in randomly growing cultures inhibit the rate of cell division by more than 90% allowed a considerable degree of DNA synthesis and did not affect the rate of accumulation of RNA and protein, when applied to cells in the G1 phase of synchronous culture. Treated and untreated cells enlarged at the same rate throughout their life cycle. The results show that concentrations of thymidine commonly employed to produce cell synchrony do not arrest the cells at the G1-S boundary, but allow slow progress through S in respect to DNA synthesis, and near-normal progress towards G2 as regards RNA and protein accumulation and cell enlargement.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730204
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  • 113
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    Recovery of cells in vitro from the effects of hypoxia and hyperoxiaThese investigations were supported by grants from the Council for Tobacco Research and the Damon Runyon Memorial Cancer Fund. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytotoxic effect of high, as well as low, oxygen tension of proliferation and metabolism of Low line cells in culture is reversible even after several days of exposure provided the cells are returned to 95% air + 5% CO2 environment. This suggests that the activity of certain mechanisms within the cells may have been altered or in other ways inhibited by the abnormal environments but are quite rapidly regenerated once the adverse condition is removed. The cells tolerate a low O2 exposure for at least 20 days while continuous exposure to high O2 atmosphere results in degeneration and death after 7-10 days. Both glucose utilization and lactic acid production are elevated in cultures exposed to either low or high O2 tensions, although they are markedly higher in the latter condition. When cell so exposed are returned to an air + 5% CO2 atmosphere, rate of glucose uptake and lactic acid formation soon approaches that found in control cultures.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730205
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  • 114
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    Effect of exogenous ATP on the volume of TA3 ascites tumor cellsThis investigation was supported by U.S.P.H.S. CA-05022-12, grant P-485 of the American Cancer Society and grant DRG-949 of the Damon Runyon Memorial Fund. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When exogenous ATP is added to suspensions of TA3 ascites tumor cells suspended in Ca++ and Mg++ free media, a significant increase in cell volume can be measured. This increase is reversible upon addition of Ca++ and/or Mg++ back to the media.The enlargement of these cells is temperature sensitive and specific for ATP; no other nucleotides, EDTA or ouabain were effective. The evidence suggest that this phenomena may be due to an alteration in membrane permeability and that the regulation of membrane permeability is an energy dependent process.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730206
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  • 115
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    The effect of exogenous ATP on the electrolyte content of TA3 ascites tumor cellsThis investigation was supported by USPHS grant Ca-03690-11. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the presence of 1 mM ATP in the external medium, TA3 mouse ascites tumor cells showed a dramatic loss of potassium and gain of sodium down their respective concentration gradients. The volume changes detected by size discrimination with the Coulter counter have been adequately confirmed by densimetric techniques. Further, some experiments were so designed that net losses of both ions occurred and the cell shrank in response to ATP, a response which was predictable if the volume change was produced by a loss of cell water. We believe that ATP produces a major change in the passive permeability of the membrane to these ions and the effect may be due to a response of a contractile protein in the membrane to ATP.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730207
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  • 116
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    Errata (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 217-217 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740214
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  • 117
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740301
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  • 118
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    Differentiation of a cell line of myeloid leukemia (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 223-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A cell line was established in vitro from a spontaneous myeloid leukemia of SL strain mice. This cell line was cytologically identified as myeloblast, and its normal differentiation appeared to be completely blocked in mass culture. When the line cells were seeded in soft agar with a conditioned medium from normal cells, either macrophages or neutrophil granulocytes appeared from a single clone. The rate of formation of colonies containing differentiated cells always increased with an increase in the concentration of conditioned medium. The conditioned medium from this line cell was not as effective as was that from normal cells in inducing differentiation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740303
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  • 119
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    Viability of human diploid cells as a function of in vitro ageThis investigation was supported in part by U. S. Public Health Service Contract PH43-62-157 from the Viral Carcinogenesis Branch of the National Cancer Institute, and by Public Health Service Research Grant 5-RO1-CA 04534-09 from the National Cancer Institute. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 219-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fraction of cell capable of division was determined for (1) population of the human diploid cell strains, WI38 after different numbers of subcultivations in vitro and (2) a single population of WI38 cells at intervals throughout its entire in vitro lifespan. In both cases the percentage of cells capable of division decreased with increasing age in tissue culture. The rate and the magnitude of the decrease is sufficient to account for the limited in vitro lifespan reported by other investigators. Furthermore, the decrease in the fraction of cells capable of division in similar in some respects of senescence among human populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740302
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  • 120
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    Migration and proliferation of diploid human fibroblasts following “wounding” of confluent monolayersSupported in part by grants-in-aid from the Army (Surgeon General's Office), Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (AM-08-8168). (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Six diploid human fibroblast strains were grown in confluent monolayers. Holes were scraped in these monolayers and the number of cells proliferating into these “wounds” with time were determined. The migration and mitotic aspects of the proliferation of fibroblasts into these wounds were analyzed separately.Small amounts of undialysed or dialysed serum were essential for cell division but not migration. Saline extracts of skin could not substitute for serum in the medium. Neither zinc nor cupric ion at tolerable concentrations (10-5M) increased the rate of cell proliferation.Normal human fibroblasts did not immediately start to divide from confluency into the “wound” space. Their generation time was about 32-39 hours. Fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis began to divide almost immediately into the “wounded” area. Their generation time was about 48 to 56 hours.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740304
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  • 121
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    Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. IX. Quantitation of mutagenesis by physical and chemical agentsFrom the Eleanor Roosevelt Institute for Cancer Research and the Department of Biophysics (Contribution No. 377), University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver, Colorado. This investigation was aided by USPHS Grant No. 5 PO1 HD02080 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; American Cancer Society Grant No. T-482; and Grant DRG-337 from the Damon Runyon Memorial Fund. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 245-257 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The system previously described for inducing single gene mutations in Chinese hamster cells has been extended to produce additional auxotrophic mutants. An improved method for quantitating the efficiency of single gene mutation to specific auxotrophies has been developed. Mutagenesis in the forward direction has been measured after treatment of these cells with ethyl methanesulfonate, N-methyl-N1-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, hydroxylamine, an acridine mustard (ICR-191), caffeine and ultraviolet- and X-irradiation. For each agent, the single cell survival curve and the efficiency of chromatid breakage and rearrangement were measured. Similar measurements were also carried out with a water-soluble carcinogen N-nitrosomethylurea, which was shown to be effective in producing auxotrophic, somatic mutations. These results offer promise of illuminating the relationships between cell killing, chromosomal aberration, single gene mutations and carcinogenesis produced by various agents. The methods described can be used in routine testing of drugs, food additives, and environmental pollutants for mutagenic action in mammalian cells in vitro.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740305
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  • 122
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    Fluctuations of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and synthesis of macromolecules during the growth cycle of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells in suspension cultureTaken in part from a dissertation submitted by G. A. Ward to the Graduate School, University of Minnesta, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 213-231 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The transition of suspension cultures of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells from the exponential to the stationary phase is accompanied by decreases of over 90% in the rates of synthesis of RNA, DNA and protein, a 90% loss of the apparent DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of the cells, and a disaggregation of the polyribosomes with a concomitant accumulation of 80 S and 110 S ribosomal structures. The cells also attain a minimum content of DNA, RNA and protein and a minimum size. Upon dilution of stationary phase cultures with fresh medium, the rate of protein synthesis begins to increase immediately and this correlates with a rapid reformation of the polyribosomes. The initial re-formation of polyribosomes is little affected by the presence of actinomycin D. RNA polymerase activity also begins to increase immediately after dilution and an increase in rate of RNA synthesis becomes apparent shortly thereafter. The increase in polymerase activity is inhibited by treating the cells with puromycin or actidione. Cell division commences only 9-13 hours after dilution and the rate of DNA synthesis begins to increase about midway through the lag period. During the lag period the average cellular content of protein increases about 80% and that of RNA and DNA about 30%. These increases are accompanied by a marked increase in the average size of the cells.Upon continued incubation of stationary phase cultures, the cells become irreversibly damaged physiologically before gross morphological damage becomes apparent. The irreversible physiological damage is recognized by the fact that the cells fail to recover when suspended in fresh medium.
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    Relationship between uridine kinase activity and rate of incorporation of uridine into acid-soluble pool and into RNA during growth cycle of rat hepatoma cells (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 233-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Uridine kinase activity measured in cell-free extracts of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells grown in suspension culture fluctuates about 10 fold during the growth cycle of the cells. Maximum specific activity (units/106 cells) is observed early in the exponential phase and then decreases progressively until the stationary phase. The rate of incorporation of uridine into the acid-soluble pool by intact cells fluctuates in a similar manner and both the rate of uridine incorporation by intact cells and the uridine kinase actvity of the cells increase several fold before cell division commences following dilution of stationary phase cultures with freshmedium. Regardless of the stage of growth, uridine is rapidly phosphorylated to the triphosphate level by the cells.The rates of incorporation of uridine into the nucleotide pool and into RNA by intact cells fluctuate in a similar manner during the growth cycle. However, evidence is presented that indicates that alterations in the rate of incorporation of uridine into RNA are not simply due to changes in the rate of phosphorylation of uridine, but are regulated independently.Inhibition of protein synthesis by treating cells with puromycin or actidione causes a marked inhibition of incorporation of uridine into RNA, but has little effect on the phosphorylation of uridine to UTP for several hours. Thus the depression of incorporation of uridine into RNA probably reflects a decrease in the rate of RNA synthesis as a result of inhibition of protein synthesis. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by treating cells with actinomycin D does not affect the rate of conversion of uridine to UTP and thus results in the accumulation of labeled UTP in treated cells.
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    Thymidine as a synchronizing agent. II. Partial recovery of HeLa cells from unbalanced growth (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 261-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Randomly growing cultures of HeLa-S3 cells were subjected to synchronizing treatment with excess thymidine. Unbalanced growth occurred during the thymidine treatment, but the abnormal cellular composition was found to revert to control levels so that at the time of the first mitosis following a 12-24 hour treatment with the inhibitor the cellular DNA, RNA and protein content and cell size were close to control values. However, an alkaline deoxyribonuclease which attacks denatured DNA was still found to be significantly elevated at this time. The results argue against the use of thymidine as a synchrony producing agent.
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    Increased resistance of immature red cells of rat and dog to osmotic lysisWork supported by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mature male rats were injected with radioiron, which labeled immature red cells that were in the stage of hemoglobin synthesis at the time. Washed cells were subjected to lysis by hypotonic saline at 14 intervals ranging from 1 to 85 hours after 59Fe injection. Lysis curves were determined colorimetrically (for the whole population) and by scintillation counting of 59Fe gamma rays (for the labeled population). Newly labeled rat red cells are much more resistant than mature erythrocytes. The mature curve of osmotic resistance is acquired about 67 hours after injection. The delivery of labeled cells continues for more than 36 hours, so the maturation of osmotic properties of a typical rat red cell takes about 30 hours from entry into the circulation. Washed dog cells behave in similar fashion but delivery continues for three days and the mature lysis curve does not appear until five days after labeling, so that maturation takes about two days. Preincubation of cells is requisite for the appearance of osmotic resistance, but the basis of the incubation effect is not yet known.
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740101
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    Stimulation of mitotic activity and the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in populations of rat thymic lymphocytes by magnesiumIssued as NRCC No. 10858. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The progression of rat thynocytes (maintained in vitro) into mitosis is profoundly affected by the level of magnesium in the medium. Increasing the extracellular MgC12 concentration from 0 to 1.0 mM does not affect mitotic activity, but a further increase to 1.2 and 2.5 mM rapidly and strongly stimulates the flow of cells into mitosis. The level of extracellular magnesium also governs the mitogenic effectiveness of calcium ions. The mitogenic action of magnesium stems from an ability to stimulate the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.
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    Control of cell multiplication in uninfected chicken cells and chicken cells converted by avian sarcoma virusesThis paper is number XI in a series “Carcinogenesis by avian sarcoma viruses.” The previous paper in this series was Temin (1968c). (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The increased multiplication of converted chicken cells in the presence of limited amounts of serum results from more efficient utilization of multiplication-stimulating activity rather than increased binding or uptake of this activity.
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    A comparative study of the role of mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the uptake and release of Ca++ by the rat diaphragm (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The respective importance of mitochondria and of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the uptake and maintenance of Ca++ by the isolated rat diaphragm has been compared. Diaphragms were incubated at 30° in conditions optimal for Ca++ uptake either by isolated mitochondria or by sarcoplasmic reticulum: more Ca++ was taken up from the “mitochondrial” medium. For maximal uptake, Pi and Mg++ were necessary; substitution of NaCl and KC1 with sucrose had no effect on the uptake. The uptake was markedly inhibited by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, by respiratory inhibitors, and by lowering the temperature of the incubation medium to 0°; it was not affected by oligomycin, aurovertin, DCCD, nor by inhibitors of Ca++ transport in the isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum (ergotamine, ergobasinine, caffeine). The lack of effect of caffeine was not due to lack of penetration into the muscle. Permeability barriers for ergotamine and ergobasinine could not be excluded. The maintenance of Ca++ by the diaphragm was optimal in a medium contaming Pi and Mg++. Uncoupling agents and respiratory inhibitors accelerated the rate and extent of release of Ca++ by the diaphragm. Lowering the temperature of the incubation medium to 0°, or addition of oligomycin, aurovertin, DCCD, had no effect on the release. The release of Ca++ was also unaffected by ergotamine, ergobasinine, caffeine. The results suggest a role for mitochondria in the uptake and maintenance of Ca++ by the isolated diaphragm.
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    Attempts to produce in vitro the reaction of immunologically competent cells of C57BL/6 origin to Balb/c embryo fibroblasts (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spleen or lymph node cells of C57BL/6 origin or both were mixed with subcellular material from Balb/c tissue for several hours at 37°C. The subcellular material was then washed out (by repeated centrifugation) with PBS and the immune cells were placed either in diffusion chambers in the peritoneal cavity of Swiss mice or in Petri dishes with C57BL/6 embryo cell monolayer (feeder layer) and incubated in a thermostat at an atmosphere of 5% CO2. After 4 to 5 days these cells were added to target Balb/c embryo cells in Petri dishes. The first control was done by sensitiziing the cells with syngeneic material, the second control by adding the immune cells to syngeneic target embryo cells. The sensitized cells mixed with allogeneic embryo cells produced a positive reaction in the form of agglutination around the target cells and destruction of these cells. In controls the immune cells were seldom found and were randomly distributed.
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    Purification and ultrastructural properties of the calcium accumulating membranes in isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations from skeletal muscle (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments, prepared from skeletal muscle homogenates, were found to consist of two major types when examined after negative staining. One type possessed 90 Å subunits and was thought to be of mitochondrial origin. The other had 35 Å subunits and ws presumably derived from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Only the latter type accumulated visible calcium oxalate deposits inside the vesicle when they were exposed to a medium containing ATP, MgCl2, K2C2O4 and CaCl2. The calcium oxalate loaded vesicles were strikingly angular in shape and did not have tails. The calcium oxalate loaded vesicles had identical membrane subunit arrangement to inactive companion membranes and nonincubated controls; this suggested that the membrane subunits were not the critical structural requirement for calcium transport. A method was described whereby the calcium accumulating membranes could be purified 3- to 4-fold on the basis of the best previously used preparation procedures.
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    Discrepancies between precursor uptake and DNA synthesis in mammalian cells (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 63-66 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The incorporation of tritiated thymidine and deoxycytidine into DNA of x-irradiated mammalian cells was studied. Both inhibition and stimulation were found due to pool changes rather than to effects on DNA synthesis, indicating that precursor uptake can be a misleading method to measure DNA synthesis rate.
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    Development of the mouse hematopoietic system. II. Estimation of spleen and liver “stem” cell numberThis investigation was supported by Public Health Service Training Grant CA-5013, from the National Cancer Institute. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 51-55 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colony-forming cells (CFU), which have the general properties of hemopoietic “stem” cells, appear to be augmented in the mouse fetal liver from 12-18 days gestation and then decrease in the newborn. This finding suggests that few, if any, hemopoietic “stem” cells remain in the adult liver, an organ which appears to be unable to function erythropoietically, even at times of severe crises. In the spleen, and active adult as well as embryonic hematopoietic organ, the total number of CFU increases from 18 days gestation until at least 7 days after birth.Spleen and liver CFU augmentation seems to occur in cojunction with an analogous expansion of non-hematopoietic cells. The data suggests, in fact, that while there is an increase in the total number of liver CFU, there is also a dilution of liver CFU in the total cell population at successively later gestational ages.
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    Lethal effects of fluorodeoxyuridine on cultured mammalian cells at various stages of the cell cycleThis investigation was supported in part by a research grant (T-414) from the American Cancer Society. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The lethal damage induced by the exposure of synchronized Chinese hamster cells to various concentrations of 5-fluoro-2′deoxyuridine (FUdR) was not selectively restricted to cells exposed during the period of DNA synthesis S. The colony survival fraction observed after treatment for one hour with 5 × 10-5 M FUdR was very low (0.0001-0.0003) whether the drug was administered during early G1, late G1, early S or in middle S. The survival of cells treated with the same concentration of FUdR during mitosis, however, was significantly higher (0.62) showing that mitotic cells were less sensitive to FUdR. Administration of 10-7M thymidine or “conditioned” medium for one hour reversed the lethal effect of FUdR or improved the survival, depending on the time after removal of the FUdR at which these substances were given.
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    Mitochondrial damage and inhibition of respiration in animal cell cultures treated with Triton WR-1339This work was supported by a Biomedical Science Award from the University of Maryland. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Inhibition of cellular respiration by treatment with the nonionic detergent Triton WR-1339 was found to be related to the cytotoxic response of cell to the surfactant. Respiration of sensitive cell lines (AV-3 and HeLa) markedly inhibited by Triton concentrations as low as 125 μgm/ml. Conditionally sensitive lines (BHK-21 and L-929) were affected by 500 μgm/ml while the respiration of insensitive cultures (primary rat and chick embryo cells) was unaffected by this concentration. Macrocyclon, a cyclic analogue of Triton, failed to alter the respiration rate of any of the above cell cultures.The levels of isocitric and succinic dehydrogenases in sensitive and conditionally sensitive cells were depressed within 2 hours after treatment with 500 μgm/ml of Triton was initiated and by 6 hours the activity was only 25% of the untreated controls. Similar results were obtained with mitochondrial preparations from these cells. Enzyme levels in insensitive cells were unaffected by Triton treatment.Mitochondrial damage was the most striking characteristic noted in treated cells examined by electron microscopy. The mitochondria were quite distorted and had lost most of their cristae formation. This mitochondrial damage was seen in all cell types examined although the rate at which it occurred varied. With sensitive cultures, damage was pronounced within 6 hours after the addition of Triton while mitochondria from conditionally sensitive cells were not grossly affected until 48 hours and they appeared to repair the damage following the removal of Triton.
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740201
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    Internal perfusion of crayfish giant axons: Action of tannic acid, DDT, and tea (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 77-90 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Crayfish giant axons remain viable following internal perfusion with a mixture of fluoride and citrate salts. The relative favorability of various internal anions, and the dependence of resting and action potentials on internal cations are both similar to results on internally perfused squid axons. TEA widens the falling phase of the spike only from inside the axon, while DDT is active from either side of the membrane. Records of impedance changes show that effects of TEA and DDT on components of ionic conductances are similar to those found in other axons by voltage clamp measurements.Tannic acid perfused internally at a concentration of the order of 10 μM produces spontaneous activity, and a progressive increase in spike width. After 30 minutes, action potentials are “cardiac” type and are up to several minutes in duration. Records of impedance changes, and data from rapid changes in external ionic concentrations, suggest that the plateau phase of the spike is due to a maintained increase in sodium conductance. Since tannic acid is capable of crosslinking proteins and “rigidifying” protein monolayers, it is suggested that its effects on the axon may be the result of an interference with a conformational change in a membrane protein or protein-phospholipid complex during excitation.
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    Chemical modification of crayfish axons by protein crosslinking aldehydes (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 91-99 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A series of aldehydes of varying protein crosslinking strengths have been tested on intact and internally perfused crayfish axons. Non-crosslinking aldehydes have no effect, or cause a gradual decline in resting potential and overshoot with no widening of the spike. Strong crosslinking compounds, such as acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde, widen the action potential significantly while reducing its amplitude. Differences in the shapes of the resulting action potentials and accompanying impedance changes suggest that each crosslinking aldehyde exerts different effects on the axon. Glutaraldehyde, the strongest crosslinking agent tested, slows both rising and falling phases of the spike, and also of the impedance change, suggesting a prolongation of the transient increase in sodium conductance. The ability of protein crosslinking agents to alter excitability, and particularly to slow the various phases of the action potential, provides support for the hypothesis that a conformational change in a protein or protein-phospholipid complex is involved in excitation.
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    Evidence from studies of birefringence of structure across the dimple region of red cells (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 101-114 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of the equilibrium of the normal biconcave human red cell, in terms of its tension and a pressure inside, suggests a force of attraction between the opposite membranes at the dimple regions. The analogous attraction that causes rouleaux formation is mediated by long-chain molecules. Single cells hanging on edge between polarizer and analyser, almost “crossed,” were photographed at different angles to the axis of the polarizer. Enlarged prints were scanned by a photometer. For single cells the records showed non-significant fluctuations of intensity, but mean values for 32 cells showed a very significant sinusoidal variation with angle, as predicted by theory for birefringence in the cell at the dimple region. For the rim region, the averaged data showed no variation with angle. In cells moderately osmotically swollen, birefringence in the centre of the dimple region was absent, but persisted close to the inside of the membranes. The latter disappeared in cells further swollen to a biconvex shape. The data is interpreted as indicating oriented chains of molecules across the interior of the cell at the dimple region. The behaviour on swelling was what had been seen in a model with nylon fibres oriented between the charged plates of a condenser, in which the variation of attractive force with distance was adequate to explain the equilibrium of the red cell membrane.
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    Phenotypically variant adrenal tumor cell cultures with biochemical lesions in the ACTH-stimulated steroidogenic pathwayPublication No. 656 of the Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 115-122 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four clonal adrenal tumor cell lines which exhibit biochemical lesions in the ACTH-stimulated steroidogenic pathway have been isolated. Two of these cell lines, designated Y-6 and OS3, appear to contain their lesions at points proximal to cyclic AMP formation in the ACTH-stimulated steroidogenic pathway. Growth of Y-6 and OS3 as tumors in isogenic mice results in a restoration of ACTH sensitivity in both cell lines by mechanisms which do not appear to involve selection or fulfillment of specific nutritional requirements. Growth of Y-6 and OS3 as tumors in heterogenic mice results in restoration of ACTH sensitivity in Y-6 but not in OS3, suggesting that the biochemical lesions in these cell lines are at different loci. Two other cell lines, designated OS1 and OS4, possess biochemical lesions in the steroidogenic pathway beyond the formation of cyclic AMP and before the formation of pregnenolone. Growth of OS1 and OS4 as tumors in isogenic mice results in the repair of the biochemical lesions in these cells distal to cyclic AMP formation in the ACTH-stimulated steroidogenic pathway. The four cell lines described are potentially useful in elucidating the mechanism of action of ACTH in adrenal cells as well as in determining the factors required for maintaining differentiated function in cultured cells.
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    Transfer RNA from tumor tissue (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 155-155 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The separation of isoaccepting transfer RNA's and the possible role of tRNA in regulationResearch jointly sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with Union Carbide Corporation. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 121-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: After the experimental verification of Crick's adaptor hypothesis for the role of tRNA, it became apparent that one of the most important of the protein-nucleic acid interactions occurs at the first step in protein synthesis, namely the amino acid activation reaction. It is here that a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase must select, with high fidelity, a specific tRNA out of a large collection of molecules of similar size, shape, and overall composition. A mistake at this point, either by esterification of the wrong amino acid to the correct tRNA or by selection of the wrong tRNA, will inevitabley result in the insertion of an amino acid at an incorrect position in a growing polypeptide. Although there are known rules that dictate how one nucleic acid can recognize and interact with another nucleic acid, nothing is known regarding the mechanism by which a specific protein can recognize and interact with a specific nucleic acid. In order to gain some insight into the specific recognition between an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and its cognate tRNA, it became necessary to study the specific interaction with highly purified materials, preferably in gram quantities. An effort to do this for both the synthetases and the tRNA's was launched at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory about 6 years ago. Four high-resolution column chromatographic procedures have been developed in the ORNL Macromolecular Separations Program for the separation and production of highly purified species of tRNA's. An unexpected “spin-off” from this program is the analytical use of some of these systems to detect qualitative changes in the tRNA profile of cells as a consequence of virus infection, methionine starvation, and other metabolic alterations.Some examples of the heterologous interaction between aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of one species with the tRNA's of another species, and some of the inherent dangers in the interpretation of such interactions, are considered.Finally, some speculations are made regarding the possible role of tRNA in regulation.
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    Joint discussion (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 157-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740414
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    Recognition sites in transfer RNA (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 161-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740415
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    Studies on binding of RNA polymerase to DNA (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 219-222 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: These studies have been conducted as a first step toward investigating the molecular mechanism by which DNA-dependent RNA polymerase recognizes a specific region of DNA. The DNA moieties are either bound to or freed from RNA polymerase. Results obtained so far indicate that the DNA moieties remaining as resistant segments after deoxyribonuclease digestion should be regarded as the binding regions on DNA. The results described here were carried out by use of E. coli and lambda DNA.
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    Studies of DNA-dependent RNA polymeraseThis research was sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with Union Carbide Corporation. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 205-218 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: DNA-dependent RNA polymerase reacts with a nucleic acid to form a binary complex, which can be isolated by density gradient centrifugation or by millipore filtration techniques. Studies of the complex of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and phage lambda DNA show that temperature and ribonucloside triphosphates do not affect the extent of binding. The binary complex is very sensitive to ionic strength. Enzyme bound in the complex exchanges with free enzyme. In the presence of Mg2+, the lambda DNA becomes saturated with enzyme when 2.5 μg have been bound per microgram of DNA. Transfer RNA and synthetic polyribonucleotides also react with the enzyme at 0°C. In the presence of divalent cation at low ionic strength, the main complex of the enzyme and a polyribonucleotide has a sedimentation value of 15S. In the absence of divalent cation, or at higher ionic strength, the value is 13S. Polyuridylate and polycytidylate have a greater affinity for the enzyme than polyadenylate or transfer RNA. An interesting question regarding the specificity of interaction of RNA polymerase with native DNA is whether any of the RNA chains made have the sequence AUG, the principal N-formylmethionine codon, at the 5′ termini. Studies with T7 DNA show that, under conditions of high ionic strength, 24% of the RNA chains start August.
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    A new approach to determination of the nucleotide sequence of a viral RNADiscussion paper presented by C. Weissmann.This project is supported by grants from the Schweizerische Nationalfonds (no. 4347, 4589, and 5272 to C.W.; FN 5209-3 to Prof. A. Tissières; and FN 5205-3 to Prof. R. Epstein); the British Science Research Council and NATO (to J.H.); the Jane Coffin Childs Fund (no. 243 to C.W.); and the American Cancer Society Inc. (no. PF 356-A to J.D. and PF 432 to H.M.G.). (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 197-204 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A Qβ RNA segment was produced in vitro by means of a synchronized minus-strand-directed synthesis using purified Qβ replicase, a reaction known to yield infectious Qβ RNA. Arguments are presented that a 5.5S product obtained by incubation for 30 seconds at 20°C corresponds to the 5′-terminal region of Qβ RNA. After obtaining and sequencing 26 T1 and 21 pancreatic RNase products, we established 3′ nearest neighbors by using products labeled with only one nucleoside [α-32P]triphosphate at a time. The ordering of the oligonucleotides was facilitated by observing the time of their appearance in products from incubations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 seconds. The enzymatic product consists of 160 nucleotides; no known initiation triplet appears before the sixtieth nucleotide. There is no indication that the coat protein cistron starts within the RNA segment analyzed.
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    Transformation of chick fibroblast cultures with avian myeloblastosis virusThis research was supported by PHS grant CA 10697 and by the Veterans Administration Hospital, Gainesville, Florida. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 105-108 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cellular transformation was induced with avian myeloblastosis virus strain BAI-A (standard AMV) and with a strain of AMV containing subgroup B only. Cultures of muscle tissues from either chick embryo or day old chicks were used for this study. Results were similar in C/O and C/A cells. Leukemogenic virus was continuously produced by these transformed cultures.
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730201
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    The dependence of DNA synthesis on protein synthesis in HeLa S3 cellsThis investigation was supported by USPHS Research grant CA-04483 from the National Cancer Institute. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rate of DNA synthesis in HeLa S3 cells, as measured by incorporation of C14-labeled thymidine, is strongly dependent on protein synthesis at all times during the S phase. The relation between the rate of DNA synthesis and the rate of protein synthesis is linear when measured two or three hours after reducing the rate of protein synthesis with either puromycin or cycloheximide. The effect is manifested rapidly, is found in both random and synchronized cultures, and is independent of the method of synchronization.
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    The single cell origin of normal granulocyte colonies in vitro (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 91-92 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It has been shown by re-cloning of colonies formed in vitro from rat bone marrow cells, that normal granulocyte colonies can originate from single cells. No mixed macrophage (M) and granulocyte (G) colonies were obtained after re-cloning either M or G colonies. The results indicate, that clones of normal granulocytes and macrophages can be obtained in vitro, and that the mixed primary M and G colonies formed after seeding hematopoietic cells from animals presumably originate from a mixture of M and G cells.
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    Isolation of nuclei from mature peritoneal granulocytesIn conducting the research described in this report, the investigators adhered to the “Principles of Laboratory Animal Care” as outlined by the National Society for Medical Research. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 93-104 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nuclei from mature neutrophil granulocytes were prepared from peritonal exudates of goats. Fluorescein mercuric acetate was required to stabilize the nuclei and fix nucleoproteins. Following differential centrifugation and detergent treatment, electron microscopy showed the interlobar region to be free of cytoplasmic tabs. All of the DNA of the cell was recovered in the nucleus and 71% of the RNA. The DNA : RNA was 6 : 1 in the intact cells, and 9 : 1 in the isolated nuclei. Protein:DNA was 11 : 1 and 4 : 1 for cells and nuclei, respectively. Representative fractions of histones and tryptophan-rich acidic proteins were prepared with (asp + glu) : (lys + arg + hist) values averaging 0.7 and 1.4 respectively. Histones accounted for 30% of the nuclear proteins while the residual proteins contained the bulk of the cystinyl residues. Granulocytes were characterized by high glycine titers, from 8 to 18% of the nuclear proteins, and 70% of the total free amino acids of the cell.
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    Incorporation of H3-uridine and the isolation and characterization of RNA from squid axonThis work was partially supported by U. S. Army Research Office, grant DAHC 19-68-G-0018. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 155-161 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: H3-Uridine microinjected in the giant axons of the squid is incorporated in a TCA insoluble material. There is no difference between stimulated and resting axons as to the amount incorporated.The amount incorporated is increased if the stimulation precedes the microinjection of the tracer.RNA was purified and characterized from the axoplasm, axon sheaths and from a purified membrane preparation obtained from squid retinal nerve.
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    The effect of serum components on sterol biosynthesis in L cellsSupported, in part, by Public Health Service Research Grant no. RO1-HE 0913 from the National Heart Institute and recipient of Public Health Service Research Fellowship no. 5 F3 AM-34,974-02. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 163-170 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: L cells were cultivated in test medium which contained 14C-sodium acetate, and the amount of labeled digitonin-precipitable sterol was assayed in medium and cells. Increasing concentrations of whole serum in the medium had two effects: depressed cellular synthesis and enhanced release of synthesized sterol from the cells. In experiments with delipidized serum containing unesterified cholesterol, cellular sterol synthesis decreased as free cholesterol concentration in the medium increased. In other experiments using medium containing increasing lecithin concentration and no exogenous sterol, the concentration of lecithin markedly influenced the distribution of synthesized sterol between the cells and the medium which then directly influenced the amount of sterol synthesized. These experiments indicate that cell sterol synthesis is regulated by internal levels of free sterol. This, in turn, is a function of cellular sterol flux which is regulated by the concentration and composition of serum lipoprotein in the medium.
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    Physical separation of hemopoietic stem cells from cells forming colonies in cultureThis research was supported by the National Cancer Institute of Canada, the Medical Research Council (grant MBT-1420) and the Defence Research Board (grant 9350-14 G and C). (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 171-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mouse bone marrow cells in suspension were separated into a number of fractions on the basis of cell density by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, or on the basis of cell size by velocity sedimentation. After each type of separation, the cells from the various fractions were assayed for their ability to form macroscopic spleen colonies in irradiated recipient mice, and for their ability to form colonies in a cell culture system. The results from either separation technique demonstrate that cells in some fractions formed more colonies in vivo than in the culture system, while cells in other fractions formed more colonies in culture than in the spleen. The results of control experiments indicate that this separation of the two types of colony-forming cells was not an artifact of the separation procedures. From these experiments it was concluded that the population of cells which form colonies in culture under the conditions used is not identical to the population of cells detected by the spleen colony assay.
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730301
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    Effect of estradiol on splenic repopulation by endogenous and exogenous hemopoietic cells in irradiated miceResearch sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation. The data were presented in part to the University of Tennessee by V. K. Jenkins as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree while he was supported by USPHS fellowship 5-F1-GM-30, 763-02. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 149-157 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Estradiol treatment of irradiated mice during repopulation of their spleens by endogenous hemopoietic cells reduced the number of myelocytic colonies and increased the numbers of erythropoietic and undifferentiated colonies. The inhibitory effects of the hormone on myelopoiesis were not dependent on stimulation of erythropoiesis, since they occurred in the absence of erythropoiesis in mice made polycythemic by hypertransfusion.Treatment of bone marrow donors with estradiol reduced the ability of their marrow cells to form spleen colonies, particularly reducing the proportion of myelopoietic colonies relative to the total number of colonies of all types. Conversely erythropoietic colonies, though reduced in absolute number, were increased in relative number. Such treatment also decreased the volume and cell content of the marrow cavity through stimulation of endosteal bone formation.Estradiol treatment of lethally irradiated recipient mice did not detectably alter the total numbers or types of hemopoietic spleen colonies formed in these animals from transplanted marrow cells; however, without estradiol treatment, myelopoietic colonies were so few and erythropoietic colonies so numerous that the effects of the hormones may have been undetectable by the methods employed.The sex of the donor or recipient mouse did not affect the numbers or types of colonies formed, suggesting that endogenous levels of estradiol were too low to exert effects dectectable by the methods used. However, since our mice were only 8 weeks old, the data do not exclude the possibility that older female mice, with higher levels of estradiol, would have differed from males in relative numbers of myelopoietic as compared with erythropoietic colonies.
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    Phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in mammalian cellsFrom the Eleanor Roosevelt Institute for Cancer Research, the Department of Biophysics (Contribution 353), and the Division of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver, Colorado. This investigation was supported by U.S. Public Health Service grant 5PO1 HD 02080 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and by U.S. Public Health Service Training grant GM00781 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 159-170 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Survey of twelve mouse tissues revealed the presence of appreciable phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in the pancreas and kidney as well as the liver but in no other of the tissues tested. Single cell suspensions of mouse liver were prepared by use of tetraphenylboron. The enzyme activity of such suspensions was much more stable than that of liver extracts, and permitted determination of the Michaelis-Menten constant, the pseudo-first order reaction velocity constant on a cell-number basis, and the temperature coefficient and apparent activation energy of the enzyme activity. Possible applications of these methods to problems in cellular biology have been indicated.
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    Erratum (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040730302
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    The rate of attachment of amoebae to the substratum: A study of nuclear-cytopolasmic relationships (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rate of attachment to the substratum was found to be a strain specific character of certain large free-living amoebae. Two strains, which differed significantly in this respect, were compared with regard to the rate of attachment of enucleated cytoplasm, nuclear-cytoplasmic hybrids and amoebae injected with cytoplasm from another strain. It was found that both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the more rapidly attaching strain were able to transmit this character to amoebae of the more slowly attaching strain. The possible mechanisms underlying attachment and transmission of the rate of attachment are discussed.
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    Separation of cells by velocity sedimentationSupported by National Cancer Institute of Canada, MRC grant MA-3017 and Donner Canadian Foundation. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 191-201 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A system for fractionating populations of living cells by velocity sedimentation in the earth's gravitational field is described. The cells start in a thin band near the top of a shallow gradient of 3% to 30% fetal calf serum in phosphate buffered saline at 4°C. Cell separation takes place primarily on the basis of size and is approximately independent of cell shape. A sharply-defined upper limit, called the streaming limit, exists for the cell concentration in the starting band beyond which useful cell separations cannot be achieved. This limit, which varies with the type of cell being sedimented, can be significantly increased by proper choice of gradient shape. For sheep erythrocytes (sedimentation velocity of 1.6 mm/hour) it is 1.5 × 107 cells/ml. Measured and calculated sedimentation velocities for sheep erythrocytes are shown to be in agreement. The technique is applied to a suspension of mouse spleen cells and it is shown, using an electronic cell counter and pulse height analyzer, that cells are fractionated according to size across the gradient such that the sedimentation velocity (in mm/hour) approximately equals r2/4 where r is the cell radius in microns. Since cells of differing function also often differ in size, the system appears to have useful biological applications.
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    Ribonucleic acid within the extracellular matrix during embryonic tooth formationThis work was supported by the National Institute for Dental Research, United States Public Health Service, grants DE-01177-09 and DE-02768-01. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 179-190 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During embryonic tooth formation, interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells results in the formation of a metachromatic interface or extracellular matrix. The cervical or germinative region of this epidermal organ system is populated by an increasing gradient of cellular differentiation and an extracellular matrix which is the progenitor for subsequent dentine organic matrix formation. Embryonic rabbit tooth primordia can be maintained in culture enabling kinetic studies of labeled precursor incorporation. Autoradiographs of tooth organ cultures continusly incubated with labeled uridine for periods up to eight hours, demonstrated initial cellular incorporation with subsequent transfer of 2% of the grain density to the extracellular matrix by four hours. The grain density was removed by ribonuclease treatment. No incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the matrix was observed. The incorporation of C14-uridine during organ culture was inhibited by actinomycin D. Micrurgy was employed to isolate the extracellular matrix free of adherent cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated membrane-bound, electron dense bodies within the matrix, presumably cytoplasmic extensions. No cells per se were observed on the isolated matrix. Several experimental criteria suggested that uridine incorporation into the extracellular matrix was regulated by epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Phenol extraction procedures of labeled cervical matrices demonstrated an ultraviolet absorption maximum at 260 μU. Both spectrophotometric determinations and orcinol assays found RNA to be 0.4-0.5% of the cervical extracellular matrix.These results are interpreted to indicate that RNA is a component of the metachromatic extracellular matrix during epithelio-mensenchymal interactions associated with tooth formation. The functional significance of these observations is premature at this time.
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    The calcium-mediated promotion of mitotic activity in rat thymocyte populations by growth hormone, neurohormones, parathyroid hormone and prolactinIssued as N.R.C.C. No. 10694. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 203-211 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Growth hormone, oxytocin, parathyroid hormone, prolactin and lysine vasopressin strongly stimulate mitotic activity in rat thymocyte populations maintained in vitro. These hormones have no mitotic effect on cells maintained in calcium-free medium. It is concluded that they stimulate mitosis only indirectly by sensitising the mitotically competent segment of a thymocyte population to the action of calcium. The stimulatory action of calcium itself is opposed by low concentrations of the mucopolysaccharide chondroitin sulphate. However, the inhibitory action of chondroitin sulphate can be overcome by growth hormone.A possible common mechanism of action of these hormones on mitotically competent cells is discussed.
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    Permeability and photoxidative damage of membrane enzymes (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 259-271 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pattern of photodynamic damage of pig erythrocyte and rat brain microsomal ATPases and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterases has been studied, using rose bengal as photosensitizer. Of these enzymes the Na+-K+-Mg2+-ATPase, believed to be associated with active transport, is very much more sensitive to damage than are the Mg2+-ATPase and the erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. Earlier photoxidative studies of the haemolysis of erythrocytes have shown that ion movements occur in two phases which are dependent on the duration of exposure to light and it is suggested that these are correlated with the differential sensitivity of these membrane enzymes.The ATPases of the brain microsomal preparation were more sensitive to photodynamic damage during preincubation at 0°C, i.e. in the absence of substrate. Raising the preincubation temperature to 37°C protected both enzymes, the inactivation of the Na+-K+-Mg2+-ATPase being markedly reduced. The presence of substrate during pre-incubation at 0°C also protects both enzymes, especially the Mg2+-ATPase. These interacting effects of temperature and substrate are compared with the known different temperature sensitivities of these two enzymes.
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    Photolysis in a culture medium for Tetrahymena pyriformis (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 295-298 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Considerable variability has been found in the yield of cells in batch cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis grown axenically in 1% tryptone/0.05% yeast extract. This variability has been traced to the photolysis by visible light of the flavin mononucleotide and thiamine components of yeast extract.
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    The influence of conditioned media and nonessential amino acid supplementation on the growth of cells in vitroThis investigation was supported by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grant AI 01267 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 299-306 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The growth enhancing effect of media conditioned by cells from established lines (BHK and L60) is comparable to that of media conditioned by cells of primary origin (chick embryo). However, the properties of the conditioned media from these two systems show marked differences: the growth enhancing factors in the former are dialyzable and heat-stable, in contrast to the non-dialyzable and heat-labile factors in the latter.Media conditioned for only four hours by BHK or L60 cells stimulated cell growth. Amino acid analyses revealed that non-essential amino acids had appeared in these conditioned media.To verify this as the metabolic basis of conditioning by cells from established lines, media containing dialyzed serum were supplemented with each of six non-essential amino acids, and assayed on BHK and L60 at various population densities. Serine was the most stimulatory and alanine the most inhibitory of the amino acids tested.Mixed supplementation of the medium showed that when low levels of alanine and serine were added simultaneously, cell growth was enhanced but any increase in the level of alanine required an increase in the level of serine also to achieve growth stimulation.
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    Density dependent inhibition of cell growth in cultures of primary and established lines of cells (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 307-314 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of cell crowding on DNA synthesis (incorporation of 3HTdR and 32PO4) was studied by an improved method in monolayers of secondary cells and established cell lines, either normal or transformed by viruses or carcinogens. The method was based mainly on pulse labeling of cultures of cells a few hours after their seeding in equal numbers onto areas of different size in identical dishes, a condition which ensured equal physiological conditions and different degrees of crowding of cells.DNA synthesis was hardly inhibited in crowded monolayers of secondary chick, mouse and hamster embryo cells. The incorporation of radioactive thymidine and phosphate into DNA of cell lines such as BHK 21, 3T3/SV40 and L929 was strongly inhibited. An SV40-transformed line of hamster kidney cells (HKT7) synthetized DNA equally well in sparse as in crowded monolayers. In lines of human amnion (FL) and BHK 21 cells which were more extensively studied the degree of inhibition of DNA synthesis was inversely proportional to their density.Autoradiography after 3HTdR pulse-labeling indicated that the same proportion of cell nuclei were labeled in sparse and in crowded cultures. The extent of labeling (number of grains per nucleus) was lower in crowded cultures of those cells that also showed inhibition of incorporation of this label as measured by scintillation. The inhibition is thus expressed in retardation of DNA synthesis in cells in S phase rather than arresting it in a larger percentage of cells.
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    Divalent cation activation of flagellar ATP-phosphohydrolase from bull spermThis work was supported by U.S.P.H.S. General Research Support Grant 9833 and by U.S.P.H.S. grants 5T1-GM-206, GM-06815 and HD-03266-01. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 315-321 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The apparently inconsistent reports on flagellar ATPase properties may be resolved by elimination of adenylate kinase from the system. Removal of the adenylate kinase from alkaline M/2 KCl extracts of bull sperm flagella yields a spermosin-ATPase which liberates only the terminal phosphate of ATP. In any case spermosin is preferentially activated by calcium. However, combination of spermosin with flactin (e.g., by addition of digitonin and MgCl2 to the extraction medium) produces an ATPase much more highly activated by magnesium. But flactospermosin has so far resisted purification from its adenylate kinase contaminant. In divalent cation activation, pH optima and nature of ATP hydrolysis, the flagellar contractile protein system closely parallels the muscle system.
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    Studies on colony formation in vitro by mouse bone marrow cellsThis work was supported by the Carden Fellowship Fund of the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria. I. Continuous cluster formation and relation of clusters to colonies (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 323-332 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colony formation in vitro by mouse bone marrow cells following stimulation by human urine was analysed over a 7-day incubation period. There was a linear increase with time in the number of cell aggregates (clusters) developing in such plates. Early in the incubation period all clusters were granulocytic although later macrophage clusters developed. Although most fully developed colonies were composed of macrophages, mapping and transfer studies showed that at least half of these had initially arisen early in the incubation period as granulocytic clusters.
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    Erratum (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 333-333 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740314
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    Masthead (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740401
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    Introduction (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. vii 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    DNA virus maturation (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 21-32 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Maturation of bacterial viruses requires the formation of mature viral nucleic acid in the form found in progeny virus particles, the “packaging” of this viral nucleic acid within a capsule, and the assembly of “packaged” nucleic acid with the accessory structures necessary for infectivity. Recognition that the replicating viral nucleic acid is frequently in a form distinct from that found in mature particles has, in some instances, led to the postulation and formal description of presently unknown processes that must participate in the synthesis of the mature form. In at least some instances, packaging of the mature nucleic acid is clearly integrated with its synthesis.Examples involving the DNA bacteriophages T4, λ, and φ X174 and the RNA bacteriophages are presented to illustrate these points.
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    Determinants of gene expression during viral developmentThis research was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-15880) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-01257). (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The induction of tRNA synthesis following T4 phage infectionThis work was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service research grant RO5-TW-00260 and by agreement 455114. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 71-80 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: T4 bacteriophage infection of E. coli B cells induces the formation of 4S RNA molecules that specifically hybridize with T4 DNA. The T4 4S RNA extracted from the hybrid was found to contain pseudouridylic acid, suggesting that some of this RNA might have amino acid acceptor function. In order to study the amino acid acceptor capacity of the T4 4S RNA, two procedures were devised. The first one involved the isolation and purification of specific 4S RNA-DNA hybrids in a manner that avoided the use of RNase and permitted the extraction of biologically active tRNA from the hybrid. It was found that a significant fraction of the T4 4S RNA isolated by this method had amino acid acceptor activity. This was shown by assaying with a mixture of 15 14C-labeled amino acids or with [14C]leucine alone.In the second method, T4 N-acetyl[3H]aminoacyl-tRNA was prepared in order to stabilize the aminoacyl-tRNA ester bond. T4 N-acetyl[3H]leucyl-tRNA was incubated with T4 DNA in the presence of 50% formamide at 30°C. Sephadex G-200 chromatography revealed that a significant fraction of the N-acetyl[3H]leucyl-tRNA hybridized with the T4 DNA. Another procedure involved the hybridization of N-acetyl[3H]-aminoacyl-tRNA with T4 DNA at 70°C in a citrate buffer in the absence of formamide. The annealing mixture also contained a 20-fold excess of uncharged E. coli tRNA. The hybrid-containing solution was loaded onto nitrocellulose filters and treated with T1 RNase. At this point, the T4 tRNA was found to contain leucine-, arginine-, isoleucine-, and possibly tyrosine-specific chains.
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    Phage-Induced modification of valyl-tRNA synthetaseThese studies were supported by U. S. Public Health Service research grant GM-08437 from the Institute of General Medical Sciences and by grant GB-2094 from the National Science Foundation. Some of the work is taken from theses submitted by R.F.B. and C.F.E. to the Graduate School, Purdue University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. W.H.M. was a postdoctoral research associate in the laboratory of S. P. Champe. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 87-101 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Infection of Escherichia coli: with T4 bacteriophage causes the appearance of a new valyl-tRNA synthetase activity associated with a molecule that, compared to the host enzyme, exhibits a greater resistance to denaturation by heat or urea, a larger molecular volume, a higher rate of sedimentation in sucrose gradients, a greater net positive charge, and a greater ability to charge yeast tRNA. No evidence has been found for similar changes in synthetase activity for the other amino acids. Appearance of the new activity requires continued protein synthesis and results from a modification of the preexisting host enzyme rather than de novo synthesis of a totally new enzyme. By 20 minutes after infection at 30°C, all of the host enzyme has been converted into the new form. Phage mutants have been isolated that fail to effect a normal conversion. The properties of these mutants suggest that conversion involves the addition, to the host enzyme, of a protein specified by the phage genome. Drastic reduction of phage-induced activity in one of these mutants does not interfere detectably with phage development in a normal host, suggesting that the presence of the new activity is not essential for normal phage production.
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    Binding of arginine transfer RNA to the arginine tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 117-119 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Formation and properties of an aminoacyl-tRNA•GTP•protein complex (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 103-116 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Partially purified preparations of two protein factors, one of which is stable at 50°C (FIs) and the other unstable at 50°C (FIu), are required for the GTP-dependent, mRNA-directed binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes, as well as for polypeptide synthesis in the presence of a third factor, FII. Both FIs and FIu are required for maximal interaction with GTP to form a GTP•protein complex that subsequently interacts with aminoacyl-tRNA, but not with deacylated tRNA or with N-(substituted)-aminoacyl-tRNA, to form an aminoacyl-tRNA•GTP•protein complex. A mixture of FIs and FIu also interacts with GDP to form a GDP•protein complex; however, no subsequent interaction with aminoacyl-tRNA is observed. In addition to aminoacyl-tRNA and GTP, Mg2+ and NH4+ are required for the formation of the aminoacyl-tRNA•GTP•protein complex. Although both protein factors, FIs and FIu, are required for the formation of this complex, only the heat-labile protein, FIu, is a component of the complex. Very little dissociation of the GTP moiety of the complex occurs in the presence of Mg2+, and no detectable exchange is observed with GTP, GDP, or Pi. In contrast, appreciable dissociation of the aminoacyl-tRNA from the GTP•protein occurs even in the presence of Mg2+, and exchange with other aminoacyl-tRNA's can be readily demonstrated. In the absence of Mg2+, complete dissociation of both the GTP and the aminoacyl-tRNA from the protein occurs. Evidence has been obtained to demonstrate that the aminoacyl-tRNA•GTP•protein complex is an intermediate in the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes. The binding of the aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome occurs with the concomitant formation of Pi and a GDP • protein complex. Incorporation of the bound aminoacyl-tRNA into polypeptide requires additional GTP and the third transfer factor, FII.
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    Transfer RNA's in human leukemia (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 149-153 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Location of the alanyl-tRNA synthetase recognition site in yeast tRNAIIAlaThis work was supported by grants from the U. S. Public Health Service (6 RO1 GM07262) and the American Cancer Society (P-476). (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 179-184 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Subunits of E. coli RNA polymerase in function and structure (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 223-224 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Portrait of a geneThis research was sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with Union Carbide Corporation. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 225-232 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Joint discussion (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 233-234 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Conformational aspects of the nucleic acid-protein recognition problem (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 235-238 
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    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The infracerebral gland  -  a possible neuroendocrine complex in Nereis (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 187-215 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The infracerebral gland of Nereis consists of an epithelium covering the ventral surface of the posterior region of the brain. The thickness of the epithelium varies greatly in different species, and it appears especially well developed in Nereis limnicola. Cells of the most numerous type are in direct contact with the base of the brain. Their apical surfaces bound a coelomic sinus, below which is a blood plexus. Other cells are fuchsinophilic and contain many inclusions resembling elementary neurosecretory granules. A third type is rare and resembles glial elements. A number of nerve tracts run from the neuropil to the base of the brain in the region of the gland. Where they impinge upon the capsule they form swellings containing elementary granules and small vesicles. Some axons do not end on the capsule but pass through the capsule and then ramify among the cells of the gland. The swollen endings of other fibers, probably nervous in character, are packed with mitochondria and are scattered over the inner surface of the capsule in the region of the gland. The features described are suggestive of a neuroendocrine complex, and the relation between the brain and the infracerebral gland is in need of experimental analysis in view of the important endocrine functions presently ascribed to the brain in nereids.
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    Masthead (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 125 (1968) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051250101
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    Masthead (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Aspects of the fine structure of the intrahepatic bile duct epithelium in normal and cholecystectomized miceThis work is supported in part by grant 2TICA-05007-09 of the United States Public Health Services and by grant IN-45G of the American Cancer Society. (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 1-21 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epithelium lining the intrahepatic bile ducts of normal adult mice consists of a single layer of cuboidal or low columnar cells and has ultrastructure comparable to that described previously (Rouiller and Jézéquel, '65). Some of the epithelial cells, however, exhibit such particular features as dilatation of granular endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, polysome formation of ribosomes and the presence of active forms of the Golgi apparatus, numerous lysosome-like bodies and apical projections and blebs. Postnatal cholecystectomy does not induce any qualitative changes in the epithelial fine structure, but results in a significant increase in number of the particular structures mentioned. Therefore, the cholecystectomy is thought to stimulate the secretory activity of the epithelial cells, and such stimulation appears due to the absence of a possible activity of epithelial secretion in the gallbladder.
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    Masthead (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051240201
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    Myocardial ultrastructure and electrocardiograms of the sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) under normal and experimental conditionsSupported (in part) by the U. S. Public Health Service, General Research grant 1-SO1-FR-05070-01 and by the Chicago and Illinois Heart Assocations, Grant-in-Aid N66-10. Presented in part at the American Society for Cell Biology Meeting, November 19, 1966, in Houston, Texas. (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 83-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Adult sloths (Bradypus tridactylus) were studied by electrocardiography and by light and electron microscopy under normal conditions and under experimental conditions as provided for by injection of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and ether anesthesia. ECG's of the animals indicated heart rates of 45-71/min, which can be considered as the normal heart rate of the sloth under laboratory conditions. Under normal conditions, the contracted ventricular myocardium of the sloth exhibited (a) a wrinkled sarcolemma, (b) the usual pattern of myofibrils and of sarcoplasmic reticulum, (c) small mitochondria with spiked and branched, often anastomosed cristae, including a few small intramitochondrial dark bodies, (d) an amount of sacrcosomes smaller than the amount of myofibrils, (e) many glycogen granules, isolated, in the form of a chain, or as clusters, in subsarcolemmal, intermyofilamentous and perimitochondrial positions, (f) few multivesicular bodies and (g) large flat sections of the transverse tubular system.Injection of DNP (1 mg/kg) caused tachycardia. With ether anesthesia, the ECG showed monophasic action potential of myocardial injury and prolongation of inter or intraventricular condition. Electrically, the sloth's heart responded to hypoxia as do other mammalian hearts.The administration of DNP produced (a) derangement and reduction in number and length of the mitochondrial cristae, (b) disappearance of spikes, connections between the cristae and, consequently, the honeycombed arrangement, (c) increased matricial space in the center of mitochondria which was often filled with a grayish substance, (d) disappearance of small dark intramitochondrial granules, (e) depletion of glycogen particles and (f) few dilations in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051240106
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    A new approach to mammalian cranial analysis, illustrated by examples of prosimian primates (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 167-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Latex endocranial casts, which may be made without damaging the skull, reveal much of the information provided by a hemisected skull. Examination of drawings of endocasts superimposed on skulls may provide insight into the biological significance of skull and brain morphology. The high degree of cranial flexion and the globose brain shape of Daubentonia appear to be related to the functional demands of its gnawing mechanism. The broad frontal lobes of indriids are correlated with orbital orientation; differences in frontal lobe sulcal pattern suggest greater elaboration of the motor filed for the hand in indriids than in lemurids. Several features of lorisid cranial anatomy are discussed. It is suggested that, as a first approximation, increased splanchnocranial declination in small prosimians results from the necessity of accommodating relatively large eyes in a skull with a relatively small splanchnocranium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051240204
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    The structure of the antennae of the Florida Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer) (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 125 (1968), S. 315-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Interest in the structure of the antennae of the Florida Queen butterfly arises from the finding that a pheromone is active in their courtship. Light and electron microscopic techniques were used to study the sensilla on the antennae and three types of sensilla with perforated walls were identified. The most common of these are short, thin-walled pegs which are distributed over most of the antennal surface. Long, curved, thin-walled pegs occur in patches on the inner medial antennal surface. Multiple coeloconic sensilla are present having up to 50 pegs in one sensillum. On the outer 28 flagellar subsegments there are two such sensilla per subsegment. In addition there are on the antennae long, thick-walled hairs which are mechanoreceptors and probably also contact chemoreceptors. Sunken pegs, the function of which is not known, occur on the antennae. Grooved sensilla were found with the electron microscope but could not be identified with the light microscope. There was no indication of sexual dimorphism in sensilla types or numbers on the antennae.
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    Morphology of the presoma of Corynosoma hamanni (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A morphological study of the presoma of adult Corynosoma hamanni (Linstow, 1892) was undertaken in an effort to clarify some problems encountered during analysis of a large collection of juveniles of this species assembled from fishes of McMurdo Sound. This study is based on approximately 600 adult specimens recovered from four Weddel seals, Leptonychotes weddelli, collected at McMurdo Sound.Morphologically the proboscis armature is more varied than previously reported and consists of 18 to 23 longitudinal rows each with 11 to 15 hooks of two distinct types. At the apex of the proboscis is an undivided, bi-nucleated apical organ unlike that described for species of Neoechinorhynchus. In the basal third of the proboscis is a thin-walled vesicle which extends into the anterior quarter of the proboscis receptacle. The more posterior of two external folds on the presoma is a cuticular invagination permitting recognition of the neck-trunk border of C. hamanni. Lemnisci originate between the two folds and extend into the trunk cavity between the body wall and extensive neck retractor muscles. Contrary to Linstow's original description, each lemniscus is a single structure.Several limitations in material prevent speculation at this time about the limits of intraspecific variation in C. hamanni.
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    Further morphological and histochemical studies on the yolk nucleus and associated cell components in the developing oocyte of the indian wall lizard (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 283-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In March through April when the oocyte growth in the ovaries of the wall lizard (Hemidactylus) is very rapid, the yolk nucleus continues to persist through various stages of previtellogenesis. This persisting yolk nucleus and associated cell components have been studied with histochemical techniques. The spherical and dense yolk nucleus stains for protein, lipoprotein and RNA. It does not form any close morphological association with the other cell components such as the mitochondria, lipid bodies (L2), spaces or canals, diffuse sudanophilic substance and dense bodies, which are arranged into three zones round the yolk nucleus proper. The mitochondria stain for lipoprotein; the L2 bodies consist of phospholipid; the spaces do not contain any material demonstrable with histochemical techniques; and the ooplasm containing the diffuse sudanophilic substance and dense bodies shows lipoprotein, protein and RNA. Eventually, the yolk nucleus disintegrates, and its substance as well as the other cell components are distributed in the cortical ooplasm of oocytes which are ready to form the yolk bodies.Concepts of the origin, morphology, cytochemistry and function of the yolk nucleus in the oocytes of invertebrates and vertebrates, which have come about recently through the application of cytochemical and submicroscopical techniques, are discussed.
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    Histological changes in the epidermis of the subdigital lamellae of Anolis carolinensis during the shedding cycle (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 125 (1968), S. 379-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The characteristic anoline climbing organ consists of a number of lamellar scales, on whose outer scale surface are numerous keratinized setae which contact the substrate. These setae are derived from the Oberhautchen of the epidermal generation, and as such are renewed and shed periodically along with the rest of the epidermal material. The histological development of the setae is described, and modifications of the surrounding elements are noted. The relative lengths of the setae and their congregation to form a pad unit poses certain mechanical problems during morphogenesis, simply in terms of accommodation between the functional outer epidermal generation and dermal core of each lamella. Regression of the dermal core and a distal migration of some cells permits accommodation within the lamella for the distal aspect of the Oberhautchen layer, or free margin. Additionally, changes in the gross shape of the lamella occur throughout the sloughing cycle, and a swelling of the cells of the lacunar tissue results in a gap between the stratum corneum of inner and outer epidermal generations. There is a considerable amount of variation in mitotic activity between the germinal layers of opposite sides of the lamella.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051250402
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    Autoradiographic studies of uridine incorporation in peripheral nerve of the newt, TriturusAided by grants from the American Cancer Society, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 321-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Autoradiographic studies combined with digestion tests of incorporated 3H-uridine showed that the peripheral nerve of Triturus contains ribonucleic acid. Localization studies revealed the presence of RNA in the axon, in the myelin and Schwann sheath, and in the Schwann cell body. Similar experiments on nerve separated by transection from its neuronal cell bodies yielded the same results. They showed that RNA of the nerve can be synthesized without the intervention of the neuronal cell body. The results strongly suggest that the radioactive substance, precursor or RNA, is transported inward from the Schwann cell to be deposited in the myelin sheath and axon. The route of passage and the possible sites of origin of the RNA in the nerve are discussed. A significant role is suggested for the Schmidt-Lantermann cleft because of its relations with the adaxonal layer of Schwann cytoplasm and with the myelin leaflets.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051240306
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    Structure of the eye of Haideotriton wallacei, a North American troglobitic salamander (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 124 (1968), S. 345-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The eye of Haideotriton wallacei is more reduced histologically than those of othe troglobitic salamanders. The tiny eye is imbedded in a mass of adipose tissue. No extrinsic eye muscles are present. A rudimentary lens is present in about half of the eyes examined. In two instances the lens is surrounded by a small chamber; most eyes lack a chamber. The retina and iris are relatively undifferentiated. The relatively massive retina lacks rods and cones, an outer plexiform layer and subdivided nuclear layers. A tiny optic nerve runs to the brain.
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    Electron microscope studies on developing oocytes of a coelenterate medusa with special reference to vitellogenesisThis investigation was supported by research grants (HD-00699; GM-09229) from the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service and a Career Development Award (GM-11,524) from the National Institute of General Medical Science. The author is indebted to Dr. David Epel for providing facilities at the Hopkins Marine Station. The skillful technical assistance of Marlene Decker is also acknowledged. Publication costs provided by an allocation from the Graduate College of the University of Iowa. (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 126 (1968), S. 211-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a hydrozoan jellyfish, the female gonad is differentiated from a specialized region of the epidermis near the manubrium. Changes in the oocytes during growth and vitellogenesis are described as observed with electron microscopic and cytochemical techniques. Three major types of yolk are formed; these include lipid, glycogen, and membrane-bound granules consisting of both protein and carbohydrate. The latter first appear evident within vesicular and cisternal elements of the numerous Golgi complexes. The orientation and structural variations noted between the endoplasmic reticulum and forming face of the Golgi complexes suggest that the protein component of the yolk granules may be transferred from the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex where it is joined to carbohydrate perhaps synthesized by the Golgi complexes. Stages in the release of the precursor yolk material sequestered in cisternal elements of the Golgi complexes are illustrated. The presence of coated and uncoated vesicles in the Golgi regions and their possible role in intracellular transport are described and discussed. The presence and possible method of morphogenesis of vesiculate yolk bodies are also described. What appear to represent invaginations of the oolemma extend into the ooplasm and display a special orientation with respect to lamellae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Intraooplasmic synthesis appears to constitute the major pathway for protein-carbohydrate yolk deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051260205
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    Fine structural features of developing leg discs of the blowfly, Sarcophaga bullata (Parker) (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 126 (1968), S. 349-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mesothoracic leg discs of the blowfly, Sarcophaga bullata (Parker) were studied by electron microscopy during the third larval instar. As the peripodial membrane and separation form, the cells of the disc become elongated and perpendicularly oriented toward the separation. The cellular organelles do not undergo significant changes until the late third instar. At this time, there is a significant increase in the amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum and in the number of inclusions, particularly in those cells located more deeply in the disc. Nucleolar enlargement and an increase in the number of mitochondria are also observed at this time.The cells at the border of the disc form a columnar epithelium whose surface develops microvilli-like projections. These projections. These projections reach their maximum development towards the end of third instar.It is suggested that some of the observed changes may represent a phenotypic expression of secretion of cuticular material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051260305
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    Masthead (1968)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 126 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051260401
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