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  • General Chemistry  (4,740)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (1,972)
  • COMMUNICATIONS  (1,377)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (9,049)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 101
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    A new model of atmospheric gamma rays and its implications for measurement of diffuse cosmic gamma rays from within the atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A semi-empirical model is discussed which describes atmospheric gamma rays in the range 0.3 less then or equal to E less than or equal to 10 MeV based on the production per unit mass of air. The model is based on the concept of a source strength (photon/g sec MeV) which is energy- and depth-dependent, and derived from measured fluxes. Quantities such as directional fluxes, angular distributions, and growth curves are calculated directly from this model. The source function is described by four energy-dependent parameters determined empirically from fluxes measured with a 7.5 cm x 7.5 cm Nal counter over the atmospheric depth range from 3.5 to 500 g/sq cm. From S(E,x), obtained for both continuum and discrete gamma rays at lambda = 40 deg, the depth and angle dependence of directional fluxes were calculated. Growth-curve predictions needed to separate atmospheric from diffuse cosmic fluxes were determined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 137-145
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  • 102
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    The spectrum of cosmic electron with energies between 6 and 100 GeV (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This experiment was carried out during three balloon flights which provided a total exposure of 3500 + or - 60 sq m sec sterad at an average depth of 4.8 g/sq cm The detector, in which the development of cascade showers in a 33.7 rl absorber was sampled by 10 scintillation counters and 216 Geiger-Muller tubes, was calibrated at the Cornell Electron Synchrotron, the separation of cosmic electrons from the nuclear background was confirmed by extensive analysis of data from the flights, from the calibration and from ground level exposure. The spectral intensity of primary cosmic ray electrons were found in particles/sq m sec sterad GeV. Similarly, the ground level spectrum of secondary cosmic ray electrons was also found. The steepness of the spectrum of cosmic electrons relative to that of nuclei implies one of the following conclusions: either the injection spectrum of electrons is steeper than that of nuclei, or the electron spectrum has been steepened by Compton/synchrotron losses in the energy range covered by the experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-141287 , TR-75-019
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  • 103
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    1-millimeter continuum radiation from Orion Molecular Cloud 2 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The 1-mm continuum flux from Orion Molecular Cloud 2 (OMC-2), measured with a 1-inch beam, is found to be 0.05 plus or minus 0.01 of that from the Becklin-Neugebauer/Kleinmann-Low (BN/KL) complex. This implies that the average density of dust within OMC-2 is about an order of magnitude less than within the BN/KL region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Aug. 15
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  • 104
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    A search for X-rays from supernova 1972e with Uhuru and OSO-7 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of observations performed with X-ray detectors aboard OSO-7 and Uhuru at 13 different times ranging from 16 months before to 2 years after Sn 1972e maximum light are reported. Only one possible (3.2 sigma) positive result was found. The absence of any sizable flux contradicts the model of Shklovsky and imposes limitations on the model of Colgate and McKee.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 1
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  • 105
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    Cosmic-ray streaming perpendicular to the mean magnetic field (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Starting from a quasi-linear approximation for the ensemble-averaged particle distribution function in a random magnetic field, the complete diffusion tensor is derived. This is done by assuming a simple form for the ensemble-averaged distribution function, explicitly retaining all components of the streaming flux. This derivation obtains the antisymmetric terms in a natural manner. The necessary dropping of higher-order terms gives a criterion for the lower-energy limit of validity of the perpendicular and antisymmetric diffusion coefficients. The limit for the assumed distribution function is about 0.8 GV rigidity in the interplanetary field near 1 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 1
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  • 106
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    A new model for the high-frequency decametric radiation from Jupiter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is generally accepted that the Jupiter decametric noise bursts occur at frequencies directly related to the electron gyrofrequencies in the Jupiter ionosphere, and it is frequently suggested that the radiation occurs at the gyrofrequency. The recent Pioneer 10 measurement of a 4-G-(R sub 5) cubed dipole moment provides some basis for a more detailed analysis of the local wave mode involved in the radiation. The direct measurement of a relatively small planetary dipole moment suggests that phenomena associated with local ionospheric wave modes having frequencies higher than local gyrofrequencies should be considered for at least some of the emissions. A possible explanation for certain intense high-frequency Jupiter noise bursts is discussed which is based on a wave-wave coupling mechanism that involves the radiation field and the (n + 1/2) gyrofrequency electrostatic modes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-68-014A-14-OS , NSSDC-ID-68-014A-24-PS , Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 107
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    Measurements of the Jovian radiation belts (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The University of California at San Diego trapped radiation detector measured proton and electron fluxes, angular distributions, and energy spectra throughout the Pioneer 10 fly by of Jupiter in December 1973. The instrumentation and calibrations are described, and good values for particle fluxes in the inner and outer regions are presented. The major features of the Jovian radiation belts are described, with preliminary discussions of their meanings.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 108
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    Evidence from charged particle studies for the distortion of the Jovian magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Consideration of the relationship between the rotation of Jupiter's magnetic field and time variations in the intensity of approximately 6- to 30-MeV electrons observed by the University of Chicago experiment on Pioneer 10 in the outer regions of Jupiter's magnetosphere (R greater than 20 Jupiter radii). For R equal to or greater than 40 Jupiter radii the authors' observations are found to be consistent with rigid corotation of the magnetosphere with Jupiter. For R equal to or greater than 40 Jupiter radii, significant deviations from rigid corotation appear with the observed phase of the intensity variations leading the phase expected for rigid corotation on the inbound pass and lagging on the outbound pass. From a different point of view it is found that the time delay between the observed times of intensity minimums and the times expected on the basis of a rigid 9 hour 55 minute period for the intensity variations increased steadily while Pioneer 10 was within the magnetosphere and had reached approximately a ten hour time difference when the spacecraft left the magnetosphere at R approximately equal to 98 Jupiter radii outbound.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 109
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    Ionization mechanisms of the intercloud medium (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A generalized treatment of the ionization equilibrium of the intercloud medium is developed, which is model-independent in the steady-state approximation, and which is suited to an interpretation of ultraviolet absorption data. It is found that the most satisfactory models require the presence of density inhomogeneities along the line of sight. In all models considered for lambda Sco, 2-MeV cosmic rays and X rays are found to lead to large disagreements with the observations, and data on upsilon Sco, alpha Leo, and other stars seem to support this conclusion. Therefore, it would seem that these cannot be the physical agents responsible for the bulk of the ionization of the gas. An alternative model is developed, in which the ionization below 24.58 eV is provided by ultraviolet photons. This model appears to satisfy theoretical requirements, and leads to good agreement with the data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 110
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    Effects of turbulence in a planetary atmosphere on radio occultation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A formulation is given for the correlation functions for the log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of both spherical and plane waves propagating in a turbulent medium whose correlation function for refractive index fluctuations is described by the product of a function of the average coordinate and a function of the difference coordinate. The results are applied to radio occultation of a flyby space probe by the atmosphere of Venus, assuming that the turbulence in the atmosphere exists as a layer, that it is localized, isotropic, and smoothly varying, and that the localized turbulence is described by the Kolmogorov spectrum. Closed-form solutions for both variances and frequency spectra of the log-amplitude and phase fluctuations are obtained using Rytov's method, and it is seen that the shape of the frequency spectra depends greatly on the characteristics and extent of the turbulence.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-22; July 197
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  • 111
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    Observation of transiron solar-flare nuclei in an Apollo 16 command-module window (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The first measurements of the fluence of solar particles with nuclear charges not less than 32 and 44 are presented, along with the enhancement factors found. Using a track-etching technique, these transiron nuclei were detected in a window from the Apollo 16 command module which was exposed outside the magnetosphere during the solar-particle event of Apr. 18, 1972.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 15
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  • 112
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    Decameter type IV bursts associated with coronal transients (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The characteristics of four moving type IV burst observed with a 65- to 20-MHz swept-frequency interferometer are discussed. All four bursts were associated with depletions in the electron content of the white light corona. Characteristics of the bursts are not unique i.e., they differ in source size, structure, duration, and their association with other radio bursts. Following Smerd and Dulk (1971), it is assumed that a shock wave, moving out from the flare site is responsible for the expansion of a magnetic arch or the ejection of a plasmoid which is observed as the usual type IV burst. Behind the shock wave, the compressed coronal gas moves outward, and as it expands it causes a depletion of electrons in the inner corona. After the passage of the shock wave, sometimes the coronal magnetic field structure is restored to its initial situation, as evidenced by the observation of homologous transients.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 34; Feb. 197
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  • 113
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    The interpretation of ionospheric radio drift measurements. VII - Diffraction methods applied to E-region echo fading: Evidence of a focusing model (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 114
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    Properties of cutoff corrugated surfaces for corrugated horn design (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Corrugated horns involve a junction between the corrugated surface and a conducting ground plane. Proper horn design requires an understanding of the electromagnetic properties of the corrugated surface and this junction. An integral equation solution has been used to study the influence of corrugation density and tooth thickness on the power loss, surface current, and the scattering from a ground plane/corrugated surface junction.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-22; Mar. 197
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  • 115
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    A three-dimensional study of 30- to 300-MeV atmospheric gamma rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A three-dimensional study of atmospheric gamma rays with energy greater than 30 MeV has been carried out. A knowledge of these atmospheric secondaries has significant applications to the study of cosmic gamma rays. For detectors carried on balloons, atmospherically produced gamma rays are the major source of background. For satellite detectors, atmospheric secondaries provide a calibration source. Experimental results were obtained from four balloon flights from Palestine, Texas, with a 15 cm by 15 cm digitized wire grid spark chamber. The energy spectrum for downward-moving gamma rays steepens with increasing atmospheric depth. Near the top of the atmosphere, the spectrum steepens with increasing zenith angle. A new model of atmospheric secondary production has calculated the depth, the energy, and the zenith angle dependence of gamma rays above 30 MeV, using a comprehensive three-dimensional Monte Carlo model of the nucleon-meson-electromagnetic cascade.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 116
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    Mariner 6, 7, and 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment - Analysis of hydrogen Lyman alpha data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Four Lyman alpha airglow measurements of the limb and disk of Mars, made by ultraviolet spectrometers on Mariner 6 and 7 in 1969 and Mariner 9 in 1971, are analyzed to determine the amount and distribution of atomic hydrogen above 80 km. The variation of atomic hydrogen with altitude is calculated by using time-independent chemical diffusion models from 80 to 250 km, and an exospheric model is used above 250 km. By employing radiative transfer theory that includes effects of pure absorption and accounts for temperature variations in the atmosphere, a spherical model of the airglow Lyman alpha emission is used to produce theoretical intensities for comparison with the data. It is found that (1) the exospheric temperature and distribution in 1971 are consistent with those determined in 1969, (2) the vertical optical depth above 80 km was 2.2 in 1969 and 5 in 1971, and (3) the derived atomic hydrogen distribution from 80 to 250 km requires a source of atomic hydrogen above 80 km. Comparison of observed profiles with chemical diffusion models implies a large downward flow of atomic hydrogen at 80 km coupled with a large upward flow of molecular hydrogen.-
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 117
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    Cosmic ray scintillations. II - General theory of interplanetary scintillations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The motion of charged particles in a stochastic magnetic field with nonzero mean is considered via a generalized quasi-linear expansion of Liouville's equation. The general result is an equation relating cosmic ray scintillations to magnetic fluctuations and to cosmic ray gradients. The resonant interaction between particles and the random magnetic field is considered in detail, and the effect of nonlinear terms in the equations is considered. The nonlinear terms are important in damping out initial conditions and in determining conditions near cyclotron resonances. The application of the theory to the propagation of cosmic rays during quiet times in interplanetary space is considered. It is concluded that cosmic ray scintillations in interplanetary space may provide useful information about interplanetary particles and fields and also about nonlinear plasma interactions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 1
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  • 118
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    Application of an integral equation formulation to the prediction of space shuttle annular slot antenna radiation patterns (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Pitch and roll plane radiation patterns computed by use of an integral equation formulation are presented for a space shuttle annular slot communications antenna. The excellent agreement between computed patterns and experimental patterns obtained from 1/35 scale models supports the use of this method as a design tool for similar spacecraft/aircraft antenna applications.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-22; Jan. 197
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  • 119
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    Abating exhaust noises in jet engines (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A noise abating improvement for jet engines including turbojets, turbofans, turboprops, ramjets, scramjets, and hybrid jets is introduced. A provision is made for an apparatus in the primary and/or secondary flow streams of the engines; the apparatus imparts to the exhaust gases a component rotation or swirl about the engine's longitudinal axis. The rotary component in the exhaust gases causes a substantial suppression of sound energy build up normally produced by an axial flow exhaust system.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
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  • 120
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    Design of a 12 channel fm microwave receiver (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design, fabrication, and performance of elements of a low cost FM microwave satellite ground station receiver is described. It is capable of accepting 12 contiguous color television equivalent bandwidth channels in the 11.72 to 12.2 GHz band. Each channel is 40 MHz wide and incorporates a 4 MHz guard band. The modulation format is wideband FM and the channels are frequency division multiplexed. Twelve independent CATV compatible baseband outputs are provided. The overall system specifications are first discussed, then consideration is given to the receiver subsystems and the signal branching network.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-140056 , R(T)-74/2
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  • 121
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    High temperature antenna development for space shuttle, volume 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An S-band antenna system and a group of off-the-shelf aircraft antenna were exposed to temperatures simulating shuttle orbital cold soak and entry heating. Radiation pattern and impedance measurements before and after exposure to the thermal environments were used to evaluate the electrical performance. The results of the electrical and thermal testing are given. Test data showed minor changes in electrical performance and established the capability of these antenna to withstand both the low temperatures of space flight and the high temperatures of entry.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-140226 , MDC-E0896-VOL-2
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  • 122
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    Noise suppressor (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A tuned noise suppressor is described consisting of annular acoustically porous elements for incorporation into the inlet and exhaust ducts of turbofan engines. The apparatus uses sound wave absorption, reflection, and incompatibility for achieving high noise reduction in the short distance. In addition, it has a duct of uniform inner diameter which does not block the duct flow.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
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  • 123
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    Causes of forbush decreases and other cosmic ray variations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The relationship between neutron monitor variations and the intensity variations of the interplanetary magnetic field is studied, using Deep River data and IMP-series satellite data. In over 80% of the cases studied, identifiable depressions of the cosmic ray intensity are associated with magnetic field enhancements of several hours duration and intensity above 10 gamma. Conversely, each magnetic field enhancement has an identifiable effect (though not necessarily a marked depression) on the cosmic ray intensity. Long lasting Forbush decreases are found to be the consequence of the successive action of several such features. An explanation is presented and discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70726 , X-690-74-224
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  • 124
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    Heavy solar cosmic rays in the January 25, 1971 solar flares (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A detailed study of the charge composition of heavy solar cosmic rays measured in the January 25, 1971 solar flare including differential fluxes for the even charged nuclei from carbon through argon is presented. The measurements are obtained for varying energy intervals for each nuclear species in the energy range from 10 to 35 MeV/nucleon. In addition, abundances relative to oxygen are computed for all the above nuclei in the single energy interval from 15 to 25 MeV/nucleon. This interval contains measurements for all of the species and as a result requires no spectral extrapolations. An upper limit for the abundance of calcium nuclei is also presented. These measurements, when combined with other experimental results, enable the energy dependence of abundance measurements as a function of nuclear charge to be discussed. It is seen that at energies above about 10 MeV/nucleon, the variations of abundance ratios are limited to about a factor of 3 from flare to flare, in spite of large variations in other characteristics of these solar events.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70731 , X-662-74-231
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  • 125
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    Temperature dependence of emission measure in solar X-ray plasmas. 1: Non-flaring active regions (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: X-ray and ultraviolet line emission from hot, optically thin material forming coronal active regions on the sun may be described in terms of an emission measure distribution function, Phi (T). A relationship is developed between line flux and Phi (T), a theory which assumes that the electron density is a single-valued function of temperature. The sources of error involved in deriving Phi (T) from a set of line fluxes are examined in some detail. These include errors in atomic data (collisional excitation rates, assessment of other mechanisms for populating excited states of transitions, element abundances, ion concentrations, oscillator strengths) and errors in observed line fluxes arising from poorly - known instrumental responses. Two previous analyses are discussed in which Phi (T) for a non-flaring active region is derived. A least squares method of Batstone uses X-ray data of low statistical significance, a fact which appears to influence the results considerably. Two methods for finding Phi (T) ab initio are developed. The coefficients are evaluated by least squares. These two methods should have application not only to active-region plasmas, but also to hot, flare-produced plasmas.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70725 , X-682-74-220
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  • 126
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    Two high resolution velocity vector analyzers for cosmic dust particles (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Methods are described to measure velocities and angles of incidence of charged cosmic dust particles with precisions of about 1 percent and 1 degree, respectively. Both methods employ four one-dimensional position-sensitive detectors in series. The first method utilizes a charge-dividing technique while the second utilizes a time-of-flight technique for determining the position of a particle inside the instrument. The velocity vectors are measured although mechanical interaction between the particle and the instrument is completely avoided. Applications to cosmic dust composition and collection experiments are discussed. The range of radii of measurable particles is from about 0.01 to 100 microns at velocities from 1 to 80 km/s.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70727 , X-672-74-226
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  • 127
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    Dual frequency dichroic feed performance (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The NASA Deep Space Net (DSN) in support of the Viking Mars Project in 1976, and for science and technology demonstrations during the Mariner-Venus-Mercury mission in 1974, has developed and implemented a dual (S- and X-band) feed for large ground microwave antennas. This feed provides for a multiplicity of functions; very low listening capability at each downlink (spacecraft-to-earth) band as well as simultaneous diplexed very high cw power uplink (earth-to-spacecraft) at the S-band frequency. Total 64-m antenna system performance, is considered in terms of gain, operating noise temperature and dual beam pointing or boresight coincidence. Because of the unique ability to fold or stow the dual band feed elements for single band operations, the performance definition between single and dual band operations will be reliable and accurate.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: AGARD Antennas for Avionics; 10 p
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  • 128
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    Effects of turbulence in the atmosphere of Venus on Pioneer Venus radio, phase 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two problems related to the effects of turbulence in the atmosphere of Venus on the Pioneer entry probe radio link were studied. In the first problem, the cross correlation between the log amplitude and phase fluctuations of the Pioneer Venus communications link is examined. Data show that for fluctuation frequencies above approximately 1 Hz there is little or no correlation. For frequencies below this region the correlation is weak and the square root of the coherence has a peak value close to 0.65. The second problem consists of interferring turbulence characteristics of the Venus atmosphere from the Mariner 5 phase fluctuations. Data show that with the data processing techniques developed and currently available, the phase error due to oscillator drift, assumed trajectory delay, and spline curve fit exceed the turbulence induced fluctuations. Results show that it is not possible to interfere with the turbulence characteristics from Mariner 5 phase fluctuations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-139657 , JPL-TM-33-702
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  • 129
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    The potential for congressional use of emergent telecommunications: An exploratory assessment (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study of the use of newly emerging communications technology for improving the understanding between members of Congress and their constituents was conducted. The study employed a number of specific methodologies such as interdisciplinary systems model building, technology analysis, a sample survey, and semi-structured interviews using sketches of the emergent channels. The following configurations were identified as representative of emergent channel characteristics: (1) the teleconference, (2) the videoconference, (3) the videophone, (4) cable television, (5) cable television polling, and (6) information retrieval. Analysis of the interview data resulted in an overview of the current congressional-constituent communication system and an assessment of the potential for emergent telecommunications, as perceived by congressmen and senior staff from 40 offices in the stratified judgement sample.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-139669 , GWPS-MON-20
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  • 130
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    Solar cycle variation of large-scale coronal structures (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A green line intensity variation is associated with the interplanetary and photospheric magnetic sector structure. This effect depends on the solar cycle and occurs with the same amplitude in the latitude range 60 deg N - 60 deg S. Extended longitudinal coronal structures are suggested, which indicate the existence of closed magnetic field lines over the neutral line, separating adjacent regions of opposite polarities on the photospheric surface.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-139500 , SU-IPR-569
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  • 131
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    Solar rotating magnetic dipole? (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A magnetic dipole rotating around an axis perpendicular to the rotation axis of the sun can account for the characteristics of the surface large-scale solar magnetic fields through the solar cycle. The polarity patterns of the interplanetary magnetic field, predictable from this model, agree with the observed interplanetary magnetic sector structure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-139501 , SU-IPR-570
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  • 132
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    The spiral interplanetary magnetic field: A polarity and sunspot cycle variation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Spacecraft observations near the earth of the yearly average direction of the interplanetary magnetic field during the sunspot maximum year 1968 showed a deviation from the spiral field. The angle between the average field direction when the field polarity was away from the sun and the average direction for toward polarity was 168 deg, rather than 180 deg. This effect appears to have a sunspot cycle variation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-139499 , SU-IPR-573
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  • 133
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    Radial gradient of solar wind velocity from 1 to 5 AU (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Solar wind velocities have been measured on a daily basis from data obtained by the Ames Research Center plasma analyzers on both Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. A comparison between the time profiles of the solar wind velocities observed at the two spacecraft shows that the solar wind has the same major features, such as high velocity streams, out to at least 5 astronomical units (AU) from the sun. Major features in the velocity time profile observed first at Pioneer 11 are seen later at Pioneer 10 with a delay consistent with the respective heliocentric longitudes of the two spacecraft, their radial distances from the sun, and the solar wind velocity. A more detailed comparison between the velocity measurements made at Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 shows that the range of solar wind velocities decreases with increasing radial distance from the sun. Although the average value of the solar wind velocity as measured over a sufficiently long period is approximately the same at both spacecraft, the deviations to higher and lower velocities are less at a greater radial distance from the sun.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-62372
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  • 134
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    Variably positioned guide vanes for aerodynamic choking (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A choking device to cause a sonic barrier to be formed which reduces the transmission of noise in a direction opposed to the direction of air flow in a compressor that may be part of an aircraft gas turbine engine is described. The noise reduction is accomplished by proper shaping and movement of inlet guide vanes, and an actuator is connected to selected guide vanes to effect movement by programmed amounts as required to choke or partially choke within the design range of the axial-flow-air compressor.
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  • 135
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    Analysis of the proposed utilization of TDRS system by the HEAO-C satellite (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The primary function of the study was to assess the impact upon the HEAO telecommunications system of the proposed relay satellite-to-ground-link configuration. The system is designed to perform the function of most of the NASA ground tracking and communications network at a net cost savings for NASA.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-139393
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  • 136
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    An application of queueing theory to the design of channel requirements for special purpose communications satellites (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Special purpose satellites are very cost sensitive to the number of broadcast channels, usually will have Poisson arrivals, fairly low utilization (less than 35%), and a very high availability requirement. To solve the problem of determining the effects of limiting C the number of channels, the Poisson arrival, infinite server queueing model will be modified to describe the many server case. The model is predicated on the reproductive property of the Poisson distribution.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71590
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  • 137
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    Energetic solar proton versus terrestrially trapped proton fluxes for the active years 1977 - 1983 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ratios of solar to trapped proton fluences were computed for circular-orbit, geocentric space missions to be flown during the active phase of the next solar cycle (1977-1983). The ratios are presented as functions of orbit altitude and inclination, mission duration, proton energy threshold, and the chance the mission planner is willing to take that the actually encountered solar proton fluence will exceed the design fluence provided by the statistical solar proton model. It is shown that the ratio is most sensitively dependent on orbit altitude and inclination, with trapped protons dominant for low inclination, low and mid altitude orbits and for high inclination, mid altitude orbits. Conversely, solar protons are dominant for high inclination, low altitude orbits, and for low and high inclination, high altitude orbits.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70716 , X-601-74-221
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  • 138
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    Interplantetary streams and their interaction with the earth (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Plasma and magnetic field observations of interplanetary streams near 1 AU are summarized. Two types of streams have been identified corotating streams and flare-associated, and other flow patterns are present due to interactions among streams. The theory of corotating streams, which attributes them to a high temperature region near the sun, satisfactorily explains many of the effects observed at 1 AU. A correspondingly complete theory of flare-associated streams does not exist. Streams are a key link in the chain that connects solar and geomagnetic activity. The factors that most influence geomagnetic activity are probably related to streams and determined by the dynamics of streams. The evolution of streams on scales of 27 days and 11 years probably determines the corresponding variations of geomagnetic activity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70714 , X-692-74-216
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  • 139
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    Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), users' guide (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The system concept and characteristics are described along with support and orbital coverage capabilities. Information on user acquisition procedures is given. System impact on single and multiple access users is discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70710 , X-805-74-176
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  • 140
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    An integral equation formulation for predicting radiation patterns of a space shuttle annular slot antenna (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An integral equation formulation is applied to predict pitch- and roll-plane radiation patterns of a thin VHF/UHF (very high frequency/ultra high frequency) annular slot communications antenna operating at several locations in the nose region of the space shuttle orbiter. Digital computer programs used to compute radiation patterns are given and the use of the programs is illustrated. Experimental verification of computed patterns is given from measurements made on 1/35-scale models of the orbiter.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7594 , L-9279
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  • 141
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    Channel coding and data compression system considerations for efficient communication of planetary imaging data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: End-to-end system considerations involving channel coding and data compression which could drastically improve the efficiency in communicating pictorial information from future planetary spacecraft are presented.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-139362 , JPL-TM-33-695
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  • 142
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    Trapped particle and solar proton radiation prediction for ISEE (IME): Mother-daughter mission (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The charged particle fluxes incident on spacecrafts in very eccentric orbits were investigated in support of the International Sun-Earth Explorer (International Magnetospheric Explorer) For this purpose, two flightpaths were considered having identical inclinations but different perigee altitudes (240 and 1364 kilometers, respectively). Apogee altitude was approximately the same for both cases (about 22 earth radii). For each of the two perigee altitudes investigated, two nominal trajectories were generated, having identical orbital configurations but with their major axes rotated by 180 deg in the plane of orbit, which resulted in placing the initial apogee into into opposite hemispheres. This was done in order to determine the corresponding variation in the vehicle-encountered particle intensities. Estimates of average energetic solar proton fluxes are given for a one year mission duration at selected integranlenergies ranging from E 10 to E 100 MeV. Results are summarized and discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70696 , X-601-74-204
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  • 143
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    Midlatitude electron precipitation: A possible source of contamination of galactic X and gamma-ray measurements (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effect of trapped and precipitated particles in the magnetosphere on the measurement of galactic X-rays and gamma rays is discussed. To minimize contamination caused by electron precipitation, most galactic X-ray and gamma ray measurements are conducted at equatorial or relatively low to middle latitudes where the influence of auroral effects is expected to be small. Substorm-related VLF phase perturbations also affect the measurements. If such perturbation are indicative of electron precipitation at middle to low latitudes, then their relatively high frequency of occurrence, as many as 100 per year, is evidence that electron precipitation at these latitudes may pose a problem to some galactic X-ray and gamma ray measurements. Charts and maps are presented to show: (1) phase recordings from sixteen sub-ionospheric VLF propagation paths, (2) map of great circle propagation paths, (3) ionization rates in the nighttime ionosphere due to several sources, and (4) computer phase variation for the NLK-APL path versus electron flux for different e-folding energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 14 p
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  • 144
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    Coordinate transformations for studies of interactions between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A graphical procedure is provided for performing coordinate transformations between the geocentric-solar-equatorial, geocentric-solar-ecliptic and geocentric-solar-magnetospheric coordinate systems. The procedure is designed to facilitate intercomparison of previous studies of interactions between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields that made use of these coordinate systems. The interaction in the geocentric-solar-magnetosphere system has been shown to give the most consistent results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70684 , X-621-74-179
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  • 145
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    Engineering information on an Analog Signal to Discrete Time Interval Converter (ASDT-IC) (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An electronic control system for nondissipative dc power converters is presented which improves (1) the routinely attainable static output voltage accuracy to the order of + or - 1% for ambient temperatures from -55 to 100 C and (2) the dynamic stability by utilizing approximately one tenth of the feedback gain needed otherwise. Performance is due to a functional philosophy of deterministic pulse modulation based on pulse area control and to an autocompensated signal processing principle. The system can be implemented with commercially available unselected components.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-134544
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  • 146
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    Flush-mounted dielectric-loaded axial slot on circular cylinder (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The theory, computer program, and numerical results of an investigation of an axial slot antenna on a circular cylinder are discussed. The cylinder is partially coated with a dielectric layer and the antenna radiates through a flush mounted window. The study was conducted to determine the effects of a high temperature dielectric layer on the performance of antennas mounted on a space shuttle. Mathematical models are developed to show the relationships of the parameters. Curves are developed to compare the theoretical and actual far field radiation patterns.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-138752 , ESL-2902-17
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  • 147
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    Gravitational-wave bursts from the nuclei of distant galaxies and quasars: Proposal for detection using Doppler tracking of interplanetary spacecraft (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Supermassive black holes which exist in the nuclei of many quasars and galaxies are examined along with the collapse which forms these holes and subsequent collisions between them which produce strong, broad-band bursts of gravitational waves. Such bursts might arrive at earth as often as 50 times per year--or as rarely as once each 300 years. The detection of such bursts with dual-frequency Doppler tracking of interplanetary spacecraft is considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-145432
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  • 148
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    SAS-2 observations of the galactic gamma radiation from the Vela region (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from a scan of the galactic plane by the SAS-2 high energy gamma ray experiment in the region 250 deg l2 290 deg show a statistically-significant excess over the general radiation from the galactic plane for gamma radiation of energy 100 MeV in the region 260 deg l2 270 deg and -7.5 deg b2 0 deg. If the enhanced gamma radiation results from interactions of cosmic rays with galactic matter, as the energy spectrum suggests, it seems reasonable to associate the enhancement with large scale galactic features, such as spiral arm segments in that direction, or with the region surrounding the Vela supernova remnant, with which PSR 0833-45 is associated. If the excess is attributed to cosmic rays released from this supernova interacting with the interstellar matter in that region, then on the order of 3.10 to the 50th power ergs would be released by that supernova in the form of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-72582
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  • 149
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    Steady-state solution to the conduction problem of a spherical balloon radiometer, phases 1 and 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A satellite system proposed for observing the earth's radiation balance employing spherical balloon radiometers is investigated. In the steady-state condition of radiative equilibrium, the magnitudes of absorbed external irradiances are sensed by internal radiometers mounted on the skin of each balloon. The temperatures of the radiometers are monitored as a measure of the balloons' internal irradiances (equal to absorbed external irradiances) and telemetered to earth. The effect of the magnitude of irradiant sources, balloon thickness, and thermal conductivity on the conduction of heat is assessed mathematically in order to determine its impact on measurement accuracy. Results indicate that observations are acceptable during daytime and nighttime modes of operation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-132624
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  • 150
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    An investigation of ESSA 7 radiation data for use in long-term earth energy experiments, phases 1 and 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results are presented of an investigation of ESSA 7 satellite radiation data for use in long-term earth energy experiments. Satellite systems for performing long-term earth radiation balance measurements over geographical areas, hemispheres, and the entire earth for periods of 10 to 30 years are examined. The ESSA 7 satellite employed plate and cone radiometers to measure earth albedo and emitted radiation. Each instrument had a black and white radiometer which discriminated the components of albedo and emitted radiation. Earth measurements were made continuously from ESSA 7 for ten months. The ESSA 7 raw data is processed to a point where it can be further analyzed for: (1) development of long-term earth energy experiments; and (2) document climate trends.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-132623
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  • 151
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    Pitch-angle scattering of charged particles in a random magnetic field (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A calculation is presented in terms of the pitch angle that determines the conditions under which a Fokker-Planck equation gives a reasonable approximation of the pitch-angle scattering of low rigidity particles to first order in a random magnetic field. The formulation shows that the correlation scale of the fluctuation of the magnetic field about its mean does not enter directly into the approximation. The calculation is carried out for transverse magnetic fluctuations for which the magnetic field magnitude is constant to the order considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 152
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    Cross correlation between cosmic-ray fluctuations and interplanetary magnetic-field fluctuations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Study of the cross-correlation between cosmic-ray intensity fluctuations and the interplanetary magnetic field, using the low-frequency limit of the theory of the interplanetary scintillations of cosmic rays. Cross-spectral analysis of the flux of the Alert neutron monitor and simultaneous values of the interplanetary magnetic field components are presented which support the theory. A model of cosmic-ray fluctuations is described, with effects of gradients and interplanetary sector structure dominating for very low frequencies (less than or about equal to .000005 Hz) and magnetic-field induced interplanetary scintillations of cosmic rays dominating for higher frequencies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Dec. 197
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  • 153
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    The comparative spectra of cosmic-ray protons and helium nuclei (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Oct. 197
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  • 154
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    Cosmic ray anisotropies observed late in the decay phase of solar flare events (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data was obtained from instrumentation on Explorers 34 and 41 on cosmic-ray anisotropy and magnetic field vectors during five solar flare events. The analysis was conducted in the energy range from 0.7 to 7.6 MeV, of the late decay phase, to evaluate the dependence of net cosmic-ray anisotropy vector amplitude and direction on the magnetic field azimuth. Results showed that in the late decay phase the direction of the net cosmic-ray anisotropy vector was invariant in relation to the direction of the magnetic field, particle energy, and species. Within the statistical error of the available data the invariant direction was perpendicular to the mean magnetic field direction.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 38; Sept
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  • 155
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    Observation of a cosmic gamma-ray burst on Apollo 16. II - X-ray time profile and source location (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A burst of X-rays was detected during the trans-earth coast phase of Apollo 16 on Apr. 27, 1972 at 10:68 UT, simultaneously with the observation of a transient event by a gamma-ray spectrometer aboard the same spacecraft. The two instruments provide a broad energy range of more than three orders of magnitude for describing the spectral distribution of this event. The conclusion that the incident flux was X-rays and not charged particles is based on the fact that the particle flux detectors in the Apollo gamma ray spectrometer and on the Vela 6A, which also observed the event, did not respond. The time variation of the total count rate in the X-ray range before and after corrections for detector geometry and the analysis for source direction is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Nov. 15
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  • 156
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    Observation of a cosmic gamma-ray burst on Apollo 16. I - Temporal variability and energy spectrum (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cosmic gamma-ray event occurring April 27, 1972 at 10.68 UT was observed by gamma-ray and X-ray spectrometers on Apollo 16 as well as by Vela 6A. Analysis has yielded a detailed time profile of the entire event, an energy spectrum covering three order of magnitude (2.0 to 7.9 KeV and 0.067 to 5.1 MeV) and a source location. A well-defined onset prior to the main impulse period and a probable precursor are reported. The total energy of the event over the observed range was 2 x 10 to the minus 4th power ergs/sq cm. The data indicate the presence of a hard component which persists during the entire event, with a softer variable component becoming dominant during the most explosive burst portion.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Nov. 15
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  • 157
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    Composition of heavy cosmic rays from 25 to 180 MeV per atomic mass unit (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Relative abundances of elements from neon through zinc in the energy range from 25 to 180 MeV per amu have been determined from particle tracks in polycarbonate detectors exposed on the Apollo 16 mission. The ratios of elemental abundances of Ne + Si and 17 less than Z less than 25 to Fe + Co + Ni are found to be 5.8 plus or minus 1.9 and 2.1 plus or minus 0.7, respectively, in agreement with the results from cellulose triacetate detectors by O'Sullivan et al. (1973). These results imply that the heavy particles observed are predominantly galactic in origin. The availability to investigators of unetched plastic detectors exposed to solar-flare particles on the Apollo 16 mission is noted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 158
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    Cosmic-ray exposure history at the Apollo 16 and other lunar sites - Lunar surface dynamics (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Concordant Kr-81/Kr exposure ages for four station 11 breccias indicate an age of 50.3 plus or minus 0.8 m.y. for North Ray Crater. Ray structures visible from orbital photography suggest that stations 8 and 9 should contain a substantial amount of South Ray ejecta. Concordant Kr-81/Kr exposure ages at these sites indicate an age for South Ray Crater of 2.04 plus or minus 0.08 m.y. Surface effects show good general agreement with this young age, but discrepancies on a sample-by-sample basis seem to indicate that extensive presurface irradiations must have occurred.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; Oct. 197
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  • 159
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    The radiation belts of Jupiter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The cloud of relativistic electrons which forms the Jupiter radiation belts at a distance of a few Jovian radii from the planet is considered. The inner belt is shown to consist of electrons with about three times the energy of those in the outer zone, and to have an equatorial density which is about one half the peak density in the outer zone. The pitch angle distribution of the electrons in the outer zone becomes gradually more confined to the magnetic equator with increasing distance from the planet.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Sept
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  • 160
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    Effects of interplanetary shock waves on energetic charged particles (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experimental data on the influence of interplanetary perpendicular and oblique shock waves on the ambient energetic protons are presented along with a theoretical analysis of the acceleration of particles in almost perpendicular shock waves. It was found that low-energy protons can be accelerated in perpendicular shock waves by repeated crossings of the shock front up to a maximum energy given by the product of their initial energy times the ratio of the magnetic fields. High-energy protons need to stay at the shock front for longer times than low-energy protons in order to reach the same relative energy gain. In the theoretical study of proton acceleration at almost perpendicular shock waves, it was found that protons reflected at shock waves with the angle between the upstream magnetic field and the shock normal greater than about 80 deg achieve large energy gains at the shock front. The larger this angle, the higher the energy gain. However, the reflection and energization of protons at these shock waves is not 'instantaneous', neither is it a one-step process: it is performed through repeated crossings of the shock front.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Oct. 1
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  • 161
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    Modulation of cosmic ray protons and helium nuclei near solar maximum (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Balloon observations of proton and helium spectra in 1970, 1971, and 1972, which extend previous work for the period 1965-1969, reveal a factor of about 1.85 deviation from a single-valued regression at low rigidities. This deviation decreases with increasing rigidity for both species. The period 1969-197 is unique, because time variations at low and high energies were anticorrelated. When satellite observations are used to extend the balloon observations to energies below 100 MeV/nucleon, the proton spectrum shows a steeper slope in 1970 and 1972 than the characteristic J = AT spectrum observed during 1965-1969. The slope of the helium spectrum became continuously flatter during the same period (1970-1972). Computer-generated spectra based on simple two-parameter modulation models describe the basic features of the observations, if one of the variable parameters is used to characterize the rigidity dependence of the diffusion coefficient. On the other hand, models that do not allow such a variation are not consistent with the observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Oct. 1
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  • 162
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    The diffusive idealization of charged-particle transport in random magnetic fields (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The uniqueness and accuracy of the equations which describe the transport of charged particles diffusing in a random magnetic field parallel to a relatively large guiding field is examined. With regard to uniqueness, it is found that the same coefficient of diffusion is obtained by three methods that have apparently led to discrepancies in previous work. With regard to accuracy, it is found that two corrections must be added to Fick's law in which the diffusive flux is proportional to the gradient of the density. Explicit expressions are given for a characteristic time and a characteristic length which describe the corrections.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 1
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  • 163
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    Interaction of metagalactic X-UV radiation with galactic hydrogen (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculations show that the existence of a metagalactic X-UV flux of the intensity required to explain the high-latitude soft X-ray observations, plus a reasonable extrapolation toward lower energies, is consistent with the existence of neutral hydrogen in galaxies. Shielding by H II slabs can be effective both in the solar neighborhood and in the peripheries of galaxies out to a radius of 30 to 40 kpc. At earlier cosmological epochs shielding is less efficient. The soft X-ray spectrum as observed by Yentis et al. (1972) is difficult to reconcile with a purely extragalactic origin for the flux. A local source of ionization also may be necessary to explain the pulsar dispersion data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 34; 3, Se; Sept
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  • 164
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    Interstellar scattering of pulsar radiation. 1: Scintillation (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An investigation of the intensity fluctuations of 28 pulsars near 0.4 GHz indicates that scintillation spectra have a Gaussian shape, scintillation indices are near unity, and the scintillation bandwidth depends linearly on dispersion measure. Observations near 2.5 GHz suggest a strong dependence of the frequency at which scintillation indices fall below unity on dispersion measure. Multistation measurements of scintillation provide values or limits for the scale size of the scattering diffraction pattern. The dependences of scattering parameters on dispersion measure is discussed in terms of the current models. It is suggested that any line of sight through the galaxy encounters increasingly rare, increasingly large deviations of thermal electron density on the scale of 10 to the 11th power cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70789 , X-693-74-316
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  • 165
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    Mode conversion in periodically disturbed thin-film waveguides (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mode conversion in a periodically perturbed thin-film optical waveguide is studied in detail. Three different types of perturbations are considered: periodic index of refraction of the film, periodic index of refraction of the substrate, and periodic boundary. The applications in filters, mode converters, and distributed feedback lasers are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 45; Aug. 197
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  • 166
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    Possible acceleration of charged particles through the reconnection of magnetic field lines in interplanetary space (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Prominent intensity spikes in the flux of protons and alphas with less than 0.5 MeV per charge have been observed in the region several hours behind an interplanetary shock front. The small spatial scale of these events and the high anisotropy of the particle flux suggest local acceleration. The spectra of the particles, which are cut off at equal energy per charge, suggest acceleration through an electric field. The possibility that these events have their origin in active magnetic neutral sheets in the shocked solar wind is examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Aug. 197
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  • 167
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    Optimum frame synchronization for biorthogonally coded data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Many recent American unmanned planetary probes have used biorthogonally coded spacecraft-to-earth telemetry links. An examination of the frame-synchronization (sync) techniques employed on these missions revealed that they were not specifically designed for coded data. This led to a consideration of the optimum frame-sync problem for biorthogonally coded data received over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and decoded prior to sync acquisition. A frame-sync algorithm for biorthogonally coded data based on a super-symbol distance rule is proposed, along with a corresponding selection criterion for the sync sequence. It is argued heuristically that this approach is optimum with regard to minimizing the probability of false synchronization.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-22; Aug. 197
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  • 168
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    Rise time in 20-32 keV impulsive X-radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new property of the X-ray impulsive component observed in solar flares is discussed, giving attention to the relation between the slope of the electron power spectrum and the rise time in the 20-32 keV X-ray spike. This particular energy range was chosen because it offered the greatest number of impulsive events while being sufficiently high to avoid contamination by soft X radiation. It is found for the thin-target model that the electron spectrum tends to be softer when the acceleration rate is smaller.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-68-014A-04-PM , Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 169
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    Charge composition and energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei at energies above 20 GeV per nucleon (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 170
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    High resolution interferometry of the sun at 3.7 cm wavelength (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of interferometric solar observations at a wavelength of 3.7 cm with effective resolutions of 7 and 15 sec are discussed. Observations have shown that a small-scale quasi-periodic component was present in solar radio emission from the entire solar disk and that this component contained a circularly polarized fraction of less than 10%. The theory of gyroradiation and gyro-resonant absorption is applied in the interpretation of the S-component of solar radio emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 171
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    Spectrograph, filtergraph and magnetograph observations of the two-ribbon flare of 29 July, 1973 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High-resolution observations of a class-3N two-ribbon flare were conducted at 1324 UT on July 29, 1973, at Big Bear Solar Observatory. The flare occurred in a diffuse bipolar magnetic region completely devoid of sunspots and was associated with a type IV radio burst and a soft X-ray event. Extensive H alpha filtergraph, spectrograph and magnetograph records taken during the main phase of the flare suggest the presence of downfalling and streaming materials for several hours on both ribbons during the growth phase of H alpha emission. Hyder's infall-impact model (1967) is found to be inconsistent with the authors' filtergraph and spectrograph observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 172
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    Non-relativistic solar electrons (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Summary of both the direct spacecraft observations of nonrelativistic solar electrons, and observations of the X-ray and radio emission generated by these particles at the sun and in the interplanetary medium. These observations bear on three physical processes basic to energetic particle phenomena: (1) the acceleration of particles in tenuous plasmas; (2) the propagation of energetic charged particles in a disordered magnetic field, and (3) the interaction of energetic charged particles with tenuous plasmas to produce electromagnetic radiation. Because these electrons are frequently accelerated and emitted by the sun, mostly in small and relatively simple flares, it is possible to define a detailed physical picture of these processes. In many small solar flares nonrelativistic electrons accelerated during flash phase constitute the bulk of the total flare energy. Thus the basic flare mechanism in these flares essentially converts the available flare energy into fast electrons. Nonrelativistic electrons exhibit a wide variety of propagation modes in the interplanetary medium, ranging from diffusive to essentially scatter-free. This variability in the propagation may be explained in terms of the distribution of interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-68-014A-04-OS , Space Science Reviews; 16; June-Jul
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  • 173
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    Short duration solar microwave bursts and associated soft X-ray emission (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 37; July 197
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  • 174
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    Ionospheric irregularities causing scintillation of GHz frequency radio signals (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Consideration of the recently observed phenomenon of scintillation of satellite signals at GHz frequency range. Based on the scintillation data and results from in situ measurements, several ionospheric irregularity models with different power spectra are studied. Scintillation index is computed for the various models and compared with observed results. Both magnitude and frequency dependence of the scintillation index are investigated. It is found that a thick irregularity slab of the order of 200 km with an electron density fluctuation of about 20 per cent of its background value and with a nonmonotonic power spectrum may account for the maximum observed values of the scintillation index as well as its frequency dependence. Some future observations and measurements are suggested.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 175
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    Fine structure of a solar flare region at 3.7 and 11.1 cm wavelengths (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 34; Jan. 197
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  • 176
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    Measurement of the X-ray emission of the solar atmosphere during a period of low activity (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A large-area high-sensitivity X-ray spectrometer has been constructed and used to measure the 1.8- to 5.3-A X-ray emission of the sun under quiescent conditions. The instrument utilizes Bragg reflection from mosaic graphite crystals. The data indicate that the X-ray emission can best be accounted for by a multitemperature model of the solar atmosphere in which both the overall corona and active regions contribute to the X-ray spectrum. Theoretical calculations of the X-ray flux of a hot, optically thin plasma have been used to estimate the solar conditions at the time when the measurements were made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 34; Jan. 197
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  • 177
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    Stably trapped proton fluxes in the Jovian magnetosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model of the energetic proton fluxes in the Jovian magnetosphere is constructed based on the inward radial diffusion of protons from the solar wind and the plasma turbulent precipitation loss of protons from the radiation belts. Outside 12 Jovian radii the proton fluxes follow a loss-free radial diffusion profile. Inside 12 Jovian radii the proton fluxes should be near the stably trapped limit flux set by convective marginal stability to the electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave and the quasi-electrostatic ion loss-cone wave.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; Apr. 15
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  • 178
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    Resistive diffusion of force-free magnetic fields in a passive medium. III - Acceleration of flare particles (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A one-dimensional model is considered in which an increasingly large electric field is induced by a rapidly evolving magnetic field. In the case of solar flares, energies are estimated to which protons and electrons may be directly accelerated by such an induced electric field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; Apr. 15
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  • 179
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    Long-term observations of Cygnus X-2 from OSO-7 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results of observations of Cygnus X-2 are reported that were made with an X-ray telescope on board the OSO-7 satellite during the three intervals of January 9-16 and 21-26, 1972, and July 8-11, 1972. Random factor-of-two variations were found in the data. No statistically significant periodic variations were found in the range from 10 hours to 2 days.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; Apr. 15
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  • 180
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    Origin of cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model is presented in which cosmic electrons are produced by pulsars, and cosmic protons and alpha particles are accelerated by shock waves in supernova envelopes. It is argued that neither mechanism by itself can produce both the observed protons and electrons at energies above a few hundred MeV. But supernova accelerated electrons could constitute the majority of cosmic electrons with energy below about 10 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-140171 , COO-3071-66 , UPR-0026T
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  • 181
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    Measured and Calculated Neutron Spectra and Dose Equivalent Rates at High Altitudes; Relevance to SST Operations and Space Research (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results of the NASA Langley-New York University high-altitude radiation study are presented. Measurements of the absorbed dose rate and of secondary fast neutrons (1 to 10 MeV energy) during the years 1965 to 1971 are used to determine the maximum radiation exposure from galactic and solar cosmic rays of supersonic transport (SST) and subsonic jet occupants. The maximum dose equivalent rates that the SST crews might receive turn out to be 13 to 20 percent of the maximum permissible dose rate (MPD) for radiation workers (5 rem/yr). The exposure of passengers encountering an intense giant-energy solar particle event could exceed the MPD for the general population (0.5 rem/yr), but would be within these permissible limits if in such rare cases the transport descends to subsonic altitude; it is in general less than 12 percent of the MPD. By Monte Carlo calculations of the transport and buildup of nucleons in air for incident proton energies E of 0.02 to 10 GeV, the measured neutron spectra were extrapolated to lower and higher energies and for galactic cosmic rays were found to continue with a relatively high intensity to energies greater than 400 MeV, in a wide altitude range. This condition, together with the measured intensity profiles of fast neutrons, revealed that the biologically important fast and energetic neutrons penetrate deep into the atmosphere and contribute approximately 50 percent of the dose equivalant rates at SST and present subsonic jet altitudes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7715 , L-9389
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  • 182
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    High energy gamma ray results from the second small astronomy satellite (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A high energy (35 MeV) gamma ray telescope employing a thirty-two level magnetic core spark chamber system was flown on SAS 2. The high energy galactic gamma radiation is observed to dominate over the general diffuse radiation along the entire galactic plane, and when examined in detail, the longitudinal and latitudinal distribution seem generally correlated with galactic structural features, particularly with arm segments. The general high energy gamma radiation from the galactic plane, explained on the basis of its angular distribution and magnitude, probably results primarily from cosmic ray interactions with interstellar matter.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70761 , X-662-74-304
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  • 183
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    Observations of hydrogen and helium isotopes in solar cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The isotopic composition of hydrogen and helium in solar cosmic rays provides a means of studying solar flare particle acceleration mechanisms since the enhanced relative abundance of rare isotopes, such as H-2, H-3, and He-3, is due to their production by inelastic nuclear collisions in the solar atmosphere during the flare. Electron isotope spectrometer on an IMP spacecraft was used to measure this isotopic composition. The response of the dE/dx-E particle telescope is discussed, and alpha particle channeling in thin detectors is identified as an important background source affecting measurement of low values of (He-3/He-4). The flare-averaged results obtained for the period October, 1972 November, 1973 are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-140568 , SRL-74-3
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  • 184
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    Relative coronal abundances derived from X-ray observations 3: The effect of cascades on the relative intensity of Fe (XVII) line fluxes, and a revised iron abundance (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Permitted lines in the optically thin coronal X-ray spectrum were analyzed to find the distribution of coronal material, as a function of temperature, without special assumptions concerning coronal conditions. The resonance lines of N, O, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, and Ar which dominate the quiet coronal spectrum below 25A were observed. Coronal models were constructed and the relative abundances of these elements were determined. The intensity in the lines of the 2p-3d transitions near 15A was used in conjunction with these coronal models, with the assumption of coronal excitation, to determine the Fe XVII abundance. The relative intensities of the 2p-3d Fe XVII lines observed in the corona agreed with theoretical prediction. Using a more complete theoretical model, and higher resolution observations, a revised calculation of iron abundance relative to hydrogen of 0.000026 was made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-140513 , SU-IPR-589
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  • 185
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    Lunar module voice recorder (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A feasibility unit suitable for use as a voice recorder on the space shuttle was developed. A modification, development, and test program is described. A LM-DSEA recorder was modified to achieve the following goals: (1) redesign case to allow in-flight cartridge change; (2) time code change from LM code to IRIG-B 100 pps code; (3) delete cold plate requirements (also requires deletion of long-term thermal vacuum operation at 0.00001 MMHg); (4) implement track sequence reset during cartridge change; (5) reduce record time per cartridge because of unavailability of LM thin-base tape; and (6) add an internal Vox key circuit to turn on/off transport and electronics with voice data input signal. The recorder was tested at both the LM and shuttle vibration levels. The modified recorder achieved the same level of flutter during vibration as the DSEA recorder prior to modification. Several improvements were made over the specification requirements. The high manufacturing cost is discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-140305
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  • 186
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    Computer Program for Thin Wire Antenna over a Perfectly Conducting Ground Plane (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A computer program is presented for a thin-wire antenna over a perfect ground plane. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain, and the exterior medium is free space. The antenna may have finite conductivity and lumped loads. The output data includes the current distribution, impedance, radiation efficiency, and gain. The program uses sinusoidal bases and Galerkin's method.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-140622 , Technical Report 2902-19
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  • 187
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    Channel coding and data compression system considerations for efficient communication of planetary imaging data (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: End-to-end system considerations involving channel coding and data compression are reported which could drastically improve the efficiency in communicating pictorial information from future planetary spacecraft. In addition to presenting new and potentially significant system considerations, this report attempts to fill a need for a comprehensive tutorial which makes much of this very subject accessible to readers whose disciplines lie outside of communication theory.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-140181 , JPL-TM-33-695-REV-1
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  • 188
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    A calculational approach to electron impact excitation of ions in hot solar plasmas (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The cross section requirements are presented for studying UV and X-ray emission spectra associated with active and flare-produced plasmas in the sun's corona. The general approach to the calculation of the distorted wave approximation problem is also given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70755 , X-602-74-260
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  • 189
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    A comparison of electric and magnetic field data from the OGO-6 spacecraft (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Electric and magnetic field disturbance characteristics from OGO-6 were studied. Examination of simultaneous patterns of disturbance below 600 km over the summer polar cap showed that pattern changes in electric field and in the disturbance in magnetic field magnitude are highly correlated. This correlation extends to pattern shapes boundary locations, and to the amplitudes of the correlated quantities. In the winter hemisphere, at altitudes above 800 km, correlations between boundaries exist, pattern correlations are present, and amplitude correlations are essentially absent. Below 600 km the region of positive delta B, from 2200 to 1000 MLT, has a significant contribution from ionospheric and nonionospheric sources. Above 800 km the nonionospheric sources dominate.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70752 , X-922-74-253
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  • 190
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    Effects of simulated solar radiation on the transmission of magnesium fluoride and cryolite thin films (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Thin films of cryolite magnesium fluoride on fused silica substrates were exposed to 1126 equivalent sun-hours of radiation. The optical transmissions of the samples were measured before and after irradiation. The results indicate that, after the degradation of the silica substrate is accounted for, the cryolite is severely affected by the simulated solar radiation, but the magnesium fluoride is only slightly affected.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7745 , G-7461
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  • 191
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    A time-dependent diffusion convection model for the long term modulation of cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model is developed which incorporates to first order the direct effects of the time dependent diffusive propagation of interstellar cosmic rays in a slowly changing interplanetary medium. The model provides a physical explanation for observed rigidity-dependent phase lags in modulated spectra (cosmic ray hysteresis). The average distance to the modulating boundary during the last solar cycle is estimated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-141146 , TR-74-114
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  • 192
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    Optimal filter design subject to output sidelobe constraints - Theoretical considerations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design of filters for detection and estimation in radar and communications systems is considered, with inequality constraints on the maximum output sidelobe levels. A constrained optimization problem in Hilbert space is formulated, incorporating the sidelobe constraints via a partial ordering of continuous functions. Generalized versions (in Hilbert space) of the Kuhn-Tucker and duality theorems allow the reduction of this problem to an unconstrained one in the dual space of regular Borel measures.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications; 14; Aug. 197
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  • 193
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    4.8-second pulsed X-rays from Centaurus X-3 at energy greater than 7 keV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 194
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    Infrared pumping processes for SiO masers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The J = 2 to 1 transition of the first excited vibrational state (v = 1) Si(28)O(16) has recently been shown to produce maser amplification near 86,245 MHz in Orion A and in several stars. Two possible pumping mechanisms are proposed for such masers. One involves the near coincidence between the frequencies of the 1-0 (RO) and 3-2 (R18) transitions in Si(28)O(16). The other requires emission by SiO and reabsorption without the necessity for an accidental frequency coincidence. Each of these types of mechanisms may occur for other transitions of molecules in a medium illuminated by intense infrared radiation, or with strong temperature gradients.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 195
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    Relativistic electron events in interplanetary space (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Review of relativistic electron events observed in interplanetary space. The different types of event are identified and illustrated. The relationships between solar X-ray and radio emissions and relativistic electrons are examined, and the relevance of the observations to solar flare acceleration models is discussed. A statistical analysis of electron spectra, the electron/proton ratio and propagation from the flare site to the earth is presented. A model is outlined which can account for the release of electrons from the sun in a manner consistent with observations of energetic solar particles and electromagnetic solar radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 16; June-Jul
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  • 196
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    A novel method for measuring the polarization angle of satellite radio waves (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: One of the most important parameters for the study of the physics of the ionosphere is the columnar electron content. This can be obtained indirectly by measuring the Faraday rotation of signals emitted from satellites. Many different types of polarimeters have been developed for this purpose. Efforts to develop a new type of polarimeter, suitable for extensive network operation, led to a novel technique for measuring the polarization angle.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-10; July 197
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  • 197
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    Cooling of solar flare plasmas (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model for the cooling of solar flare plasmas is considered that makes allowance for atmospheric readjustments and is so formulated that the effects of conduction on the emission measure are evident. This model shows that an increasing emission measure with decreasing temperature is a characteristic feature of those solar flares for which expansion of the cooling volume is negligible. A similar but slower increase in emission measure with decreasing temperature results from pure radiative cooling if the hot region remains isothermal.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 198
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    Meter and decameter wavelength positions of solar bursts of July 31-August 7, 1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The positional analysis of solar bursts at meter and decameter wavelengths observed during the period from July 31 to Aug. 7, 1972 is presented. Most of the activity during this period was associated with the active regions McMath 11976 and 11970. Except near the central meridian passage of region 11976, two regions of continuum emission were observed - one a relatively smooth continuum and the other a continuum superimposed with many type III emissions and other fine structure. It seems possible to interpret these continua in terms of plasma waves originating from two sources located at different heights or with different electron density gradients. The angular size of type III sources seems to increase with decreasing frequency. This implies that the open field lines along which the type III electrons travel have larger angular extent at greater heights.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 199
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    Gamma-ray observations from the OSO-3 satellite (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The result on gamma-rays obtained from the analysis of 5800 orbits of data from the University of Rochester telescope on board the OSO-3 satellite are presented. For gamma-rays of energy greater than 100 MeV, an upper limit of .00023 per sq cm per sec std has been placed on the diffuse (assumed isotropic) flux. An upper limit to the flux from the sun is set at .000032 and .000024 per sq cm per sec for energies greater than 50 and 100 MeV, respectively. All flux values are calculated assuming a neutral pion-decay source of gamma-rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 27; Mar. 197
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  • 200
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    Computer algorithm for coding gain (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Development of a computer algorithm for coding gain for use in an automated communications link design system. Using an empirical formula which defines coding gain as used in space communications engineering, an algorithm is constructed on the basis of available performance data for nonsystematic convolutional encoding with soft-decision (eight-level) Viterbi decoding.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-10; Mar. 197
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