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  • 101
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Pyrazolato complexes ; Dinuclear complexes ; Ketonic carbonyls ; Ruthenium ; Osmium ; Rhodium ; Iridium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The metal-metal bonded dicarbonyl compounds [(η6-p-cymene)M(μ-pz)2IrCl(CO)2](M-Ir) react stereospecifically with PPh3 to yield an enantiomeric pair of ketonic carbonyl compounds [(η6-p-cymene)M(μ-CO)(μ-pz)2IrCl(CO)(PPh3)] [M = Ru (1), Os (2)] in which the chloride ligand is trans to the bridging ketone group. However, the non metal-metal bonded isomers [(η6-p-cymene)MCl(μ-pz)2M′(CO)2], under similar conditions, eliminate CO forming the monosubstitution products [(η6-p-cymene)MCl(μ-pz)2M′(CO)(PPh3)] [M = Ru; M′ = Ir (3), Rh (4). M = Os; M′ = Rh (5)]. Removal of the chloride ligand in 1 affords [RuIr(η6-p-cymene)(CO)2(PPh3)(pz)2]BPh4 as two isomers, 6a,b. The related OsIr compound [(η6-p-cymene)Os(μ-CO)(μ-pz)2Ir(CO)(PPh3)]BPh4 (9) has been prepared from [(η6-p-cymene)Os(CO)(μ-pz)2Ir(CO)2]BPh4 (7) and PPh3. Again, the OsRh tricarbonyl related to 7 [(η6-p-cymene)Os(CO)(μ-pz)2Rh(CO)2]BPh4 (8) reacts differently with PPh3 affording [(η6-p-cymene)Os(CO)(μ-pz)2Rh(CO)(PPh3)]BPh4 (10).
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 849-855 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Marine alkaloids ; Heterocycles ; Natural products ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Ascididemine (9H-quino[4,3,2-de][1,10]phenanthrolin-9-one) (1) and an isomer (9H-quino[4,3,2-de][1,7]phenanthrolin-9-one) (4) have been synthesized starting from 1,4-dimethoxyacridone (7). The acridone was converted into 1,4-dimethoxy-9-ethynylacridine (11) by a triflate coupling. The ethynylacridine was converted in one-pot into 3H-6-methoxypyrido[2,3,4-kl]acridine (15) by reaction with sodium diformylamide; the mechanism of this key transformation is discussed. Conversion into 6H-4-bromopyrido[2,3,4-kl]acridin-6-one (19) and 6H-pyrido[2,3,4-kl]acridin-6-one (17), followed by reaction of each of these under high pressure conditions with acrolein N,N-dimethylhydrazone, gave ascididemine and its isomer, respectively.
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  • 103
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Resorcin[4]arenes ; Cation interactions ; Interaction sites ; Configuration determination ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Resorcinarene octamethyl ethers, bearing carboalkyloxy groups in the side chains, have been shown to interact with FeIII in organic media. 1H-NMR studies, carried out using GaIII instead of FeIII, suggest that these systems have two active sites of interaction, the first located at the aromatic moiet and the other in the vicinity of the carbonyl groups. As a confirmation of this, resorcinarenes without carbonyl groups in the side chains have been found to exhibit only one active site. Notably, in the latter case the interaction results in configurational changes.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No Abstract.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis ; Nucleophilic formylation ; Addition reactions ; Lactones ; Formyl anion equivalent ; Domino reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---An efficient asymmetric synthesis of α-substituted β-formyl δ-lactones 5 (de ≥ 98%, ee = 80-95%) and 4-substituted furofuran lactones 6 (de ≥ 98%, ee = 80-〉98%) in acceptable overall yields is reported. Key steps of the new procedure are an asymmetric Michael addition of formaldehyde SAMP-hydrazone (1) to 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one (2) under neutral conditions, followed by trans-selective α-alkylation and subsequent cleavage of the auxiliary by ozonolysis or a hydrolytic domino reaction protocol, respectively. The absolute configurations given for the title compounds are based on three X-ray structure analyses and NOE measurements.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 2001-2001 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Addition reactions ; Octahydroacridine ; Polypyridines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new octahydroacridine with a tert-butoxypropyl group in the 9-position was prepared and was used in the synthesis of new soluble annelated polypyridines. Quinquepyridine with 11 adjacent rings was prepared in 17-25% yield by condensation of an α-methylene ketone and an enolisable ketone in the presence of ammonium acetate under basic conditions.
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  • 107
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Ketones ; Reductions ; Micelles ; Cobalt ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Operationally simple and environmentally benign procedures have been developed to selectively reduce different α,β-unsaturated ketones, 4,4-dimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1-one (1), isophorone (2), benzylideneacetone (3), chalcone (4) by NaBH4 or by the system NaBH4 + CoCl2. Alternative reaction media to the extensively used MeOH have been explored, and new procedures take advantage of the acceleration and chemoselectivity induced by water or by aqueous micellar solutions. It was possible to selectively and quantitatively afford pure products of 1,2 and of 1,4 reduction as well as the totally reduced compounds (yield and selectivity 〉 90%) by simple changes in the experimental conditions.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1821-1826 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Wittig reactions ; Homoconjugated trienes ; Alkenes ; Fatty acids ; Pheromones ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---We describe a novel one-pot double-Wittig approach towards unsymmetrically substituted skipped trienes using the symmetrical (Z)-hex-3-ene-1,6-bis(triphenylphosphonium iodide) (2) as key reagent. Double alkenylation of the corresponding bis(ylide) 3 with sequentially added aldehydes gives (Z)-1,4,7-homoconjugated trienes in good yields. Dissymmetrization of the bis(ylide) 3 is feasible, since it displays enhanced reactivity compared to the monoylide resulting from the first olefination. Symmetrical products from statistical coupling of the bis(ylide) 3 can be drastically suppressed by slow release of the first aldehyde component through in situ thermal decomposition of an intermediate aluminate complex, generated by reduction of a methyl ester with DIBAL-H. The novel strategy is successfully applied to the one-pot synthesis of functionalized and isotopically labelled polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as to the synthesis of the geometrid moth pheromone (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadeca-1,3,6,9-tetraene (6a). The dissymmetrization strategy was also found to be suitable for the synthesis of homoconjugated dienes from 1,3-propylbis(triphenylphosphonium bromide).
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Iodine ; Selenium ; Sulfur ; Isothiocyanates ; Thiocyanates ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A simple and efficient thiocyano- or isothiocyano-phenylselenenylation of alkenes has been developed. The reactions occur when alkenes are treated with [bis(acetoxy)iodo]benzene, trimethylsilyl isothiocyanate or potassium thiocyanate and diphenyl diselenide. Mono- and disubstituted alkenes led to the formation of 1,2-phenylseleno-thiocyanates, whereas both more-substituted alkenes and styrenes gave exclusively 1,2-phenylseleno-isothiocyanates. The overall transformation represents the addition of PhSeSCN to the olefinic double bonds, in situ generated by the above reagents combination.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1871-1874 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cycloallenes ; Cycloadditions ; Eliminations ; Strained molecules ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---1-Bromocyclohexa-1,4-diene (3) was prepared from trans-4,5-dibromocyclohexene by elimination of hydrogen bromide. Treatment of a solution of 3 in furan or 2,5-dimethylfuran with KOtBu afforded the tetrahydroepoxynaphthalenes 4 and 5, respectively. The structure of these products is evidence for the title cycloallene (isobenzene 1) being the reactive intermediate. The compounds 4 and 5 were dehydrogenated by DDQ to the known dihydroepoxynaphthalenes 6 and 7, respectively. These conversions unambiguously confirm the structures of 4 and 5. In pure styrene, 3 was not attacked by KOtBu, and only upon the addition of 18-crown-6 did a reaction occur. This reaction did not, however, furnish the known [2+2] cycloadduct 9 of styrene and 1, but, instead, a small amount of 1,2-diphenylethane (8) was formed. In agreement with this finding, the conjecture that 1 was deprotonated to give the phenyl anion was confirmed by the treatment of a solution of 3 and benzophenone in THF with KOtBu, which resulted in the formation of triphenylmethanol.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1905-1911 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: α,β-Epoxy ketones ; Rearrangements ; Zeolites ; Clays ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Various cyclic α,β-epoxy ketones rearranged to α-formyl ketones and/or vic-diones in the presence of catalytic amounts of zeolites and montmorillonite K10. This provides an excellent alternative to conventional homogeneous systems with respect to yields and workup. Differences in product distribution and type of products in the rearrangement of pulegone oxide could be reasonably explained by invoking different pathways for homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1939-1943 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Sulfur ; Halogens ; Hydrohalogenation ; Lewis acids ; Sulfoxides ; Sulfoxides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hydrohalogenation reaction of 1,2-allenic sulfoxides 1 afforded 2-haloallyl sulfoxides 2 with yields ranging from 56 to 89%. The influence of the ratio of AlCl3 and H2O on this reaction is discussed and the optimized ratio of allenic sulfoxides, AlCl3 and H2O is 1:0.55:1. For the hydroiodination reaction, a combination of excess NaI, AlCl3, and H2O was used. The reaction is probably mediated by the species formed from the reaction of AlX3 with H2O. Because of the steric hindrance of the substrates, the hydrohalogenation of 1-methyl-1-(methylsulfinyl)-1,2-propadiene (1e), (1-methyl-1,2-propadienylsulfinyl)benzene (1f), and (3-methyl-1,2-butadienylsulfinyl)benzene (1g) did not proceed under the same reaction conditions.
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  • 113
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cup-shaped PAHs ; Host-guest compounds ; Host-guest chemistry ; Cyclizations ; Semiempirical calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Cyclotrimerisation of benzo-polycyclic bromostannylalkenes 8a-d with Cu(NO3)2·3H2O in THF affords benzotri(benzonorbornadienes) 3a-d as a mixture of the syn and anti isomers. The ratio of syn to anti is close to the 1:3 statistical value in most cases (i.e. in cyclotrimers 3a,b,d), but highly in favour of the anti isomer in 3c, where steric hindrance by the methoxy groups plays an important role in the stereochemistry of the cyclotrimerisation. The substrates for the cyclotrimerisation, i.e. the bromostannyl alkenes 8a-d, were prepared from bromoalkenes 7a-d by treatment with base (LDA) and quenching with trimethyltin chloride. In turn, bromoalkenes 7a-d were prepared from alkenes 5a-d by radical bromination-elimination. The reaction conditions used were designed to minimise Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements that would lead to unwanted bromo isomers. The cup-shaped syn cyclotrimers 3a-d exhibit high electron density within the cavity as determined by AM1 semiempirical calculations of their electrostatic potential surfaces and are valuable substrates for supramolecular chemistry. As an example, it is shown that fullerene C60 is drawn into solution in acetonitrile by complexation with both the syn and anti trimer of benzonorbornadiene 3a.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1993-1999 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Ketones ; Tautomerism ; Double bond migration ; Peptides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Treatment of 3-alkylidene or 3-benzylidene-2,5-piperazinediones 6 with catalytic amounts of acid gives rise to the formation of isomers 7 by migration of the C=C bond into the alkyl substituent at position 6, or results in mixtures of racemic 7 and E isomers 8. The existence of tautomeric equilibria is discussed.
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 987-994 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Addition reactions ; Octahydroacridine ; Polypyridines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new octahydroacridine with a tert-butoxypropyl group in the 9-position was prepared and was used in the synthesis of new soluble annelated polypyridines. Quinquepyridine with 11 adjacent rings was prepared in 17-25% yield by condensation of an α-methylene ketone and an enolisable ketone in the presence of ammonium acetate under basic conditions.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Indiumallyl compounds ; Vinylcyclopropanes ; α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds ; Diastereoselectivity ; Dibenzylideneacetone ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Allylindium reagents, prepared from excess allylic halide (Br or I) and indium metal, react with α,β-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes to give, after aerobic acidic workup, homoallyl-substituted vinylcyclopropanes. This process was explored and developed after a chance discovery arising from a side reaction in an attempted Pd-catalysed process. The structure of the cyclopropane arising from the reaction of bis(p-chlorobenzylidine)acetone was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Whilst bis-α,β-unsaturated ketones give rise to a single homoallylcyclopropane species, α,β-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes give diastereomeric mixtures whose relative stereochemistry were assigned by NOE experiments. Crotylindium reagents react with good to perfect regioselectivity to afford tetrasubstituted cyclopropanes but prenylindium reagents fail to generate the analogous pentasubstituted rings.
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1547-1562 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Inositolphosphoglycans ; Oligosaccharide synthesis ; Insulin mediators ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A block synthesis approach to the inositol-containing pseudohexasaccharide 1 is presented. The myo-inositol building block 6 has been prepared using a key regioselective acylation through a boron-tin exchange reaction and the 2-azido-2-deoxy glycosyl donors 15 and 17 have been synthesized from D-glucosamine using a diazo transfer reaction. The anomeric position of the mono- and disaccharide building blocks has been temporarily protected as phenyl thioglycoside and this function was then converted into the different leaving groups to perform the glycosylation reactions. Both trichloroacetimidates and fluorides have been used as glycosyl donors for the construction of the different glycosidic linkages. The protected pseudohexasaccharides 44, 48-50, which are precursors of pseudohexasaccharide 1, have been efficiently prepared and fully characterized. Pseudohexasaccharide 1 contains the fundamental structural features which have been proposed for type A inositolphosphoglycans, which may be involved in the insulin-signaling process.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Azides ; Cleavage reactions ; Cycloadditions ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Polycycles ; Ring expansion ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---2-Alkyl-1-methylquinazolinium hexafluorophosphates 9 are deprotonated by sodium or potassium hydride to afford solutions of 2-alkylidenedihydroquinazolines 10, which were investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Trapping with methanesulfonyl azide (5a) of 10 in situ or subsequent treatment with trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide (5b) gives mixtures of colourless (15) and intensely yellow N-sulfonylimino-1,4-benzodiazepines 16 along with products due to cleavage of the exocyclic double bond of 10, viz. 11 and 13. The ethylidene compound 10b yields the bicyclic products 18 and 19, apparently by complex sequences of reactions that are triggered by removal of the acidic proton at C-2 of 16b and 16f. The structures of the products are based on spectroscopic evidence and X-ray diffraction analyses performed on 15b, 16d, 16e, and 19.
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1603-1607 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Boron ; Cyclotrimerizations ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Macrocycles ; Subphthalocyanines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The regioselective preparation of ortho-substituted subphthalocyanides was achieved employing 3-substituted phthalonitrile derivatives as starting materials. A mechanistic proposal has been outlined.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99525_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Photochemistry ; Furans ; Thiophenes ; Radicals ; Electron-poor olefins ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Photochemical reactions of some haloheterocycles bearing electron-withdrawing groups 1a-d with electron-poor olefins 2a-c gave the addition products 3a-f and 3h-m in good yields. Other products obtained were the corresponding olefins 4a-k and the alkanes 3g. These reactions involve homolytic cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond to give the corresponding radical. The nature of these radicals has been studied. Ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-31G* level are supportive of the formation of σ radicals. These radicals are electrophilic and interact with the HOMOs of the electron-poor olefins.
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1677-1683 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Radicals ; Cyclizations ; Pyridinethione ; Tetrahydrofurans ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Thiazolethione ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The trisubstituted functionalized tetrahydrofurans 10, 11, 16, 18, and 19 were photochemically prepared from 2,3-syn- and 2,3-anti-configuredN-(3-benzoyloxy-5-hexen-2-oxy)thiazole-2(3H)-thione anti-6, pyridinethiones 7, anti-8, and BrCCl3. The formation of tetrahydrofurans was achieved by an efficient and highly regioselective alkoxyl radical cyclization (5-exo-trig). The 2,3-anti substituted intermediates 9 and 12 cyclize stereoselectively whereas a 2,3-syn-configured O-radical affords both possible diastereomeric addition products in equal amounts. The cyclized tetrahydrofuryl methyl radicals were trapped with the bromine atom donor BrCCl3 to afford the bromomethyl-substituted cyclic ethers 10, 11, 18, and 19 in excellent yields. The utility of this reaction was stressed by conversion of one of the newly prepared tetrahydrofurans in a two-step synthesis into (+)-allo-muscarine (+)-20.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99590_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 122
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Conjugation ; Boron ; Sensors ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---New electropolymerizable aromatic compounds (i.e. pyrrole, thiophene, aniline) bearing boronic acid and ester substituents have been synthesized and their electrochemical behavior has been investigated. Functionalized polythiophene and polypyrrole films could be anodically generated in acetonitrile, whereas the polyaniline derivative was electroformed in an acidic aqueous solution. The electrochemical responses of some of these materials were changed when fluoride ions were added to the electrolytic solutions. The strongest modifications, caused by binding of fluoride by the immobilized boron, were observed for the polypyrrole derivative in hydroorganic media.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Self-assembly ; Vapor-pressure osmometry ; Resorcin[4]arenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Resorcin[4]arene tetracarboxylic acids 5,6 (A) and resorcin[4]arene tetrapyridines 2,3 (P) self-assemble in chloroform solution to form stable heterotopic AP dimers. Data from NMR titration and dilution experiments, as well as from vapor-pressure osmometry (VPO), indicate that the AP dimer is formed with an association constant greater than 107 M-1. Solid-solution extraction experiments are indicative of the formation of a 2:1 trimer (A2P), while self-associated homotopic species (A2 and A3) can be detected by NMR and VPO. Analysis of the heterotopic noncovalent assembly process over a range of compositions shows that these other species are much less stable than the AP heterodimer, which is the exclusive species at an A/P concentration ratio of 1:1 (〉 99.7% of the total at 10 mM).
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  • 124
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1767-1772 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Circular dichroism ; Conformation analysis ; s-Triazines ; Chiral auxiliaries ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---CD data of the optically pure 2-[(R)-1-(9-anthryl)ethylamino]-4-chloro-6-[(R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamino]-1,3,5-triazine, 2[(R)-1-(9-anthryl)ethylamino]-4,6-bis[(R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamino]-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis[(R)-1-(9-anthryl)ethylamino]-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine are presented. The analysis of the CD spectra by means of the nonempirical DeVoe approach has afforded the complete conformational characterisation of the three s-triazine derivatives, allowing us to establish how the conformation of these derivatives depends on the nature of the substituent 1-arylethylamino groups.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Palladium ; exo-π-Allylpalladium complexes ; Allylic alkylation ; Spiro compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The palladium(0)-catalyzed alkylation of 2,3-bis(acetoxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene 1 with malonate-type enolates as nucleophiles is investigated. A monoalkylated product is formed first, and undergoes (depending on the nucleophile used) a second intramolecular reaction leading to spirocyclopropane-annulated bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene derivatives 5. The formation of endo spirobicyclic cyclopropanes adducts as major isomer is rationalized by assuming formation of an intermediate exo-(π-allyl)palladium complex.
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  • 126
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1827-1830 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: C-C coupling ; Homosteroids ; Palladium ; Steroids ; Total synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The D-homosteroid 1 was synthesized by two successive Heck reactions starting from enantiopure 3 and the bromoarene 2 containing a (Z)-bromovinyl group. The first intermolecular Pd-catalyzed reaction leads to 6 in a highly regio- and diastereoselective way which forms 1 with an unusual cis-junction of the rings B and C by a second intramolecular Heck reaction.
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  • 127
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1889-1904 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Total synthesis ; Natural products ; Squamocin A ; Squamocin D ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The total syntheses of the Annonaceous acetogenins squamocin A and squamocin D have been achieved. The synthesis follows a modular strategy, wherein a left-side chain, the central bis-THF core and the right-side chain are assembled together. Key reactions are additions of organomagnesium compounds to bi-THF aldehydes. At the end of the synthesis the butenolide moiety was introduced. This modular synthetic approach should be useful for the synthesis of other related natural products as well as pharmacologically interesting analogs.
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  • 128
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1959-1964 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: C-C coupling ; Palladium ; Silanes ; Catalysts ; Allylsilanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---One of the main problems of the Heck reaction using acyclic substrates which lead to Pd intermediates with β- and β′-hydrogens is the lack of selectivity in the formation of the double bond as the last step of the catalytic cycle. The use of allylsilanes as the alkene moiety permits control of the elimination step. Thus, the Pd0-catalysed reaction of 1a-c and 2 leads exclusively to the corresponding bicyclic compounds 11a-c. In contrast, reaction of 7 yields a mixture of 12a, (E)-12b and (Z)-12b.
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  • 129
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 2000 (2000), S. 559-565 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Macrocyclic ligands ; Copper ; EPR spectroscopy ; Electronic spectrophotometry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Copper(II) mononuclear complexes with the polyazamacrocyclic ligands NOTA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N′,N″triacetate), DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo-dodecane-N,N′,N″,N″′-tetraacetate), NOTP [1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N′,N″-tris(methylenephosphonate)] and DOTP [1,4,7,10tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N‴-tetrakis(methylenephosphonate)] were characterised in aqueous solution by electronic absorption spectrophotometry and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. While two isomeric species were detected by EPR spectroscopy in frozen samples of the polycarboxylate complexes, only one complex form was found for the poly(methylenephosphonate) systems. The results obtained are in accordance with a six-coordinate pattern for the metal centre, yielding tetragonally distorted complexes in solution, in agreement with previously reported studies on CuII complexes, both in solution and in the solid state.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Palladium ; S ligands ; One-dimensional extended networks ; Structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and spectral characterization of a new triangular, trinuclear palladium(II) complex with the dianion of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone N4-dimethylthiosemicarbazone, 4MeOAp4Me22- is reported. The X-ray crystal structure determination of [Pd(4MeOAp4Me2)]3·DMSO shows it to contain a chair-type hexagon of alternating Pd and S atoms which form a molecular bowl. The crystal structure of H24MeOAp4Me2 shows that it is the E isomer with respect to the imine bond of the thiosemicarbazone moiety.
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  • 131
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 2000 (2000), S. 735-739 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Silaboranes ; Cluster compounds ; Siloxanes ; Silicon ; Boranes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of alkoxide adducts of o-silaborane [(TMPDAH)2][(Me2Si2B10H10)2O] (3) and [TMPDAH][(Me2Si2B10H10)OMe] (4) are presented (TMPDA = tetramethylpropylenediamine). For both silaborate clusters 3 and 4 the results of the NMR spectroscopic investigations together with the X-ray single crystal structure determinations are discussed. The geometries of ab initio calculations (HF and B3LYP methods) on the hydroxide adduct [Si2B10H12(OH)]- are compared with the structures of 3 and 4. The dynamic behaviour of the adducts 3 and 4 in solution is discussed with respect to the calculated energy profile for the rotation of the HSi(OH) group.
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  • 132
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Terpyridine ; Copper sensing ; Cyclam ; Fluorescence ; Solution studies ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A synthetic strategy has been devised for the preparation of new compounds in which terpyridyl fragments are linked to 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam). Reaction of excess cyclam with 4′-[(4-bromomethyl)phenyl]-2,2′:2″,6′-terpyridine afforded the ligand 1-[4′-p-tolyl-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridyl)]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (L1) in which the tetraaza macrocycle was covalently attached to one benzyl-terpyridyl fragment. Under similar conditions reaction of cyclam with excess 4′-[(4-bromomethyl)phenyl]-2,2′:2″,6′-terpyridine gave the tetra substituted cyclam derivative 1,4,8,11-[4′-p-tolyl-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridyl)]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (L2). The multidentate ligand L2 was crystallographically characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Reaction of L1 with [Ru(mtpy)Cl3] gave the heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(L1)(mtpy)][PF6]2 (mtpy = 4′-methyl-2,2′:6′2″-terpyridine). The fluorescent intensity of the metallo-receptor [Ru(L1)(mtpy)][PF6]2 was quenched selectively in the presence of copper(II) in an aqueous environment. To gain insight into the nature of this interaction, potentiometric titrations on [Ru(L1)(mtpy)]2+ in the presence of Cu2+ were carried out. The quenching of the emission intensity was associated with the presence of the copper {Cu[Ru(L1)(mtpy)]}4+ complex in solution. The receptor 1-[4′-methyl-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridyl)]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (L3), in which the cyclam fragment is separated from the terpyriyl by a methylene group, has also been synthesised by reaction of 4′-bromomethyl-2,2′:2″,6′-terpyridine and cyclam. With L3 as starting material, the ruthenium complex [Ru(L3)(mtpy)]2+ was prepared in order to evaluate the effect that the nature of the spacer has on the quenching of the fluorescence upon addition of Cu2+.
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  • 133
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Carbene complexes ; Enamines ; Metallatrienes ; Cyclopentadienes ; Dihydropyrroles ; spiro-Tetrahydropyrroles ; Iminium carbonylmetalates ; Dimetallapolyenes ; Tungsten ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Reactions of the [(1-alkynyl)carbene]tungsten complex (CO)5W=C(OEt)C≡CPh (1) with 1-aminocyclohexenes 2a-c and 7a-c afford different types of products depending on the amino substituents and the reaction conditions. (4-Aminocyclobutenyl)carbene complexes B have been shown to be generated in the first reaction step through a [2+2] cycloaddition. These are key intermediates and afford cross-conjugated tungstatrienes E, (conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,5-hexatrienes G, or (non-conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,6-heptatrienes F by following competing reaction pathways. Cross-conjugated 1-tungstatrienes 3 have been isolated in 52-74% yield by performing the reactions of 1-aminobenzocyclohexenes 2a-c with compound 1 in pentane. In dichloromethane instead of pentane, (conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,5-hexatrienes 4 are obtained, which subse-quently undergo fragmentation to give cyclopentadienes 6 (by π-cyclization) and dihydropyrroles (by α-cyclization) in a molar ratio dependent on the nature of the amino substituents. (Non-conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,6-heptatrienes 10 are generated upon reaction of 1-aminocyclohexenes 7a-c with compounds 1, which are transformed into cyclopentadienes 12 via conjugated 1-tungsta-1,3,5-hexatrienes 9 as intermediates. Reactions of 1-tungsta-1,3,6-heptatrienes 10 with the (1-alkynyl)carbene complex 1 afford dinuclear compounds 14, which subsequently yield indenes 15 (by two successive π-cyclization steps) and spiro-tetrahydropyrroles 16 (by both a π-cyclization and an α-cyclization step), depending on the steric bulk of the amino substituent.
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  • 134
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Diastereoselective alkylation ; Oppolzer's sultam ; Sultam-imine enolate ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---As part of an ongoing project concerning the synthesis of nonnatural amino acids, we have now developed a general strategy for the preparation of β2-amino acids (or 2-aminocarboxylic acid derivatives). Our procedure involves the synthesis of the sultam β-alaninate precursor 5 whose alkylation led with high yields and excellent diastereoselectivity to the precursor of β2-homophenylalanine, β2-homoalanine, and β2-homoleucine. Subsequent deprotection and Boc-protection yielded the expected β2-amino acids. X-ray analysis of the alkylation product established that (-)-sultam yielded (R)-β2-amino acids, conversely (+)-sultam yielded the enantiomer. The topicity of this alkylation is in agreement with the alkylation of Oppolzer's precursor for the synthesis of α-amino acids and opposite to that observed for gem-dialkylation.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amino acids ; coupling ; N-Substituted amide ; Cyclizations ; Cyclic dipeptides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A short synthesis of new, functionalized seven-membered ring cyclic dipeptides is described. After the coupling of N-protected β-amino acids to N-substituted α-amino tert-butyl esters, the protective groups of the terminal functions were removed and the cyclization took place diastereoselectively in the presence of the coupling agent BOP. Amide substitution was found to be effective in promoting the cyclization of linear dipeptides.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cage compounds ; Calixarenes ; Cavitands ; Carcerands ; Gold ; Interfaces ; Monolayers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The synthesis of sulfide-functionalized (hemi)carceplexes suitable for self-assembly on gold is described. A noncentrosymmetrical carceplex 9 (guest DMF) was synthesized by the combination of calix[4]arene 4 and resorcin[4]arene 3, while a noncentrosymmetrical hemicarceplex 12 (guest NMP) was prepared by the combination of two different resorcin[4]arenes, 3 and 10. These adsorbates form ordered self-assembled monolayers on gold with their quasi C4v axis perpendicular to the surface. The two positions possible for the incarcerated guest lead to diastereotopic surfaces.
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  • 137
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ; NMR spectroscopy ; Yessotoxin ; Natural products ; Carboxyyessotoxin ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new analogue of yessotoxin (YTX), carboxyYTX, 3, was isolated from the digestive glands of mussels cultured on the Italian Adriatic coast. Its structure was determined by MS and NMR spectroscopy.
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  • 138
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Thermal extrusion ; Photoelectron spectroscopy ; Benzosultam ; Flash vacuum thermolysis ; Ab initio calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---An aza-ortho-xylylene system is produced by thermal degradation of N-alkylbenzosultam, which can be directly studied by coupling the system to a UV/photoelectron spectrometer. These thermodynamically unstable xylylene derivatives rearrange to give aldimine by a [1,5] hydrogen shift.
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  • 139
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 387-389 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Fluorescent sensor ; Potassium ; Dendrimers ; Self-assembling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A potassium selective fluorescent chemosensor, 2, was designed and synthesized. The molecular sensor is weakly luminescent in acetonitrile solution, but exhibits a significant increase in intensity upon addition of K+. The luminescence intensity increases reach a plateau when the K+/2 ratio is 3:2. The sensor shows a linear fluorescent enhancement with the concentration of potassium ion in the presence of a large excess of sodium ion.
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  • 140
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Enynes ; Macrocycles ; Coordination chemistry ; Crown compounds ; Radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The complex molecular structure and interesting activation mechanisms of naturally occurring enediynes have inspired the synthesis of a variety of simpler model systems to mimic their properties. While in most model compounds nucleophilic attack, isomerization or bioreduction are used to activate the unsaturated system for diradical cyclization, some attempts have been made to employ metal-ion coordination for this purpose. Significant enhancement of the thermal reactivity has been achieved by metal-ion induced conformational and electronic changes of suitably substituted enediynes, such as 1, 5, 6, 17 and 18. Enediyne activation by stoichiometric or catalytic formation of vinylidene complexes, such as 22, from terminal alkynes has also been investigated. This paper summarizes recent results pursuing the activation of enediyne diradical cyclization by metal ions.
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  • 141
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 425-437 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cyclic voltammetry ; Fluorescence spectroscopy ; Mixed oligomers ; Structure-property relationships ; Organic light-emitting diodes ; Oligothiophenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Novel mixed oligoheterocycles 1-5, containing thiophene/thiazole, thiophene/1,3,4-thiadiazole, thiophene/oxazole, or thiophene/1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties, were synthesized. The introduction of electronegative heteroatoms such as oxygen and nitrogen into the conjugated π-system leads to a more pronounced acceptor character than that found in the analogous oligothiophenes. Characterization of the redox properties reveals that the reduction of the mixed oligomers is facilitated while oxidation is shifted to higher potentials. For this series, clear structure-property relationships could be found by comparing optical properties, in particular absorptions, emissions and fluorescence quantum yields in solution. The X-ray structural determination of mixed thiophene/1,3,4-oxadiazole heptamer 5 indicates that the replacement of thiophene units by 1,3,4-oxadiazoles has a strong influence on the molecular arrangement and intermolecular interactions in the solid state.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Fullerenes ; Cycloadditions ; Donor-acceptor systems ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Photoinduced electron transfer ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The new C60 and C70 adducts 1b, 1d-1k, 1m, 6d, 7d, and 8d have been synthesized by [2+3] cycloadditions of the appropriate nitrile oxides. Variations in the distance and geometry of the donor and acceptor substituents are seen to have an influence on the redox behavior of the fullerene adducts in cyclic voltammetry experiments. The isoxazolo-fullerenes 1c, 1d, and 1i show shifts of about 30 mV or 40 mV to more negative values compared with the reference compound 1a. On the other hand, strong acceptor properties are detected in the case of compound 1e, which shows a positive shift of 30 mV relative to 1a. Moreover, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy has shown that upon excitation of the fullerene moiety in the polar solvent benzonitrile, an electron is transferred from the donor substituent to the first excited singlet state of the fullerene, thereby reducing the excited-state lifetime. Our data demonstrate that the electron-transfer rate in donor-substituted fullerenes can be controlled by the electron-donating property of the substituent as well as the electronic structure and/or length of the spacer used. The C70 regioisomers 6d, 7d, and 8d exhibit differences in their spectroscopic characteristics.
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  • 143
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 499-505 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Catenanes ; Molecular recognition ; Template effect ; Mechanical bond ; Key-lock interaction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---[3]Catenanes of the amide type were synthesized preparatively for the first time. Large macrocycles bearing two guest-binding sites were used to synthesize these amide-linked [3]catenanes in yields of 4%, either by formation of rigid macrocyclic boxes, or with macrocycles consisting of flexible long-chained aliphatic diamines. Furthermore, the systematic introduction of 1,ω-alkane diamines as building blocks for catenanes is described. The synthesis of a series of [2]catenanes by varying the ring size of one of the two macrocycles was also achieved in yields of 10%.
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  • 144
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Azides ; Cleavage reactions ; Cycloadditions ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Photolysis ; Ring expansion ; Spiro compounds ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---2-Alkyl-1-methylquinolinium hexafluorophosphates 1 are deprotonated by sodium or potassium hydride to afford solutions of 2-alkylidenedihydroquinolines 2, which are investigated by NMR spectroscopy. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of phenyl azide to 2 yields the spirocyclic products 10. While, at 80-110 °C, the [3 + 2] cycloaddition that afforded (u)-10f is reversible and accompanied by epimerisation to give (l)-10f, thermolysis of the dimethyl compounds 10b and d affords the ring-expanded products 14b and d, respectively, in good yields along with molecular nitrogen. Irradiation of 10d with light of λ 〉 320 nm results in the formation of similar amounts of 14d and [3 + 2] cycloreversion products, viz. 2-diazopropane (5b) and the N-phenylimine 15d. - Trapping of 2 by methanesulphonyl azide (18a) gives mixtures of the products of ring expansion (21b, d-f, 10-50 %) and [3 + 2] cycloreversion (22a, d, 10-80 %) of the apparently very labile intermediate spirocyclic cycloadducts 19. The ratio of 21 vs. 22 is significantly improved when 18a is replaced by trifluoromethanesulphonyl azide (18b), which affords the iminodihydrobenzazepines 21i-k in 50-75 % yield. The structures of the products are based on NMR evidence and X-ray diffraction analyses performed with 21b, d, and (ax,E)-21e.
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  • 145
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 563-572 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: S-Thioester ; Enolate ; Imines ; Lactams ; Stereoselection ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The condensation between imines and S-thioester metal enolates provides a mild, efficient, and straightforward route to the preparation of β-lactams. The synthetic applications and the stereochemical aspects of this reaction are discussed.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Methylenepyran carbene complexes ; Lithiation ; Carbene complexes ; Tungsten ; Carbenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---1,2 and 1,6 additions of lithium reagents to γ-methylenepyran Fischer-type carbene complexes are described. The 1,2 adducts obtained from alkynyllithium addition evolve by a 1,3 shift of the W(CO)5 fragment to give allenyltungsten carbonyl intermediates. Reaction with degassed water affords unsaturated carbene complexes indirectly stabilized by a heteroatom. The 1,6 anionic addition products are quenched by H2O at low temperature to give α,δ-unsaturated carbene complexes. On warming, an evolution occurs leading to new pyranylidene carbene complexes.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/099150_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkylations ; Deaminated AdoHcy ; Decarboxylated AdoHcy ; Mitsunobu reaction ; Nucleosides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---5′-Acetylthio-5′-deoxy-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine (8) was directly prepared from commercially available 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine (7) and thioacetic acid under Mitsunobu conditions in almost quantitative yield. In situ cleavage of the acetylthio function of 8 followed by coupling with different alkyl bromides proceeded with high yields. Deprotection of the obtained 5′-thionucleosides yielded the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine analogues decarboxylated AdoHcy (11), deaminated AdoHcy (14) and 5′-[3-(cyano)propylthio]-5′-deoxyadenosine (16) in good overall yields. Direct deprotection of the thionucleoside 8 delivered 5′-thio-5′-deoxyadenosine (18) in excellent yield. In addition, binding constants of these AdoHcy analogues and the DNA methyltransferase M·HhaI were determined in a fluorescence assay.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Porphyrins ; Chiral auxiliaries ; Macrocycles ; Pyrethroids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Esters, N,N-disubstituted amides, and a N-acylurea derived from the enantiopure industrial intermediate (1R)-cis-hemicaronaldehydic acid (or biocartol) are convenient synthons for the preparation of a series of chiroporphyrins by condensation with pyrrole. These chiral meso-tetracyclopropylporphyrins are obtained exclusively as the D2-symmetric α,β,α,β atropisomer, generally in low to moderate yields (2-20%), and in the urea case in excellent yield (60%). Hydrolysis of the urea substituents affords a chiroporphyrin with mono-N-substituted amide groups. 1H-NMR spectroscopy indicates that the ester, amide, and urea stereogenic groups sit on the porphyrin close to the metal binding site and restrict substrate or ligand access along a C2-symmetric groove. This structural feature of chiroporphyrins and of their metal complexes is of high potential interest in asymmetric catalysis and chiral recognition.
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  • 149
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 627-631 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Complex nucleoside ; Antibiotics ; Radicals ; Zn-Cu couple ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Homosinefungin 5, which can be considered as an analogue of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), has been synthesized by means of a sequence in which the key step was the addition of a radical, produced by the simple treatment of an iodide precursor with a zinc-copper couple, to suitably activated olefins.
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  • 150
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 645-655 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: INOC ; Pyrrolidines ; Piperidines ; Stereoselective synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Intramolecular nitrile oxide olefin cycloaddition (INOC) reactions of oximes 1-3 and of 24-27 derived from L-amino acids have been found to proceed stereoselectively, yielding tricyclic fused pyrrolidines and piperidines. Further manipulation led to chiral hydroxymethyl-substituted fused piperidines 33-35 and to 3-amino-4-(1-hydroxypropyl)-2-mercaptomethyl-N-methylpiperidine (36). The structures and stereochemistries of the fused systems, as well as those of the piperidines, have been established by NMR.
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  • 151
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 701-705 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric catalysis ; Catalysis ; Addition reactions ; N ligands ; Nickel ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Quaternary stereocenters were constructed with an enantioselectivity of up to 91% ee under aerobic conditions and at ambient temperature in the Michael reaction of β-dicarbonyl compounds and methyl vinyl ketone with Ni(OAc)2·4H2O and optically active trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane as a chiral catalyst.
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  • 152
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 729-735 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Rubromycins ; Natural products ; Biosynthesis ; Quinones ; Structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The structure of the known secondary metabolite β-rubromycin was corrected, based on spectroscopic and chemical investigations, from o-quinone 1 to p-quinone 6. By feeding [U-13C3]malonic acid to the rubromycin-producing strain, Streptomyces sp. A1, the polyketide origin of the skeleton was verified, but the identity of the starter unit and the folding mechanism of the polyketide chain are still unclear. From the culture broth of the strain A1, in addition to 6, the co-metabolites γ-rubromycin (3), δ-rubromycin (4) and 3′-hydroxy-β-rubromycin (7) were isolated. Their structures were determined or confirmed by detailed spectroscopic analysis. The rubromycins inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and are cytostatically active against different tumor cell lines.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Bisdiazenes ; Homoconjugation ; Photochemistry ; Heterocycles ; Diazenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Rigid N=N/N=N (diazene/diazene) systems (F) consisting of more or less alkylated DBH and DBO chromophoric units (1, 2, X-ray structures), with very short π,π distances [d = 2.849 (1a, av.), 2.822 Å (2)] and almost perfect syn-periplanar π,π alignments [ω = 168.6 (1a), 174.2° (2)] as well as the more flexible, less “proximate” metathesis isomers (3a,c, 27a,c, d 〉4.6 Å, ω = 90-100°) have been synthesized. Homoconjugate π,π interaction (in 1, 2, not in 3, 27) is deduced from UV spectroscopic measurements [π → π* maxima at 239 (234) nm (sh, 260)], while PE analyses furnished only small interaction parameters (1a: 〈0.3 eV). The potential of the novel syn-periplanar N=N/N=N motif in 1 and 2 for the synthesis of somewhat exotic polyheterocycles has been explored by calculation (B3LYP) as well as experimentally: i.a. kinetically stabilized, all-cis-peralkylated tetrazolidines (38, 44) and perhydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazines (41, 47) have become accessible (i.a. via novel azomethine/diazene and azomethine/azomethine cycloadditions). In 1a with its unreactive DBO chromophoric subunits, in the “buttressed” derivatives 1b-d, as well as in the DBH/DBO combination 2, and likewise in more ‘distant’ 27 (differently from the analogous C=C/C=C and N=N/C=C systems), irrespective of the excitation conditions employed (light of λ ≥≥ 280, 254 nm, low temperature matrix irradiation, acetone sensitization) no [2+2]photocycloaddition was observed. Instead exclusively N2-elimination took place. It is argued that unproductive N=N/N=N photocycloaddition would have become observable through metathesis isomerization of the respective tetrazetidines.
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  • 154
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 829-836 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Astaxanthin ; Carotenoids ; Isotopic labeling ; Isotopic labeling ; Total synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The all-E isomer of (4,4′-13C2)astaxanthin (1a) has been prepared by total synthesis starting from commercially available 99% 13C enriched acetonitrile. The labelled astaxanthin was obtained in high purity and with high isotope incorporation. For this synthesis, the C15 + C10 + C15 strategy was used. The central C10-synthon, 2,7-dimethylocta-2,4,6-triene-1,8-dial (3), was coupled with 13C-enriched C15-phosphonium salt 2a. The new synthetic scheme for the preparation of the C15-phosphonium salt is discussed in this paper; the same scheme can be used to label all positions and combinations of positions of the C15-phosphonium salt.
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  • 155
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 857-859 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: α,α-Dialkylated amino acids ; Isotopic labeling ; Strecker synthesis ; Solvent effects ; Stereoselective hydrolysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---[15N]-D-isovaline was prepared from DL-[α-15N]-α-aminoisovaleramide by enzymatic resolution with Mycobacterium neoaurum. The 15N-isotope was introduced during the Strecker synthesis of its precursor, e.g. aminoisovaleronitrile. Attempts to prepare the amino nitrile precursor of [15N]-α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) led to a poor yield and loss of the label. Significantly, improved results were obtained when a cosolvent is present during formation of aminoisobutyronitrile.
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  • 156
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Spiro compounds ; Ring-closing metathesis ; Pauson-Khand reaction ; Carbohydrates ; Enynes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The synthesis of the ketoglycosidic enynes 5, 7 and 8 starting from 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D-glucopyranolactone (2) is described. These enynes are subjected to ruthenium-mediated ring-closing metathesis and Pauson-Khand cyclisation to afford the highly functionalised carbohydrate spiroacetals 9 and 11-14.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Myxobacteria ; Antibiotics ; Cytotoxic ; Structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A novel highly cytotoxic metabolite, apicularen A (1), was isolated in a screening of the myxobacterial genus Chondromyces. The structure of 1 is characterized by a salicylic acid residue as part of a 10-membered lactone, which bears an acylenamine side chain. Compound 1 is an inhibitor of the proliferation of human cancer cell lines and induces apoptosis. Apicularen A (1) is present in nearly every strain of C. apiculatus, C. pediculatus, C. lanuginosus and C. robustus. Habitually 1 is accompanied by different amounts of a more polar variant, apicularen B (2), which was identified as 11-O-(2-N-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)apicularen. According to feeding experiments with 13C-labeled acetates, glycine, and methionine, apicularen A (1) is an acetate-derived polyketide containing a glycine residue as precursor of the enamine. Uncommonly, the C3 starter unit is not assembled from propionate but from acetate and methionine.
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  • 158
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Circular dichroism ; Configuration determination ; Sesterterpenes ; Manoalide ; Marine natural products ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The absolute configuration of antiinflammatory marine sesterterpenes belonging to the manoalide and cacospongionolide structural type has been determined by comparison of the CD spectra of the natural compounds with those of analogues that have been stereoselectively synthesized. In the derived acetates the relative stereochemistry of the stereogenic centres in the pyranofuranone moiety is assigned from 1H-NMR data and the absolute configuration from CD spectra. The absolute configuration of the naturally occurring marine sesterterpenes thorectolide monoacetate, manoalide monoacetate, petrosaspongiolide M and cavernosolide has been determined.
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  • 159
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1051-1059 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chirality ; Dendrimers ; Fullerenes ; Lipofullerenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The facile synthesis of enantiomerically pure C3-symmetrical fullerene dendrimers all-R-fA-7, all-S-fC-8, all-R-fC-9, and all-S-fA-10, as well as lipofullerenes all-S-fA-11 and all-S-fC-12 involving an octahedral [3:3] addition pattern is described. The C3 symmetrical tris[bis(4-phenyl-2-oxazoline)methano]fullerenes 1, 2, 3, and 4 with known absolute configuration were used as precursors. The completion of the octahedral addition pattern was achieved by a threefold cyclopropanation with the dendritic 3,5-dihydroxybenzylic bromomalonate 5 and the lipophilic dioctadecyl bromomalonate 6. The absolute configurations of the precursor trisadducts were retained in the inherently chiral C3-symmetrical hexakisadducts 7-12. The structure and the isomeric purity of all hexakisadducts 7-12 were unambiguously proven by NMR spectroscopy and other techniques. Preliminary experiments with the dendritic hexakisadducts all-S-fC 8 and all-S-fA 10 revealed that these macromolecular ligands posess catalytic properties with respect to stereoselective cyclopropanations of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate.
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  • 160
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1061-1063 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Photochemistry ; Matrix isolation ; Density functional calculations ; Isomerizations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Ultraviolet irradiation of matrix-isolated formamide (1) in solid argon with light of wavelength 248 nm leads to the formation of formimidic acid (2). Comparison of the experimental IR spectrum of the photoproduct with the calculated IR spectrum of 2 shows clearly that two rotamers 2a and 2b are formed.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99501_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 161
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cyclodextrins ; Inclusion compounds ; Carcinine ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new modified β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative 1 that was functionalized in position 6 with Boc-Carcinine was synthesised and its crystal structure was determined. The structure reveals a “sleeping swan”-like shape, the covalently bonded Boc-Carcinine moiety forming a folded structure with the Boc group inserted within the hydrophobic cavity of the β-cyclodextrin. The conformation of the Carcinine moiety is determined by the inclusion of the Boc group and is further stabilised by three intramolecular hydrogen bonds, two between the amide N1-H group, the carbonyl C′1=O1 group and a primary hydroxylic group of the glucose unit 5, one between the carbonyl C′0=O0 group and the primary hydroxylic group of the glucose unit 2. The β-CD macrocycle differs only slightly from unmodified β-CDs, maintaining an approximate sevenfold symmetry. The solution structure of the new β-CD derivative was investigated by NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism (c.d.) spectroscopy. In addition to a complete (1H and 13C) assignment of the pendant Boc-Carcinine group, the NMR study allowed the assignment of all the proton resonances associated with the β-CD macrocycle. Furthermore, NMR and c.d. results indicated that the self-inclusion of the Boc group within the β-CD cavity is retained in aqueous solution. In order to estimate the strength of this self-inclusion complex a series of competition experiments with the external guest 1-adamantanol was carried out using c.d. spectroscopy.
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  • 162
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1113-1120 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Peptidomimetics ; Reverse turn mimetics ; Glycomimetics ; Heterocycles ; Lactams ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -D-Glucurono-3,6-lactone and L-cysteine combine in a highly stereoselective manner to give the 7,5-bicyclic thiazolidinlactam 2. The α-hydroxy group of the D-glucurono-3,6-lactone was exchanged for an amino function (to give 13) and, after condensation with L-cysteine methyl ester, the polyol dipeptide 7 was obtained. Peptide couplings proceed without the need to protect the three secondary hydroxy groups of the seven-membered ring. The amino group of 7 was deprotected and selectively elongated to the pseudo-tripeptide 16. The depsipeptide 17 was obtained by condensation of Boc-Ala-OH with the polyol 2. Elongation at the carboxy terminus yielded 19 and 20. The bicyclic scaffold populates a well-defined solution conformation; the hydroxy groups mimic the side chains of hydrophilic amino acids and can be further functionalized.
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  • 163
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1157-1163 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Supramolecular chemistry ; Fullerenes ; Crown compounds ; Electrochemistry ; Metal complexation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The synthesis of two novel [60]fullerene derivatives containing the electron donor tetrathiafulvalene and metal-complexing crown ethers is described, and their complexation ability with alkali metal cations is studied by solid-liquid extraction techniques, cyclic voltammetry and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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  • 164
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Biotin ; Fullerenes ; Membranes ; Nanostructures ; Reflectometric interference spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -As a prototype for a new class of lipid membrane components, the lipophilic fullerene derivative (so-called lipofullerene) 1 was synthesized and characterized. This mixed [1:5]-hexakisadduct consists of ten long alkyl chains within five didodecyl malonate addends and a linker malonate carrying a (+)-biotin unit as part of an amphiphilic spacer. The malonates are attached to the fullerene core in an octahedral addition pattern, which was achieved by two successive cyclopropanation sequences with the functional precursor malonate 8 and dodecyl malonate 10. The final step of the synthesis of 1 was the attachment of activated biotin 5 with the deprotected precursor 11. Binding experiments followed by reflectometric interference spectroscopy [RIfS] proved the capability of 1 to bind specifically the protein streptavidin (SA) through the biotin unit. The amphiphilic behavior of 1 was demonstrated by Langmuir Blodgett (LB) film investigations.
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  • 165
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Carbonylation ; Wittig reactions ; Rhodium ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The rhodium(I)-catalysed sequential silylformylation/Wittig olefination of terminal alkynes with hydrosilanes and carbon monoxide in the presence of stabilised P-ylides leads to substituted 2,4-dienoic esters in a one-pot procedure. The α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated esters are generated with high (2E,4Z) stereoselectivity in good to excellent yields. Conversions of the products in [2+1] cycloaddition reactions are presented.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane ; Haloarenes, cross-coupling of ; Propellanes ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Small-ring systems ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Radical addition reactions of organyl iodides 7a-s onto [1.1.1]propellane (2) followed by halogen-lithium exchange and transmetallation with zinc chloride, as well as additions of Grignard reagents to 2, have furnished a variety of 3-substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl-1-magnesium (14) and -zinc (19) derivatives. The latter have been coupled with various alkenyl, aryl, and biaryl halides and triflates under NiCl2dppe, Pd(PPh3)4, or PdCl2(dppf) catalysis to give a number of 1,3-disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl derivatives 17, 20, and 23, several of which exhibit liquid crystalline properties, in moderate to very good yields. The coupling products 20ca, 23ab, 23ae, 23ff, and 23fg have been further transformed to yield bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl derivatives 32, 24ab, 24ae, 27ff, and 27fg, respectively, bearing alkynyl, cyano, and/or alkenyl groups.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Carbene complexes ; 1-Metallahexatrienes ; Cyclopentadienes ; Carbene complexes ; Tungsten ; Domino cyclization ; Pentalenes ; Spirocyclopentanes ; Spiro compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -1,3-Dioxytetrahydropentalenes 9 have been generated by base-catalyzed addition of protic oxygen nucleophiles ROH 6a-g (RO = carboxy or phenyloxy) to the [2-(1-cyclopentenyl)ethynyl]carbene tungsten complex 3. Compounds 9 are highly reactive and afford (cyclobutenyl)carbene complexes 12a-g through spontaneous [2+2] cycloaddition to a second molecule of the (1-alkynyl)carbene complex 3. Thermolysis of compounds 12 was found to generate indeno[b]-spiro-tricyclo[5.3.0.0]decadienes 18 through π-cyclization of the 1-tungsta-1,3,5-hexatriene unit involving insertion of carbon monoxide into the W—C bond.
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  • 168
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1207-1218 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Poly[β-(S)-malic acid] ; Biopolyesters ; Oligomers ; Protecting groups ; Allyl ester ; Hydrolase ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The polyanionic poly[β-(S)-malic acids] (β-PMA) occur in slime molds (myxomycetes), black yeasts and other fungi and are involved in DNA replication. In order to be able to study the cleavage mechanism of β-PMA hydrolases, we have synthesized cyclic and linear oligomers of malic acid (β-OMA) consisting of up to eight residues. To this end, fragments with three different protecting groups were prepared, with allyl ester groups on the C-terminus, TBDPS groups at the O-terminus, and benzyl ester groups at the side chains (Schemes 2, 3, 7). Selective deprotection and fragment coupling (COCl2/C5H5N/CH2Cl2/-75 °C) gave dimers, tetramers, and octamers, either fully protected or specifically protected at the O- or C-terminus or at the side chain acid groups, and also fully deprotected oligoacids (Schemes 3-7). The new compounds were fully characterized (Rf, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis or high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry). Enzymatic degradation experiments with the previously prepared cyclo-tetramer, the unprotected, and the O- or C-terminally protected samples of linear β-OMAs show that the enzyme from Physarum polycephalum is an exo-hydrolase cleaving the chain from the O-terminus.
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  • 169
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Azides ; Cleavage reactions ; Cycloadditions ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Ring expansion ; Sulfur heterocycles ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Deprotonation of the 2-cycloalkylbenzothiazolium perchlorates 1f-h with sodium hydride in the presence of methanesulfonyl azide (3) affords the spirocyclic dihydro-1,4-benzothiazines 9f-h together with small amounts of the 2-iminobenzothiazole 5. The 2-cycloalkylidenedihydrobenzimidazoles 11e-h are generated by deprotonation with potassium hydride from the corresponding 2-cycloalkylbenzimidazolium salts 10e-h, and trapped with 3 to yield the zwitterions 12e-h. Whereas 12h is thermally unstable, 12e-g are isolated and thermolysed at 20-80 °C. The cyclopropyl zwitterion 12e decomposes in an ill-defined way, only at temperatures above 80 °C. In contrast, 12f,g, and, in particular, 12h, decompose more readily to furnish the products of ring expansion (13f-h) and those of a [3 + 2] cycloreversion (6 and 14) of intermediate spirocyclic triazolines. Products that might be indicative of the intervention of hypothetical zwitterions of type 8 cannot be detected.
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  • 170
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1241-1251 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Enolates ; Rearrangements ; Metal complexes ; Peptides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Deprotonation of allylic esters of peptides at -70 °C in the presence of metal salts results in the formation of metal peptide enolate complexes, which undergo Claisen rearrangement on warming to room temperature to produce stereoselectively modified peptides. By far the best results are obtained with manganese enolates. With these enolates, the amino acids incorporated in the peptide chain have no significant influence on the rearrangement, neither on the yield nor on the stereochemical outcome. Therefore, this protocol is extremely suitable for the stereoselective modification of peptides by using esters of chiral allylic alcohols. α-Alkylated amino acids can be incorporated into peptides as well.
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  • 171
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1377-1386 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Diallenes ; Solid-state reactions ; Naphthocyclobutenes ; Benzodicyclobutadiene ; Through-bond interactions ; X-ray analysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The title four-membered ring compounds, naphthocyclobutenes and benzodicyclobutadienes, were produced by thermal cyclization reaction of crystalline 1,2-diallenylbenzenes and 1,6-diethynyldiallenes, respectively. These solid-state reactions proceeded efficiently and stereoselectively. The naphthocyclobutenes were shown to have extremely long C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds (1.720-1.733 Å). The benzodicyclobutadienes were also shown to have extremely long C(sp2)-C(sp2) bonds (1.540 Å).
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  • 172
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; Alkylations ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Grignard reactions ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Treatment of salts 1a-b with Grignard reagents gives, after reduction of the resulting unstable dihydropyridines 7, the tetrahydropyridines 8a-c, with modest selectivities but in very few steps and under practical conditions. Higher stereo- and regioselectivities are obtained with salt 1c which gives the tetrahydropyridines 15a-e. In addition, the dihydropyridine intermediates 11b cyclize to give the new oxazolidine derivatives 12a-e, which turn out to be good precursors of the 2,6-trans-disubstituted tetrahydropyridines 21a-e. Selective syntheses of (-)-lupetidin, (+)-solenopsin, and indolizidines (-)-5 and (-)-6 are presented as representative examples of applications.
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  • 173
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1423-1431 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Glycofuranosides ; Thiofuranosides ; Glycosylations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The general formation of 1,2-trans-thioglycofuranosides derived from D-galactose, D-glucose and D-mannose was readily accomplished starting from the corresponding alkyl glycofuranosides via per-O-acetyl-hexofuranoses as key synthons. Glycosidation of ethyl or phenyl perbenzylated 1,2-trans-thiofuranosides afforded disaccharides containing a nonreducing 1,2-cis-hexofuranosyl unit, i.e. α-D-galactosyl, α-D-glucosyl or β-D-mannosyl, with interesting diastereoselectivities. Activation of the thiofuranosyl donors was performed by N-iodosuccinimide and a catalytic amount of tin(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate.
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  • 174
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1433-1441 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkynes ; Annelation reactions ; Carbonyl compounds ; Heterocycles ; Polycycles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Upon condensation of ortho-phenylenediamine (2) with ortho-alkynylbenzaldehydes in nitrobenzene, oxidative cyclizations are observed, which result in benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolines (8) or isoindolo[2,1-a]quinoxalines (9) depending on the influence of additional substituents at the alkyne.
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  • 175
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amphiphiles ; Ketone ; Glycosides ; Electron transfer ; Chiral resolution ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Electroreducible amphiphilic aromatic ketones derived from D-glucose and D-glucofuranurono-6,3-lactone (D-glucurone) have been synthesized by Schmidt condensation and reaction of the unprotected lactone with the appropriate substrates, respectively. The macroscale electrolyses of the glucose derivatives, performed in an aprotic solvent (DMF), yield the pinacols possessing two glycosidic side chains. Under the same conditions of electrolysis with the D-glucurone derivative, the glyosidic carbon-oxygen bond is cleaved. The use of a redox mediator (couple anthracene-•/anthracene) has demonstrated that a glucosidic bond can be reduced by a homogeneous electron transfer. In the presence of a proton donor the expected D-glucuronic pinacol is obtained. The radical-radical coupling involves the formation of two chiral centers. The diastereo- and the enantioselectivity of the reaction have been studied by 1H- and 2H-NMR spectroscopy, respectively.
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  • 176
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Carbene complexes ; Chromium ; Tungsten ; Hexatrienes ; Azahexatrienes ; Transmetalation ; Alkynes ; Polyenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The term 1-metalla-1,3,5-hexatriene applies to a huge number of transition metal carbene complexes which contain a 1,3-butadien-1-yl side chain attached to the carbene carbon atom. Compounds of this type were found to play a crucial role as key intermediates and have also been utilized as stoichiometric reagents in a number of high-yielding transformations, which may successfully be applied to organic syntheses. Typical reaction pathways, structural features, and preparations of such compounds (with focus on M = Cr and W) have been summarized.
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  • 177
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Dithioles ; Anthracenes ; Lithiation ; Electron donors ; Crystal structures ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The synthesis of new derivatives of 9,10-bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene has been achieved by two different routes. Deprotonation of 8 using LDA in THF at -78 °C, followed by in situ quenching of the lithiated intermediate 9 with N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl isothiocyanate and methyl chloroformate gave aldehyde, thioamide and methyl ester derivatives 10-12, respectively. Sulfur insertion into the lithiated species 9 followed by reaction of the transient thiolate anion with benzoyl chloride gave the thioester derivative 13 which served as a convenient shelf-stable precursor of other mono-functionalised derivatives of 8. Debenzoylation of 13 and trapping of the transient thiolate anion with iodomethane and 6-bromohexan-1-ol yielded 14 and 15, respectively. Reaction of cation salt 17 with the anion of anthrone 18 gave compound 20, the thiolate anion of which reacted with 6-bromohexan-1-ol to afford the alcohol derivative 21. Subsequent reactions gave alcohol derivative 25 of the title system. The unexpected product 29 was obtained from reaction of 28 with triethyl phosphite. The X-ray crystal structures of compounds 12, 14, 28, and 29 are reported. The molecules adopt a saddle-like conformation; the bis(1,3-dithiole)benzoquinone system is U-shaped through an ‘accumulating bend’ comprising the boat conformation of the central (quinonoid) ring, folding of both 1,3-dithiole rings along S···S vectors, and out-of-plane tilting of the exocyclic C=C bonds, all in the same (inward) direction.
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  • 178
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Natural products ; Oxa-conjugate addition ; Rearrangement ; Tetrahydropyrans ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Intramolecular oxa-conjugate addition has been employed in a stereoselective synthesis of enantiopure polyalkyl-substituted tetrahydropyrans, which are frequently found as substructures in many natural products. The requisite cyclization precursors, 7-hydroxy-2-enimides 3 and 7-hydroxy-2-enoates 6 were easily accessible by silyloxy Cope rearrangements of the appropriate chiral syn-aldols. It was found that the stereoselectivity of the cyclization could be controlled by judicious choice of the carboxylic acid derivative, resulting in a kinetically controlled reaction for the imides and a thermodynamically controlled process for the esters. Mechanistic considerations that could account for the stereocontrol of the process are outlined.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cyclopropanone ; Allene oxide ; Matrix isolation ; Photochemistry ; Flash vacuum thermolysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The flash vacuum pyrolysis of 3,3,5,5-tetramethylpyrazolin-4-one (4) with subsequent trapping of the products in argon at 10 K results in the formation of a complex product mixture with tetramethylcyclopropanone (5) as one of the minor constituents. The 193 nm photochemistry of matrix-isolated 4 is much cleaner, yielding cyclopropanone 5 and allene oxide 9 as the major products. The reaction of tetramethylallene 13 with oxygen atoms yields the same product mixture of 5 and 9 and thus provides an independent route to these species. The experimental IR spectra of 5 and 9 are in good agreement with the results from DFT calculations.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99377_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 180
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amidines ; Chiral bases ; Enantioselective catalysis ; Enantioselective synthesis ; N-acyliminium ions ; Oxazaborolidines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The synthesis and X-ray crystal structures of three enantiopure hydroxy-substituted amidines of the DBN-type are described. The key starting material, a 5-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrolidin-2-one, was obtained by an oxazaborolidine-catalysed reductive desymmetrization of a meso-imide and was functionalized through N-acyliminium ion chemistry. The hydroxy groups were introduced by ozonolysis or reduction. Preliminary results on the use of the hydroxyamidines as chiral, bifunctional catalysts in selected Michael reactions are described.
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  • 181
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 281-289 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Phosphorus acid amphiphiles ; (α-Aminoalkyl)phosphonic acids ; Carboxyalkyl (α-aminoalkyl)phosphonic acid monoesters ; Spiro compounds ; Pudovik reaction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The addition reaction between the P-H bond of tetraoxyspirophosphoranes 1-2 and long-chain imines 3a-h (decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, and oleyl imines) occurs instantaneously at room temperature. It is diastereoselective, and quantitatively leads to the corresponding (α-aminoalkyl)spirophosphoranes 4a-h and 5e. The influence of the pentacoordinated phosphorus atom on the stereoselectivity of the Pudovik reaction might be attributed to the involvement of the rigid spirophosphoranide (PV) intermediate in the addition reaction. Selective and one-pot hydrolysis of these P-C bond spirophosphoranes readily proceeds either at room temperature in the presence of moist solvents to give the corresponding carboxyalkyl (α-aminoalkyl)phosphonic acid monoesters 6a-h and 7e, or the reaction may be carried out in the presence of 20% aqueous hydrochloric acid under reflux, to afford the free (α-aminoalkyl)phosphonic acid amphiphiles 8a-h in high yields. In contrast to their sodium salts, these single- and double-chained free and monoester phosphonic acid amphiphiles exist as zwitterions and are not soluble in water.
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  • 182
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Fluorine ; Cryptands ; Macrocycles ; Macrocyclic ligands ; Cyclophanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Novel fluorine-containing macrocyclic molecules have been synthesized in order to clarify the interaction or coordination ability of the C-F unit towards metal ions. The cage compounds 1 and 2 were prepared by direct coupling reactions between the appropriate diamines and dibromides, while bond isomers of the cage compounds were synthesized via fluorinated diaza[3.3]metacyclophanes. Complex formation with alkali metal cations, NH4+, and Ag+ ions has been assessed by picrate extraction experiments. Comparison of the cation affinities of hosts 1, 2, and 4, shows that the spatial arrangement of the fluorine atoms strongly affects the donor ability of the host molecules. The hexafluoro cage compound 1, with six fluorine atoms in an octahedral geometry, exhibits relatively strong coordination ability towards K+, NH4+, and Ag+ ions, while compound 2, with four fluorine atoms in a structure similar to that of 1 shows only poor affinity for these ions. Compound 4, which has six fluorine atoms arranged in a quasi planar fashion, was found to show weak affinity towards NH4+ and Ag+ ions. Thus, octahedrally arranged fluorine atoms evidently provide the best fit for spherical cations. Compound 1 shows characteristic 1H-, 13C-, and 19F-NMR-spectral changes upon complexation. The crystal structure of 1 has been elucidated and compared to that of the K+ complex. The C-F bonds are found to be slightly elongated in the K+ complex, which is clearly indicative of coordination of the fluorine atom to K+.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99243_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 183
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Amino sugars ; Protecting groups ; Glycosylations ; Trichloroacetimidates ; Oligosaccharides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The N-DMM-Protected lactosamine derivative 2 was readily transformed into the corresponding glycosyl donor 4 and into acceptor 5. A TMSOTf-catalyzed glycosidation afforded the derived tetrasaccharide 6 which led to glycosyl donor 9. Reaction of 9 with lactose derivative 10 as acceptor gave the desired hexasaccharide 11. Cleavage of all protective groups and N-acetylation afforded the target molecule 1b (lacto-N-neohexaose). Glycosylation of acceptor 10 with donor 4 furnished tetrasaccharide 16 which, employing standard procedures, gave acceptor 18. Glycosylation of 18 with donor 9 furnished, under standard conditions, octasaccharide 19. Cleavage of all protective groups and N-acetylation afforded the target molecule 1c (lacto-N-neooctaose). Both 1b and 1c were obtained in good overall yields.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Conformation analysis ; NMR spectroscopy ; MM calculations ; NMR spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A dynamic process has been detected in the solution 13C-NMR spectra oftBu-Si(iPr)3 (4) in the temperature range -145 °C to -163 °C, the corresponding free energy of activation being 5.5 kcal mol-1. Molecular mechanics calculations have identified three types of conformations that are markedly more stable than all the others, but the one with the highest symmetry cannot be populated, as is evident from the appearance of the spectrum at low temperature. This spectrum can be interpreted in terms of restricted rotation of the tert-butyl group and of the isopropyl groups, leading to a structure centered around the (a,g,-g) conformation. In the case of the analogous (iPr)3SiCl derivative (5), this dynamic process was not observed in solution, but an appropriate spectrum for the same (a,g,-g) conformation was obtained by the solid-state CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy at -100 °C.
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  • 185
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Zeolites ; Electron transfer ; Proton transfer ; Radical ions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Incorporation of N,N′-diphenylhydrazine into HZSM-5 led to the formation of azobenzene and aniline (70-80 mol-% mass balance). The formation of azobenzene can be followed by the appearance in diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy of a characteristic band (λmax = 420 nm). IR spectra of the extracted solids indicate that some aniline is retained in the zeolite, probably due to acid-base interaction with active sites. The products are rationalized by two competing mechanisms: the formation of azobenzene by electron transfer to an oxidizing site, the generation of aniline by proton transfer from a Brønsted acid site. A long-wavelength diffuse-reflectance band (λmax = 800 nm) in the initial stages of the reaction supports the intermediacy of a radical cation. These results show that acid zeolites can exhibit a dual behavior against basic substrates with low oxidation potential, serving simultaneously as electron acceptor and Brønsted acid.
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  • 186
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation ; Asimilobin ; Tetrahydrofuran ring ; Wittig reactions ; Annonaceous acetogenins ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The most efficient method for the synthesis of the trans/threo/trans-bis(tetrahydrofuran) (THF) ring unit was established, and the first total synthesis of (-)-asimilobin and its diastereomer was then accomplished in twelve and fourteen steps, respectively, from trans-1,5,9-decatriene, by a convergent route with a Wittig reaction as the key step. By virtue of these synthetic results, the absolute configuration of the bis(THF) unit in naturally occurring asimilobin should be corrected.
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  • 187
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 401-418 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cyclopropanation ; Allylsilanes ; Mercury-desilylation ; Carbohydrates ; Dihydroxylation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Mercury-desilylation of cyclopropylmethylsilanes affords a stereospecific access to homoallylic mercury intermediates, which can be elaborated further. This strategy is illustrated with a short access to carba-furanoses and carba-C-disaccharides.
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  • 188
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 419-423 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The first enantioselective synthesis of enantiomerically pure (-)-wine lactone, (-)-1a, a fragrance constituent of various white wines, and its epimer (+)-1b, was carried out. The key steps are allylic substitution of (±)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl acetate (2) with dimethylmalonate using palladium complexes of phosphanyldihydrooxazol L1 or of the phosphanylcarboxylic acid L2 as catalyst, subsequent decarboxylation, iodolactonization and elimination, furnishing enantiomerically pure bicyclic lactone (+)-7 in 47% overall yield. The diastereoselective introduction of methyl groups by SN2′-type substitution with an organocopper compound and by enolate alkylation gave lactone (-)-1a in 43% overall yield from (+)-7.
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  • 189
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cyclodextrins ; NMR spectroscopy ; NOE ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The conformational features of alkylated, benzoylated, and benzylated cyclodextrins in solution were analysed by NOE and proton-selective relaxation methods and were compared to those of native compounds.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric hydroxylations ; Allyl ethers ; Carbohydrates ; Molecular modeling ; Molecular dynamics ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation of several allyl 2-O-benzyl-α-D-xylosides with AD-mix β and PYR(DHQD)2 shows almost no diastereofacial selectivity if the 3- and 4-OH groups are unprotected or acetylated. Acetal, benzyl ethers and benzoyl esters enhance the diastereoselectivity, in the opposite sense to that predicted by the “AD mnemonic”, which is completely lost using AD-mix α. In an attempt to understand this behaviour, computational studies of the asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) of olefins using Sharpless' and Corey's catalysts have been carried out using molecular dynamics. A three-step algorithm was developed taking advantage of the enzyme-like behaviour of catalyst-olefin systems and applied using an ESFF force field. To validate our approach, the first sampling step procedure was then refined and performed using a modified CVFF force field. This led to a U-shaped model in good agreement with that proposed by Corey for the AD of allyl 4-methoxybenzoates, which brings to the fore a role for the methoxy group. This model also accounts for the observed enantioselectivity of styrene dihydroxylation. When applied to the AD of allyl xylosides using AD-mix β, our model accounts well for the observed diastereoselectivity. Both synthetic and modelling results confirmed that aromatic groups on the olefin could be involved in π-π stacking interactions with the aromatic rings of the catalyst and should be important, if not a prerequisite, to achieve high enantio- and diastereoselectivity.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99372_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Electron transfer ; Radical ions ; Oxidations ; N-Dealkylation ; Aziridines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Excess N-benzyl aziridine (1) reacts with I2 to afford dimer 2, tetramer 3, benzaldehyde (4), and iodoamine 5. The reaction is interpreted as occurring by both electron transfer (ET) and heterolytic mechanisms. An ET mechanism is substantiated for the oxidation by I2 of dimer 2 and tetramer 3, both being substrates easier to oxidise by electron abstraction than 1. Several auxiliary reactions were performed on 1 in order to firmly establish the boundaries to the competition between the ET and heterolytic mechanisms. For the reaction of 1 with 5 a reaction scheme is proposed; in a particular case, a pseudo-first order kinetic law is followed.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis ; Phosphazene base ; Pyridyl epoxide ; Furyl epoxide ; Pyridyl alcohol ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---trans-1-(2-Pyridyl)-, trans-1-(3-pyridyl)-, trans-1(2-furyl)-, and trans-1(3-furyl)-2-phenyl epoxides with enantiomeric purities ranging from 96.8 to 99.8% [in favor of the (+, EtOH)-isomer] are obtained in two steps from pure (R,R,R)-oxathiane which is recovered (85-90%) and reused. The chiral bidentate ligand 2-phenyl-(S)-1-(2-pyridyl)ethanol with 99.6% ee was obtained in three steps and 67% overall isolated yield.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Peptides ; Protecting groups ; Protecting groups ; Aluminium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The aluminium trichloride/toluene system is investigated as a novel, unusual and straightforward reagent for the removal of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protecting group in the solution peptide synthesis. This procedure avoids any undesired side reactions, such as the frequently observed inversion of the amino acid configuration.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The synthesis of 2,6-dialkoxy-9,10-bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene derivatives 15 and 16 is described. Solution electrochemistry shows that 15 and 16 display three redox waves, representing the sequential formation of the dication, radical trication and tetracation species in an EqEqEq process. The X-ray crystal structures of neutral compounds 15 and 16 and the charge transfer complex (15)2+(TCNQ-•)2· 2MeCN are reported. The neutral molecules adopt a saddle-like conformation; the bis(1,3-dithiole)benzoquinone system is U-shaped through an ‘accumulating bend’ comprising the boat conformation of the central (quinonoid) ring and folding of both 1,3-dithiole rings. In the complex (15)2+(TCNQ-•)2· 2MeCN the anthracene system is planar and aromatic; the dithiolium cations form a dihedral angle of 78° with the anthracene plane. The TCNQ anion radicals form a stack of dimers with interplanar separations of 3.15 Å within a dimer and 3.50 Å between the dimers. The structure contains unusually short intermolecular S···N contacts [2.865(3) Å].
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  • 195
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Heterocycles ; Pyrrolidines ; Piperidines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Chiral, nonracemic 2-substituted pyrrolidines and piperidines were prepared in high ee and moderate to good chemical yields in three steps from (R)-phenylglycinol and γ- or δ-chloroketones. The key step of the synthesis was the stereoselective reductive ring-opening of chiral bicyclic 1,3-oxazolidines prepared by condensation of (R)-phenylglycinol and the corresponding ketones.
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  • 196
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1745-1758 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: CMP-Neu5Ac analogues ; Enzyme inhibitors ; Substrate analogues ; Transition state analogues ; Transferases ; Carbohydrates ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Quinic acid was transformed into phosphitamides 16, 25, and 36, which could be readily linked to 5′-O-unprotected cytidine derivative 17. Ensuing oxidation of the obtained phosphite triesters with tBuO2H and hydrogenolytic de-O-benzylation furnished the corresponding phosphate diesters 18, 26, and 38. Base catalyzed removal of acetyl protecting groups, and methyl ester hydrolysis furnished CMP-Neu5Ac analogues 1d, 1e, and 2. Quinic acid was also transformed into 1,2-unsaturated diallyl α-hydroxymethyl-phosphate derivatives (R)- and (S)-46, which on reaction with cytidine phosphitamide 47 afforded the phosphite triesters. Subsequent oxidation with tBuO2H and then treatment with NEt3 gave phosphate diester derivatives (R)- and (S)-48. Deallylation, acetyl group removal, and methyl ester hydrolysis furnished (R)- and (S)-3, respectively. Treatment of (R)- and (S)-48 with DBU as a base led to acetic acid elimination, thus yielding, after de-O-allylation, acetyl group cleavage, and ester hydrolysis, diene derivative (E)-4. Donor substrate analogues 1d and 1e exhibited good α(2-6)-sialyltransferase inhibition (Ki: 2.0·10-4 and 2.0·10-5 M). However, transition state analogues (R)-, and particularly (S)-3 showed excellent inhibition properties (Ki: 1.6·10-6 and 2.7·10-7 M).
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  • 197
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Photoinduced electron transfer ; Enantioselective syntheses ; Amino acids ; α-Hydroxy acids ; (S)-Prolinol ; Recyclable chiral auxiliary ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---PET activation of 1-(N-benzyl-N-methylglycyl)-(S)-prolinol (1) in dry acetonitrile, utilizing 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene (DCN) as a light-harvesting electron-acceptor and methyl viologen (MV++) as an electron-transfer mediator, leads to the formation of 3-[benzyl(methyl)amino]perhydropyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazin-4-one (3). When this photolysis is carried out in aqueous acetonitrile, exclusively 3-hydroxyperhydropyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazin-4-one (4) is produced. The formation of 3 can be rationalized in terms of intramolecular cyclization of the in situ generated iminium cation intermediate (2) by the OH moiety of (S)-prolinol, while 4 is generated by hydrolysis of 2 followed by acetalization. Nucleophilic alkylation of 3 and 4, using Grignard reagents and allyltrimethylsilane/TiCl4, provides 12a-d & 15 and 17a-c & 21, respectively, in a highly stereoselective manner. Hydrolysis of the resultant amides (12, 15, 17, and 21) provides α-amino acid derivatives (14) and α-hydroxy acids, respectively, in optically active form, along with the recovered (S)-prolinol chiral auxiliary in its recyclable form.
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  • 198
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No Abstract.
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  • 199
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1263-1270 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Pericyclic reactions ; Rearrangements ; Spiro compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -2,3-Dihydro-3-imino-2-methylenepyridines, generated by thermal extrusion of SO2 from 1,3-dialkyl-1,3-dihydroisothiazolo[4,3-b]pyridine 2,2-dioxides (1,3-dialkylpyridosultams), underwent [1,5] hydrogen shifts, which led to 3-alkylamino-2-vinylpyridine derivatives. Cycloalkanespiro-3-pyridosultams 12, which were easily obtained by alkylation of pyridosultams with α,ω-dihaloalkanes, gave, in a similar reaction, 3-alkylamino-2-cycloalkenylpyridine derivatives 14 in good yields. Cyclobutanespiro-3-pyridosultam 12b, after thermal extrusion of SO2, formed cyclobutenyl derivative 14b, which underwent a ring-opening reaction to form butadiene derivative 15. The latter can be trapped with dienophiles, for example, N-phenylmaleimide.
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  • 200
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chromophores ; Photochemistry ; Heterocycles ; Diazenes ; Imines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The chances for intramolecular imine/ene (→ azetidines), diazene/ene (→ 1,2-diazetidines), diazeneoxy/ene (→ 1,2-diazetidine oxides) and diazenedioxiene (→ 1,2-diazetidine dioxides) [2+2]photocycloadditions and for the isolation of the respective photoproducts, have been probed with specifically designed substrates. Upon direct or sensitized excitation, [2+2]cycloaddition was found to be the exclusive or at least dominant chemical process for the C=N/C=C, N=N/C=C and ON=N(O)/C=C systems featuring very small π,π-distances of 2.8-3.0 Å and large π,π-interorbital angles of 160-170° (7 → 51, 17 → 55, 33 → 58 (competing N2 elimination), 22 → 62). This is not the case, however, in ON=NO/C=C (23, where electron transfer is a possibility), or in the more flexible, less “proximate” C=N/C=N (57) and C=NO/C=N (63) systems (π,π-distances of 〉3.8 Å). While the corseted 1,2-diazetidine photoadducts (55, 58) proved to be thermally stable, their N-oxides (62, 65) were thermally too labile to be directly observable above -65 °C. For the latter's only fleeting existence, electronic rather than strain effects are held responsible (B3LYP/6-31G* calculations). Very facile C=NO/C=C (12 → 13) and N=NO/C=C (22 → 24) [3+2]cycloadditions, homoconjugate addition of H2 and of dienophiles ([2+2+2]) to the diazene/ene 17 (→ 39, 41, 45) are manifestations of “proximity” in these bichromophoric skeletons.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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