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  • General Chemistry  (77,717)
  • Chemical Engineering  (17,982)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow of two-phase carbon dioxide through orifices (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 207-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental flow rate data are presented for saturated liquid, saturated vapor, and two-phase liquid-vapor carbon dioxide through a convergent nozzle and a square-edged orifice. The data cover the range from the triple-point pressure to the critical pressure. Charts have been prepared for this complete range at critical flow. Results are also presented for subcritical flow.The tests at various back pressures indicate that the saturated liquid behaved as a cold liquid without evaporation ahead of the throat.Saturated vapor became supersaturated in the nozzle, and the vapor behaved as if no condensation occurred.Equations are presented for the flow rates of saturated vapor, and two-phase mixtures in the critical flow region.A Mollier (pressure-enthalpy) diagram is used to determine the flow rates of saturated vapor and two-phase mixtures where supersaturtation takes place. In these cases, the lines of constant specific volume or density are extrapolated from the superheated region into the normal two-phase region to obtain values corrected for supersaturation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040216
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  • 102
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    Enthalpy of hydrocarbon mixtures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 343-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of estimating enthalpies of mixtures of light hydrocarbons is presented. Enthalpes so obtained are consistent with equilibrium-vaporization constants that have been correlated with the composition characterization factor, the molal average boiling point (M.A.B.P.).Values of the isothermal-pressure corrections to the enthalpy of ideal gas mixtures (H° — H) are presented on three plots with parameters of temperature, pressure, and molal-average boiling point. Pressures range from zero to 1,500 lb./sq. in. abs., temperatures from -200° to 500°F., and M.A.B.P. from -200° to 150°F.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020310
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  • 103
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    Turbulent exchange of mass and momentum with a boundary (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 359-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Visual observations by Fage and Townend of the behavior of a turbulent-flow strean near a boundary and experimental data by Lin, Moulton, and Putnam of concentratiol profiles near a boundary contradict the commonly held concept of the “laminar sublayer.” A model developed by Higbie and Danckwerts which is consistent with the visual obser vations of Page and Townend is used to describe the exchange of mass and heat between a turbulent fluid and a solid surface. It is postulated that masses of fluid are contiuously moving to and from the wall. The exchange process then depends on the average contact time of these fluid masses with the wall.The agreement of the concentration profile predicted on the basis of the proposed model with experimental mass transfer data where the exchange process is rate controlling lends support to the usefulness of the model. No equivalent data are available for velocity profiles. Velocity data represent a condition where the transport process within the fluid is playing an important role; however, in the immediate vicinity of the wall the proposed model might serve as a rough approximation of the profile. Such an approximation is made in this paper, and the agreement obtained is much better than should be expected.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020313
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  • 104
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    Turbulent diffusion in particulately fluidized beds of particles (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 372-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measuring the spreading of a tracer dye from a point source yields information on diffusion in glass-sphere beds fluidized in water. Particulately fluidized beds, which are here formed, are well described by the statistical turbulence equations of Taylor. Mixing parameters - eddy diffusivity, scale, and intensity of turbulence - are established. Transition of these variables is traced from fixed beds through fluidized beds in different degrees of bed expansion.Mixing characteristics of these “ideal” types of fluidization may provide a frame of reference for consideration of more complex systems.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020316
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  • 105
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    Characteristics of porous beds and structures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 393-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020320
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  • 106
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    Correlation of local velocities in tubes, annuli, and parallel plates (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 240-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A consistent method is presented for predicting local velocities in smooth tubes, concentric annuli, and parallel plates. Consideration is limited to the steady, isothermal, fully turbulent flow of constant-density fluids. Experimental data show the proposed correlation to be indepdent of Reynolds number and radius ratio. Intermediate quantities, calculated from friction data, permit local velocities to be determined over a wide range of operating conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040221
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  • 107
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    A note on kinetics data (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040223
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  • 108
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    Mass transfer studies in an agitated vessel (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 412-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study of rates of dissolution of organic solid from a flat surface into turbulent liquid in a mixing tank of 6 in. I.D. is reported for five systems - benzoic acid-n-water, salicylic acid-water, salicylic acid-benzene, succinic acid-n-butanol, and succinic acid-acetone. Previous theories for the rates of mass transfer are reviewed and compared, and experimental results analyzed and correlated by an equation in terms of dimensionless groups similar to that of Hixson and Baum, Sherwood and Gilliland, and Rushton and Oldshue. The close agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the exponent of the Schmidt number in this equation may provide new and significant evidence for the applicability of the surface-renewal theory to mass transfer from a flat solid surface into a turbulent liquid.For free rotational agitation, a local mass transfer coefficient with respect to the position of a cast solid was detected quantitatively. However, the insertion of four baffles into the tank gave a uniform mass transfer coefficient regardless of the position of the cast solid. A decrease in the mass transfer coefficient was observed when baffles were used.The advantages of the constant and stationary interface, the stability and simplicity of the apparatus, the possibility of duplicating experimental results, and the success of the detection of a local mass transfer coefficient suggest that the present apparatus and procedures could be used for the study of the theory of mass transfer rates from flat surfaces.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020322
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  • 109
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    Effect of wall proximity on the rate of rise of single air bubbles in a quiescent liquid (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 420-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The terminal velocity of air bubbles rising through distilled water, 61% glycerine, diethylene glycol, and a solution of a surface-active agent was measured in vertical cylindrical tubes of 2.09, 3.64, 4.91, 6.90, 9.50, and 15.25 cm. avg. I.D. An equation was developed to express a velocity-correction factor in terms of the ratio of bubble diameter to tube diameter and an empirical constant. The constant was a function of tube diameter and of the surface tension of the liquid. It seemed to be independent of liquid viscosity.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020323
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  • 110
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    New Insights into the Mechanism of Hydroperoxide Activation by Investigation of Dynamic Processes in the Coordination Sphere of Seven-Coordinated Molybdenum Peroxo Complexes (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 2000 (2000), S. 1107-1114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Densitiy functional theory ; Epoxidation ; Reaction mechanisms ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Seven-coordinated molybdenum oxobisperoxo complexes with chelate nitrogen donors like pyrazolylpyridines are catalysts for the epoxidation of olefins. An NMR spectroscopic and quantumchemical study on the fluxionality of the chelate ligand proves that during this process partial ligand dissociation takes place. This gave rise to a detailed theoretical study on the activation of CH3OOH at the model complex (NH3)2MoO(O2)2 including dissociation of one of the ammonia ligands and proton transfer from the hydroperoxide to one of the peroxo ligands.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under -//_/_http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2005/2000/99429_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 111
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    Distillation literature, index and abstracts, 1953-54. Arthur and Airabeih Rose. Applied Science Laboratories, Inc., State College, Pennsylvania (1955). 412 pages, $12.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 13S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020331
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  • 112
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    Phase equilibria in systems with ethylene above its critical temperature (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 20-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the mutual solubility of ethylene with various polar and nonpolar relatively high-molecular-weight organic compounds at temperatures 1° and 10° C. respectively above the critical temperature of ethylene and at pressures up to 1,500 Ib./sq.in.abs. For many compounds Henry's law was found to be applicable for the liquid phase up to approximately two thirds of the critical pressure of ethylene. In the critical region the solubility of ethylene was extremely sensitive to small changes in both temperature and pressure. The various types of phase behavior encountered were classified according to the nonideality involved. The results of this investigation indicate that a gas near its critical conditions is often capable of dissolving relatively nonvolatile materials in sufficient concentrations to warrant consideration of a separation process using such a gas as the extracting medium, namely fluid-liquid extraction.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010103
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  • 113
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    Absorption of ethylene oxide in a packed column with various solventsThis article is contribution 49 from the Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, and is taken in part from the M. S. thesis written by Dr. Baron at the Johns Hopkins University in 1947. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 49-54 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data were obtained on the solubility of ethylene oxide gas in a number of aqueous and nonaqueous solvents at various temperatures and gas concentrations. Its absorption from high concentrations in air was studied in a packed column with a cooling jacket for removal of the heat evolved. The results can be correlated with adequate accuracy in terms of the conditions at the top or dilute end of the column. The values of (H.T.U.)G and (H.T.U.)L agree approximately with known values for other systems. For the solvents tested, the liquid-film resistance is controlling at room temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010107
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  • 114
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    Fractionation of gas mixtures in a moving-bed adsorber. II. Equilibrium consideration (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 463-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for estimating adsorption equilibria based on a modification of the Polanyi adsorption-potential theory was developed for use in the investigation described in Part I of this article. In addition, the recently published correlation method of Lewis, Gilliland, Chertow, and Cadogan, suitably modified for the present application, was successfully employed in the correlation and extrapolation of the ternary equilibrium data.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020409
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  • 115
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    Mass transfer rates in ion exchange (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 468-470 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of both the liquid-phase mass transfer and the internal-diffusion steps in ion exchange were studied by means of shallow-bed experiments. The mass transfer coeffcients obtained fitted the general correlations for other packed-bed operations when the Schmidt group was evaluated with experimentally determined ionic counterdiffusivities. An incremental calculation of the diffusion rates within the particles yielded a value of the counterdiffusivity in the resin phase. A general design procedure based on these findings is proposed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020410
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  • 116
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    Theoretical-plate concept in chromatography (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 477-481 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theoretical-plate concept in chromatography has been treated on the basis of continuous flow of eluent through the plates of the column. A treatment more precise in principle than the previous treatments is presented. General elution and deposition equations have been derived and applied to special cases of practical interest. The derived formulas have the advantage of precision, generality, and simplicity.The theory was found adaptable to the treatment of gradient elution and also to the calculation of the fraction of solute which has been eluted or still-adsorbed on the column during the elution process.A method for the determination of the number of theoretical plates in a chromatographic column is also described.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020412
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  • 117
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    Diffusion and reaction in viscous-flow tubular reactor (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 489-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect on point and integral average conversion of chemical reaction, coupled with radial diffusion and radial distribution of reaction times in viscous-flow tubular reactors, is reported. Solutions are given for first-order reaction over an extensive range of dimensionless rate and time variables. An expression is given for a criterion of the conditions when the contribution of diffusion is so small that it may safely be disregarded as a variable. Another criterion also is given for the situation when diffusivity is so large, in comparison with other system constants, that the simple plug flow solution may be used without incurring more than a specified error.The hydrolysis of acetic anhydride was studied in 1/4- and 1/2-in.-diam. reactors in 10- and 15-ft. lengths. Reynolds numbers were between 40 and 400 and temperatures between 25° and 35 °C. It was found that the derived equations form a proper description of experiments in the smaller tube. Deviations from theory in the larger tube are explained in terms of free convection arising from nonisothermal conditions and from concentration gradients in the tube. Grashof criteria for initiation of convection in the system are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020414
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  • 118
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    Effect of fluidization on catalytic cumene dealkylation (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 518-524 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reports a direct experimental comparison of the cracking of cumene in a fluidized bed of silica-alumina catalyst with the same reaction in a fixed bed. The effects of fluidization on the kinetics of this reaction are interpreted in terms of an empirical approach using effectiveness factors and by a simplified mathematical model.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020418
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  • 119
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    Prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium data for binary Hydrocarbon mixtures at various total pressures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 525-528 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An empirical method is suggested which permits the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium data for binary hydrocarbon mixtures at various total pressures on the basis of equilibrium data at one constant pressure. This method has been tested with the vapor-liquid equilibrium data of six nonideal systems measured at twenty-one different experimental conditions. The total pressure range varies from 50 mm. of mercury to 4 atm. In all cases the predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020419
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  • 120
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    Single-phase blending of liquids (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 539-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020422
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  • 121
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    Gas absorption and oxidation in dispersed mediaComplete data are found in the Ph. D. Thesis of L. B. Andersen, obtainable on microfilm from University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 135-141 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption and subsequent liquid-phase reaction of oxygen was studied with two types of dispersion apparatus, the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser. The systems studied in both devices included the absorption of atmospheric oxygen by catalyzed sodium sulfite solutions and the simultaneous absorption of atmospheric oxygen with nitrogen dioxide and with sulfur dioxide by water.Very large values of the liquid-film mass transfer coefficient for oxygen absorption were measured in the atomization zone of the Venturi atomizer. Over-all recovery efficiencies were less than 2.3% for nitrogen dioxide but reached as much as 22% for sulfur dioxide. Oxidation efficiencies for sodium sulfite solutions ranged up to 80%, depending on the operating conditions.The fritted-glass disperser gave recovery efficiencies of nitrogen dioxide as high as 90% from air containing 10% of the gas. The recovery efficiency decreased at low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide for both the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010202
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  • 122
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    Heat and mass transfer in packed beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eddy mass diffusivities, effective thermal conductivities, and wall heat transfer coefficients were measured in an 8-in. tube packed with 1/2- and 3/4-in. glass spheres. Superficial mass velocities ranged from 110 to 1,640 Ib./(hr.) (sq. ft.), corresponding to modified Reynolds numbers of 100 to 2,000. Air was the main stream fluid in all cases.The modified Peclet group (DpV/E*td) was found to be constant at a value of about 12 in the region of fully developed turbulence. At lower Reynolds numbers this group varied with the flow rate. Effective thermal conductivities were correlated by an equation. Modified Peclet numbers for heat transfer were about 25% less than those for mass transfer. The wall heat transfer coefficient varied with the superficial mass velocity as hw = 0.090 (Go0.75).An explanation is suggested for the similarity in velocity dependence between these values and those for turbulent flow in an empty tube, based on channeling at the wall.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010211
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  • 123
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    Membrane separations in the liquid phase (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 215-219 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010214
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  • 124
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    Freezing points of binary mixtures of methane (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 317-318 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The experimental freezing-point data of the methane-n-hexane and the methane-n-octane binaries are presented and compared with the methane-carbon dioxide system investigated by Donnelly and Katz. A step-by-step variation of the freezing point in the paraffin homologous series is exploited to provide reasonably accurate extrapolation of the experimental data on the two binaries and scattered freezing-point data on the methane-n-butane mixture to other paraffin hydrocarbon mixtures of methane in which the heavier constituent ranges from ethane to n-nonane, inclusive.A composite graph of the freezing points of the various binaries with methane, from ethane to n-nonane, is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040316
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  • 125
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    Heat transfer in forced convection with internal heat generation (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 319-323 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution to the problem of heat transfer with simultaneous heat generation in viscous tubular flow is presented. The temperature profiles and heat transfer coefficients which are obtained apply to compressible as well as incompressible Newtonian and power-law non-Newtonian fluids with constant physical properties and to systems in which the heat generation is an arbitrary function of radius. An example of heat transfer with frictional heat generation in a non-Newtonian fluid is also presented, and the solution to the problem in which a fluid enters a tube in laminar flow with an arbitrary temperature profile is given, with a consideration of a first approximation to the case of heat transfer in a turbulent fluid in which heat is being generated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040317
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    Generalized correlation for loading in packed towers with countercurrent gas-liquid flow (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 324-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments in which a liquid film runs over a vertical string of spheres surrounded by a concentric tube through which air is blown upward have shown that loading in a packed tower is due to the formation of standing waves on the liquid film. In the ball-and-tube system a wave is formed just below the equator of each ball, owing to the pressure gradient within the air stream as it accelerates through the narrowing gap between the ball and the tube. Interfacial shear and surface tension are of secondary importance. The similarity between the characteristics of the ball-and-tube system and those of the randomly packed tower suggests that loading in the latter system is also due to wave formation. With this concept of loading, a correlation has been dérived.
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    Shape factors for conductive heat flow (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 330-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Application of shape factors to problems of conductive heat flow eliminates the need for lengthy calculations by numerical approximation methods. Shape factors for several systems, determined bvy electrical analogues, are given in the accompanying article.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040319
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    Local shell-side heat transfer coefficients in baffled tubular heat exchangers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 332-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of local heat transfer coefficients in a baffled tubular heat exchanger for five baffle spacings and two tube spacings (23/16-in.-pitch, four-tube bundle, and 11/4-in.-pitch, fourteen-tube bundle) is reported. Shell-side air-flow rate was constant for all runs. The variation of the local heat transfer coefficient around the tubes and along the length of the tubes for each tube spacing and baffle spacing was investigated. Average shell-side heat transfer coefficients were evaluated from local values and were found to agree with average values reported in the literature. These average values varied with the six-tenths power of the mass velocity in the heat exchanger. The average Nusselt number and the pressure drop across the exchanger each increased at about the same rate as the number of baffles was increased from two to ten. The average heat transfer rate decreased with decreased tube spacing. This effect was evident from the local heat transfer coefficients, and it is explained on the basis of the mechanism of flow around tubes. An eddy flow zone was detected between the baffles. Average heat transfer rates in the eddy and crossflow zones were almost equal and were about 15% below the average rate in the longitudinal-flow zone. The variation of the average heat transfer coefficient along a tube definitely showed the effects of baffles. High coefficients occurred in the baffle holes and in the baffle windows.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040320
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    Electrolytic methods for measuring water velocities (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 338-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A convection-controlled mass transfer process in which the rate of mass transfer results in an electrical signal should have certain advantages as the working principle for a velocity-and turbulence-measuring device. The velocity can be read at a remote place as a calibrated electrical signal. Compensation for phase shift and amplitude attenuation of a fluctuating signal should be small because the measuring probe would have no capacity for the transferred quantity. In water, such processes are possible whenever electrolysis occurs under conditions of concentration polarization, and they exist in relatively uncomplicated from as the limiting currents of polarographic analysis. The investigation reported here was intended as a survey and evaluation of electrolytic methods for measuring water velocities.The series of experiments that was performed showed that a working instrument could be designed on the principle of convection-controlled electrolysis, but that the chemical reactions involved were unreliable for consistent trouble-free results. Practical instruments appear to be possible only after long development and considerable study of chemical mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040321
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    Diffusion in a pore of varying cross section (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 343-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ratio of the effective to the normal diffusivity of a material diffusing within porous solids is less than unity. In the simple theory the porosity and tortuosity, or labyrinth, factors are used to explain the magnitude of this ratio and to account respectively for the reduced cross-sectional area and the increased diffusion distance. However, abnormally large values of the tortuosity factor are obtained from experimentally measured effective diffusivities within pelleted or extruded porous solids. This work is concerned with the quantitative effect of periodic pore constrictions on the effective diffusivity. The pore model assumed for this study is a hyperbola of revolution giving a pore constriction at the vertex of the hyperbola. Solutions to the steady state diffusion equation in a pore of this shape were obtained at various values of β, the ratio of the maximum to the minimum cross-section in the pore. Comparison of the rate of diffusive transport in this pore and an equivalent cylindrical pore indicates that δ, the ratio of the effective to the normal diffusivity, is about 0.33 at β = 25 for large pores. At the same value of β, δ would be smaller for diffusion in the Knudsen region.
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    Material transport in turbulent gas streams: Radial diffusion in a circular conduit (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental studies of the mixing of coaxial streams of a natural gas and air at atmospheric pressure were made at Reynolds numbers of 44,000 and 79,000 under conditions where the turbulent-velocity profile of nearly uniform flow was altered as little as feasible by the blending of the two streams.Total diffusivities of natural gas in air for the region near the center of the conduit were computed from the data for turbulent, steady, nonuniform flow. The total diffusivities were found to be rather complicated functions of the conditions of flow. Limitations in the configuration of the apparatus did not permit a study of the behavior of the total diffusivities to be made over as wide a range of flow rates as would be necessary to investigate the large-scale trends indicated by this study.
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    Calculated performance of a dissolved - gas-drive reservoir by a phase-behavior method (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A phase-behavior approach to the prediction of the performance characteristics of a dissolved-gas-drive reservoir is unique in that the problem of choosing flash, differential, or composite-solution gas-oil ratios and formation-volume factors has been circumvented. Data required are a compositional analysis of the reservoir fluid, the bubble point of this fluid, and the relative-permeability curves for the reservoir rock.Gas-oil ratios and formation-volume factors were calculated under conditions duplicating the performance of the reservoir. A comparison was then made between these results and those obtained by calculations involving a differential, a flash, and a composite process. A vital factor in the solution of the problem is the accuracy of the calculated equilibrium constant. Agreement within 3% was obtained when a calculated differential formation-volume curve was compared with an experimentally determined curve.
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    Study of bubbling performance in relation to distillation and absorption (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 16-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the important factors affecting the efficiency of vapor-liquid contacting operations is the relationship between available interfacial area and contact time.Because of the difficulties in measuring these quantities, little information has heretofore been made available on them. Previous studies have been confined to extreme over-simplifications of the turbulent type of contacting taking place in fractionation devices. The present investigation consisted of the determination of interfacial area and contact time for the formation of air bubbles submerged in water and aqueous solutions. The bubbles were produced at single vertical slots and rose through a flowing liquid. In order to complete the study on physical contacting, a companion study is concerned with vapor-liquid behavior in the forth and entrainment zones. The experimental technique in this study involved taking high-speed motion pictures of the bubbling action. Measurements of the area and volume of bubbles were made at intervals during the course of their growth, and values of total contact time and average interfacial area per unit volume of vapor are presented.It was found that both the average interfacial area per unit volume of vapor a and the total contact time tm were primarily affected by the head of flowing liquid on the slot. Below slot submergence of approximately 2.5 in. of liquid, interfacial area was shown to decrease with increasing slot submergence and increasing slot area. Above 2.5 in. of liquid, interfacial area was a function of skirt clearance, liquid viscosity, and surface tension.Total contact time was found to increase with increasing slot submergence and to decrease with increasing vapor rate and skirt clearance.Through the use of an integrated mass transfer-rate equation, the terms a and tm can be used in conjunction with the appropriate mass transfer coefficient for predicting the point efficiencies on bubble-cap plates.
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    Vapor-liquid equilibria for hydrogen-light-hydrocarbon systems at low temperatures (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental equilibrium vapor and liquid compositions are reported for the hydrogen-methane system at -150°, -200°, and -250°F. and at pressures of 500 to 4,000 lb./sq. in. The ternary system hydrogen-methane-propane was studied at 0°, -100°, and -200°F. at 500 and 1,000 lb./sq. in. Phase compositions were determined for a limited number of similar conditions for the hydrogen-methane-propylene and hydrogen-methane-ethylene-ethane-propylene-propane systems.
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    Mass transfer at low pressures (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data are reported for the evaporation of spheres of naphthalene into air, helium, carbon dioxide, and Freon-12, and of liquid diethyl adipate into air at pressures from 0.1 to 3,000μ Hg and at Reynolds numbers from 0 to 1.37. By use of suitable values of the surface-evaporation coefficient and the assumption of additivity of surface evaporation and diffusional resistances, the data are well correlated. The results lend semiquantitative support to the theory of sublimation of crystals developed by Stranski.
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    Mass and heat transfer to single spheres and cylinders at low Reynolds numbers (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of mass and heat transfer to single spheres and cylinders at low Reynolds numbers are predicted from boundary-layer theory. The velocity distributions which are assumed to exist are those derived from the linearized Navier-Stokes equations by Tomotika and Aoi.In the case of the sphere the Nusselt number is found to be a function only of the Peclet group when the Stokes streamline function is assumed to apply. Experimental data for mass and heat transfer to singel spheres fall 10 to 40% higher than predicted from the theory. Experimental data for heat and mass transfer to single cylinders at large NPe check the theory.Curves are also plotted for the efficiency of removal of colloidal particles by combined direct interception and diffusion for both spheres and cylinders.
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    Liquid-liquid extraction in a pulsed perforated-plate column (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 56-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid extractions of benzoic acid-toluene solutions by means of water were studied under varying flow rates of both solvents in a 2-in. perforated-plate column to which pulsations of different frequencies and amplitudes were applied. Studies on reversal of the phase of the dispersion were made. With fixed flow rates of both solvents, the rate of extraction increased much more rapidly when the flow through the perforation became turbulent. The results are correlated by means of Reynolds number based on the flow through the perforations and are calculated from the product of the frequency and amplitude of the pulsations.
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    Heat transfer to water in an annulus (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 501-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A limited number of measurements were made of the heat transfer coefficient from an electrically heated rod to water flowing in an annulus. Tests were performed at Reynolds numbers ranging from 5,000 to 22,000 (based on equivalent diameter), water temperatures of 70° and 125°F., and relatively high heat fluxes of 52,000 to 208,000 B.t.u./(hr.) (sq. ft.). The annulus dimensions were 0.625 in. I.D. and 0.840 in. O.D. The coefficients varied as the 0.8 power of the velocity; they were 20% higher than predicted by use of Colburn's equation for flow inside pipes with the equivalent diameter. Over the range of conditions studied, it was found that the thermal boundary layer was fully developed in 1 1/8 in. (Lh/De=5).
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    Chemical reactor stability and sensitivity (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 513-521 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to consider the well agitated continuous reactor from the standpoint of stability of the steady state. It has been shown in the past that chemical-reaction systems may be unstable in the sense that on slight perturbation they tend to move to a more stable state or that they are stable in their steady states, small perturbations being self-correcting so that the system possesses autoregulation. In this paper methods of developing criteria for the quantitative determination of stability or instability or presented and applied to some simple problems. In order that the effect of large perturbations on the system may be determined, complete solutions of the rigorous equations are obtained on the analogue computer (R.E.A.C.). A complete plot of reaction paths in the concentration-temperature plane may be obtained in this manner. Because of the nonlinearity of the system one cannot predict with certainty what steady state will be approached after a given large perturbation, multiple steady states being assumed possible. From the phase plot of reaction paths the regions in the plane which lead to certain steady states are delineated. Also it is shown that the natural behavior of a reactor is not to approach an unstable state. So far as the reactor is concenrned, the unstable state does not exist. The stability of the system is important to the engineer, as control will be easy or difficult and product quality will be satisfactory or not depending upon the relative stability of the steady state. An unstable state would require more elaborate control than a stable state.
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    Plant performance of a 13-ft.-diameter extractive-distillation column (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 536-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plant performance data are presented for a 13-ft.-diam., 100-tray furfural extractive-distillation column separating iso- and n-butane from 1- and 2-butene. In addition to composition, temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the external streams, values are presented for vapor and liquid compositions and flow rates at a number of different locations within the tower. With the exception of the vapor compositions, which were determined experimentally, the internal conditions were determined by heat and material balances. These data permitted calculation of plate efficiency over various small sections of the column. In the 50-tray rectifying section, plate efficiency for the isobutane - 1-butene separation was constant at 20%, and in the stripping section the plate efficiency varied from 25 to 45%. The average for the entire column was 25%.The furfural-column plate efficiencies compare favorably with those predicted from laboratory tests made before the construction of the column to evaluate the performance of the tray design to be employed. The laboratory plate efficiencies were obtained for the desorption of oxygen from oxygen-rich water with air at the same conditions of volumetric gas and liquid rates to be encountered in the furfural column. When these values were suitably corrected for physical property differences between the two systems, the point efficiencies predicted from the laboratory data for the furfural column ranged from 35% near the top of the column to 25% near the bottom of the column, the average value being 29%.
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    Entrainment removal by a wire-mesh separator (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 549-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of a wire-mesh separator as an entrainment eliminator has been experimentally determined in an evaporator employing a sodium chloride brine to trace the entrainment throughout the system. Superficial linear velocities have been tested with efficiencies ranging from less than 80% at lower velocities up to 99.9% at 17 ft./sec. Higher superficial linear velocities were explored, but the results were erratic, with reentrainment from the separator visually evident. The experimental data have been correlated by the assumption, and development, of a proposed mechanism for the capture of the entrainment particles by the wires in the separator. This mechanism is developed from a theoretical derivation by Langmuir and Blodgett used for correlating the stoppage of mist particles by the leading edges of airplanes and has been found to correlate the experimental data very well, so that predictions in unworked ranges may be made. The separator as applied in this experimental work behaved as an impingement-type, inertial entrainment eliminator.The use of the presently developed equations permits the recommendation of specifications to be used in the fabrication of a separator for its most efficient performance if the nature of the entrainment and conditions of operation are known.
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    Adiabatic-temperature change (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 562-563 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Masthead (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020101
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    Volumetric properties of nonpolar gaseous mixtures (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 430-435 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Volumetric data of nonpolar gaseous mixtures are analyzed in terms of the theory of corresponding states. Special attention is given to an analysis of the second virial coefficient and to the calculation of pseudocritical constants.Second virial coefficients are calculated from experimental data for ten binary systems. These coefficients, with those previously published, are correlated by means of a generalized equation involving three parameters for each component: the critical volume, the reduced temperature, and the acentric factor.Equations are derived for the pseudocritical temperature and pressure of mixtures. These equations are considerably more accurate than those given by Kay's rule. Because of the complexity of the proposed equations for the pseudocritical parameters, a simplified pseudocritical method is presented which is sufficiently accurate for most chemical engineering purposes, especially at reduced temperatures exceeding 1.3.
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    Prediction of ideal-stage requirements in complex liquid-liquid extraction systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 38-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for obtaining equilibrium data and predicting ideal-stage requirements in a complex liquid-liquid extraction system is presented. Preliminary equilibrium data are obtained from a simulated column run involving a series of batch contacts operated in such a manner as to approach steady state countercurrent conditions. The flow ratios and stage requirements for continuous operation are then estimated by trial-and-error by use of a modified McCabe-Thiele method.The procedure lends itself particularly well to those systems with interdependent distribution of the two components. Data for the separation of hafnium from zirconium are presented to show the utility of the method.
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    Spray - extraction-tower studies (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 101-110 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes further research on a 4-in. I.D. by 8-ft. spray tower of Elgin design. Previous work concerned limiting flow and holdup in this tower. Owing to its high capacity and low cost, the spray tower would have much greater commercial application in liquid-liquid extraction if its conditions of transient operation could be predicted and if it could be operated to yield low Ht values. This research attempts to show that transient conditions can be predicted and that low Ht values for both mass and heat transfer can be realized near the limiting flow conditions.Theroretical equations for rate of approach to steady state derived and tested for the systems ethylene dichloride-water-propionic acid and ethylene dichloride-water-acetic acid show that the approach depends on the ratio of the phase flow rates. This study is important for the prediction of start-up time for industrial towers.With the same systems the extraction capacity of the spray tower was investigated up to the condition of rejection. The results were correlated as KEa and Ht, OE vs. a function of the ratio of the phase flow rates. The dispersed-phase flow rate was found to have primary significance.The heat transfer rates between water as continuous phase and solvents of various denisties were correlated as Ht′ values plotted against a function of the ratio of the phase flow rates. The advantages of operation near rejection were demonstrated, and the effect of direction of heat transfer was found to be significant.
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    Kinetics on ideal and real surfaces (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 62-64 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The wide applicability of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood classical kinetics to surfaces which are known to depart strongly from ideal Langmuir behavior is a well-known paradox of surface catalysis. The applicability and limitations of the classical method are illustrated by means of a simple reaction. The generality of the method is demonstrated by its applicability to ammonia synthesis with and without water vapor. The limitations are often more than compensated for by the added insight into reaction mechanism which it can provide without unded complexity. A three-step approach to surface kinetics is suggested and discussed.
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    Regenaration of fluidized cracking catalysts (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 71-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An equation for correlating regeneration process variables in fluid-catalytic cracking has been developed from pilot plant data. This equation takes into account not only the chemical-reaction rate for burning coke deposited on the catalyst but also the diffusional resistance to oxygen transfer. The resistance presumably occurs between the bubbles within the fluidized bed and the void spaces in the relatively denser mass of particles. The coefficient of mass transfer was found to be inversely proportional to the 1.5 power of the average particle diameter and directly proportional to the square of the gas mass velocity. The specific reaction-verlocity constant was found to be a function to temperature and catalyst activity as well as the nature of the feed from which the coke was deposited. Comparison of pilot plant data with commercial data suggests that nonuniform gas distribution in larger beds makes some of the catalyst ineffective.
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    Prediction of specific heat of organic liquids (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 88-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical equation is presented for predicting the specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure of organic liquids as a function of temperature from data on the velocity of sound, infrared and Raman spectra. By use of this equation, the average deviation of the calculated from the experimental values of specific heat for 100 organic liquids at 68°F. is ±1.5%.An alternate correlation for hydrocarbon liquids based on a modified statement of the theory of corresponding states is also presented. Based on it, the average deviation of the calculated from the experimental values for 100 points representing the entire temperature range is ±0.9%.
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    Crystal-size distribution in mixed suspensions (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although vacuum crystallizers are used widely, crystal-size-control methods have not been adequately analyzed. This paper supplies in part the deficiency of technical information on this problem. Industrial crystallizers may have inherent nucleation rates in excess of or below the seed-crystal requirement for the desired product-crystal size. This paper deals specifically with means of crystal-size control by removal of excess nuclei from mixed circulating suspensions as encountered in vacuum crystallizers. It is shown that under certain conditions the cumulative size distribution in the suspension varies as the fourth power of the size. Therefore, it may also be shown that the key to effective size-control procedures is the segregation time of nuclei in the fines-removal system. Procedures based mainly on crystal-size classification by hydraulic elutriation can hardly be effective unless they are also designed to meet the segregation-time requirements.
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    Handbook of engineering materials, Douglas F. Miner and John B. Seastone, editors. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1955). 1,380 pages. $17.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 139-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020126
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    A theoretical-empirical approach to the mechanism of particle entrainment from fluidized beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 472-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A means of calculating the rate of entrainment of solids from commercial-size continuously operating fluidized beds was developed from the combined results of a theoretical and an empirical approach which through different channels arrived at the same fundamental mechanism. The calculation method shows agreement with data obtained from an apparatus simulating flow characteristics in large-scale equipment and compares favorably with smaller scale tests reported in the literature at pressures up to 200 1b./sq. in. gauge.
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    Predetermined Chirality in Mono- and Dinuclear Cyclometalated Rhodium(III) Complexes (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1999 (1999), S. 1271-1279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Chirality ; Dinuclear complexes ; Rhodium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dinuclear and polynuclear metal complexes with octahedral centers coordinated to di- or polydentate ligands are often obtained as complicated mixtures of various stereoisomers. Stereospecific synthesis of such species is therefore of high current interest. Chiral derivatives of pyridine can be used for this purpose. Dinuclear μ-chloro-bridged RhIII complexes with two didentate, cyclometalated thienylpyridine-type ligands at each metal center are formed stereoselectively when pinene groups are fused to the pyridine rings. The two octahedral RhIII centers have homochiral configurations, ΔΔ and ΛΛ. The heterochiral diastereomer ΔΛ is not observed. With (8R,10R)-2-(2′-thienyl)-4,5-pinenopyridine [Hth4,5-(R,R)ppy] the ΔΔ to ΛΛ ratio is 9:1 when the separation eluent contains NaCl. Modeling the ΛΛ and the ΔΛ isomers of the dinuclear species shows crowding of the pinene groups in both cases; however, the strain can be released by relatively small distortions only in the case of the ΛΛ isomer. NO3- cleaves the dichloro bridge, yielding the mononuclear species Δ[Rh(L2)2(NO3)] (2) in a completely stereoselective manner when NaCl is replaced by KNO3 in the eluent mixture. The molecular structure has been determined by X-ray structure analysis for both the ΔΔ and the mononuclear complex Δ[Rh(L2)2(NO3)] (2) in order to confirm the configuration at the metal center. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and CD spectra were measured and the latter shows that the CD activity is solely due to the chirality at the metal center.
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    A Density Functional Study of the Dimerization of Phosphaalkynes in the Presence of Transition Metal Fragments (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1999 (1999), S. 1281-1289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Phosphaalkynes ; Dimerization mechanism ; Diphosphacyclobutenes ; Density functional theory ; Ab initio calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dimerization of phosphaalkynes (R-C≡P, R = H, Me, tBu) without and with the presence of transition metal fragments, including CpCo (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) and COT-Ti (COT = cyclooctatetraene), has been probed using density functional theory calculations (B3LYP with different basis sets). MP2 and CCSD(T) calculations were also performed for the [H2C2P2] systems. In an attempt to address the exciting controversy and uncertainty about phosphaalkyne dimerization, a number of dimer formation mechanisms proposed in the literature have been examined. Some new and plausible intermediates have also been identified.
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    Physical and thermodynamic properties of trifluoromethane (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 125-129 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Note on the analogy between momentum transfer and heat or mass transfer for a homogeneous isotropic turbulent field (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 495-496 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    The derivation of an equation for predicting minimum spouting velocity (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 497-497 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    A new type of countercurrent column for the zirconium-hafnium separation (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 498-498 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Steady state absorption of a sparingly soluble gas in an agitated tank with simultaneous irreversible first-order reaction (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 499-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    A system for counting variables in separation processesTabular material has been deposited as document 4807 with the American Documentation Institute, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C., and may be obtained for $5.00 for photoprints or $2.25 for 35-mm. microfilm. (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 240-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the proposed system for counting variables in separation processes the processes are resolved into their simpler component classes, e.g., theoretical plates, heat exchangers, reboilers, distillation columns, etc., and a distinction is made between those variables which are inherent in the systems and those which may be specified for design. Results are presented for the most commonly occurring component classes, and all possible process relations existing among these classes are expressed by a set of generalized equations [(16) to (19)]. The procedure of counting variables is therefore reduced to compositon from variables for the component classes by use of the generalized equations.
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    Roles of π-Alkyne, Hydride-Alkynyl, and Vinylidene Metal Species in the Conversion of Alkynes into Vinylidene: New Theoretical Insights (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1999 (1999), S. 1315-1324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Ab initio calculations ; EHMO ; Vinylidene complexes ; Cobalt ; Rhodium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The transformation of acetylene into vinylidene, as promoted by the metal fragment [(pp3)Co]+ [pp3 = P(CH2CH2PPh2)3], is unimolecular and features the hydride-acetylide species as an intermediate. The paper describes a detailed ab initio study of the reaction, in particular with regard to the step involving 1,3-H shift. The best computational results are obtained by mimicking the pp3 ligand with actual ethylenic chains rather than with single PH3 molecules. The keypoints along the two-step reaction path (π-acetylene, hydride-acetylide, and vinylidene complexes, as well as intermediate transition states) have been optimized for CoI and RhI derivatives at the MP2 level. For the fragment [(pp3)Co]+, the barrier associated with transformation of the hydride-acetylide intermediate to vinylidene (20.6 kcal/mol) is easier to surmount compared to that for reversion to the reactants (28.6 kcal/mol). The situation is reversed for the analogous RhI system, with the initial π-acetylene adduct being slightly more stable. Although higher in energy, the hydride-acetylide species is the experimentally detected product of the reaction of acetylene with the fragment [(pp3)Rh]+. The salient chemical aspects of the 1,3-H shift are discussed in terms of perturbation theory arguments. Parallel EHMO calculations, which have provided a relatively good consistency with the ab initio results, allow the proposal of an orbital rationale for the mode of migration of the hydride ligand along the substantially linear Co-Cα-Cβ grouping.
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    Oxygen Transfer from Chromyl Chloride to Alkynes and Allene - IR-Spectroscopic Identification of η1-Ketene and Cyclopropanone Complexes of O=CrCl2 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1999 (1999), S. 1335-1342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Photolysis ; Alkynes ; Matrix isolation ; DFT ; Oxygenations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photolytically-induced reactions of chromyl chloride with acetylene and but-2-yne (dimethylacetylene) in low-temperature argon matrices yield end-on ketene and dimethylketene complexes of O=CrCl2, respectively. The product formation probably results from an electrophilic attack of a Cr=O linkage on the C≡C triple bonds, leading to radical-like transition states or intermediates, which subsequently rearrange through 1,2-H or 1,2-methyl shifts. Consequently, allene is attacked at its central carbon and the allyl radical thus generated undergoes subsequent ring-closure to give a cyclopropanone complex of O=CrCl2.
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    Thermodynamic properties of acetylene (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 17-19 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The derived thermodynamic properties of acetylene have been determined over a temperature range of 32 to 500°F. and up to pressures of 2,000 lb./sq. in. abs. The data were calculated from vapor pressure, volumetric, and heat-capacity data by the use of rigorous thermodynamic relationships. The calculated data were found to be internally consistent. The enthalpy values are believed to be accurate within ±1.0 B.t.u./lb. and the entropy values to ±0.001 B.t.u./(lb.)(°R.).
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    Equilibria in the hydration of ethylene at elevated pressures and temperatures (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 10-16 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of equilibrium composition for the hydration of ethylene to form ethanol have been calculated for a series of elevated pressures and temperatures by using equilibrium data available from previous low-pressure studies. To obtain satisfactory agreement between these values and those measured experimentally, it is essential (1) to take into account the formation of ethyl ether and (2) to use available vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary ethanol-water system at elevated temperatures, instead of the standard “mixture rules” often employed.Thermochemical data and low-pressure equilibrium data for both the ethylene hydration and ether formation reactions are critically reviewed. Experimentally measured values for the equilibrium concentrations of ethanol and ether in the liquid phase at 221°C. and 273 atm., with dilute sulfuric acid used as catalyst in a lined rocking-bomb reactor, are presented.
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    Nonequilibrium thermodynamics: A survey (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 20-25 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a review of the field of thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The three essential steps in the use of this form of thermodynamics are the calculation of the entropy production, the setting up of the linear phenomenological equations, and the use of the Onsager reciprocal relation. The most important applications are to the transport processes, especially to the coupling phenomena which occur when two or more such processes take place in the same system.
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    Simplified calculation of chemical equilibria in hydrocarbon systems containing isomers (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 26-28 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved method is presented for handling isomer groups in the calculation of chemical equilibria in complex hydrocarbon mixtures. The new method reduces the number of simulataneous equations involved and makes practical the rigorous calculation of any hydrocarbon system for which free-energy data are available, no matter how complex.
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    Compressibility of n-hexane (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 29-30 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although a considerable amount of work has been done on the compressibility of n-hexane, it has been impossible until now to compare or evaluate the work of the various investigators. There has also been a serious lack of information in the region above the critical temperature. It is the purpose of this work to make an extensive study of temperatures of 240° to 300°C. and of pressures up to 225 atm. in order to provide the lacking information and to overlap with the work of other investigators so that a proper evaluation of their work may be made.
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    Control-system design for a chemical process by the root-locus method (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 30-36 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper illustrates the application of the root-locus method in the design of a control system for a theoretical stirred-tank reactor. The merits of control by measuring reactor concentration or temperature were considered at both an unstable and stable steady state reactor condition. The modes of control studied were proportional, proportional-integral, and proportional-integral-rate.
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    Low-temperature vapor-liquid equilibria in ternary and quaternary systems containing hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, and ethane (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 46-50 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are presented for three ternary systems and the quaternary at pressures of 500 and 1,000 1b./sq. in. abs. and at temperatures of -100° and -200°F. These data along with information in the literature were correlated to give charts of equilibrium ratios as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition.
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    The study of flow and reaction rates in turbulent flames (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 37-46 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is proposed that measurements of reaction rate as a function of position within turbulent flames be the basis of an approach to the problem of turbulent-flame propagation. As a test of the method, measurements of static pressure, impact pressure, and chemical composition were made at several positions within the burning zones of two simulated ramjet combustion chambers. From these measurements a complete mapping of compositions, velocity components, densities, and static pressures could be carried out. By calculation of the appropriate derivatives of the latter quantities, the differential form of the equation of continuity for the species desired could be solved for net reaction rate as a function of position, turbulent diffusion being neglected. By a similar technique the equation of momentum was used to obtain eddy viscosities. The latter results were used to estimate the effect of turbulent diffusion by assuming a turbulent Schmidt number of unity.It is concluded that the method of attack used is a reasonable approach to the problem of turbulent flame propagation, having a special advantage in that it can be used to discover relationships between the rate of reaction and the patterns of the mean flow.
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    Performance of packed columns: V. Effect of solute concentration on gas-phase mass transfer rates (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 290-294 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a determination of the effect of solute concentration on gas-phase mass transfer rates carbon tetrachloride was vaporized at three different concentration levels in a short 4.0-in.-diameter column packed with 0.5-in. Raschig rings.The experimental data indicate that previous mass transfer correlations should be modified to include a term (PBM/PT)2/3 and that the Schmidt number should be evaluated at average film conditions.The correlation found is suitable for predicting gas-phase mass transfer coefficients which can be combined with effective interfacial areas reported previously to obtain volumetric mass transfer coefficients for any gas-liquid-solute system.
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    Multicomponent distillation on a large digital computer: II. Generalization with side-stream stripping (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of multicomponent distillation is considered for a column with an arbitrary number of feed streams and an arbitrary number of side-stream withdrawals. The overheads from the side-stream strippers are admitted to the column, introducing the inert stripping medium into the main column. Provisions are made in the calculations for complete heat balancing, inert injection, and internal reflux cooling. The method of computation is that of a previous paper involving the component-by-component technique. Calculations are made on the main column and give first approximations to the side-stream compositions; stripper calculations are then initiated. An alternating procedure is instituted between the main column and the strippers, the successive iterations continuing until a preassigned accuracy in the desired quantities is reached. An extensive numerical problem is worked.
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    Particulate fluidization and sedimentation of spheres (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 310-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particulate fluidization and sedimentation data were taken over the Reynolds number range of 0.005 to 1,800 by means of glass spheres in both water and ethylene glycol. Porosities for each series of measurements varied from about 0.50 to 0.91 and larger. The closely sized samples of spheres used were obtained by grinding between glass plates. The data for Reynolds numbers up to about 0.5 are in excellent agreement with the laminar theory of Ruth and the porosity function from Ruth's theory gave a satisfactory correlation of all the data, both laminar and turbulent.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Formation of gas bubbles at submerged orifices (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 319-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The formation of air bubbles at constant pressure at submerged orifices was investigated for several liquids. The frequency of formation of the bubbles was determined by the use of a stroboscope, and the rate of gas flow was measured with conventional rotameters. Several orifices having diameters ranging from 0.0794 to 0.397 cm. were employed, and the gas flow rate was varied from about 0.1 cc. (at standard conditions)/sec. to about 150 cc./sec. It was found that the formation of bubbles could be correlated with the physical variables of the system by the application of Newton's second law of motion to the bubble at the instant just prior to its release from the orifice.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Some aspects of fluid mechanics in chemical engineering (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 331-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The prediction of the transfers of momentum, energy, and material is of ever-pressing concern to the engineer interested in process design. Recently developed facts concerning the transport of momentum which are of particular use in predicting transfers of energy and material are reviewed, as well as the background of thermodynamics associated with transport processes. The more elemental relationships pertaining to thermal and material transfer in flowing streams are considered, and some of the interrelations of the transport processes are presented.
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    Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectroscopy, and Theoretical Investigations of Tetrahedrally Distorted Copper(II) Chelates with [CuN2S2] Coordination Sphere (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1999 (1999), S. 1393-1403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Copper chelates ; EPR spectroscopy ; Electronic structure ; Schiff base ligands ; Structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of tetrahedrally distorted copper(II) complexes with thiolate and imine coordination were synthesized. Schiff bases derived from 4-benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-thione and various diamines were used as tetradentate ligands to obtain tetrahedrally distorted metal chelates with [CuN2S2] complex units. Crystal structures of the complexes 1, 2, 5 and 6 and of ligand H25 have been determined by means of single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The structure data show a strong influence of the diamine building blocks on the tetrahedral distortion of the copper(II) complexes. Results of Extended Hückel LCAO calculations correlate strongly with structural, electrochemical, UV/Vis- and EPR-spectroscopic features obtained experimentally. The calculations confirm for the whole complex series a strong delocalization of the frontier orbitals. The highest fully occupied molecular orbital shows a weak contribution, resulting from thiolate donor atoms, whereas the antibonding singly occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs) are distributed between the copper(II) centre (ca. 35-40%) and the N2S2 donor set. The SOMO energy significantly lowers with increasing tetrahedral distortion of the coordination sphere. The influence of the tetrahedral distortion of copper(II) complexes on redox potentials, UV/Vis and EPR spectra is discussed.
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    Reply (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 134-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The influence of heat transfer on mass transfer at low pressures (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 135-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690050131
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    Reply (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 136-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690050132
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    Ion exchange resins, by Robert Kunin, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 466 pages (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 10M 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690050135
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    Thermodynamic properties of polar-nonpolar mixtures: Methanol-benzene-hexane system (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 498-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Direct enthalpy measurements were carried out for the methanol-benzene system as a function of composition, temperature (250° to 500°F.), and pressure (30 to 1,400 lb./sq. in. abs.). From these data pressure-enthalpy diagrams were prepared to show the enthalpy and entropy above a reference state of saturated liquid at 77°F. Similar results were obtained for a single binary system of methanol and n-hexane and a single ternary mixture.The conventional generalized correlations were not satisfactory for predicting vapor-phase enthalpies for mixtures involving methanol. A new method requiring a knowledge of the heat of dimerization, the equilibrium constant for the reaction, and the interaction constant, is proposed for such polar-nonpolar systems based upon association of the polar component.The most striking feature of the data for mixtures was the large heat of mixing in the vapor phase for the systems containing methanol. The same type of equation found suitable for the heat of mixing in the vapor phase was applicable to the liquid data.From the enthalpy data across the two-phase region, it was possible to predict a limited amount of information on the compositions of the liquid and vapor phases in equilibrium. An azeotrope exists in the methanol-benzene system, which at 325°F. contains 75 mole % methanol.
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    Studies of the cation exchange system Fe+++-H+: I. Equilibrium studies (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 391-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equilibrium data are presented for the exchange of Fe+++ and H+ on a sulfonated polystyrene exchanger. The data cover solution concentrations from 0.05 N to 2 N in total cation for solutions having either nitrate or perchlorate ion as the common anion. The nitrate system shows irregular behavior because of complex ion formation, but for composition where such behavior is absent the equilibrium data can be correlated by equations based on the law of mass action. Equilibrium compositions for the perchlorate system can be correlated over the entire range studied by a single equation based on the law of mass action. Methods based on the law of mass action are presented for correlating or predicting equilibrium compositions for both systems.
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    The vapor-phase catalytic hydration of ethylene oxide to glycols (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 496-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vapor-phase reaction between ethylene oxide and water to form glycols has been carried out under a wide range of conditions with particles of polystyrene-sulfonic acid ion exchange resins used as catalysts. The rates observed appeared to be directly proportional to the product of the partial pressure of ethylene oxide and the amount of water sorbed by the resin. By use of the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller equation to describe the amount of water sorbed by the resin, the experimental data were correlated over a sixty-fold range of reaction rates with a mean deviation of 15%.To obtain data of value in elucidating reaction mechanisms, the reactor was usually run under “differential” conditions, that is low conversions. However in a few runs conversions of as high as 54% were obtained for a contact time of 0.02 sec. The ratio of ethylene glycol to higher glycols (selectivity) obtained varied between 73 and 99% but was usually above 80% under conditions of high conversion. However it could also be reduced forcibly to produce higher glycols as the major product, if desired.
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    Film boiling of Helium I and other liquefied gases on single wires (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 403-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer coefficients have been obtained for natural-convection film boiling of helium I on single wires with a diameter ranging from 5 to 50 μ. The measurements covered temperature differences of 30° to 1,000 °K. between the heating surface and the saturated liquid under atmospheric pressure. The results are correlated in dimensionless from (Nusselt number vs. the product of the Grashof and Prandtl numbers) and compared with data for nitrogen and measurements of other investigators on film boiling of liquefied gases.
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    Semifluidization: Mass transfer in semifluidized beds (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 407-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Thermodynamic consistency test for multicomponent solutions (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 7S 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690050334
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    Liquid-side mass transfer coefficients in packed towers (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 8S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690050336
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    Plant design and econmics for chemical engineers, Max S. Peters, McGraw-Hill Back Company, Inc., New York (9158). 511 pages. 511.00. (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 412-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690050403
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  • 189
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    Void fractions in two-phase flow (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 427-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Void fractions (fraction of the flow cross-sectional area occupied by the gas phase) have been measured for steam-water flows in an adiabatic, horizontal test section of 0.484 in. I.D. at 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 1b./sq. in. gauge. A comprehensive survey of void data for two-phase concurrent flow is included in the paper, and the data, including the Martinelli and homogeneous flow model predictions, are compared. System characteristics, involving one- and two-component flows in horizontal and vertical test sections with and without heat transfer over a range of flow ratios, total flow rates, and pressure, are too complex, and the data available are neither extensive nor precise enough to warrant the generation of over-all correlations. Use of the void data in correlating two-phase frictional pressure drops is discussed. A model has been presented for the prediction of critical flows based upon the void data, and calculations have been made for steam-water critical flows over a range of critical pressures from 15 to 2,000 1b./sq. in. abs.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Some properties of polar substances: A survey (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 436-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The current understanding of the macroscopic (bulk) properties of polar substances in terms of molecular theory, or the correlation of them in terms of corresponding-states principles is summarized.
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    Performance of a reciprocating-plate extraction column (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 446-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An open type of reciprocating-plate extraction column was developed, and it is proposed that the scaling up of such a column should be straightforward; that is, the height of an equivalent theoretical stage (H.E.T.S.) and the throughput per unit area should be independent of the diameter of the column.Plates having 5/8-in.-diameter holes and 62.8% free space were selected to minimize the resistance to countercurrent flow in the column. With this design low H.E.T.S. values were achieved at throughputs much higher than those reported for other columns. Thus for two systems the present column was shown to require the lowest volume of column to accomplish a given extraction job. Data were obtained in a 3-in.-diameter column on two systems, methyl isobutyl ketone-acetic acid-water and o-xylene-acetic acid-water. Throughputs studied on the first system ranged from 547 to 1,837 gal./hr./sq. ft., and the corresponding minimum H.E.T.S. values achieved were 4.3 and 7.5 in. respectively. For the second system minimum H.E.T.S. values of 7.7 and 9.1 in. were attained at throughputs of 424 and 804 gal./hr./sq. ft. respectively.Extraction column design procedures are discussed. The fabrication of the reciprocating-plate column is relatively simple, and this should encourage its use first in pilot-scale sizes and ultimately in large-scale columns.
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    Liquid-liquid extraction equilibrium data of cobalt nitrate - nickel nitrate - nitric acid solutions (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 76-79 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of the solvent extraction of cobalt and nickel nitrates from aqueous solution would add to the fundamental knowledge of extraction of metal salts. In experiments performed to determine the extractibility of these metals as nitrates from aqueous solutions by organic solvents, normal butanol was found to be the best solvent and gave equilibrium distribution coefficients K for cobalt or nickel nitrate of about 0.3. The presence of nitric acid tended to decrease these at high metal concentrations.In mixtures of the two metals the K value of either metal was found to depend on the total metal concentration. Low separation factors of about 1.3 were obtained. Very high K values of over 5 were obtained for the equilibrium extraction of the nitric acid in the presence of the metal nitrates by the n-butanol an indication of commercial possibilities.
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    Vaporization of superheated drops in liquids (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 458-466 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The work reported in this paper is an outgrowth of an exploratory investigation of the feasibility of spray drying of materials in solution by using direct-contact heat transfer from a hot liquid rather than a gas to vaporize the solvent from the drops. Unexpectedly, it was found that drops suspended in a hot liquid had to be superheated to a very extreme degree in order to initiate vaporization. This effect was of such interest that the investigation was modified to a fundamental study of the vaporization of drops containing no dissolved solids. The results are closely related to problems of bubble formation in boiling, cavitation, and in the evolution of gases from supersaturated solutions. The experimental technique developed in this study is believed to be unique and capable of giving quite accurate data on homogeneous nucleation in superheated drops. After a discussion of the theory of homogeneous nucleation in pure liquids, the theory is extended to the formation of bubbles in superheated drops. The theoretical predictions were found to be in close agreement with the experimental results.
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    Heat transfer by radiation through porous insulations (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 467-474 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Radiant transfer through fibrous and foamed insulating materials was investigated theoretically and experimentally. Transmission measurements were made under isothermal conditions with a black-body source varying from 200° to 800°F. Bulk density and fiber and pore size were also varied. These data were interpreted successfully in terms of a simple theoretical model. The results provide design information and define the contributions of the several mechanisms of transfer.
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    The economic design of mixer-settler extractors (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 474-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relationships are developed for establishing the most economic values of the major variables of a liquid-extraction process, including the concentrations of solute in recycled solvent and rejected raffinate, the solvent-to-feed ratio, and for mixer-settlers certain of the design features. Consideration is given to costs of extraction and solvent recovery, as well as to the value of unextracted solute and lost solvent. For the design of mixer settlers scale-up relationships are developed to permit prediction of the stage efficiency of a large extractor from experimental data taken on a small scale. These are expressed in terms of a scale-up index relating the relative size of the mixer with the volumetric rates of liquid flow. It is shown that the cost of multistage extractor increases with scale up in a different fashion from the stage efficiency, depending upon the scale-up index used. A detailed study of the costs for a typical case led to the development of economic scale-up indexes which, because they cover nearly a fivefold ratio of fixed to operating costs, are of fairly general utility. The common practice of scaling up with equal holding times on the large and small scale is shown to be amply safe from the point of view of stage efficiency to be realized on the large scale but usually uneconomic.Simplification of the complete system of equations permits rapid estimation of the most economic circumstances for any type of countercurrent extractor of which the cost per stage is proportional to Qg.
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    Fluidized-bed heat transfer correlation (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 7M 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Unsteady pseudoplastic flow near a moving wall (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 565 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690050429
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    Center-line value of the eddy viscosity (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 566 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Reply (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 5D-5D 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690050431
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060101
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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