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  • Springer  (253,522)
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  • 1980-1984  (228,493)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1981), S. 1197-1197 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 102
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 913-934 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Thermal ; Convection ; Cloud modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For a thermal starting from rest, the scales of motion consistent with the initial conditions are given. An alternative time scale based on the motion of the thermal is derived. The anticipated similarity solutions for thermals are summarised and possible qualitative differences between solutions are given. Within this consistent framework previously published laboratory and numerical models of thermals are discussed. Reasons why numerical models have not rigorously demonstrated the existence of a self-similarity solution are considered. Comparisons of all available results show that a single similarity solution valid for all thermals does not exist.
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  • 103
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 953-963 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Electric field ; Atmospheric electric field ; —seasonal variation of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The measurement of the atmospheric electric field was carried out with a field mill at a small island in a bay on the Pacific coast of Japan. The data obtained during 80 months from 1971 to 1977 were analysed. It was found that characteristically the diurnal variation regularly alters with the seasons. Whereas the electric field in winter has the same diurnal pattern as that observed at globally representative stations, it exhibits in summer a pattern depending on the variation of the local electric conductivity. The alteration is inferred to be associated with regional atmospheric conditions surrounding the observation site.
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  • 104
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 935-952 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Cloud microstructure ; Clouds-liquid water content in
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the evidence for the model of a small cumulus cloud represented as a quasi static but turbulent entity, growing on the upshear side and decaying on the downshear side. While the air just outside the cloudy outline is, on average, stationary relative to the embedding airmass, there is a slight flow, upwards and forward as though the updraft has induced upward motion in the clear air outside the cloud, on the growing side. On the decaying side the motion is downwards and away from the cloud. This is a flow pattern which is not consistent with the air flowing around the cloud as it moves forward but it agrees well with the picture given. Decayed remnants of cloud are found throughout the air previously occupied by the cloud. The cloud outline moves through the embedding air at a velocity which is almost as large as the relative motion of the subcloud feeding airflow (which is almost free from internal wind shear in strong convection). The mixing of dry air from above the inversion yields the observed diluted liquid water content in small cumuli, if such mixing is allowed to proceed until the cloud density equals that of the surrounding air. Quantitative conditions relating the liquid water to inversion temperature and moisture changes, and to the stability of the environment are presented. The strong vertical mixing from the top of the cloud downwards is important to microphysical processes.
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  • 105
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 880-912 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Numerische Wetterprognose ; Rossby-und Lärmwellen ; Lärmhypothese ; Initialisierung ; Lärmfilterung ; Numerical weather prediction ; Rossby-and noise waves ; noise hypothesis ; initialization ; noise filtering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The process of initialization of the atmospheric field variables and the very short computing time steps are key problems in numerical large-scale weather simulation based on stringent fluid-dynamic models. In the present paper it is discussed how these two prediction problems cantogether be removed with the aid of special compatibility conditions (diagnostic differential equations) between the atmospheric field parameters. These equations can be utilized simultaneously (1) to mutually adjust the initial fields of the meteorological variables so that noise effects are suppressed as far as possible (unfiltered systems) (2) to substitute original flow equations so that the short-periodic, meteorologically irrelevant noise waves (requiring short time steps) in the mathematical solutions are eliminated (filtered systems). The consistent usage of noise filtering relationship results (with a reasonable amount of mathematical effort) in noise-wave components being considerably reduced and meteorologically relevant Rossby-waves being largely maintained during the numerical integration process. The practicability of the noise-filtering theory is analytically discussed on the basis of a (barotropic) one-layer prediction model. The problems of initialization and noise-filtering (time step) are discussed separately.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Anfangsadjustierung der atmosphärischen Zustandsvariablen und die sehr kleinen Rechenzeitschritte sind Kernprobleme der numerischen Simulation von grossräumigen Wetterentwicklungen auf der Basis strenger hydrodynamischer Vorhersagemodelle. In dem vorliegenden Aufsatz wird ausführlich diskutiert wie beide Prognosehindernisse mit geeigneten Verträglichkeitsbedingungen (diagnostische Differentialgleichungen) zwischen den atmosphärischen Feldgrössengemeinsam beseitigt werden. Diese Bedingungsgleichungen sind gleichzeitig verwendbar, um (1) die Anfangsfelder der meteorologischen Variablen so aneinander anzupassen, dass kurzperiodische Lärmeffekte weitgehend unterdrückt werden (ungefilterte Systeme) (2) originäre Modellgleichungen zu ersetzen, so dass die meteorologisch irrelevanten Lärmwellen (mit lästig kleinen Zeitschritten) in den mathematischen Lösungen eliminiert werden (gefilterte Systeme). Die konsequente Nutzung der Lärmfiltertechnik führt (bei einem vertretbaren mathematischen Aufwand) in der Praxis dazu, dass während des numerischen Lösungsprozesses Lärmwellenanteile bis zur Unwirksamkeit reduziert und meteorologisch relevante Rossby-Wellen hinreichend gut konserviert werden. Die Praktizierbarkeit der Lärmfiltertheorie wird an einem (barotropen) 1-Schichtenprognosemodell rechnerisch realisiert und veranschaulicht. Die Kernprobleme der Initialisierung und der Lärmfilterung (Zeitschritt) werden dabei separat diskutiert.
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  • 106
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 964-974 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric chemistry ; Interhemispheric differences ; Mercury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric mercury concentrations were measured during a nautical expedition on the Atlantic Ocean between Hamburg (54°N, 10°E) and Santo Domingo (20°N, 67°W). In addition, samples were taken during flights on a commerical aircraft in the upper and middle troposphere between 60°N and 55°S, mostly over the Pacific Ocean. The data obtained in the lower troposphere over the Northern Atlantic show considerable variation in the Hg concentrations, with values ranging between 1 and 11 ng/m3; the average concentration was found to be 2.8 ng/m3. The upper tropospheric data show an interhemispheric difference with average values of 1.45 ng/m3 and 1.08 ng/m3 in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively. This suggests that mercury production occurs predominantly over the continents both by natural and anthropogenic processes. The mercury content in aerosols was found to be ≤0.3 ng/m3, or one-tenth of the atmospheric concentration. The data indicate a mean residence time of mercury in the atmosphere of a few months to one year.
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  • 107
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 975-989 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Dilatancy-diffusion, Velocity changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Compressional and shear-wave velocities (V p andV s ) were measured during the generalized triaxial deformation (i.e.σ 1≠σ 2=2σ 3) of pyrophyllite. Observed velocity changes could be ascribed to crack development during dilatancy. Velocity changes were very localized with respect to the ultimate failure plane. The orientation and development of the failure plane was continuously observed with laser holography. Velocity reverals, i.e. changes from a decreasing trend to an increasing trend, were documented in a wet sample in bothV p andV s . These changes in bothV p andV p are inconsistent with dialatancy-diffusion models. The reversals were interpreted as a reflection of local stress reorientation caused by a slowly propagating fault.
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  • 108
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1007-1014 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Eddy diffusivity ; Stratosphere ; Lower mesosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Meteorological rocket soundings, launched between 1968–74 at six locations representative of low, middle, and high latitudes in the northern hemisphere, are employed to determine the vertical, meridional and off-diagonal components of the eddy diffusivity in the northern hemispheric statosphere and lower mesosphere. It is shown that the distribution of the vertical and meridional components of the eddy diffusivity are similar in the northern hemisphere, although the magnitude of the former is 107 smaller than that of the latter; the magnitude of the off-diagonal eddy diffusivity is about 103 smaller than that of the meridional eddy diffusivity. In the troposphere, a maximum eddy diffusivity occurs in the mid-latitude at about 7 km above the mean sea level for both the summer and winter seasons. In the stratosphere, a maximum eddy diffusivity occurs in the mid-latitude at about 33 km in the winter, but no maximum in the summer.
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  • 109
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1015-1032 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Eddy diffusion coefficients ; Atmosphere 30–60 km
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of numerical models or of new observational programs are checked by comparing them with past observations. Also, it is desirable that the eddy diffusion coefficients used in two-dimensional models be derived from the same data set as the circulation statistics which the model outputs are checked against, so that all results refer to the same atmospheric conditions. For the first time, the three components of the eddy diffusion matrix, from 30–60 km, 80°N–10°S are computed, together with the means, variances and covariances of the wind and temperature through the same region using the same data set for 1960–76 and the same handling and analysis methods for all variables. Horizontal diffusivities,K yy , are obtained from the variance and integral time scale of the meridional wind speed. The present values are generally smaller than past estimates, presumably because temporal variations longer than a month have been removed in this work. Estimates ofK yz are based on the tentative assumption that the diffusivity is proportional to the slope of isentropic surfaces, and estimates ofK zz are based on the assumption that small-scale gravity waves are primarily responsible for vertical mixing.
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  • 110
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1033-1051 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Multiple scattering ; Ozone photochemistry ; Trace substances ; Two-dimensional model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Computations of concentrations of minor stratospheric gases using a two-dimensional model of the stratosphere are reported. The model includes Rayleigh scattering. This results in an increase in the photodissociation rate computation time by a factor of 1.5. The effect of ground albedo is assessed by comparing our results with a calculation of photolysis rates for a constant albedo with latitude. Comparison of results with a reference model including only molecular absorption are also made. The largest differences (≲50%) occur in NO and OH. An approximate expression for including the effects of Rayleigh scattering and surface reflectance in multi-dimensional models is suggested.
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  • 111
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1052-1065 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Microwaves ; Ozone ; Passive sounding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown how to retrieve the atmospheric ozone profile by means of ground based microwave measurements of the radiative intensity. Chahine's iteration method is used. The method is tested by a numerical experiment. The retrieval rms about the mean error is approximately 0.4 ppm. The required measurement accuracy for the brightness temperatures is ±0.01 K.
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  • 112
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1076-1089 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Precipitable water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Values for mean precipitable water are computed for four seasons of the year and for different regions of the Southern Hemisphere. Relationships between surface dew-point temperature and precipitable water were studied for these regions. A harmonic analysis of our data on precipitable water is attempted. Out results are presented and discussed.
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  • 113
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1066-1075 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Intertropical convergence zone ; Onset of monsoon ; Indian summer monsoon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper defines the intertropical convergence zone. (ITCZ) in the Indian monsoon region during the northern summer, identifies it with the northern boundary of the advancing monsoon and suggests that its seasonal movement can serve as an indicator of onset, advance and withdrawal of the monsoon. Evidence suggesting the movement of the ITCZ which is associated with the equatorial trough of low pressure is indirectly furnished by an analysis of the isallobaric or height-tendency field which reveals a distinct gradient towards the north/south during period of advance/withdrawal of the monsoon. A comparative study of the dates of onset of monsoon during two successive years appears to suggest that some of the problems encountered in using rainfall as the sole criterion for determining the onset and advance of the monsoon may be over-come by using the ITCZ concept as proposed in the present paper. Attention is drawn to the effects of synoptic-scale disturbances on the normal dates of onset, advance and withdrawal of the monsoon.
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  • 114
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1090-1108 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric aerosols ; Ice crystals ; Scavenging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model is presented which allows computing the efficiency with which aerosol particles of 0.001 ≤r≤1 μm are collected by columnar ice crystals in air of various relative humidities, temperatures, and pressures. Particle capture due to Brownian diffusion, thermo- and diffusiophoresis is considered. It is shown that phoretic effects importantly determine the particle capture process of 0.01≤r≤1 μm. The various pressure-temperature levels studied are found to affect the collection efficiency only ifr〉0.1 μm. Comparison shows that water drops generally are better aerosol particle scavengers than columnar ice crystals.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric aerosols ; Ice crystals ; Scavenging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model is presented which allows computing the efficiency with which aerosol particles of radius 0.1≤r≤10 μm are collected by simple ice crystal plates of radius 50≤a c ≤640 μm in air of various relative humidities, temperatures and pressures. Particle capture due to thermophoresis, diffusiophoresis and inertial impaction are considered. It is shown that the capture efficiency of an ice crystal in considerably affected by phoretic effects in the range 0.1≤r≤1 μm. For aerosol particles ofr〉1 μm the efficiency is strongly controlled by the flow field around the crystal and the density of the aerosol material. Trajectory analysis also predicts that aerosol particles are preferentially captured by the ice crystal rim. Our theoretica results are found to agree satisfactorily with the laboratory studies presently available. Comparison shows that for the same pressure, temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air ice crystal plates are better aerosol particle scavengers than water drops.
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  • 116
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1145-1154 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric chemistry ; Nitrogen compounds ; Ocean source
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with the atmospheric gaseous nitrogen-compounds under special consideration of the ocean being a source for NH3. The distribution of NH3 and NH4 + in the ocean is discussed. Additionally a survey of measured marine pH-values is given. While in temperate latitudes the source-strength of the ocean seems to be low, no such statement can be made at present for tropical latitudes owing to lack of measurements.
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  • 117
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1155-1169 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Magnetic anomalies ; Spheres ; Wavenumber domain ; Noise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A Fourier transformation of the magnetic field from a magnetized sphere allows a particularly simple interpretation of the parameters of the sphere. The depth to the centre and total magnetic moments of the sphere are related to the intercept and slope of the power spectrum. The horizontal centre and direction of magnetization are related to slope and intercept of the phase spectra in two perpendicular, horizontal directions. Examples with artificial data contaminated by various noise components are presented.
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  • 118
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1130-1144 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Antarctic precipitation ; Heavy metal concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ion exchange and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry methods were used to measure the concentrations of sodium, manganese, iron and silver in snow accumulating at several sites on the Antarctic continent. The results show that the ratio of Mn/Fe is consistently close to the crustal value at all sites. The silver concentrations observed suggest a different origin, probably oceanic. When referenced to sodium, the degrees of enrichment of silver, manganese and iron increase by factors of 8, 2 and 2 respectively over a distance of 500 km from the ocean, after changes in sodium are accounted for. Investigation of the heavy metal content of fresh falling precipitation occorring on the Ross Ice Shelf, has shown that more enhanced enrichments of silver, manganese and iron occur in this fresh precipitation by factors up to 100, than in samples of snow and firn collected from shallow (up to 2 meters depth) pits at the same locations. Because the occurrences of these precipitation types vary temporally and geographically, it seems apparent that the shear stress conditions in the near surface boundary layer need to be considered in studies of snow and ice chemistry, particularly in polar regions where the chemical composition of permanent snow and ice fields are often investigated for evidence of climatic change, of glaciological behavior and of origins of chemical constituents.
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  • 119
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1170-1178 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Love waves ; Laterally nonhomogeneous layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rayleigh's principle and the concept of the local wave number have been utilised for the approximate determination of the dispersion of Love waves propagating in a laterally heterogeneous layer lying over a homogeneous half-space. The shear wave velocity and the rigidity in the surface layer have been assumed to decrease with the increase of the lateral distance from the origin. The range of validity of the dispersion equation obtained by this method has been examined critically. It was found that: (a) for existence of Love waves the minimum value of shear wave velocity in the layer must be less than that in the matter below, and (b) the phase velocity of Love waves decreases with the increase of the lateral distance from the origin.
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  • 120
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1191-1191 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 121
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1179-1190 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Time-term method ; Crustal structure from earthquakes ; Seismic refraction experiment ; California
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract TheP-arrival times of local and regional earthquakes that are outside of a small network of seismometers can be used to interpret crustal parameters beneath the network by employing the time-term technique. Even when the estimate of the refractor velocity is poorly determined, useful estimates of the station time-terms can be made. The method is applied to a 20 km diameter network of eight seismic stations which was operated near Castaic, California, during the winter of 1972–73. The stations were located in sedimentary basins. Beneath the network, the sedimentary rocks of the basins are known to range from 1 to more than 4 km in thickness. Relative time-terms are estimated fromP-waves assumed to be propagated by a refractor in the mid-crust, and again fromP-waves propagated by a refractor in the upper basement. For the range of velocities reported by others, the two sets of time-terms are very similar. They suggest that both refractors dip to the southwest, and the geology also indicates that the basement dips in this direction. In addition, theP-wave velocity estimated for the refractor of mid-crustal depths, roughly 6.7 km/sec, agrees with values reported by others. Thus, even in this region of complicated geologic structure, the method appears to give realistic results.
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  • 122
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1192-1208 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Free oscillations ; Earth ; Source moment tensor ; Multiplet splitting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown, through numerical experiments, that the effect of ignoring ellipticity and rotation of the earth when inverting free oscillation data in moment tensor studies, is to introduce spurious spectral components in the solution. For numerical simulation of the data conditions of the 1970 deep Colombian event the spurious part has isotropic and deviatoric components, besides a distortion in the phase spectra which may lead to artificial precursive source in the solution. The magnitude of the artificial isotropic component is of the order of 10% of the real source moment tensor, depending on the data set used in the inversion. Measuring the excitation of each mode at each station using the technique of integrating over the spectral peaks does not cancel completely the effect of multiplet splitting, in particular that splitting due to rotation of the earth. The effect of lateral heterogeneities was simulated by introducing arbitrary splitting parameters which produced scattering in the eigenperiods compatible with those observed. For that splitting the inversion rendered additional isotropic components. We conclude that the observed implosive precursor the the 1970 Colombian event could have been artificially introduced by ignoring rotation, ellipticity and lateral heterogeneities of the earth. A procedure to invert free oscillation data for an elliptical rotating earth is proposed. It could be applied to a laterally inhomogeneous earth if the excitation for that model could be computed. Its application to real data for the deep Colombian event indicates that we will need to improve our knowledge on the effect of rotation, ellipticity, lateral heterogeneities and anelasticity on free oscillation and their excitation in order to solve accurately for the six components of the moment tensor independently.
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  • 123
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1214-1227 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Polar phase shift ; Rayleigh wave propagation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The precision of measurement of surface-wave phase velocities at very long periods has reached a point where the exact, rather than asymptotic, form of the spherical harmonics must be considered in order to compute theoretical phase velocities or phase delays. The zeroth-order (i.e. constant) polar phase shift afterBrune et al. (1961) applies only between stations antipodal to each other. Everywhere else a correction for incomplete polar phase shift must be applied even if the waves do not cross a pole between the stations. The correction can exceed one percent of the total phase delay and thus be of the same order as the expected regional anomalies. It depends on the epicentral distance on the signal period and on the focal mechanism; the latter dependence can make the practical application cumbersome. We derive first-order asymptotic formulae for the correction of local phase velocities and total phase travel times of Rayleigh waves.
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  • 124
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1209-1213 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Phase velocity dispersion ; Rayleigh waves ; ‘Hedgehog’ inversion method ; Lithosphere-asthenosphere system in Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Long-period recordings of dispersive Rayleigh waves along numerous station lines, or ‘profiles’, in Europe have for the first time permitted a uniform inversion of these observations based on a new method of phase velocity regionalization. Regional dispersion relations obtained by this method have then been subjected to a complete inversion procedure commonly known as the ‘hedgehog’ method. The results are presented in a map outlining the thickness of the lower lithosphere (‘lid’) and the shear (S) velocities in both the ‘lid’ and the asthenosphere ‘channel’. A comparison of these results with the minimum compressional (P) wave velocities in the asthenosphere and their corresponding depths provides an estimate of theV p /V s ratio for the asthenosphere in the European area.
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  • 125
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1232-1233 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Theoretical seismograms ; Reflectivity method ; Anisotropic structures
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  • 126
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1228-1231 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Synthetic seismograms ; Diffracted waves ; Core-mantle boundary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary To derive the structure of the Lower Mantle, observations of P and S waves at epicentral distances beyond 90 degrees have been used. The arrival times and amplitude decay with distance proved to be a source of information to derive the structure near the core-mantle interface. These observations were compared with results of theoretical calculations based on full wave theory [1, 2, 5, 6]. Another important theoretical method is the reflectivity method [4]. Differences between the two methods have a direct bearing on the interpretation of the observations and therefore need to be investigated. In the two methods the wave propagation involved in diffraction is simulated in different ways. In this paper the importance of approximations involved in each of the methods will be discussed. For this purpose the calculation of the frequency-dependent decay with distance of diffracted SH waves has been chosen. The approximations are considered to be important both in P and SH diffraction. The advantage of studying SH waves is the simpler and more straightforward formulation.
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  • 127
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1234-1247 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Theoretical seismograms ; Body-wave spectrum ; Focal depth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The SH body-wave spectrum of a deep earthquake, which occurred at the foot of the Kamchatka peninsula and was recorded in the Solomon Islands, presents a regular modulation. The distribution of minima in the amplitude spectrum, corresponding to jumps in the phase spectrum, conforms with that expected from the interference between direct and surface reflected waves. The strong dependence of the modulation on the focal depth, emerging from theoretical SH body wave spectra obtained with the contribution of the first 21 higher Love-wave modes, was used to investigate the focal depth of the event here considered. The value estimated, 140 km, agrees with an earlier focal depth determination by travel time data.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1248-1271 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake source ; Stress drop model ; Computed near-field accelerograms
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    Notes: Abstract Shallow strike slip earthquakes on vertical faults are modelled as two-dimensional antiplane strain ruptures in a uniformly prestressed homogeneous halfspace. Behind the rupture front, which is specified, the stress drops to a lower value. The elastodynamic boundary value problem is solved with a finite difference method. Several cases are studied, which include symmetric and one-directional rupture propagation, surface faulting, multiple events, variable rupture velocity, sticking and rebreaking of the fault plane. The time function of displacement, velocity and acceleration are interpreted as signals generated by events in the focus, namely starting, stopping and breaking through the surface of the rupture. The model explains peak velocity and peak acceleration in the near field of M≈5.5–6 earthquakes; which are typically about 0.2 m/s and 5 m/s2 at 10 km epicentral distance, if the rupture velocity is close to the shear wave velocity. Sticking of the fault does not alter the accelerograms significantly, but it increases the seismic moment in simple events and decreases it in multiple events.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1326-1328 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1293-1309 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Theoretical seismograms ; Solid-liquid interface ; Core-mantle boundary ; Diffraction and scattering
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    Notes: Abstract The paper discusses basic ideas and principles underlying methods, which have proved useful in the interpretation of diffraction and scattering phenomena by a smooth or slightly rough solid-liquid interface. Generally, the wave interaction may be formulated as an excitation problem; it involves (1) finding an equivalent dislocation or source distribution on the interface, and (2) evaluating the excited wave field. These steps are taken through perturbation theory and/or adopting the appropriate generalization of ray theory. In this context an explicit form of Green's function is also given. The methods have been applied to the core-mantle boundary, with a view toward the interpretation of recent data: (a) diffracted P and S waves around the core (in particular, their attenuation); (b) scattered short-period core phases (in particular, precursors to PKP and PKKP). Other types of wave interaction, and implications for models of the core-mantle boundary structure, are briefly mentioned.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1272-1292 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Theoretical seismograms ; Diffracted waves ; Ray parameters ; Core-mantle boundary
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The derivation of P and S velocities at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) from long-period diffracted waves by the use of the simple ray-theoretical formulav CMB=r c /p (v CMB=velocity at the CMB;r c =core radius;p=ray parameter) yields apparent velocity values which differ from the true velocities. Using a dominant period of about 20 sec for calculating theoretical seismograms, we found a linear relation between the apparent velocity and the average velocity in a transition zone at the base of the mantle with fixed velocity on top. The ray parameters determined from long-period earthquake data are found to be 4.540±0.035 and 8.427±0.072 sec/deg for Pdiff and Sdiff, respectively. These values yield apparent velocities of 13.378±0.103 for P and 7.207±0.062 km/sec for S waves. By means of the theoretical relation between apparent and average velocity and under the assumption of linear variation of velocity with depth, one can invert the apparent velocities into true CMB velocities of 13.736±0.170 and 7.320±0.124 km/sec. These results imply positive velocity gradients at the base of the mantle and hence no significant departures from adiabaticity and homogeneity.
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  • 132
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1310-1325 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismic refraction profile ; Caledonides ; Norway ; Low-velocity zone
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Data from a reversed seismic crustal profile crossing the Caledonides of southern Norway suggest a continuously increasing P-wave velocity followed by a low-velocity zone extending from a depth of about 14 km downwards. Interpretation of observed travel time and amplitude characteristics leads to a thickness of 4 km and velocity of 6.0 km/s for this layer, the velocity above and below it being about 6.6 km/s. The role of such a velocity inversion is discussed in the tectonic framework of the Caledonian orogeny and other relevant geophysical information, and it is suggested that the low-velocity zone materializes deep-seated sediments under Precambrian crystalline rocks. The structure of the lower crust is more tentatively established, but still in reasonable agreement with other seismic investigations in the general profiling area.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1329-1329 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1329-1329 
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  • 135
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 695-705 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Ozone ; Photochemistry ; System modelling ; Transport
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    Notes: Abstract A scheme of a system of physical and chemical processes controlling the production, transport and destruction of ozone and its gaseous catalysts, as well as other related gases in the low and high stratosphere is presented. An account is made of temperature variations of the stratospheric layer resulting from changes in ozone content; also included is the effect of temperature variations on photochemical reaction rates and ozone and other gases transport between atmospheric layers. Parameters describing major relations of the system are inferred from the analysis of ozone and trace gas data and from the results of model calculations of interdependence between variations in temperature and ozone content of the layer. An analysis of minor fluctuations of the linearized system shows that photochemical processes are responsible for its aperiodic stability and that gas transport between atmospheric layers destabilizes the system.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 706-719 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Waves ; Baroclinic ; Influence of static stability on
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of the time change of static stability and wind shear on a two-level quasigeostrophic baroclinic wave is considered. First, by keeping the wind shear as a constant the effect of the increase of static stability is that the amplitude of the temperature wave reaches a maximum first while that of the stream field is still amplifying and, as that of temperature wave reaches a minimum, that of the stream field becomes a maximum, and both are in phase. Next, by keeping the static stability as a constant, a life cycle of disturbance associated with the time change of wind shear is obtained. In this case the maximum amplitude of the wave appears at about 6 days and the life cycle is about 11 days for reasonable values of the model parameters. Finally, both effects are considered. The results show that as the wind shear decreases, the static stability increases, and the percentage change of wind shear is larger than that of static stability. This paper is not an entirely convincing analysis of the finite amplitude dynamics of an unstable wave in the two-level model, but rather a pedagogically useful approximate theory in which the retention of some terms rather than others is justified in view of the plausibility of the results.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 720-742 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Condensation ; Effect of entrainment on ; Cloud drops, condensation of
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    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the effects of the mixing of dry air into a cloud top from the point of view of the droplet spectra. It is shown theoretically that the resulting cycling of the air up and down in the cloud, as seems to be the essential mechanism by which cumuli have been diluted to their observed liquid water mixing ratio, can double the largest drop radius and generate cloud parcels containing drops of all sizes up to this maximum. These changes in the droplet distribution with size occur by a process which is not greatly influenced by the cloud condensation nuclei or the details of droplet growth since ‘maritime’ like spectra can develop in ‘continental’ type cumuli. It shows that large numbers of cloud condensation nuclei should not have much effect in inhibiting the rainforming process by reducing coalescence growth. On the contrary, the controlling parameters which determine precipitation efficiency and times seem to be those which control the mixing.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 54-66 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric radioactivity ; Wind erosion ; Resuspension rate ; Vegetation contamination
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method for the determination of resuspension parameters of radioactive fall-out from nuclear explosions, deposited on soil from the stratospheric reservoir, is presented. The seasonal variation ofk α-137Cs resuspension parameter, the trend ofk α with time in 1963–1978, the trend over this period of time of the wind component fraction of the concentration of global137Cs in the surface boundary layer over arable and natural soils are given. An estimate of radioactive contamination of vegetation by the effect considered is given as an example of practical use of this work.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 108-116 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric electricity ; Fair weather electric field ; Effect of pollution on potential gradient in atmosphere
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    Notes: Abstract The measurement and monitoring of atmospheric pollutants is an important aspect of pollution studies. A novel method of assessment of the level of pollution in the atmosphere is conceived using point discharge and potential gradients. The present paper is an attempt to show that measurement of the point discharge current (PDC) and potential gradient (PG) can be used to provide information regarding the nature of charges and level of pollution in the atmosphere. The measurement of the PDC and PG in different localities is presented and discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 151-166 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Source mechanisms ; Rock mechanics ; Microcracks
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    Notes: Abstract Focal mechanisms for 116 acoustic emission events associated with uniaxial cyclic loading of Westerly granite have been investigated using P-wave first-motions. Polarities were observed at eight transducers positioned on the sample to provide good azimuthal coverage. The P-wave radiation patterns can be fit by a quadrupole source but not by a simple pure tensional source. The predominant orientations of the two nodal planes for the quadrupole fit were subparallel to and perpendicular to the σ1 direction. Events with ‘close’ hypocenters, i.e., within a radius of 3 mm, display a remarkable similarity in focal mechanisms irrespective of the cycle or time within a cycle at which they occur. The polarity observations of 48 of 116 acoustic emission events could be fit with the simple quadrupole indicating that the microfracturing processes even in uniaxial compression often simplistically portrayed as propagating axial cracks are indeed quite complex.
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  • 141
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 167-185 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Corsica ; Historical seismicity ; Macroseismic study
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The documents that we have compiled (archives, newspaper reports and seismic catalogues) enabled us to go back to the end of the 18th century in the seismic history of Corsica. The number of felt earthquakes (epicentres off shore or on the island) which were documented during the two and a half centuries is relatively low. Maximum intensities have reached VI or rarely VII. The seismic activity is mainly located in the North-East of Corsica, near faults which have recently been active between the ‘Corse schisteuse’ (Alpine domain) and the ‘Plaine Orientale’ (Quaternary, Neogene). A seismic crisis happened recently (1978–1979) in this area where present activity of some of these faults has been suggested. Macroseismic studies have been conducted for the main shocks (I max=VI and V) in order to locate them accurately. Two among them (April 3, 1978 and March 27, 1979) are studied here in detail. Using the Kövesligethy formula hypocenters are respectively found at 4.5±0.5 km and around 5 km, whereas the corresponding absorption factors are 0.020 and 0.031. Such depths show that the two events affected the upper crust of Corsica (30 km).
    Notes: Résumé L'étude des documents (archives, presse et catalogues sismiques) que nous avons consultés, nous a permis de remonter jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIe siècle dans l'histoire sismologique corse. Le nombre des séismes ressentis (épicentres en mer ou sur l'île) recensés pendant ces deux siècles et demi est relativement faible. Les intensités maximales ont parfois atteint le degré VI, plus rarement VII. L'activité sismique touche principalement une région située au Nord-Est de la Corse, au voisinage de failles au rejeu récènt et séparent le domaine de la Corse schisteuse (alpin) du domaine de la Plaine Orientale (Quaternaire, Néogène). Une crise sismique récente (1978–1979) a de nouveau secoué cette même région où on a suggéré l'activité actuelle de certaines de ces failles. Les plus importants de ces séismes (I max=VI et V) ontifait l'objet d'enquêtes macrosismiques qui permettent d'en préciser les épicentres. Deux d'entre-eux ont été étudiés en détail (3 avril 1978 et 27 mars 1979); en utilisant la relation de Kövesligethy, les hypocentres se situent respectivement à 4,5±0.5 km et vers 5 km, pour des coefficients d'absorption de 0,020 et 0,031. Ces profondeurs indiquent que ces deux séismes ont mis en jeu des éléments superficiels de la croûte corse (30 km).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 229-248 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Meridional transport ; Monsoon ; Sensible heat
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spherical harmonic analysis is made of the grid point values of geopotential heights at 700 mb and 300 mb levels for the months April to August for the years 1967 and 1972. The year 1967 is a good monsoon year and 1972 is a bad monsoon year in India. Meridional transport of sensible heat is obtained in wave number domain using spherical harmonic coefficients at 500 mb level form=1 to 10 andn−m=0 to 10, wherem represents the wave number round the globe andn−m gives the numbers of zero points from north pole to south pole excluding the poles themselves. Large northward transports of sensible heat in the month of May and in the monsoon months at the subtropics are characteristic of bad monsoon. Wave 1 transports sensible heat southward (forn−m=0) and wave 2 transports sensible heat northward (forn−m=4). Strengthening of wave 1 is conducive to good monsoon year and strengthening of wave 2 is conducive to bad monsoon year. These are the same features obtained in Fourier analysis. The contrasting features exist in waves 1 and 2 both in good and in bad monsoon and are better defined in the present analysis than in the Fourier analysis of the earlier study. However, waves 1 and 2 reveal clearer contrast in the present analysis than in the Fourier analysis. Bad monsoon activity is associated with large divergence of heart at subtropics and large convergence of heat at extra tropics.
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  • 144
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    Keywords: Fourier transform method ; Self-potential anomalies
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    Notes: Abstract The self-potential anomaly due to a two-dimensional inclined sheets of finite depth extent has been analysed in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform. Expression for the Fourier amplitude and phase spectra are derived. The Fourier amplitude and phase spectra are analysed so as to evaluate the parameters of the sheet. Application of this method on two anomalies (synthetic and field data) has given good results.
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  • 145
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 422-436 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monex-79 ; Objective analysis ; Wind field
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The monsoon sub-programme of FGGE deployed a variety of observing systems such as research aircraft, research vessels, floating ballooms, and a geostationary satellite, etc. during the special observational period of Monex-79, with a view to making the best possible data set available for studies on various aspects of the monsoon circulation. Whether the data obtained from the various observational platorms improve the representation of the monsson systems, flow patterns, etc. in the analysis is the basis of this study. For this, the objective analyses of the wind field were made with different data sets, first using only the data from conventional observation platforms, subsequently including the data from aircraft and ships and then finally including the data from the satellite. These analyses were compared with carefully made subjective analyses. It is inferred that the addition of data has a positive impact on the objective analysis and the improvement in the analysis is more marked in the data-void region like the Arabian Sea compared to the region where observational stations are distributed fairly stisfactorily. It is also inferred that the impact of the aircraft/ship data on the analysis is more consistent than the data from the satellite.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 483-494 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Flood ; Precipitation ; Tropical meteorology
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    Notes: Abstract The rainstorm of 17 to 21 July 1981 which caused exceptionally heavy rains and floods in arid Rajasthan, was analysed. It was observed that 7 stations in the rainstorm area broke their previous 80-year record of one-day rainfall, and two of these stations equalled their respective estimates of probable maximum precipitation (PMP). A comparison of areal raindepths of this rainstorm with the similar raindepths of past severe-most rainstorms of this region showed that this rainstorm gave unprecedented raindepths up to about 38 850 sq. km (i.e. 15 000 sq. miles) for a 3-day duration.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Cloudiness ; Sunshine ; Tropical meteorology
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    Notes: Abstract The relationship between point cloudiness and sunshine derived cloud cover in India is investigated using data collected from 33 stations. It has been found that point cloudiness, in general, overestimates sunshine derived cloud cover. The latitudinal dependence of the overestimation is discussed. The significance of the precise quantification of cloudiness in radiation budget studies is briefly mentioned.
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  • 148
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    Keywords: Wave scattering ; Elastic heterogeneity ; Three-dimensional modeling
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    Notes: Abstract The formal solutions of displacement field to the problem of elastic wave scattering and diffraction due to an infinitely long rigid cylinder embedded in an infinite elastic medium by an impulsive point source have been obtained in the integral form. The integrals for the reflected and the diffracted waves both in the shadow zone and in the illuminated zone are evaluated asymptotically for the early time motion by the Reisdue-Cagniard method and the Saddle-point-Cagniard method. Numerical results of the diffractedP, S andPS waves at a fixed circum-distance from the surface of the rigid cylinder show noticeably that (1) the energy partition for the diffractedS wave is small in comparison with that for the diffractedP wave, (2) the wave form of the diffractedS wave is broader and more diffused than that of the diffractedP wave, (3) the direction of the radial motions of the diffractedP andS waves varies as a function of the observational point, and (4) the energy partition for the diffractedP wave is much smaller than that for the direct or the reflectedP waves.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 642-647 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric kinetic energy ; Climate models
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The winter simulations of the GLAS climate model and the NCAR community climate model are used to examine the maintenance of the atmospheric kinetic energy. It is found that the kinetic energy is generated in the lower latitudes south of the maximum westerlies, transported northward and then, destroyed in the midlatitudes north of the maximum westerlies. Therefore, the atmospheric kinetic energy is maintained by the counterbalance between the divergence (convergence) of kinetic energy flux and generation (destruction) of kinetic energy in lower (middle) latitudes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 682-690 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric electricity ; Atmospheric electric potential gradient
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric electric potential gradient measurments were made near the ground at Vishakapatnam (17°42′N, 83°18′E). The diurnal variation of potential gradient during fair weather has been studied. The characteristic pattern of potential gradient in different months, different seasons and its annual variation are examined.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 721-757 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Edge waves ; shelf waves ; Kelvin waves
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Free and forced oscillations of shallow water in an infinitely long rotating channel of parabolic cross-section are analyzed. The pure cross-channel oscillations ofChrystal (1905) and solutions for zero rotation first discussed byProudman (1925) andHidaka (1932) are special asymptotic solutions for the free modes of this model. However, for increasingly large, along-shore wave number, our solutions donot uniformly approach those ofReid (1958) andBall (1967) for a single shore-line and semi-infinite ocean. A method of computing eigen frequencies and eigen functions for the general problem is described, and a sufficient number of these are exhibited graphically to permit visualization of the transitions between the asymptotic regions. The forced problem consists of an incoming wave-train or surge generated at the center of the channel. Amplitude and transports near the shore are computed for a wide range of dimensionless incoming-wave frequencies and rotational frequencies.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 784-794 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Depth estimation ; magnetized layers ; long-wavelength anomalies ; spectral analysis ; reduction to the pole
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    Notes: Abstract A large extent aeromagnetic survey, covering a 9°×9° degree of a Precambrian shield area in SE Brazil, was used to analyse long wavelength magnetic anomalies with the purpose of determining the magnetic structure of the lithosphere. Data analysis based on a novel approach to the estimation of the parameters in the statistical model ofSpector andGrant (1970), reveals a highly magnetized lower crust, bounded by an essentially non-magnetic upper mantle. The highly magnetized layer can be associated with a higher density lower crust model, derived from gravity and seismic data available in the area, suggesting a compositional transition from upper to lower crust. It was also verified that the operation of reduction to the pole, which is singular at the geomagnetic equator, performs quite satisfactorily at the low geomagnetic inclination of the area, bringing into accordance the long wavelength anomalies with the structural trends.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 831-847 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Abstract Between 1 January 1980 and 28 July 1981, a series of large earthquakes with body-wave magnitudes around 7, took place along the western segment of the Alpide belt. The sequence started in the Azores and migrated eastward along the belt at a rate of about 4400 km/yr with consecutive large events in northern Algeria, southern Italy, southern Greece and Iran. Two different methods are employed to identify similar series and corresponding migration velocities during earlier time periods of this century. The data set used contains all earthquakes with body-wave magnitudes larger than 6.3 and covers the time interval 1901–81. The concept of linear migration is tested for eastward and/or westward propagation, considering high migration velocities from 1600 to 11 000 km/yr. Results obtained are not homogeneous with respect to the two opposite migration directions, west-east and east-west, and we interpret this as a net drift of earthquake activity from the west to the east. Our efforts here are concentrated on analysis of observational data and on estabilishing the uniqueness of migration patterns. Because of the complexity of the tectonic system in question, we did not attempt to establish a mechanism explaining the migration of the observed earthquake sequences.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 840-849 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake magnitude ; Magnitude-frequency relationships
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    Notes: Abstract The relationship between frequency and magnitude in homogeneous series of earthquakes is studied. The linear relation of Gutenberg and Richter between the logarithm of frequency and the magnitude is found to be applicable only in a restricted range of magnitudes. The plots of the cumulative number of earthquakes versus magnitude for 20 different series (the total number of events in a single series ranging from about 50 to more than 3000) clearly indicate the presence of vertical asymptotes. This fact suggests that upper and lower limits could exist for the magnitude of a single event, i.e. for the energy that can be released in an earthquake. From the position of the vertical asymptotes it is possible to obtain the upper and lower bounds of magnitude for each series of earthquakes. The empirical shape of the cumulative number-magnitude distribution can be well represented by equilateral hyperbolas. A ‘least χ2’ method has been used to obtain the best-fitting hyperbolas and corresponding the minimum and maximum magnitudes for each series. The shape of the frequency-magnitude relationship is discussed in lesser detail. It is found, however, that after suitable rescaling the earthquakes in each series follow much the same law, with a comparatively small scatter.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Q factor ; Attenuation ; Coda ; Scattering ; Seismic wave
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    Notes: Abstract When the quality factorQ is taken into account in attenuation studies, it is necessary to know the relative losses of wave energy due to scattering and to anelastic absorption. The coda is the most important phenomenon now known which is related to elastic scattering of seismic waves. Utilizing coda, this study presents relationships which give theQ factors of the medium around the recording station and discriminate between attenuations arising from elastic scattering (under the assumption of isotropic scattering) and those arising from anelastic absorption. This work proposes a technique for separately determining the attenuation due to isotropic scattering and that due to absorption from the observed envelope of coda waves.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 86-88 
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    Keywords: Atmospheric electric potential gradients ; orographic effect
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Potential gradients were measured in the valley of the Simhachalam hills and near the top. They were found to be higher at the top than in the valley, where they increased in the forenoon. It was the reverse at the top of the hills. The valley winds were found to play an important role in the variation of potential gradient.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 110-123 
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    Keywords: ageotrophic flow ; vertical redistribution of momentum
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    Notes: Abstract Data from the SESAME storm-scale network are used in computing the momentum budget of the prestorm, storm, and poststorm environment of a severe storm complex. In the prestorm period geostrophic flow dominates the environment. With progression into the storm period all terms in the momentum equation become important, as a significant ageostrophic component in the momentum field develops. Turbulent effects are estimated as a residual, and the results indicate that they are comparable in magnitude to the other terms. Their effect is to decrease the positive momentum, particularly at levels above 500 mbar, where the vertical motion is the strongest. Vertical profiles of area means ofu andv indicate that the storm is apparently redistributing momentum downwards, thus reducing the mean shear. In the poststorm period the flow once again becomes largely geostrophic, and a maximum in wind speed reappears at upper levels.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 143-156 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Hydrogeochemical ; Hydrogeodynamic
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper reviews the chief results of the hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic investigations conducted for earthquake prediction in all seismic regions of the USSR. An extensive amount of data on the variations of approximately 40 hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic parameters were collected with a broad network of 83 stations. These data are analysed in connection with regional seismic activities. The hydrogeochemical precursors are classified on the basis of statistical treatment of the regular observations. Several features of the hydrogeochemical anomalies that depend on the physicochemical nature of the precursor, geological conditions in a given region, and features of the expected seismic event are pointed out. Some sophisticated statistical methods of data analysis and several examples of actual earthquake predictions based on hydrogeochemical methods are given. Hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic precursors are found to be highly effective for shortterm predictions. Possible mechanisms that may cause hydrogeochemical precursors are discussed. Sophisticated automatic equipment developed in the Soviet Union for hydrogeochemical and hydrogeodynamic observations are briefly mentioned.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 175-184 
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    Keywords: Hydrogen emission ; Seismic activity ; Earthquake prediction
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of chemical composition of bubbles from a mineral spring at Yuya Spa situated close to the Median Tectonic Line, the longest active fault in Japan, showed that the periods of increased H2 emission coincided with occurrences of the Ohno earthquake swarm nearby. Four cases of the coincidence without exception were observed in the last three years. The fluctuation of H2 concentration ranges between 〈0.5 and 200 ppm, whereas other gases such as He, Ar, N2, and CH4 do not fluctuate much. The H2 concentration is correlated with the energy released by the seismic activity. This field evidence, together with the results of laboratory experiments conducted bySugisaki et al. (1983), leads to the conclusion that H2 observed at the mineral spring was produced by the reaction between groundwater and rock fractured in the seismic activities. The observation that H2 in the mineral spring tends to appear prior to an earthquake suggests that microcracks may occur in rocks prior to earthquakes. The precursory emission of H2 may be useful for earthquake prediction.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 218-230 
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    Notes: Abstract Several kinds of geochemical anomaly before strong earthquakes have been observed in China since 1966. They include changes in groundwater radon levels, ion content of water (Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl−, SO 4 −2 , F−), dissolved gases (H2, CO2), and gases escaping from the aeration zone through abandoned dry wells (Ar, N2, CO2). The radon anomalies may be grouped as long-term and short-term anomalies. Most of the geochemical anomalies observed are characterized by a pattern of increase. The largest amplitude recorded was 37 times the base level. Preliminary study indicates that the types of seismogeochemical anomaly observed prior to strong earthquakes depend on tectonic, geologic, lithologic, and hydrogeological conditions at the monitoring station. Results obtained from modelling experiments on the mechanisms of some anomalies are given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 340-352 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; Radon emanation ; Fault creep
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radon emanation was continuously monitored for several months at two locations along a creeping segment of the San Andreas fault in central California. The recorded emanations showed several impulsive increases that lasted as much as five hours with amplitudes considerably larger than meteorologically induced diurnal variations. Some of the radon increases were accompanied or followed by earthquakes or fault-creep events. They were possibly the result of some sudden outbursts of relatively radon-rich ground gas, sometimes triggered by crustal deformation or vibration.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 1-2 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 35-43 
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    Notes: Riassunto Si espone e si discute il processo di formazione e di sviluppo del monsone di SW sull'Oceano Indiano, studiandone il comportamento iniziale a Ceylon (Colombo e Little Basses), Mogadiscio e Seychelles. Si illustra il fenomeno, dell' « irruzione » del monsone e si deduce come normalmente le formazioni bariche predominanti in maggio sul Golfo di Bengala, sull'India o sul Golfo Arabico, ostacolino e ritardino il propagarsi del monsone.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 53-53 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 175-216 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Blitz beansprucht durchflossene geologische Leiter ähnlich wie ein hochfrequenter Wechselstrom, dessen Wellenlänge ungefähr im Tausendmeterbande liegt. Die Beurteilung der Blitzstromleitung im Untergrunde hat nach den Gesichtspunkten der Funkgeologie zu erfolge n.Die geoelektrische Blitzgefährdung ist theoretisch verständlich und durch zahlreiche Beobachtungen nachgewiesen. Auch die Frage nach der Existenz der sog. Blitznester ist positiv zu beantworten. Die bisherigen statistischen Ergebnisse sind vielfach unbefriedigend und es wäre daher eine einheitliche und befriedigende Statistik unbedingt anzustreben. Für die Entwicklung der weiteren Forschung wäre es sehr vorteilhaft, wenn besondere Blitzversuchsfelder errichtet würden. Diese wären dann auch nach funkgeologischen Gesichtspunkten zu untersuchen.
    Notes: Riassunto Richiamate le più importanti nozioni fondamentali sulla fisica del fulmine, si desume che i conduttori geologici da esso attraversati si comportano come se fossero percorsi da corrente alternata ad alta frequenza con una lunghezza d'onda dell'ordine di mille metri. Tenendo presente che le leggi della radiogeologia costituiscono le basi di ogni indagine relativa alla conduzione del fulmine nel sottosuolo, si giustifica il pericolo di caduta del fulmine per azione geoelettrica spiegandolo alla stregua dei dati d'osservazione. In pari tempo si dà ragione dell'esistenza dei cosidetti „nidi di fulmini”. Rilevato come i dati statistici sinora raccolti risultino spesso non soddisfacenti, viene messa in luce l'utilità di una statistica organica e completa su tali fenomeni, illustrando l'opportunità dell'istituzione di appositi campi sperimentali per tutte le indagini riferentesi ai fulmini nei rapporti con le caratteristiche geoelettriche del sottosuolo.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 1 (1939), S. 220-223 
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    Development genes and evolution 132 (1935), S. 576-599 
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    Development genes and evolution 132 (1935), S. 752-762 
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    Development genes and evolution 132 (1935), S. 805-805 
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    Development genes and evolution 133 (1935), S. 156-192 
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    Development genes and evolution 133 (1935), S. 245-268 
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    Development genes and evolution 133 (1935), S. 269-309 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die durch die Implantation der 4 Mikromeren des BastardkeimesEchinocardium cord. ♀ xParechinus mic. ♂ in eineEchinocardium-Blastula entstandenen Bastardchimären werden beschrieben. Der väterliche Einschlag ist nachweisbar. Werden dem Wirtskeim alle 4 bzw. 3 oder 2 Mikromeren exstirpiert, so wird dieser Einschlag entsprechend der dadurch erzielten Chromatinquantitätenstaffelung stärker. Die Keime der reziproken KombinationParechinus mic.-Wirt (mit 4 eigenen Mikromeren oder ohne sie) + 4 Bastardmikromeren vonParechinus mic. ♀ xEchinocardium cord. ♂ werden beschrieben. Die Beteiligung der väterlichen Chromatinkomponente des Implantats ist wahrscheinlich. Diese Beteiligung hat sich bisher bei Entfernung der 4 Wirtsmikromeren nicht wesentlich grö\er erwiesen. Die genannten Bastardchimären werden mit den entsprechenden Keimblattchimären und Bastarden verglichen. Es werden 3 Bastarde vonParechinus mic. ♀ xEchinocardium cord. ♂ beschrieben. VonEchinocyamus pus. werden Temperaturvarianten beschrieben.
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    Development genes and evolution 133 (1935), S. 427-494 
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    Development genes and evolution 133 (1935), S. 621-663 
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    Development genes and evolution 134 (1936), S. 112-121 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Werden männliche adulte Kampfläufer (Philomachus pugnax) während des Winters total kastriert, so entwickelt sich bei diesen Tieren im Frühling kein Prachtkleid, sondern das Federkleid, das auch die Weibchen im Frühling anlegen. An der Schnabelwurzel und rings um die Augen fallen die Federn nicht aus und bilden sich keine Warzen wie bei den Kontrolltieren. Diese Tiere balzen nicht. Prachtkleid, Kopfwarzen und Balz sind also abhängige sekundäre Geschlechtsmerkmale. Bei den Versuchstieren entwickelten sich in vielen Fällen Hodenregenerate. Die Menge des von diesen Hodenregeneraten abgeschiedenen männlichen Hormons war in keinem Falle genügend, um bei diesen Tieren die abhängigen sekundären Geschlechtsmerkmale zu entfalten; die Kopfwarzen entwickelten sich nicht oder nur in sehr geringem Grade; auch wurde der betreffende Kopfteil in keinem Falle kahl; das Prachtkleid entwickelte sich weniger als bei den Kontrolltieren, ausgenommen in einem Falle (Nr. 8). Am besten waren bei den Tieren mit Hodenregeneraten noch die Balzerscheinungen entwickelt. Eine Konvergenz zwischen dem Entwicklungsgrade der Hodenregenerate und der Entwicklung der sekundären Geschlechtsmerkmale bei diesen Tieren konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden.
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    Development genes and evolution 134 (1936), S. 357-465 
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    Development genes and evolution 134 (1936), S. 466-550 
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    Development genes and evolution 134 (1936), S. 599-643 
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    Development genes and evolution 134 (1936), S. 348-356 
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    Development genes and evolution 134 (1936), S. 551-561 
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    Development genes and evolution 134 (1936), S. 644-652 
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    Development genes and evolution 134 (1936), S. 716-737 
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    Development genes and evolution 135 (1936), S. 253-268 
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    Development genes and evolution 132 (1935), S. 771-804 
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    Development genes and evolution 133 (1935), S. 88-117 
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    Development genes and evolution 135 (1936), S. 389-407 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Befunde an Hühnerembryonen berichtet, bei welchen experimentell, und zwar durch elektrolytische Marken oder durch in die Medullarrinne eingelegte Agarstückchen Formanomalien der Medullaranlage herbeigeführt wurden. Die im Gefolge dieser Entwicklungs-störungen der Medullaranlage auftretenden Urwirbelanomalien stimmen mit den in einer früheren Arbeit beschriebenen spontan entstandenen Fehlbildungen gut überein. Hier wie dort fand sich eine typische Vergesellschaftung von Urwirbelfehlbildungen und Fehlbildungen der Medullaranlage. Die hier beschriebenen experimentellen Untersuchungen sichern die schon bei der Erörterung der Naturfunde gemachte Annahme, daß die Medullaranlage einen gestaltenden Einfluß auf die Urwirbel ausübe.Nachdem das Mesoderm im Ektoderm die Bildung einer Medullarplatte induziert hat (Waddington),induziert die Medullaranlage in dem ventral von ihr liegenden Mesoderm die Urwirbel.
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    Development genes and evolution 135 (1936), S. 521-551 
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    Development genes and evolution 133 (1935), S. 310-322 
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    Development genes and evolution 133 (1935), S. 349-356 
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    Notes: Schlu\folgerungen 1. Die hinteren Extremitäten bei KaulquappenRana temporaria besitzen Regenerationsfähigkeit, sogar, wenn Ober- und Unterschenkel untereinander einen stumpfen Winkel bilden. Die äu\erung der Regenerationsfähigkeit ist in diesem Stadium nicht beständig. 2. Der Zeitpunkt des Verlustes der Regenerationsfähigkeit hängt von dem inneren Milieu des Organismus ab. 3. Die Frage nach der Abhängigkeit des Zeitpunktes des Verlustes der Regenerationsfähigkeit von den Geweben der Extremität erfordert noch weitere Untersuchung.
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    Development genes and evolution 133 (1935), S. 357-366 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Aufgabe dieser Untersuchung war die Veränderung der Effektivität der gegenseitigen Einwirkung zwischen den regenerierenden Federn bei Variierung der Entfernung zwischen ihnen zu erforschen. 2. Der Effekt der gegenseitigen Einwirkung wird durch die Zahl der sich entwickelnden Federn bestimmt, währenddem die Entfernung zwischen ihnen in den Grenzen der gegebenen Pterylie keine wesentliche Bedeutung hat. 3. Bei der Anwesenheit eines Regenerationsgebietes an dem Flügel wird der Stimulationseffekt in distaler Richtung beobachtet und in klarster Form an Federn, deren Entwicklung durch das Abschneiden der Papillen in der Wachstumszone der vorhergehenden Generation hervorgerufen wurde. 4. Die Einsteckung der jungen Papillen in den Balg, der von den sich entwickelnden oder ausgewachsenen Federn befreit ist, stimuliert bedeutend die Anlage und die weitere Entwicklung der neuen Federgeneration. 5. Die gegenseitigen Einwirkungen zwischen den regenerierenden Federn wird durch den Blutkreislauf verwirklicht, als auch wahrscheinlich auf dem Wege der örtlichen Permeabilität der das Wachstum aktivierende Stoffe unmittelbar in die sich entwickelnden Federkeime.
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    Development genes and evolution 133 (1935), S. 582-620 
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    Development genes and evolution 136 (1937), S. 210-220 
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    Development genes and evolution 136 (1937), S. 250-285 
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    Development genes and evolution 136 (1937), S. 400-489 
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    Development genes and evolution 136 (1937), S. 491-528 
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    Development genes and evolution 136 (1937), S. 529-562 
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