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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (3,512)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (3,512)
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  • 1979  (3,512)
  • 101
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    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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  • 102
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  • 103
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  • 104
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    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2338
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Kenya and Malaysia are, broadly speaking, capitalist economies deriving many of their institutions from the period when they were part of the British Empire. John Henley discusses labour relations in these countries in the context of their historical development and contrasts in the labour policies of multinational corporations.
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  • 105
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    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Roger Lumley makes a contribution to defining the scope of study in workplace industrial relations. Here, he examines a model based on a modified rules approach to the subject, following its application in an empirical study of a large industrial construction site.
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  • 106
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    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: BRITISH ECONOMIC POLICY 1960–74 ed. F. T. Blackaby THE MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS by Kevin Hawkins Pelican THE RESURGENCE OF CLASS CONFLICT IN WESTERN EUROPE SINCE 1968 Volume One: National Studies Volume Two: Comparative Analysis Colin Crouch and Alessandro Pizzorno (eds.) Macmillan TRADE UNIONISM IN TELEVISION by P. Seglow
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  • 107
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  • 108
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    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
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  • 109
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    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this Article.Alan L. Sorkin, The Urban American Indian.Gustav Donald Jud, Inflation and the Use of Indexing in Developing Countries.Robert W. Burchell and George Sternlieb, eds., Planning Theory in the 1980'sArlo Woolery, ed., The Art of Valuation.Hans Blumenfeld, Metropolis… and Beyond: Selected EssaysElihu Bergman, Hans A. Bethe, and Robert E. Marshak, eds., American Energy Choices before the Year 2000.Tundra Train Theodore Shabad and Victor L. Mote, Gateway to Siberian ResourcesNew Crop Thomas R. Ford, ed., Rural U.S.A.: Persistence and Change.Michael R. Greenberg et al., A Primer on Industrial Environmental Impact.Jack H. Irving et al., Fundamentals of Personal Rapid Transit. Lexington, Mass.Lester B. Lave and Eugene P. Seskin, Air Pollution and Human Health.Henry S. Rowen et al., Options for U.S. Energy Policy.
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  • 110
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  • 111
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  • 112
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  • 113
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  • 114
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  • 115
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  • 116
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  • 117
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  • 118
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  • 119
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  • 120
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    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
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  • 121
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  • 122
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  • 123
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  • 124
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  • 125
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  • 126
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  • 127
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    Growth and change 10 (1979), S. 0 
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  • 128
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    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Paul Routledge examines the wider impact of Times Newspaper Ltd's suspension of publication for almost a year. As a participant in this significant dispute, he draws on his experience of the shutdown itself and the system of labour relations in the national newspaper industry.
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  • 129
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    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Australian white-collar and professional employees are experiencing the dual impact of technological change and unemployment, which has weakened their militancy. Russell Lansbury discusses how future trends will depend on the power exercised by those occupying strategic positions in labour markets.
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  • 130
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 131
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    Industrial relations journal 10 (1979), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The workers’ co-operative enterprises of the Basque provinces in Spain, commonly known as Mondragon, have recently attracted considerable academic and practical attention. In this article, Jack Eaton reports on a neglected aspect of this interest — the attitudes towards the enterprises of the shopfloor workers.
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  • 132
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  • 133
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  • 134
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  • 135
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  • 136
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  • 137
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  • 138
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Elizabeth Chell and Derek Cox report on some of their findings of a study into worker directors and collective bargaining which was carried out between 1976 and 1979 and funded by the Department of Employment. The research involved seven private sector companies which have some form of worker director system.
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  • 139
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: WORKPLACE REFORM—Improving the Quality of Working Life D. Guest and K. Knight WOMEN IN BRITISH TRADE UNIONS 1876–1976 by N. C. Soldon, Gill & Macmillan TRAINING FOR NEGOTIATING by Bromley Kniveton and Brian Towers, Business Books JOBS AND COMMUNITY ACTION Gary Craig, Marjorie Mayo and Nick Sharman, eds. Routledge & Kegan Paul
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  • 140
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  • 141
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  • 142
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  • 143
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  • 144
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  • 145
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    Review of income and wealth 25 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: After defining economic activity the author lists the chief types of non–market economic activities for which he has prepared estimates for the United States 1929–1973, and briefly describes his methodology and data sources. Some major findings are:(1) As of 1973 GNP adjusted to include the additional imputations was 63.5 percent larger than the official estimate.(2) At least since 1929 imputed values have grown faster than official GNP, especially when both are measured in terms of real factor costs.(3) The personal sector comprises a far larger portion of the national economy-almost one-third—when account is taken of imputed labor and property compensation, and its relative importance has grown.(4) Gross government product is more than 60 percent higher when the imputed rental value of public property is added to the compensation of general government employees.(5) Reflecting the relative growth of non-business wealth, imputed property income has risen much faster than monetized property income. This has mitigated the decline in the property share of expanded gross national income compared with its share in the official estimates.
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  • 146
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the properties of various measures of poverty and of the “difficulty of alleviation of poverty”. It is found that the ranking properties of both kinds of indices can be quite counter-intuitive and that they could be misleading if used for policy evaluation. An alternative index is proposed; it is compared to the other indices and seems to fare rather well. To illustrate, a special reference is made to S. Anand's recent article on poverty in Malaysia.
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  • 147
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    Review of income and wealth 25 (1979), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with measurement of the size distribution of personal wealth in Canada. The only available estimates of this distribution are those provided on the occasions when Statistics Canada's Survey of Consumer Finance has surveyed assets and debts. Results of the latest “SCF” to do this, that of 1977, are not yet available. The paper shows that the previous study, conducted in 1970, indicated wealth-inequality as viewed by top quantile shares roughly of the same order as estimated by others for the U.S. and U.K. A comparison of asset and debt aggregates implied by the survey, however, with independent totals indicates that for almost all items the SCF likely under-estimated true holdings. The possible relative importance of sampling and non-sampling errors in explaining this distortion is considered, drawing on Monte Carlo evidence and American validation studies of survey response. It is concluded that sampling error is unlikely to provide the explanation for SCF discrepancies in aggregates, but that non-sampling error is capable of doing so. Finally the 1970 SCF distribution of wealth is re-estimated. First a correction is made for hypothetical differential response according to true net worth. Second an attempt is made to remove the effects of under-reporting by respondents. The “best-guess” re-estimated distribution exhibits mean net worth considerably greater than shown by the SCF but only a slightly greater degree of concentration. Under certain fundamental assumptions this result is surprisingly robust. The appropriate conclusion is not that survey estimates of the distribution of wealth are reliable, but that the strong non-sampling errors affecting the 1970 Canadian SCF wealth estimates may have been composed of almost completely offsetting sources of bias.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the imputed service price approach to the pricing of the services of consumer-owned-and-used durables in the construction of the consumer price index, using the services of owner-occupied housing as an illustration. A theoretical framework for analyzing this question is first developed. Certain practical problems are then discussed. The conceptual difficulty of constructing an appropriate rate of return on the basis of available data on interest rates and house prices, in the context of inflation, is explored. Two arguments are advanced that statistical agencies ought not to follow the imputed service price approach in pricing the services of owner-occupied dwellings and other consumer durables. On the one hand, nominal interest rates will, in any short period, reflect monetary policy and not any change in the money “rental” of owner-occupied houses. Second, movements in nominal interest rates will also reflect changes in the money price of pure consumption goods, as well as changes in the money price of houses. The argument is extended to other consumer durables and, in the limiting case, to monetary balances, and it is concluded that in all but trivial cases the application of the service price approach leads to price movements of little or no meaning.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses a variety of assumptions to produce calculations of worldwide income distributions from recent international data compilations. The variable quality of the source materials in these compilations along with the arbitrariness in the assumptions required are emphasized. A number of working hypotheses for the worldwide income distribution are offered until data and methods improve. It is suggested the top 1 percent of world population may receive 10–15 percent of world income, the top 10 percent from 45–65 percent, and the bottom 20 percent from 1–4 percent. These figures seem more unequal than those for domestic distributions even for more inegalitarian countries.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Potential gross national product (GNP) is a measure of the aggregate supply capability of an economy, or the amount of output that could be expected at full employment. Such a measure of output at constant rates of labor and capital utilization is useful as a benchmark for economic performance, calculation of the full employment surplus as an indicator of fiscal policy, and in the projection of unemployment rates. Potential GNP for the United States is estimated for the years 1948–77, and projected for 1978–80. The calculations use a variable benchmark for the full-employment unemployment rate, based on the changing age-sex composition of the labor force, and a constant benchmark for the utilization of fixed capital. A framework for separation of productivity into trend, cycle, and irregular components is developed, and then estimated for the 1948–77 period, using quarterly data. The relationships between various age- and sex-specific unemployment rates are also estimated in construction of the variable unemployment benchmark.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A review of the United Nations System of National Accounts and its implementation by countries is presently being conducted at the United Nations Statistical Office. This article presents a personal and selective account by the author of the results of that review and its consequences for the present structure of the SNA.Information is included on the level of response by countries for the tables of the SNA national accounts questionnaire. It shows that this response is at present sparce, except for the tables on GDP by end use, cost structure and kind of economic activity.On the more detailed level the feasibility of introducing integrated sector accounts into the system has been examined and different approaches compared. Country practices suggest that one way of facilitating the introduction of such accounts would be to eliminate one essential feature of the dual classification of the SNA, i.e., the distinction between quasi-corporate and other unincorporated enterprises. Other modifications of the SNA structure implied below are the introduction on a limited scale of articulation of transactions, the inclusion of additional aggregate income and balancing items, a reallocation of data between the main accounts and the supporting tables, and a better integration of the SNA matrix with the accounts and tables of the system. A reduction of the present number of independent classifications in the SNA is suggested, based on links between categories of different classifications that are assumed in country responses to the questionnaire. A suggestion is made for a uniform valuation of goods and services and income flows, to replace the present complex valuation guidelines on approximate basic and factor values and producers’ prices.
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    Notes: The estimation of true basic prices in a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) has long been recognized as necessary in order to achieve uniform valuation of inputs for meaningful manipulation of the input-output table contained in a SAM, in order to assess the real effects of changes in demand, etc. In practice, approximate basic prices only have normally been calculated in order to avoid matrix inversion among other things. It is equally the case that true basic prices are required if one wishes to assess the price-raising effects of commodity taxes. It is shown through an example that approximate basic prices, as conventionally calculated, are inadequate and potentially misleading for this as indeed they are for achieving uniformity of valuation. There are also problems with the present procedure for calculating true basic prices.An alternative method of calculating true basic prices is given, which has various advantages over the existing method, and a new approximate method is also derived which appears to represent a definite improvement on the present method. For the main purpose of the paper, however, the prices of concern are those charged by producers to which the methodology equally applies.
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    Notes: The persistence of poverty and income inequality in less developed countries (LDCs) is a source of serious concern to development economists. To understand the structure of inequality, several researchers using a variety of methodologies have measured the importance of various contributory factors to overall income variability. The available literature—which now includes studies of Brazil, Mexico, Iran, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Pakistan, and Colombia-has been reviewed elsewhere (Fields, forthcoming). This paper presents additional evidence for urban Colombia, in the process raising some important methodological issues which bear on the design of future research studies.The data set used in this paper is described in Section I. The decomposition of Colombian inequality by functional income source is presented in Section 11 for micro data. Section I11 examines the robustness of source decomposition procedures to data aggregation. Section IV presents inequality decompositions by city, and Section V by other income-determining characteristics. Conclusions appear in Section VI.
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    Notes: Using a simple simulation model, this paper assesses the impact of relative movements in asset prices on the distribution of wealth during the 1969–75 period. Because of the strong negative correlation between wealth level and the ratio of debt to wealth, this particular inflation induced a substantial drop in the overall level of wealth inequality. Moreover, comparing the portfolios of different demographic groups, we found that middle-aged households gained relatively to younger and older ones, married couples gained relatively to singles, whites gained relatively to non-whites, and home-owners gained relatively to renters. The biggest gainers from this inflation were home-owners with large mortgages and the biggest losers the large stock holders.
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    Notes: This paper focuses on a neglected aspect of the treatment of the income unit in the construction of size distributions of income. If the size distribution is to be an indicator of the distribution of economic welfare, and if the economic welfare of each individual in society is to count equally, then conventional distributions are inconsistent with individualistic welfare functions. We estimate size distributions with each person's welfare weighted equally, and contrast these results with those weighting each household unit's welfare equally. The choice of weights is shown to affect both the level and the trend in income inequality.
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    Notes: Empirical work on the division of real output and prices into tradable and nontradable components has not kept pace with theoretical developments. The conventional proxies of prices and productivity by tradable and nontradable sector are examined and found deficient in several important respects. It is demonstrated that an approach that relies on the long–standing data on gross domestic product by industry of origin can overcome some of these deficiencies. These data are used to construct new annual measures of prices and productivity for tradable and nontradable output for 12 industrial countries over the period 1950–73. While far from precise, the new measures are consistent with the following criteria for distinguishing between tradables and nontradables: the degree of foreign trade participation should be higher for tradables than for nontradables; the degree of international commodity arbitrage, as measured by cross-country correlations of price changes, should be higher for tradables than nontradables; and tradables should be closer substitutes than nontradables for traded goods from other countries (imports).Despite the considerable conceptual advantages of the new measures of prices and productivity over the conventional proxies, correlation analysis indicates that the new and old measures usually move together rather closely in our 12 subject countries. The correlations are higher across the alternative relative productivity measures than for the alternative relative price measures.
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    Notes: The analysis of the redistribution processes via taxation, transfers and collective services raises several methodological problems among which tax incidence is not the least important. Through two hypotheses of incidence of employers’ social contribution the results of the redistribution of public funds lead to four types of conclusions. Despite the fact that about one third of the French national income is involved in the processes there is no clearcut evidence of any redistribution, except for the nonactive population in so far pensions are considered as redistributed. The positive effects which certain mechanisms may have (e.g. income tax…) are to a certain extent offset, or neutralized, by the anti-redistributive effects of indirect taxation and social contributions. It appears that the results of the redistribution not only depend on the institution network, on the evolution of demographic structures and the rate of growth for the various types of income but also on lack of adaptation between the evolution of the three groups of factors. In last analysis, the reason why redistribution does not appear to have more far-reaching consequences is that social policy amalgamates mechanisms often set up in isolation, whereas any reduction in inequalities must be based on a conscious awareness of the inter-dependence of the situations which create and foster these same inequalities.
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    Notes: This paper explores the sensitivity of the size distribution of family income in Canada to alternative definitions of income. These alternative definitions examine both wealth generally in the form of an annuity equivalent, and home ownership in the form of imputed rent. An adjustment for family size differences is also made. The impact of these adjustments is assessed for average incomes, inequality, and the incidence of low income for different age groups. The adjustments do have significant effects that vary by age; in particular, the economic position of the elderly seems understated by the usual data. Also, methodological considerations, such as the direct use of micro data and the choice of inequality indicator are shown to be significant.
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    Notes: This paper analyzes the effects of inflation on the size distribution of income, making use of a microsimulation model. It goes beyond earlier analyses not only in the use of microdata but also in the types of inflation modeled. Two different income concepts are used, one the money income concept of the U.S. Census Bureau and the second, called Accrued Comprehensive Income, based on the concept of income as consumption plus the change in net worth. The results of the simulation inflations are presented graphically, as the ratio of real income with inflation to real income without, by income class. The analysis concludes that the income concept chosen is crucially important. While low income households suffer modest losses and middle income households are largely unaffected, whatever income concept is used, the effects on upper income households are extremely sensitive. With a simple money income concept, the well-to-do appear to benefit from inflation but a broader concept reverses this effect. A policy to negate the distributional effect of inflation would benefit primarily the upper income households. Similarly, macroeconomic policies designed to reduce inflation at the price of slower growth and greater unemployment would not aid lower income groups to a significant degree.
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    Notes: The period 1968–69 to 1973–74 saw a redistribution of incomes in Australia. This is evidenced first by declining differentials between dissimilar persons and secondly by changes in two measures of income inequality, the Gini and Theil coefficients.The inequality coefficients are decomposed into components which distinguish between that part of total inequality due to income differences between dissimilar persons and that part due to inequality between similar persons. It is found that the reduction in inequality was due to the reduction in differentials between dissimilar persons and that inequality between similar persons probably did not change over the period.
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    Notes: Responding to a perceived growing interest in human wealth estimates, this paper offers a framework for measuring the aggregate stock of human capital and then implements the procedure for the United States male population age 14 to 75. Unlike previous estimates of human wealth that are based upon historical or resource costs, these estimates measure the capital stock as the discounted resent-value of expected lifetime returns. In the estimation, returns are equated with earnings data from the 1970 U.S. Census 15 percent Public Use Sample for out-of-school males, adjusted for employment and survival probabilities, adjusted for an assumed exogenous growth in future earnings, and discounted at 7.5 percent.We provide cross-sectional estimates of individual stocks of human capital by age and educational attainment, as well as expected lifetime wealth profiles for individuals by level of education. These individual profiles can be used to obtain direct estimates of age-specific depreciation which suggest human capital is subject to significant and prolonged appreciation before nearly straight-line depreciation begins around middle age. This finding is all the more significant since resource-cost estimates of human capital which must assume a depreciation pattern to obtain stocks have always imposed a much faster rate much sooner.Finally, an aggregate estimate of the stock of human capital for all males is supplied and its sensitivity to the choice of the discount rate, tax laws, and expected exogenous growth is analyzed. This seemingly-conservative stock estimate is then compared to a much lower resource-cost estimate offered recently by John Kendrick. A discount rate over 20 percent would be needed to equate the two measures. In trying to reconcile the two figures, we raise some new questions about the validity of both approaches for human capital accounting.
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    Notes: This study is concerned with an effort to analyze changes in costs and prices in the Australian economy by tracing the effects of changes in wages and import prices through the stages of production, using a disaggregated input-output model with lags. The object of constructing the model was to improve, by introducing lags, the accuracy of predictions of the effect of cost changes on prices, and to show the lag structures. Data problems encountered are discussed, and the need for integration of price statistics to enhance their usefulness for analyses such as this is emphasized. Concepts and sources of data are discussed in some detail in an appendix.
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    Notes: For some considerable time the interest in price statistics has mainly been focused on their use as “intermediate goods”. The requirements of a system of price index numbers which have to be established in this connection are largely in the field of statistical coordination (integration of statistics on quantities, values and prices).Recently the inflation problem has given rise to an increased interest in price statistics as “final goods”. A meaningful analysis of inflation will devote attention to the relation between input prices and output prices. In this article several versions of an analysis of prices of final demand categories based on an ordinary Leontief input-output scheme are presented and the needs for price statistics are discussed. In fact a self-contained system of price statistics emerges from the price analysis.There is a difference in the nature of the price index numbers required in compiling input-output tables in constant prices (Paasche) and that in the case of price analysis (Laspeyres). However the need for price observation runs largely parallel because in both cases the same detailed information on price developments will probably be used.Price analysis gives the possibility of a step-by-step approach in building up a system of price index numbers.
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    Notes: Do-it-yourself activities are, by definition, those for which a choice must exist between doing it oneself or hiring someone else. This means they typically involve the own account production of services, but whereas it is customary to include most goods produced on own account in GDP services are conventionally excluded. In principle, however, it is possible to envisage a comprehensive and unique measure of the total final output of all the goods and services produced within an economy whether for sale or own use. Such a measure would be better than GDP as an indicator of long term changes in economic welfare, being independent of any shifts in the ratio of market to non-market production. Moreover, it would be a homogeneous measure with clearly defined limits in contrast to improvised indices of welfare which mix economic and non-economic variables in arbitrary and subjective ways. However, the need for a measure of market output, or something very close to it such as GDP, is still as strong as ever as soon as attention is switched from measurement of long term growth to problems associated with market disequilibria, such as unemployment and inflation.
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    Notes: Redistributional effects of income transfers, taxation and social goods in Finland have been studied making use of household surveys for 1966 and 1971 and the input-output study for 1970. According to the study the selection of income to be used as the criterion in carrying out the decile grouping substantially influences the picture that is obtained of the magnitude of redistribution. If factor income is used as the criterion in carrying out the decile grouping, the redistribution appears substantially greater than when disposable income is used as the criterion. On the other hand, whether income is calculated per capita or per household does not substantially influence the overall picture of redistribution obtained. The breakdown of factor income seems to have remained practically the same in Finland in the interval between the study years, while redistribution seems to have levelled income differences more in 1971 than in 1966.
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    Notes: This study attempts to examine the inter-occupational differences in the patterns of cash and in-kind expenditure in rural India on the basis of a special tabulation of The National Sample Survey (NSS), 18th round (February 1963-January 1964) consumer expenditure data. The occupational groups considered here are (i) cultivators, (ii) agricultural labourers, (iii) other agriculture, and (iv) non-agricultural occupations.The analysis is carried out primarily in terms of curves relating item-specific cash/kind expenditure to total cash/total kind expenditure for fifteen selected item-groups of expenditure. For each item-occupation combination, four two-parameter forms of Engel curve together with the log-log-inverse form are estimated and the comparisons across occupation groups are made separately on the basis of each of the two-parameter curve forms which were found to give the best fit for at least one occupation group as well as the log-log-inverse form, using analysis of covariance technique.The results indicate that so far as the cash components of item expenditures are concerned, the pattern of expenditure is considerably influenced by occupational factors. It is observed that cultivators have a cash expenditure pattern different from those of agrictural labourers and of households with non-agricultural activities. The comparison of the kind expenditure patterns does not, however, reflect any clear picture primarily because in most cases the itemwise kind expenditure functions could not be estimated satisfactorily. This analysis also suggests that the specification of itemwise cash and kind expenditure functions employed here may not be the most satisfactory ones in an economy with a high degree of non-monetization and therefore alternative specifications need be examined.
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    Notes: The media selection decision allocates advertising dollars among competing media so as to optimize promotional and corporate objectives. Linear programming attempts to model this process have been complicated by multiple and often conflicting management goals, the need for integer solutions, and nonlinearities. This study offers a technique that is sufficiently robust to simultaneously handle these problems. An alternative media selection framework is presented and the results of an illustrative application of integer goal programming are discussed. The proposed model improves on linear programming by success fully providing for optimal, integer solutions in settings that more realistically reflect the complexity of the media decision environment.
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    Notes: This paper presents an application of fuzzy subsets to the problem of selecting sites for locating gas stations. Cost minimization and profit maximization models represent typical approaches to location decisions. These approaches are not well-suited to problems like site selection for gas stations because of the difficulty in identifying precise relationships, the uncertainties involved, and the qualitative and imprecise nature of much of the information used for decision making. This paper proposes the use of a model based on linguistic variables and a direct evaluation of the available alternatives via the use of fuzzy variables. Conclusions regarding the practical advantages and limitations of the approach are drawn based on the reported application.
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    Notes: An evolutionary model of the development of the process segment of a firm is reviewed and the degree to which this model is appropriate for description of the innovation process in transportation firms is evaluated. In a sample of thirty-four transportation innovations it was found that: (1) transportation firms in stage I of the evolution of the productive segment are more likely to adopt service innovations, while firms in stage III are more likely to adopt innovations designed to improve the process (p 〈 .05); (2) no statistically significant results were found to support the hypothesis that stage I transportation firms originate more innovations than stage III firms, although the results were in the predicted direction (.10 〈 p 〈 .15); (3) stage I transportation firms are more likely to adopt or consider for adoption lower-cost innovations than stage III firms (p 〈 .05), which is contrary to the hypothesized direction of this relationship. It was also found that transportation firms tend to originate new service innovations but adopt new process innovations (p 〈 .05), regardless of stage of development. It was concluded that it would be premature to eliminate the model as a candidate for further empirical testing. Problems and possible revision of the model are discussed.
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    Notes: A GPSS/360 model was developed to investigate the behavior of a university's motor pool dispatch fleet. Time-series data were collected and frequency distributions were constructed for vehicle request patterns and trip-duration times. Regression analysis was performed to formulate trip mileage generators as functions of service time. Appropriate statistical goodness-of-fit tests were conducted to ascertain the extent of congruence between actual system behavior and expectations based on a number of theoretical distributions. Analysis of simulated response variables indicates that the model's internal structure reproduces reality to a high degree. Fifteen years of simulated experience were generated for six alternative fleet size configurations; results suggest that reductions in existing fleet capacity could be realized without effecting undue impairment in service levels.
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    Notes: An experiment is carried out, and the question is whether the experimental effect is additive or multiplicative. This paper suggests a decision-theoretic approach to this problem of model choice when the underlying population distribution is normal.
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    Notes: This paper examines some of the implications of introducing penalties for output not equalling demand by employing a general stochastic model for a firm facing an uncertain demand with a known probability density function. Several alternative objectives of the firm are considered: (1) maximization of expected profits; (2) maximization of the probability of achieving a particular target level of profits; and (3) maximization of target profits, given a target level of the probability of their being achieved. It is shown that the resulting probability density function of profits is not well defined. The shape and location of the function depend on the relative magnitudes of the model parameters and the output decision. Several important implications of this result for cost-volume-profit analysis are discussed.
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    Notes: A standard assumption of disaggregate mode-choice models is that an individual faced with a choice among several available alternative transportation modes compares their utilities. These utilities are almost always expressed as a linear composite measure of various perceived benefits which are assumed constant. However, the individual's perceptions change as he learns, acquires new habits, or adapts to different physical, economic, and social circumstances. In order to account for these changes, two dynamic models of model-choice behavior are developed herein. These two models are based on two common postulates. (1) One alternative is preferred over another only if the absolute difference in their utilities exceeds a positive constant; otherwise, the decision maker is indifferent toward the two alternatives. (2) If an alternative is preferred, it will be chosen with certainty.In the indifference state, the individual is postulated to randomly choose one of the two alternatives (Model 1) or choose the same alternative as was most recently chosen (Model 2). Choice probabilities derived from these two models are shown to differ from those obtained using the conventional logit model. If there is a strong loyalty toward a mode, the logit model underestimates its choice probability when that mode is less attractive than the competing mode. The results are illustrated using numerical examples.
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    Notes: The central issue of this research is the extent to which computer facilities can be used to support organizational decision-making processes beyond mere performance of information retrieval. This depends upon the extent to which computers can be made to emulate human perceptual and judgmental processes. We present a framework for understanding these cognitive processes and examine how it applies to organizational decisions. Moreover, the framework furnishes a basis for the design of a generalized, intelligent problem processor. This processor is general in the sense of its ability to support a decision maker's activities, regardless of the decision maker's application area (e.g., urban planning, water-quality planning, etc.). It is intelligent in the sense of its ability to comprehend English-like queries and subsequently formulate models, interface appropriate data with those models, and execute the models to produce some facts or expectations about the problem under consideration.
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    Notes: An important and distinct feature of a class of decision processes discussed in this paper is the possibility of gathering additional information between decisions and using it to improve future decisions. The analysis of these so-called sequential decision processes is both complicated and far-reaching in its implications. The purpose of this paper is to describe this class of decision processes to make its potential both more readily understood and better appreciated.
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  • 190
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 191
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the context of deterministic multicriteria maximization, a Pareto optimal, nondominated, or efficient solution is a feasible solution for which an increase in value of any one criterion can only be achieved at the expense of a decrease in value of at least one other criterion. Without restrictions of convexity or continuity, it is shown that a solution is efficient if and only if it solves an optimization problem that bounds the various criteria values from below and maximizes a strictly increasing function of these several criteria values. Also included are discussions of previous work concerned with generating or characterizing the set of efficient solutions, and of the interactive approach for resolving multicriteria optimization problems. The final section argues that the paper's main result should not actually be used to generate the set of efficient solutions, relates this result to Simon's theory of satisficing, and then indicates why and how it can be used as the basis for interactive procedures with desirable characteristics.
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  • 192
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A theoretical connection was proposed between certain social personality variables, namely locus of control (Internal or External) and trust (High and Low) and the formal decision-making model of Subjective Expected Utility (SEU). Rather than adopting the traditional definition of these variables as “generalized expectancies” for behavior of self and others, locus of control and trust were reconceptualized as intrapersonal tendencies to favor, prefer, or otherwise bias the subjective probabilities entering into a decision computation.S's high in external control orientation did not differ from internals overall, but external males were more risk averse under certain choice conditions (female-sex-role appropriate dilemma, probability-estimate form). Low-trust S's were also more risk averse than high-trust S's, overall. Low-trust males generated maximally risk-averse choice solutions under the choice condition of feminine role problem appropriateness and probability estimation. In general, female S's made choices that were more consistent with SEU-predicted solutions than males.
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  • 193
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the problem of selecting matched pairs of observations for the reduction of bias in statistical hypothesis testing. A Euclidean distance function is suggested for measuring the similarity between paired observations. The matching process is then formulated initially as an assignment problem. Alternative formulations of the problem that would reduce computational difficulty are considered.
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  • 194
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes the use of moderated regression in job redesign decisions. The procedures outlined are intended to augment the job redesign strategy described by Hackman and his colleagues. Different regression models based on a theory of job design are shown to lead to different job redesign decisions. Comparisons are also made between the moderated regression procedures and the more commonly used subgroups analysis.
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  • 195
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper develops an approach for determining staff size when Nj personnel are needed on weekday j, j= 1, 2,…,7. The method explicitly incorporates the fact that staff size will vary with both regular rest policy and fringe-benefit days. The typical hospital case where N employees are needed weekdays and n on weekends is developed in detail.
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  • 196
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is currently being applied and used extensively in industry and is being proclaimed as the solution to many of the problems of traditional production-inventory control problems. While the latter may be true, MRP is not without its own problems, two of which are the decisions concerning the appropriate lotsizing and sequencing rules to use in order to improve system performance. This paper describes a computer simulation study which was conducted to determine the effects of using various sequencing and lot-sizing rules on various performance criteria in a multistage, multiproduct, production-inventory system using MRP.The results of the study indicate that the application of various rules causes changes in system performance and that an interaction effect exists between lot-sizing and sequencing rules. What is more important is that a set of guidelines is developed to enable the practitioner to choose a lot-sizing rule and a sequencing rule that will tend to improve the performance of his system for the various performance criteria.
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  • 197
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 198
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 199
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A cognitive goal choice model incorporating goal and expectancy constructs is presented to describe and better understand the occupation-position choice decision process. The sample consists of 136 public accountants employed by two large CPA firms. The model is tested using within-subject analysis and a split-sample validation procedure. The findings suggest that the model is useful in explaining and predicting professional accountants' goal choice behavior.
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  • 200
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Decision sciences 10 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1540-5915
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Three conceptual and methodological issues of the preceding paper by Bonoma and Johnston are identified and discussed. A theoretical integration of interpersonal trust and locus of control is made, and some necessary conditions for an interpersonal trust-relevant decision-making situation are pointed out. Implications for the design of future research into trust-relevant decision making are drawn.
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