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  • Chemistry  (6,722)
  • 1980-1984  (6,722)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (6,722)
  • 101
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 712-716 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation was carried out to measure local and average heat transfer coefficients for horizontal tubes located in freeboard region of air fluidized beds. Tests were carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in a rectangular fluidized bed, with mean particle diameters of 275 to 850 μm.Both local and average heat transfer coefficients were found to vary with particle diameter, flow rate, static bed depth, and elevation in the freeboard region.
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  • 102
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 717-725 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model, which utilizes a Monte Carlo simulation, of the sintering and the redispersion of supported metal catalysts is presented and compared with experimental data from a Pt/Al2O3 system. The model is based on an atomic migration mechanism, but includes instantaneous diffusion and coalescence of crystallites of size 〈1 nm in reducing and inert atmospheres. It was found that behavior in reducing, oxidizing and inert atmospheres could be predicted.
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  • 103
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 742-748 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The general problem of heat and power integration in process networks is complex and to date not fully understood. The subject covers site combined heat and power, on-plant power generation, heat pumps, and refrigeration systems. This paper is the first of a two-part series and explains the concept of “appropriate” heat engine and heat pump placement in process networks based on a fundamental new insight. “Appropriate” placement takes advantage of integration opportunities with the remainder of the process and yields marginal efficiencies far greater than could be achieved through stand-alone heat engines. Conversely, “inappropriate” placement can never offer an advantage over stand-alone systems. Part II describes procedures for preliminary design, involving heat engine, and heat pump equipment selection and performance assessment.
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  • 104
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 732-737 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and rates of thermal decomposition were measured for sodium dodecyl-benzene sulfonate (DBS) adsorbed on powdered activation carbon. The rate data were obtained in a thermal gravimetric apparatus operated both at constant temperature (522 to 666 K) and with a constant rate of temperature increase from 298 to 1023 K.About 50% of the adsorbed material could be removed at temperatures up to 748 K and only a small amount of the remaining 50% could be eliminated by further heating to 1,023 K. The residual adsorbate at 1,023 K was considerably greater than could be accounted for by inorganic materials such as Na2SO4.The kinetics of the decomposition up to 748 K could be explained by a two-reaction sequence, either parallel or consecutive reactions. Rates of decomposition were slower than found in earlier studies (Chihara et al., 1981) with adsorbed sucrose, and the kinetic steps were different. With sucrose, considerable decomposition occurred between 298 and 428 K. While with DBS, no decomposition was observed in this temperature range. Above 400 K, it was possible to explain the kinetics of decomposition in the case of sucrose by a single step forming residual carbon and volatile products, while with DBS, a two-reaction sequence was required.
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  • 105
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 677-685 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficients in three-phase fluidized beds with glass beads and clyindrical γ-alumina particles were determined experimentally. In the present study, the relative increase in heat transfer coefficient was found equal to the relative decrease in liquid holdup in three-phase fluidized beds. Modified Stanton number has been correlated with modified Reynolds number.
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  • 106
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 689-691 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 107
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The computer implementation and experimental verification of the practical model for high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) based on particle buildup and feed characteristic, developed in Part II, are described. It is shown that the new model can be used to satisfactorily predict the grade, recovery and concentration breakthrough observed in pilot-scale experimental studies of HGMS for the removal of sulfur and ash from water slurries of several pulverized Eastern coals. The experimentally verified model can be used to quantitatively identify the tradeoff of separation variables so as to optimize the magnetic removal of sulfur and ash from pulverized coal. The model can also be used to assess the technical and economical feasibility of the magnetic beneficiation of pulverized coal without extensive experimental tests.
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  • 108
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 795-800 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Modified Isotherm Migration Method (MIMM) is developed for solving one-dimensional Stefan-type problems of multifront propagation in slabs, cylinders and spheres with a boundary condition of the third kind (radiation-type boundary condition). The method is illustrated for all three geometries with applications to the thawing of ice and to the freezing of a 50-50 dispersion of tetradecane in water, a system in which two freezing fronts propagate simultaneously.
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  • 109
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 789-795 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Quick estimation of the parameters in a process model can play a significant role in kinetic studies. This work is aimed at developing a quick estimation strategy by means of process discretization and evaluating errors engendered by the strategy. A systematic error evaluation method and guidelines to select the best discretization relation used in the strategy are described.
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  • 110
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 820-829 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The model described in Part I is applied to study an atmospheric fluidized-bed coal combustor. Extensive case studies are investigated on the effects of: enhanced grid region heat and mass transfer; bed void fraction; emulsion phase temperature; elutriation rates; reaction rate parameters; feed particle-size distribution; and particle superheat. Comparison is made with experimental results reported by Babcock and Wilcox. Proper representation of the grid region and use of actual feed distributions are shown to be essential to predicting combustor performance. Better particle elutriation and single-particle combustion submodels are found to be key requirements for improved combustor modeling.
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  • 111
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 867-869 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental results are reported for the partial pressure of ammonia in water solutions containing low concentrations of phenol. Experiments were performed in 0.6 molal phenol at 100 and 150°C. Results at 150°C indicate that the very small effect of phenol on the partial pressure of ammonia is within the limit of experimental error, 3%, and therefore could not be established from the data. However, at 100°C, the partial pressure of ammonia was decreased by nearly 10%. Computer program TIDES - a computerized thermodynamic framework for calculating vapor-liquid equilibria for volatile weak electrolytes and other common gases - has been revised to account for the effect of low concentrations of phenol.
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  • 113
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 114
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 889-895 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the factors which reduces combustion efficiency in a fluidized-bed combustor is the elutriation of fine coal particles from the freeboard above the bed surface. To our knowledge, data about the real local flow behavior of the two-phase flow in the freeboard are lacking in the literature. This paper concerns the measurement of the gas and the elutriated particle velocities in the freeboard of a cold fluidized bed using Laser Doppler Anemometry. A special electronic system has been devised to record simultaneously the gas and particle velocities and to indicate the size of the particles. In this paper the apparatus and some preliminary measurements are reported. The most significant observation is that the gas velocity profiles exhibit minima near the bed center and maxima near the walls.
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  • 115
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 910-914 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hollow-fiber device has been used to investigate the effect of ultrafiltration swing on the performance of membrane-enzyme reactor. Experiments with β-galactosidase and ONPG have shown that bidirectional ultrafiltration induced by pulsatile flow gives rise to an increase in conversion relative to that obtained at steady operation without ultrafiltration swing. This increase apparently comes from the enhanced mass transfer due to ultrafiltration.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple heuristic method for the systematic synthesis of initial sequences for multicomponent separations is proposed and applied to a number of synthesis problems which have been solved previously using other methods. Based on reported costs, it is shown that the initial sequences synthesized for the test problems by the new heuristic method are cheaper than those obtained by other ordered heuristic methods. These initial sequences are also either identical to or at most a few percents higher in costs than those optimum sequences obtained by other algorithmic, heuristic-algorithmic and heuristic-evolutionary methods. The new method is straightforward to apply by hand and it does not require any mathematical background and computational skill from the user.
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  • 117
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 876-878 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 118
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 813-820 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The changes to the solid phase which occur within fluidized-bed gas-solid reactors may have a significant impact on the performance of this class of reactors, particularly in coal conversion applications. In this paper a particle balance model is developed which accommodates particle distributions dependent on both size and density as well as populations consisting of multiple solids. The fast double collocation method used for solving the associated PDE permits this calculation to be performed within the framework of a Davidson-Harrison bubbling-bed model. A modification of the iteration procedure for the emulsion-phase state variables of the D-H model is reported which allows the composite reactor model to be executed reliably and efficiently. A general purpose program has been implemented, whose application is presented in a companion paper.
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  • 119
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 840-846 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An equation for the volume average fluid velocity in a boundary layer region between a fluid and a porous medium is derived. The result is valid for a general anisotropic porous medium subject to the restrictions imposed by the assumptions made in the analysis. The basic equations of motion for an incompressible Newtonian fluid with negligible inertia are used and a linear map Mij from the volume average velocity 〈v〉 into the point velocity v is assumed to exist. Using scaling arguments, an equation for 〈v〉 is found which reduces to the Darcy equation for a point entirely within the porous medium below the boundary region and to the usual Navier-Stokes equation for a point entirely within the fluid above the boundary region. The form of the equation contains two of the terms that were originally hypothesized and tested experimentally by Beavers and Joseph (1967). In particular, the following equation is obtained: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \left\langle {v_i } \right\rangle = - \frac{{K_{ij} }}{\mu }\frac{\partial }{{\partial x_j }}\left\langle P \right\rangle + K_{ij} L_{jmk} \frac{\partial }{{\partial x_k }}\left\langle {v_m } \right\rangle + K_{ij} N_{jm} \nabla ^2 \left\langle {v_m } \right\rangle $$\end{document} where the tensors Kij, Ljmk and Njm are mathematically defined in terms of the map Mij.
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  • 120
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 858-864 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An alternate development of the quasilinearization method for parameter estimation is presented to enable a more efficient implementation of the algorithm. Similarity of this algorithm to Gauss-Newton method is shown and attention is given to systems having a nonlinear relationship between the observed and state variables. To overcome the problem of a small region of convergence, the use of direct search optimization is proposed for the first few iterations, followed by the simplified quasilinearization algorithm.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 122
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 875-875 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 123
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 881-888 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow rate measurements in a steady-state process are reconciled by weighted least squares so that the conservation laws are obeyed. A projection matrix is constructed which can be used to decompose the linear problem into the solution of two subproblems, by first removing each balance around process units with an unmeasured component flow rate. The remaining measured flow rates are reconciled, and the unmeasured flow rates can then be obtained from the solution of the conservation equations. The basic case contains constraints which are linear in the component and the total flow rates. The method is extended to cases with bilinear constraints, involving unknown parameters such as split fractions.Chi-square and normal statistics are used to test for overall gross measurement errors, for gross error in each node imbalance which is fully measured, and for each measurement adjustment.
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  • 124
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 903-909 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A unified approach is proposed for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients in turbulent falling films undergoing heating, evaporation or condensation for both of the cases with or without interfacial shear. A modified van Driest eddy viscosity model, which incorporated a damping factor f and takes into account the effect of variable shear stress, is used to predict the hydrodynamics of turbulent falling films. The calculated film thicknesses are in good agreement with the Nusselt-Brauer correlations for the non-sheared film and the Dukler prediction for highly sheared film. Also, by including a van Driest type turbulent Prandtl number model, the asymptotic heat transfer coefficients are accurately predicted and show better agreement with the extensive literature data and correlations than do most of the existing turbulence models proposed to date.
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  • 125
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 915-922 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The applicability of axial dispersion model (ADM) for the measurement of the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient (kLa) in bubble columns is discussed. It is shown that the misinterpretation of the concentration jump near the column inlet can lead to wrong conclusions regarding the mass transfer rates. It is further illustrated that some reported kLa dependencies on the superficial liquid velocity and the axial distance are resulted from the use of an incorrect model and can be rectified by an application of ADM. Finally, it is shown that ADM can be effectively used to calculate kLa a for: (a) highly viscous liquids, (b) in the presence of chemical reaction, (c) slurry reactors, and (d) the columns with different liquid inlet locations.
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  • 126
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 940-947 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kynch's theories of sedimentation are reinterpreted, modified, and extended to be valid for batch sedimentation in which a zone of compacting sediment forms at the bottom of the column. The development has several steps: First, it is shown that a concentration discontinuity, any part of whose chord plots above the curve on a Kynch plot of settling flux vs. particle concentration, will be unstable and immediately give rise to a different concentration distribution. From this it is deduced that Kynch characteristics, or loci of constant concentration, must propagate either from the origin of a height vs. time plot, or tangentially from the locus of the compression or suspension-sediment discontinuity. A Kynch-like construction is derived to relate the settling rate at the top of the suspension (measured by its subsidence rate) to the concentration arriving at the surface at that time. It makes use of two tangents, one to the settling curve (as in Kynch), and another to the locus of the compression discontinuity. Finally a construction, analagous to that of Talmage and Fitch, is deduced for determining required thickener area.
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  • 127
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 961-966 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Benzene and toluene are virtually impossible to separate from close boiling nonaromatic hydrocarbons by rectification. Benzene and toluene can be readily separated from similar boiling nonaromatics by using extractive distillation in which the extractive distillation agent is a proper mixture of organic compounds boiling higher than benzene or toluene. A typical extractive distillation agent for benzene is a mixture of phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and adiponitrile; for toluene, phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and glycerol triacetate.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rise velocities of bubbles, slugs and pressure waves in a fluidized bed have been measured on-line through the use of pressure transducers coupled with the cross-correlation technique. Sand and glass beads with different particle sizes were tested. Effects of the gas flow rate and column diameter on the rise velocities of bubbles and slugs were investigated. The results were correlated with two models developed in this work and were compared with the data obtained by other investigators.
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  • 129
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 60-65 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption of dilute SO2 into aqueous double slurries containing CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 was carried out using a stirred tank with a plane gas-liquid interface. The absorption rate increased and finally reached that under the completely gas-film controlled conditions as the absorption process proceeded. The desulfurization process using the double slurry was formulated by a two-reaction-plane model in which there are no particles suspended in-between the interface and the primary reaction plane. It was suggested from comparison of the experimental absorption rates with the theoretical predictions that 40 to 60% of the absorbed sulfur dioxide may be present as an effective magnesium sulfite ion pair.
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  • 130
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A principal mechanism for rapid mixing and fragmentation in vapor explosions, such as have occurred in the LNG, aluminum, steel and paper industries, is thought to be nonlinear Taylor instability. An analysis, based on a generalized coordinate method developed by Dienes for a fluid with an arbitrary constitutive law, is here extended to a two-fluid model, with or without mass transfer between the fluids. Numerical results indicate that in a steam-water system entrainment starts in times of order 10-4s at 100 G acceleration normal to the interface. For gas-liquid systems the presence of the second fluid changes the instability growth only slightly. Condensation of steam, even when limited only by the kinetic theory interfacial resistance, also has minor effects on the growth rate. However, condensation on the entrained drops will have a major effect on the acceleration.
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  • 131
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 132
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 133
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on the drag force of two spheres in contact and the probability density of size ratios of particles which constitute an aggregate particle, the population balance equation describing the change of the particle-size distribution due to the disruption of aggregate particles is derived and the numerical solutions of this equation are obtained.Experiments were carried out with fly ash particles dispersed in air stream through an orifice at various flow rates. The measured size distributions can be represented by the numerical solutions of the population balance equation.
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  • 134
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The basic characteristics of a transferred arc argon plasma were determined using a cathode assembly suitable for transferring the electric arc to a molten metal bath or to a cooled anode. They indicated that the sustained voltage depended strongly on the arc length and much less on current. The inlet gas velocity past the cathode tip was determined to be an important operating parameter, rather than the volumetric gas flowrate.The measurement of the axial and radial profiles of temperature was effected with ±8% accuracy by a novel diagnostic technique. Temperatures up to 18,500 K were observed on the axis of the plasma column, near the cathode tip, and decayed in both radial and axial directions. A sweeping microprobe was used to measure the axial and radial profiles of velocity. Velocities up to 190 m/s were recorded. The presence of a relatively colder flow surrounding the plasma column was detected. Mass and energy balances performed by taking this flow into account agreed with the measured input rates.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983) 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 343-347 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 349-350 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 350-351 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 369-372 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cubic-perturbed, hard-sphere equation of state proposed in 1980 by Ishikawa, Chung and Lu, has been analyzed by PVT criteria, as contrasted to the single component and multicomponent vapor-liquid equilibria to which it was applied. The analysis compares its representation of the PVT behavior of substances with that of a simpler equation.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 388-395 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is proposed to study the reaction between a porous solid and a reactant gas resulting in solid and gaseous products. The model describes the reacting solid as a sphere made up of a distribution of randomly oriented open pores. The evolution of the pore-size distribution is followed by use of a population balance, using a combination of the independent variables of time and location first presented by Dudukovic (1976). The macroscopic properties of the solid are obtained by integrating over the pore size distribution. The results of the population balance are used with a mass balance on the reacting gas to obtain rate and conversion data.The results of the model are compared to experimental data obtained for the sulfation of limestone (Ulerich et al., 1977). Both rate vs. conversion as well as conversion vs. time plots are presented, which serve as a more strenuous test of the model than either type of plot alone.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 411-416 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved bubble velocity equation is developed for gas-solid fluidized beds. Model parameters are evaluated from reported experimental results of bubble flow. Finally, this improved equation is compared to the commonly applied velocity relationship of Davidson and Harrison (1963).
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 443-451 
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    Notes: Cooling a tube-wall reactor using an annular heat pipe (AHP) is more temperature-stable, more flexible and more productive than cooling by conventional means. Tube-wall reactors cooled by an annular heat pipe arrangement exhibit flatter temperature profiles and uniform redistribution of the imposed heat load. The combination of tube-wall reactor and annular heat pipe is subject to the usual capacity limitations of the heat pipe: sonic flow, boiling heat transfer, liquid entrainment, and capillary flow of the working fluid.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 460-466 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous flow model is developed which describes flow through a vessel in which the fluid undergoes axial dispersed plug flow and some of the flid is held back in a deadwater zone. The first three moments of the concentration-time curve are related to the three parameters of the model, and an equation is presented to predict the outlet concentration from the vessel as a function of time for an impulse input. The model is used to analyze experimental gas-phase residence-time distribution (RTD) data collected from a small rotary calciner operated at room temperature. These data are well represented by the model.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 483-492 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Washburn's equation has been generalized to explain the relative effects of the interfacial viscosities, interfacial tension, and wetting during displacement in a single, cylindrical capillary. The effect of the interfacial viscosities is to increase the resistance to displacement regardless of the wetting condition. The predictions of a prior qualitative theory for the relative effects of the interfacial viscosities and of interfacial tension during tertiary oil recovery are fully supported by this analysis. This discussion further indicates that the interfacial dilatational viscosity may be relatively more important than the interfacial shear viscosity.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 498-505 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theory is developed for the rate of particulate deposition from turbulent gas streams onto surfaces. Three characteristic times - the particle relaxation time, the turbulent fluctuation time, and the particle residence time - control the deposition mode. Two phenomena are primarily responsible for transport of the particles across the laminar sublayer and deposition: (1) the momentum imparted to the particle by the fluid turbulence; and (2) the thermospheresis caused by the temperature gradient near the wall. Interaction of the three characteristic times with these two phenomena is analyzed, and the particle deposition rate in turbulent pipe flow is computed. The findings are found to be in close agreement with available experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 353-360 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pressure drop for a gas-solids suspension flowing concurrently downward in a 13-mm inside-diameter tube was investigated using 329-micron spherical glass beads in air. The gas Reynolds number varied from 0 to 30,000 with solids-loading ratios of up to 20 at a gas Reynolds number of 10,000. The frictional pressure drop for downflow was found to be a weaker function of the solids-loading ratio than the upflow case using data reported in the literature. Empirical correlation of the two-phase friction factor, in terms of the gas Reynolds number and a dimensionless parameter, CDEPD/[(1 - Ep)dp], showed that at high solids loadings, particles tend to stabilize the suspension flow. The dimensionless parameter seems to be applicable to a universal pressure drop correlation for solids-fluid systems, but requires further investigation.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 373-382 
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    Notes: A lamellar mixing approach has been applied to the modelling of an imperfectly mixed, fast, crosslinking, exothermic polymerization. The model involves the solution of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations representing mass and energy transfer in locally structured lamellar domains with diffusion and reaction occurring between initially segregated lamellae.Several seemingly unusual features of experimental results can be explained qualitatively in terms of this simplified model. The phenomena investigated include: effect of variations in mixing, catalyst concentration (intrinsic reaction rate), and initial temperature for equal mixing conditions.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 529-533 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computer simulation model for suspension flows in plate-and-frame type membrane modules has been developed. Reduced forms of the mass transport and momentum equation were solved simultaneously to study concentration polarization and permeation flux decline. The verified simulator can be used to analyze and predict the process dynamics and can aid in the design of ultrafiltration systems.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 538-544 
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    Notes: A new flexible method has been developed for modelling multistage multicomponent separation processes. The method is based on the simultaneous modular approach and can be referred to as a quasilinear two-level modelling. The network is solved within each iteration as a linear one, and after each network solution the split streams are updated modularly using nonlinear submodels. The method is suited for modelling the most important separation processes with arbitrary structure and permits to use different models for the subunits or processing units. Illustrative examples and computational results are presented showing the efficiency, flexibility and capability of the method.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 572-579 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solasodine from Solanum plants is a potential raw material for steroid drug manufacture. Acid hydrolysis of the naturally occuring glycosides of solasodine is a major step in production of the aglycone. As part of a detailed study of the hydrolysis of solasodine glycosides, the hydrolysis procedure has been mathematically modelled. Two models are presented and have been used to obtain kinetic data for the reactions at a number of different reaction conditions. The subsequent conversion of solasodine to solasodiene is considered in Part II of this paper; the combined reactions and guidelines for commercial hydrolysis are presented in Part III.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 588-596 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Batch/semicontinuous chemical plants are usually designed either by assuming infinite intermediate storage or by assuming that the units themselves act as storage vessels, while the storage vessels are sized by rules of thumb or experience. In this paper, the case of an intermediate storage vessel which links one upstream batch/semicontinuous unit to one downstream batch/semicontinuous unit is analyzed. The units are assumed to operate with fixed cycle times and capacities. Expressions for determining the minimum storage tank capacity necessary to decouple the two units are derived from a mathematical model of the periodic process. Effects of the relative starting times of the two units on the required storage capacity are determined, thus suggesting the optimum process timings to minimize the same. Application of the results is illustrated by an example.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 361-369 
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    Notes: Gas holdup and axial dispersion coefficient data for dilute aqueous alcohol solutions and two different diameter columns at larger gas and liquid velocities compared to those of Schügerl et al. (1977) are presented. Data for cocurrent and batch systems are qualitatively explained using Zuber and Findlay's theory (1965) and bubble structure, and quantified further using a dynamic gas disengagement technique. Unified empirical correlations for the gas holdup and axial dispersion coefficients are presented.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 383-388 
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    Notes: The bubble eruption process was studied in two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) beds using a high-speed video system for flow visualization. The results show the existence of four different ejection mechanisms; one occurring with singlebubble eruptions in both 2D and 3D beds, two others occurring in 2D and 3D beds with two bubbles coalescing at the bed-free surface, and the fourth occurring only in 3D beds with bubbles coalescing at the bed surface.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 402-410 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The process of pore formation during the casting of reverse osmosis membranes is analyzed. The process consists of two steps. The first step is the evaporation step, where the cast polymer solution is allowed to dry for 1 ∼ 100 s. The second step is the gel formation step, where the cast is soaked in water leaving behind the membrane in form of a gel. The evaporation step gives rise to a thin (∼0.1 μm) skin of high density and very small pores which is chiefly responsible for desalination. The gel forms the backing (∼100 to 250 μm) and contains large pores.It is shown that low evaporation rates accompanied by shrinkage during evaporation gives rise to an instability leading to the formation of the skin region. The evaporation effect is fast, is confined to the skin region, and gives rise to very small pores. The gel formation is shown to be a very slow process which cannot interfere with the skin formation due to the vast differences in their rates of formation. It also gives rise to larger pores. All key features of the above experimental observations are explained.The kinetics of the process depend on the diffusion coefficients D and Dp of the solvent and the polymer. However, the main factor is the solution chemistry of the polymer-solvent system which controls both the effectiveness of the skin and the gel formed. For the first time, the relevant thermodynamic parameters which determine the extent and sizes of pore formation have been obtained.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 425-433 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous mathematical formulation is presented for the problem of optimal design under uncertainty. This formulation involves a nonlinear infinite programming problem in which an optimization is performed on the set of design and control variables, such that the inequality constraints of the chemical plant are satisfied for every parameter value that belongs to a specified polyhedral region. To circumvent the problem of infinite dimensionality in the constraints, an equivalence for the feasibility condition is established which leads to a max-min-max constraint. It is shown that if the inequalities are convex, only the vertices in the polyhedron need to be considered to satisfy this constraint. Based on this feature, an algorithm is proposed which uses only a small subset of the vertices in an iterative multiperiod design formulation. Examples are presented to illustrate the application to flexible design problems.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 451-459 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The combustion of a bed of particles impregnated with carbon is considered. An analysis is developed for the combustion wave after it has progressed some distance into the bed. It is shown that the calculations are considerably simplified by choosing a coordinate system that moves with the combustion wave and by neglecting dispersion of heat or mass.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 701-701 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 552-560 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general method is developed for a systematic determination of criteria predicting steady-state multiplicity in lumped-parameter systems in which many irreversible reactions occur simultaneously. The method enables use of criteria derived for simple reaction networks to predict the behavior of more complex networks. The available multiplicity criteria for the single- and two-reaction networks can always be used to write down sufficient multiplicity criteria for any multireaction system. Several examples illustrate the power of the proposed technique.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 580-583 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The undesirable conversion of solasodine product to solasodiene which occurs during the acid hydrolysis of solasodine glycosides has been mathematically modelled. The model incorporates acid loss which results from reaction of acid with alcohol solvents. The model has been used to obtain kinetic data for the reaction at a number of different reaction conditions.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 597-603 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory study was conducted to determine the factors influencing the dispersion of oil with a turbine mixer. Drop-size distributions as a function of time were related to the impeller diameter, power expended in relation to the liquid volume, and the final emulsion temperature.It was surprising that higher temperatures produced smaller mean drop diameters but at the expense of a wider distribution. An optimal batch size for the emulsion was found to exist in processing. Below this size, tank surface and internal turbulence waste much of the energy; above this size, the energy per unit volume became a critical factor.Other trials were made to determine the effect of the turbulence of the tank surface, tank geometry, number of impeller blades, and turbine configuration. These all significantly affect drop size and should be considered in the design and selection of dispersing equipment.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 617-624 
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    Notes: Porous solids have been simulated in the computer as assemblages of spheres. When such assemblages contain spheres distributed in size and randomly arranged in space, the structure of the resulting solid resembles that of a real porous solid. Monte Carlo calculations of gas molecule trajectories through the assemblages were carried out for both the Knudsen and ordinary diffusion régimes. Tortuosities calculated from the simulated diffusion “data” fell in the range obtained experimentally by other investigators. Correlations were obtained that enable the prediction of diffusion rates from measurement of the porosity, mean pore size, and standard deviation of the pore size.
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    Notes: Kinetic models for glycoside hydrolysis and solasodiene formation are combined, and using previous experimental data the effect of changes in reaction conditions on hydrolysis times and the proportion of solasodiene in the final hydrolysed product are established. These are used to give a set of guidelines for commercial hydrolysis. The use of the models for new commercial situations is explained.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 611-617 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The drag reduction phenomenon in a rectangular open channel flow was examined by measuring the longitudinal velocity by means of a laser Doppler anemometer. Statistical analysis of the fluctuating velocity showed that the most significant effect of the polymer additive (polyethylene oxide) on the large-scale turbulent motion appeared in the turbulent core of an open channel flow. The scale of bursting phenomenon was enlarged by the polymer additive, and the typical ejection process was detected as the remarkable negative fluctuating velocity throughout the buffer and turbulent core regions except near the free surface.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 604-610 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of kerogen in a Colorado shale was studied in a TGA-type apparatus in which the temperature was first increased at a constant rate and then held constant at a plateau value. Data were obtaiend at plateau temperatures from about 573 to 703 K and at 101.3 kPa.The objective of the research was to determine the influence of transport effects on the observed rate of decomposition. The results show that, for the shale studied, transport of heat and mass influenced the rate, if the particle size was greater than about 0.4 × 10-3 m and if more than two to three layers of particles were placed in the weighing basket.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 701-701 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 703-703 
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 725-731 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: The effect of the ratio of solute molecular diameter to the substrate pore diameter on the diffusion of polyaromatic compounds in four different pore sizes of amorphous gamma-aluminas was studied at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. Diffusion rates of the polyaromatic compounds in the aluminas decreased as the ratio of solute molecular diameter to pore diameter increased. Empirical correlations between the apparent reduction in solute effective diffusivity and the ratio of molecular diameter to pore diameter were obtained.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 806-812 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction kinetics and physical transport processes governing the thermal dehydration of solid K2CO3·3/2H2O particles were investigated. Isothermal reaction rate data were gathered using a thermogravimetric balance in which narrowly-sized K2CO3·3/2H2O crystals were dehydrated under a water vapor atmosphere at different pressures and temperatures. The magnitudes of the heat and mass transfer resistances external to and within the solid product were estimated from solutions of the relevant pseudosteady-state transport equations. In the temperature range 320 to 358 K, the vacuum dehydration of K2CO3·3/2H2O crystals smaller than 710 μm (-25 +30 mesh) are accurately modeled by the spherical shrinking-core equation for the chemical rate control regime. In the presence of water vapor, external heat transfer to the particles was sufficient to prevent significant self-cooling; heat and mass transfer resistances within the particles were negligible. The activation energy for K2CO3·3/2H2O dehydration is approximately 91 kJ/mol in vacuum; the reaction becomes extremely slow at relative pressures (P/Peq) 〉 0.35.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 688-689 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 694-696 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 701-701 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 174
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 737-741 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reaction between steam and thermally-regenerated activated carbon containing DBS residue was studied at 973 to 1,062 K and atmospheric pressure. The results fit a Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate equation originally developed for the oxidation of other types of carbon with steam. The rates of reaction were relatively high. Auxiliary experiments with added Na2SO4 indicated that the non-volatile inorganic residue from DBS has a catalytic effect.Readsorption measurements on regenerated samples demonstrated that thermal regeneration alone resulted in considerable loss (35%) in adsorption capacity but that thermal regeneration followed by steam gasification could completely restore the adsorption capacity for DBS on the remaining virgin carbon.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 748-771 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In Part I, criteria for heat engine and heat pump placement in chemical process networks were derived, based on the “temperature interval” (T.I) analysis of the heat exchanger network problem. Using these criteria, this paper gives a method for identifying the best outline design for any combined system of chemical process, heat engines, and heat pumps. The method eliminates inferior alternatives early, and positively leads on to the most appropriate solution. A graphical procedure based on the T.I. analysis forms the heart of the approach, and the calculations involved are simple enough to be carried out on, say, a programmable calculator. Application to a case study is demonstrated.Optimization methods based on this procedure are currently under research.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 800-805 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of equilibration of a vegetable foodstuff with moist air are studied on the basis of its cellular structure. The problem is modelled as a coupled heat and mass transfer phenomenon; since there is a significant shrinkage as moisture decreases, the model takes the effect into account by changing the basis for the mass and energy balances. The resulting nonlinear second-order partial differencial equations are solved numerically; predicted values of moisture decrease and temperature gain with time are compared with experimental data. A sensitivity analysis of the solution to values of the transport properties shows that the value of effective diffusivity and heat and mass transfer coefficient may alter significantly the predicted equilibration kinetics and center temperature. The adopted value for heat of sorption has less influence. Changes in effective thermal conductivity and porosity bear little influence on predictions.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 895-902 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A three-dimensional stochastic model, which is effective for the convective diffusional deposition of aerosol particles, was developed starting from Langevin's equation. The model was utilized to simulate collection and agglomeration processes of particles on a cylindrical fiber. By obtaining the distribution of captured particles on a fiber and the evolution of the collection efficiency of a dust-loaded fiber through the simulation, the effect of Peclet number, interception parameter, and the accumulated mass of particles on them were discussed. Further, the collection efficiency of a dust-loaded fiber was correlated by using a linear function of the accumulated mass of particles in a unit filter volume. Dependence of coefficient in the linear function, collection efficiency raising factor on Peclet number, and interception parameter were also discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 922-925 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 179
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 1011-1017 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Used catalyst and reactor deposits from a fixed-bed coal liquefaction unit show high concentrations of titanium and boron. The titanium was present as anatase, a titania polymorph. Hydrogenation reactions with and without catalyst were performed with model titanium and boron compounds under liquefaction conditions. The catalyst used was Harshaw 0402T 3% CoO - 15% MoO3 on an alumina-silica support. Rutile remained unchanged by reactor conditions. In all other runs the titanium starting material, whether organic or inorganic in nature, converted to anatase. When the deposition of the reaction products was monitored, only that anatase derived from organic titanium compounds accumulated on and in the catalyst pellets to an appreciable extent.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 956-961 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper investigates the separating efficiency of a vertical water elutriator operating on particle mixtures. In particular, comparisons are made with a previously developed mathematical model based on an eddy diffusion mechanism of mixing. Standard mixtures of glass spheres, of uniform size and shape, are used to study the equipment characteristics. It is found that the separating efficiency follows the same trend as predicted by the model and that “wall flow” of particles occurs. This affects the required water velocity, resulting in the equipment producing a top product generally purer than the bottom product.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 975-981 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A one-dimensional model has been developed to account for the physicochemical processes occurring inside a burning wet coal surface. The model considers the vaporization of coal moisture and the existence of a moving evaporation front, pyrolysis and char/gas reactions in the hot zone, molecular diffusion and Darcy flow through the dry porous coal, transpiration cooling effect of the water vapor and pyrolysis gases, temperature-dependent reaction kinetics and coal thermal conductivity, and variable porousity of the coal due to pyrolysis and char/gas reactions.The model and associated assumptions have been verified with experimental data from the combustion and drying of coal. The results also show that the model prediction of the heat transferred from the coal surface into the coal is much higher than that calculated by the simple heat conduction equation.The fraction of the water in the coal that reacts with char is shown as a function of the linear burn velocity and the surface temperature. In addition, the effect of variations in coal moisture and the thermal conductivity on the thickness of the dry zone are also shwon.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 1000-1007 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of high-pressure pneumatic dense-phase flow experiments were conducted using pulverized coal as the granular solids. This granular material was transported by nitrogen gas out of a conical feeder tank, through a length of stainless-steel tubing and into a pressurized receiver tank. Only the nitrogen gas trapped in the interstices of the coal particles inside the feeder tank was used to transport the coal. Six different transport stainless-steel tube geometries were used. A detailed analysis of the system is performed. This analysis reasonably predicts the expected solids flow rate for a given set of operating conditions and the minimum pressure drop required to maintain flow.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 1029-1038 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is developed for predicting the sedimentation velocity in suspensions of multisized nonflocculating solids, in which the retarding effect of the smaller particles on the setting velocities of the larger ones is taken into account. Tests of the model, and comparisons with other models, demonstrate that it provides improved prediction of data on suspensions comprising both discrete particle size mixtures and continuous size distributions, and that it is applicable to continuous countercurrent solid-liquid operations.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 1039-1041 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 1043-1044 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 981-989 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of equations are developed based on the physical processes thought to take place during slug flow which are used to predict the hydrodynamic character of this complex flow pattern. New experimental results are reported which appear to validate the model.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 1007-1010 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the system acetone + methyl acetate measurements are reported of excess second virial coefficients (at 75 and 100°C) and critical temperatures for nine different compositions. The efficacy of the correlations due to Tsonopoulos and to Hayden and O'Connell are discussed and the former correlation (with one modification) is shown to give a better prediction of unlike interaction terms. The implication of the results for excess Gibbs Free Energy estimation is discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 1041-1042 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 29 (1983), S. 1055-1055 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 191
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Feasibility of early detection of hydrogen in metals by acoustic emission analysisAcoustic emission measurements are performed with the steels Ck 35 and 35 NCD 16. In function of the tensile strength tensile specimens are charged electrochemically with hydrogen. It is shown, that even in the charging phase acoustic emission signals can be registered. Especially during the repeated tensile test with hydrogen-charged specimens material damages can be detected with acoustic emission. In this case the well-known Kaiser effect in acoustic emission is omitted. The effect of the absorbed hydrogen is documented by changes of the mechanical properties of the material and by microfractographic investigations.
    Notes: Es werden Schallemissionsuntersuchungen an den Stählen Ck 35 und 35 NCD 16 durchgeführt. In Abhängigkeit der Festigkeit werden Zugproben elektrochemisch gezielt mit Wasserstoff beladen. Es zeigt sich. daß bereits während der Beladungsphase Schallemissionssignale registriert werden können. Insbesondere können Werkstoffschädigungen in wasserstoffbeladenen Proben beim wiederholten Zugversuch durch Schallemission nachgewiesen werden. In diesem Fall ist der bei Schallemissionsuntersuchungen bekannte Kaisereffekt unterdrückt. Die Auswirkungen des eindiffundierten Wasserstoffs werden durch Anderung der mechanischen Kennwerte des Werkstoffs und durch mikrofraktographische Untersuchungen dokumentiert.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of molybdenum on the corrosion fatigue behaviour of ferritic Cr steelsThe moving blades in the low pressure area of steam-turbines are endangered by corrosion fatigue. For industrial turbines in this section preferably the steel X20 Cr 13 is used as blade material. An effective method to raise its resistance against corrosion fatigue is to alloy molybdenum to this steel.By the results of comparative tests under dynamic load in NaC1-solutions up to 200 °C the improvements of the resistance against corrosion fatigue are shown, which can be reached by alloying 1% and 2,5% molybdenum to the X20 Cr 13 steel. Moreover, by variation of the boundary conditions it is shown that the temperature is to regard as the main parameter for the behaviour of 13% Cr-steels under alternating stress and simultaneous corrosion attack. An explanation for these effects is given by the interpretation of microanalyses of the passive films with Auger-electrons and ESCA.
    Notes: Laufschaufeln im ND-Bereich von Dampfturbinen sind durch Versagen infolge Schwingungsrißkorrosion gefährdet. In Industrieturbinen wird für diese Schaufeln bevorzugt der Stahl X20 Cr 13 eingesetzt. Eine wirksame Methode, dessen Korrosionszeitfestigkeit zu erhöhen, ist durch das Zulegieren von Molybdän gegeben.Anhand der Ergebnisse von vergleichenden SwRK-Versuchen in NaC1-Lösungen bis zu 200 °C wird gezeigt, welche Verbesserungen der Korrosionszeitfestigkeit durch Zulegieren von 1% und von 2,5% Molybdän erreicht werden können. Durch Variation der Versuchsrandbedingungen kann außerdem dargelegt werden, daß die Temperatur als wesentlicher Parameter für das SwRK-Verhalten der 13% Cr-Stähle anzusehen ist. Eine Erklärung der Beeinflussungen wird durch die Auswertung begleitender Untersuchungen der sich bildenden Passivschichten mit Hilfe von Auger-Analysen und ESCA Gegeben.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Special steels with superior corrosion resistance and strength for chemical equipment manufactureStainless steels are among the materials most predominantly used in chemical plant engineering. During the past few years, quite a number of special steels of this type have been developed to meet the eve1 increasing demands in this field. This paper deals with two of them.VEW A 963 is an austenitic CrNiMo steel containing about 6.3% molybdenum which shows superior resistance to the attack of media with a high chloride content, in other terms, excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.Stress corrosion cracking tests in NaCl solution with crust formation show steel VEW A %3 to be definitely superior to CrNiMo grades with up to 4.5% molybdenum. Corrosion resistance in acids, too, is very good. The steel possesses good weldability, and suitable filler metals are available in the form of coated electrodes and inert gas welding wire.Big scale production of steel VEW A 963 in the form of sheet and plate, bar, forgings and seamless tube is possible.VEW A 905 is an austenitic-ferritic CrNiMo steel with manganese and nitrogen additions which permit to obtain a minimum 0.2% proof stress of 590 Nlmm2 in the solution annealed condition. The micro- structure shows more or less equal parts of austenite and ferrite which hardly change with rising temperature. This is of great importance for welding: there is no grain coarsening in the heat affected zone, nor increase of ferrite content. An electrode type of the same composition is available.VEW A 905 has good resistance to pitting corrosion and to the attack of a variety of acids. Particular emphasis should be laid on its excellent resistance to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking.VEW A 905. too, is available in the form of sheet and plate, bar, forgings and seamless tube produced on a large scale.
    Notes: Die korrosionsbeständigen Stähle gehören mit zu den wichtigsten Werkstoffen des chemischen Apparatebaus. Um den ständig steigen- den Anforderungen N entsprechen, wurde in den letzten Jahren eine Reihe von Sonderstählen entwickelt. über zwei derartige Stähle wird berichtet.VEW A %3 ist ein austenitischer CrNiMo-Stahl mit etwa 6,3% Molybdän, der eine hervorragende Beständigkeit in hochchloridhaltigen Medien, das heißt, eine ausgezeichnete Lochfraß- und Spaltkorrosionsbeständigkeit hat.Die Prüfung auf Spannungsrißkorrosion in NaCI-Lösung unter Krustenbildung zeigt eine starke Überlegenheit des Stahles VEW A 963 gegenüber den CrNiMo-Stählen mit bis zu 4.5% Molybdän. Auch die Beständigkeit in Säuren kann als sehr gut bezeichnet werden. Der Stahl ist gut schweißbar, und Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe stehen in Form von Schutzgasschweißdrähten und umhüllten Elektroden zur Verfügung.Die Erzeugung des Stahles VEW A 963 ist großtechnisch als Blech, Stabstahl, Schmiedestück und Nahtlosrohr möglich.VEW A 905 ist ein austenitisch-ferritischer CrNiMo-Stahl mit Mangan- und Stickstoffzusatz. Durch diese Zusätze wird im lösungsgeglühten Zustand eine 0,2-%-Dehngrenze von 〉 590 N/mm2 erreicht.Das Gefüge besteht zu etwa gleichen Teilen aus Austenit und Fer- rit, wobei sich die Anteile mit steigender Temperatur kaum ändern. Dies ist für die gute Schweißbarkeit des Stahles wesentlich. Es kommt neben dem Schweißgut weder zu einer Grobkornbildung, noch entsteht ein Ferritsaum. Eine artgleiche Elektrode ist verfügbar.VEW A 905 hat eine gute Lochfraßbeständigkeit und ein gutes Korrosionsverhalten in verschiedenen Säuren. Besonders hervorzuheben ist die gute Beständigkeit gegen Chlorid-Spannungsrißkorrosion.Wie VEW A 963 wird auch VEW A 905 großtechnisch als Blech, Stabstahl, Schmiedestück und Nahtlosrohr hergestellt.
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Verbesserung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit, der mechanischen Eigenschaften und der Schweißbarkeit von austenitisch-ferritischen StählenKorrosionsverhalten, Festigkeit und Schweißbarkeit von nichtrostenden Stählen mit Duplex-Gefüge können durch entsprechende Zusammensetzung und Einstellung des Austenit: Ferrit-Verhältnisses im Grundwerkstoff und im Schweißgut verbessert werden. Zusatz von Stickstoff verbessert die Duktilität und die Lochkorrosionsbeständigkeit; diese wird ebenfalls verbessert durch erhöhte Chromgehalte, welche die Passivierungsschicht stabilisieren. Diese Wirkung wird noch verstärkt durch Zusatz von Molybdän, das jedoch bestimmte Grenzen nicht überschreiten darf, da sonst die Gefahr der Sigma-Phasen-Sprödigkeit bei höheren Temperaturen besteht. Auch Kupfer in Mengen bis 1,5% verbessert die Korrosionsbeständigkeit besonders in Meerwasser, doch sollte wegen der abträglichen Wirkung auf die Warmzähigkeit ein bestimmter Gehalt nicht überschritten werden. Wegen der wichtigen Rolle von Nickel für das Austenit:Ferrit-Verhältnis (vorzugsweise 50:50) muß der Nickelgehalt entsprechend gewählt werden und sollte im Schweißgut etwas erhöht werden.
    Notes: The corrosion behaviour, toughness and weldability of duplex stainless steel can be improved by controlling the composition and austenite: ferrite ratio in the base metal and in the weld deposits. Addition of nitrogen is beneficial to ductility and restistance to pitting corrosion; the latter is also improved by increased chromium contents which stabilize the passive film. This effect is further enhanced by the addition of molybdenum which, however, should not exceed sigma phase at high temperatures. Copper in amounts up to 1.5% improves the resistance to marine environments; however, a certain upper limit should not be exceeded because of adverse effects on hot ductility. In view of the function of nickel concerning the austenite: ferrite ratio (which should be about 50:50) the nickel content should be appropriately selected and should be higher in the filter metal.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 42-45 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 46-47 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 40-42 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 48-48 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. R1 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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  • 200
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
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