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  • Chemistry  (3,659)
  • 1945-1949  (3,659)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beiträge zur kinetik der indenpolymerisation. V. Reaktionskinetik der indenvulkanisation (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 525-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The reaction of indene with sulfur has been shown to give a polymer containing one atom of sulfur per indene unit. The refraction and absorption characteristics of the polymer have been reported. The kinetics of the reaction of sulfur, with and without added accelerators, have been investigated with the view to establishing the influence of the accelerators on the rate and the temperature coefficient.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, dass die Reaktion von Indol mit Schwefel zu einem Polymer führt, das ein Schwefelatom pro Indoleinheit enthält. Der Brechungsindex und das Absorptionsspektrum des Polymers werden mitgeteilt. Die Kinetik der Schwefelreaktion, mit und ohne Zusatz von Beschleunigern, wird untersucht um den Einfluss der Beschleuniger auf die Reaktiongeschwindigkeit und die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Reaktion festzustellen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030407
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  • 102
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    Beiträge zur kinetik der indenpolymerisation. VI. Weiterpolymerisierung von indenfraktionen (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 535-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A sample of polyindene (number average molecular weight, 400) was carefully fractionated into nine fractions with molecular weights varying from 300 to 800. The observation by Whitby and Katz that bromine titration indicated one double bond per polymer molecule was substantiated. However, this double bond is no longer active for polymerization since the molecular weights of various fractions did not change significantly on exposure to polymerizing conditions (heating for 500 hours under nitrogen at 175°C.).
    Notes: Eine Probe von Polyindol (mittleres Molekulargewicht 400) wird sorgfältig in 9 Fraktionen von steigendem Molekulargewicht von 300 bis 800 zerlegt. Die Beobachtung von Whitby und Katz, dass Bromtitrierung zu einer Doppelbindung pro Polymermolekül führt wird bestätigt. Diese Doppelbindung ist aber nicht länger zur Polymerisation fähig, da sich die Molekulargewichte verschiedener Fraktionen nicht mehr wesentlich änderten, wenn sie Polymerisationsbedingungen - Erhitzen für 500 Stunden bei 175° in Stickstoffatmosphäre - ausgesetzt wurden.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030408
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    Constitution of the side chains of lignin (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 539-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The evidence for the nature of the side chains in lignin resulting from investigations of the reactions of model substances has been summarized. The studies have involved investigation of the reactions with (a) sulfite, (b) alkali and nitrobenzene, and (c) hot alkali. (a)Reaction with sulfite occurs readily for model substances with β-hydroxyl or α,β unsaturated keto groupings (“aldol type”). Hydroxyl groups adjacent to a ring are somewhat reactive but or-hydroxyketo groupings (“acyloin type”) do not react.(b)Alkaline oxidation to aldehyde or carboxyl with nitrobenzene is effective in degrading a side chain para to a free hydroxyl group having an oxygen atom on the α-carbon atom. Conversion of the para-phenolic hydroxyl to a methyl ether neutralizes its promoting influence.(c)Cleavage to an aldehyde with hot alkali in the absence of air is specific for the “aldol type” grouping in the side chain. This is regarded as a reverse aldol condensation and it has been demonstrated that acetaldehyde can be isolated from such degradations.These results, together with the behavior of lignin and its derivatives, are interpreted in terms of probable structures for the side-chain units in lignin.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030409
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  • 104
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    Transport and equilibrium phenomena in gas-elastomer systems. I. Kinetic phenomena (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 549-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence has been studied of systematic alterations in the amount of cross linking in elastomers upon diffusion coefficients and permeability constants in elastomers of homologous paraffin hydrocarbons. In a number of such media the influence of chain length of the paraffins upon the transport phenomena has also been investigated, using CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H8, and n-C4H10.Apparent activation energies for permeation (Ep) and for diffusion (ED) for degrees of vulcanization up to 11.3% combined sulfur are in the decreasing order: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm butane } 〉 {\rm propane } 〉 {\rm }_{{\rm ethylene}}^{{\rm ethane}} {\rm } 〉 {\rm methane } 〉 {\rm nitrogen}$$\end{document} For low vulcanizates, EP is not very sensitive to the per cent sulfur. However for higher percentages of sulfur, EP tends to rise, especially when the migrating molecule is a large one. ED is rather more sensitive both to molecular size and to per cent combined sulfur.Both EP and ED for natural rubber vulcanizates show definite temperature coefficients, manifested as curvature when log10 D or log 10 P is plotted against 1/T. Such curvature was absent, however, in butyl rubber.The results have been interpreted in terms of the molecular nature of elastic networks and in terms of the kinetic-statistical (zone) theory and the transitionstate theory. All treatments indicate the need for a considerable zone of activation for each unit diffusion process, confirming an earlier investigation. When, in the Arrhenius equation, D = D0e-ED/RT, one plots log10D0 against ED/T, the clear functional relationship: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\log _{10} {\rm }D_0 {\rm } = {\rm } - 3.6{\rm } + {\rm }0.14{\rm }{{E_D } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{E_D } T}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} T}$$\end{document} emerges. A simple interpretation of this and of similar functional relationships for other “activated” physical and chemical rate processes has been given.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030410
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  • 105
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    Transport and equilibrium phenomena in gas-elastomer systems. II. Equilibrium phenomena (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 564-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The solubility of nitrogen, ethylene, and the n-paraffins from methane to pentane has been measured in a series of natural rubber vulcanizates in relation to chain length of paraffin, temperature, and degree of cross linking of vulcanizates which contained between 1.7 to 21.9% combined sulfur.For smaller, less soluble paraffins the degree of vulcanization had little influence upon the solubility but for higher molecular paraffins such as pentane this influence became significant. A qualitative interpretation of the effects observed was given. The solubility data are in all cases represented by a statistical theory of one of the authors for a mean frequency of vibration of the solute in the medium corresponding to the infrared (0.5 to 1.0 × 1012 sec.-1). The solubility constants, σ, and critical temperature, Tc, are also empirically related by the equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\log _{10} {\rm }\sigma {\rm } = {\rm }a{\rm } + {\rm }bT_c {\rm }\left( {a{\rm and }b{\rm are constants}} \right)$$\end{document} Heats and standard free energies of solution for the earlier homologous paraffins show steady trends as the chain length increases. The heats are exothermal and are adequately interpreted as the sum of the heats of liquefaction together with a small heat-of-mixing term for liquid and rubber which was usually close to that given by Hildebrand's cohesive energy density equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$q{\rm } = \;\left[ {\left( {{{E_1 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{E_1 } {V_1 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {V_1 }}} \right)^{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}} {\rm } - {\rm }\left( {{{E_2 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{E_2 } {^2 V_2 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {^2 V_2 }}} \right)^{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}} } \right]^2 V_1 v_2^2$$\end{document} As anticipated from statistical theory, entropies were usually several entropy units more negative than those for solutions of gases in monomeric solvents.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030411
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  • 106
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    Electrostatic interaction of polyelectrolytes and simple electrolytes (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 602-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030413
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  • 107
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    Physical properties of fractions of GR-S and their vulcanizatesThis investigation was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the U. S. Government Synthetic Rubber Program. Presented at the American Chemical Society Meeting, Division of Rubber Chemistry, New York City, September 18, 1947. (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 576-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A large-scale precise fractionation of GR-S (X-55) was performed using the fractional precipitation technique at 25°C. 9 fractions, each weighing approximately 150 g. and comprising approximately 11% by weight of the original unfractionated sample, were obtained and a detailed study was made showing the effect of number-average molecular weight and related sol-gel properties on various physical and chemical properties of the crude and vulcanized fractions. Using a Santocure tread-type recipe, preliminary compounding work indicated the sulfur ratios required to give vulcanizates with 300% modulus values of 1000 p.s.i. All fractions were recompounded using these indicated optimum sulfur values. Generally, as the number-average molecular weight increased, better stress-strain and quality index data were obtained. These and other physical properties of the vulcanizates of these fractions are discussed in detail. As found in past fractionation studies pertaining to unsaturated high polymers, the higher molecular weight fractions, obtained from the unfractionated sample which was totally soluble in benzene, undergo considerable gelation when isolated and vacuum dried at 25°C. in the dark. As the indicated molecular weight of the fraction increased, higher per cent gel contents were obtained. Compared to unfractionated butadiene-styrene copolymers of similar gel contents, the gel portions of the higher molecular weight fractions had unusually high swelling indices. indicating qualitatively that the average molecular weights between points of effective cross linking in the three-dimensional gel structure were higher than those encountered in the past in unfractionated samples of similar gel contents. Other data are given pertaining to these fractions, such as the bound styrene content, per cent shrinkage of the compounded unvulcanized stocks, and the rate of gel breakdown with cold milling.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030412
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  • 108
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    Viscosity function for polyelectrolytes (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 603-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030414
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  • 109
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    Use of polymerizable ring compounds in constant volume polymerizationsContribution from The Plastics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J. (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 604-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030415
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  • 110
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    Determination of molecular weight distributions (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 606-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030416
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  • 111
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    Phenoplasts: Their structure, properties, and chemical technology (High Polymers, Vol. VII). T. S. Carswell. Interscience, New York, 1947. 267 pp. Price $5.50 (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 607-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030417
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  • 112
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    Concentration dependence of sedimentation constant for nitrocellulose (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 631-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An empirical method of correcting the sedimentation constant of high polymers for its concentration dependence is proposed. It should be possible to determine the sedimentation constant at infinite dilution with reasonable accuracy from experiments at concentrations where reliable measurements can be made.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030502
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  • 113
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    Polymer constitution and fiber propertiesSome of the unpublished work mentioned in this article is the subject of patent applications due for publication shortly. (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 609-630 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The chemical structure of a large number of linear condensation polymers is correlated with their ability to assume a polycrystalline form possessing the right degree of thermal stability, and with the possession of fiber-forming properties. Certain structures lead to the absence of crystallinity and of fiber-forming properties, while, under certain conditions, a low degree of crystallinity or its complete absence leads to polymers possessing rubberlike properties, which may form highly elastic threads. Some properties of fibers such as solubility, sensitivity to mositure, and certain dyeing characteristics, can be correlated to some extent with chemical structure. These effects are considered on the basis of the introduction of various polar links and ring structures, according to regular patterns, into the polymethylene chain (polythee). The ehter (R—O—) and ester (—CO·O—) links lower the crystallite melting point to such an extent that some polymers containing them are completely noncrystalline at normal room temperatures. Urethan (—O·CO—NH—), amide (—CO·NH—) and urea (—NH·CO·NH—) links raise the crystallite melting point to an extent which increases in the order named. Most other polar links raise the melting point. The introduction into the aliphatic chain of ring structures, particularly aromatic rings directly attached to polar groups, raises the crystallite melting point, but in this case symmetry exerts an over-ruling effect. A low degree of symmetry may lower the melting point and even eliminate crystallinity entirely to the detriment of fiber-forming properties. Inert side chains lower the melting point considerably, and in some cases render the polymer completely noncrystalline at normal room temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030501
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  • 114
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    Denaturation of plant proteins. I (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 635-641 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By denaturation of potato albumin by pyridine or by heat the viscosity increases; simultaneously the capability of the denatured protein t o reduce iodine increases, which, according to Anson, is due to the liberation of SH groups. A similar increase of viscosity was observed by the conversion of legumin into a water-soluble modification, and further by heating the solution of this protein; the volume of iodine required for oxidation of the denatured protein is greater than that of the native legumin. This denatured protein can be reconverted into its native state, whereupon the reducing capacity again decreases. Several fractions of green pen and horse bean legumin were denatured by urea and it was found that the viscosity and the reducing capacity thereby increase. In the case of legumelin the viscosity is low but the reducing power high; this indicates that legumelin is a degradation product having globular molecules.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030503
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  • 115
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    Beiträge zur kinetik der indenpolymerisation. VII. Die beschleunigung der indenpolymerisation durch die oxypolymeren des indens (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 642-645 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polymeric oxidation products of indole act like typical peroxides in polymerization reactions. Due to their relatively high stability the increases of the reaction is small, while fragments of the degraded peroxide enter the polymer molecule.
    Notes: Polymere Oxydationsprodukte des Indens verhalten sich in Bezug auf Polymerisationsreaktionen wie typische Peroxyde. Ihre verhältnismässig hohe Stabilität bedingt eine relative geringe Reaktionsbeschleunigung, wobei Bruchstücke des zerfallenden Peroxyds in die polymere Molekel eintreten.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030504
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  • 116
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    Preparation and properties of rubberlike high polymers. VI. Polymerization and dimerization of isopreneCommunication No. 85 from the Rubber Foundation. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 203-214 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The inhibitor and initiator action of 33 compounds on the bulk polymerization of pure isoprene has been studied. Picric acid was found to be the most powerful inhibitor at 100°C. The conclusion reached in Part I, that the initiator activity of diazoaminobenzene is superior to all other compounds has been found to be valid also between 100-150°C. The heat polymerization of isoprene between 100-150°C. in the presence of picric acid leads only to the formation of dimers. Three of the four possible isomers have been separated. The solid complex compound of diprene (I) with silver nitrate has been used to separate it from dipentene (II) and the hydrocarbon of Lebedew (III, IV) has been identified as a monochloride. The relative yields (I): (II): (III+IV) = 16:1:2 are in agreement with the relative availability and localization of π-electrons in isoprene. Observations on the properties of polyisoprene are in agreement with the more extensive work by d'Ianni. Some remarks on polymers from bulk polymerization are added. Isoprene acts as a powerful inhibitor on the polymerization of vinylidene chloride. This effect is independent of the method of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040208
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  • 117
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    Magnetic rotatory power of liquid polymers (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 663-668 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Verdet constants of nine polyethylene glycols, three polypropylene glycols, and nine silicone polymers have been measured at 25°C. It was found that the Verdet constant increases with increase in molecular weight in each of the series, and approaches a constant value. A similar increase in the molecular magnetic rotation was noted. The results are in contrast with those on polystyrene, and the effect of end groups on the measurements is discussed in explanation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030508
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  • 118
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    Dependence of elastic properties of vulcanized rubber on the degree of cross linkingContribution No. 154 from The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Research Laboratory. Presented before the High Polymer Forum at the 112th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y., September, 1947. The work presented in this paper comprises a part of a program of fundamental research on rubber and plastics being carried out under contract between the Office of Naval Research and The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 225-245 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Natural rubber and GR-S synthetic rubber have been vulcanized to varying degrees of cross linking through the use of disazodicarboxylates. These compounds react readily with the above unsaturated polymers in a manner which assures the formation of one cross linkage for each molecule of the disazo compound. Elastic properties of the vulcanizates so produced are similar to those of rubber specimens vulcanized in the conventional manner with sulfur and an accelerator. Their stress-strain curves deviate from the form prescribed by the statistical theory of rubber elasticity in the same manner as observed by Gee for sulfur vulcanizates. The equilibrium force of retraction at 100% elongation has been measured over a 30-fold range in the degree of cross linking; equilibrium swelling measurements extend over an 80-fold range. The magnitude of the force of retraction over most of the range covered agrees remarkably well with the explicit predictions of the statistical theory. The significance of the deviations which are observed is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040301
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  • 119
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    Polymerization in a system of discrete particles (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 273-287 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that subdivision of certain homogeneous polymerizing systems into droplets of diameter 10-4 to 10-5 cm. will entail a probability of finding only one active chain in each particle if the kinetics of the reaction remained otherwise unaffected. Some cases of polymerization in compartmentalized systems have been considered, and it has been shown that, where active centers are generated singly within completely isolated drops, the effect of increasing subdivision would be to increase the rate of reaction and chain length. On the other hand, with the formation of active chains in pairs, the opposite effect is to be anticipated, namely a decreasing rate of reaction with increasing subdivision. These conclusions are briefly considered in relation to the problem of dispersion polymerization, and it is shown that the theory of compartmentalization could account for the occurrence of high rates of reaction and chain lengths in the emulsion process, as compared with a bulk system. On the other hand, there is no evidence showing that the reaction rate is ever reduced in finely dispersed systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040304
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  • 120
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    Polydispersité de la cellulose de la pâte de bois (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 289-307 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A practical and simple method, with perfectly reproducible results, has been studied for the determination of chain-length repartition of cellulose samples from different wood pulps. By this method, it shall be possible to understand the influence of different factors governing the manufacture and the mechanical properties of our end products.
    Notes: Nous avons étudié une méthode pratique et simple, dont les résultats soient parfaitement reproductibles, de détermination de la répartition des longueurs de chaînes de la cellulose provenant de pâtes de bois différentes. Cette méthode nous permettra de mieux comprendre l'influence des différents facteurs de fabrication sur les qualités mécaniques de nos produits finis.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040305
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    Preparation and vulcanization of liquid polyisoprene polymersThe research reported here was sponsored jointly by the Army, Signal Corps, Navy, Bureau of Ships, Bureau of Ordnance, Bureau of Aeronautics, and Office of Naval Research under Signal Corps Contract No. W-36-039-sc-32011. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By means of chain transfer agents such as dodecyl mercaptan, polyisoprenes whose number-average molecular weights range between 300-1200 and which are liquid at room temperature have been prepared. The structure and physical properties of these substances have been investigated. Vulcanization of these liquids to rubberlike materials at room temperature and above is described.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    Change in crystallinity upon heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibersCommunication No. 60 from the Institute for Cellulose Research of the AKU and affiliated Companies, Utrecht, Netherlands. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 317-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The recently developed x-ray method of crystallinity determination is applied to products of heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers. Upon treatment of viscose rayon fibers with boiling 2.5 N sulfuric acid, the crystalline fraction is increased from 39 to 49% within half an hour, and remains constant upon prolonged treatment. Ramie does not show any change in percentage crystallinity when subjected to the same treatment. Its crystalline fraction is, however, transformed into cellulose IV. The observed changes in moisture regain of the hydrolyzed products are in line with the x-ray results.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Osmometry of high polymer solutions. I. Osmometer and membranes (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 323-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The construction of a thermostated osmometer of the Fuoss-Mead pattern is described. The technique of preparation of bacterial cellulose membranes for osmotic measurements on high polymer systems is given. The permeability of such membranes may be controlled by growth to a thickness of 4-5 mm., drying in contact with a stainless steel surface, and reswelling in water or alcohol-water mixtures. The degree of reswelling required to give membranes suitable for use with polymers of a range of molecular weights is given. The factors affecting the behaviour of the membranes in the osmometer are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040308
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    Osmometry of high polymer solutions. II. Osmotic measurements using bacterial cellulose membranes (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 337-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bacterial cellulose membranes have been used successfully to measure the osmotic pressures of a number of high polymer-solvent systems. The dynamic method of Fuoss and Mead has been used in most cases, but for polyvinylxylene in benzene the rate curves are not symmetrical since the solvent passes through the membrane faster from the solution side. The molecular weight values for two polyvinyl acetates agree well with the calculated kinetic values, and for polyethyl sebacate the value obtained agrees with that found by endgroup titration. Values of the Huggins “constant” μ are given for various systems.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Polymerization of isobutene catalyzed by boron trifluoride (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 359-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization reaction which occurs when butene vapor is mixed with boron trifluoride gas has been studied under various conditions. It has been found that this polymerization occurs only if a third component, or cocatalyst, is present. The function of the cocatalyst has been investigated, and the mechanism of the polymerization reaction is discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040311
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    Specific refractivity-temperature data for polyvinyl acetate and polybutyl acrylateThis research was completed under contract N70nr-284, Task Order III, under supervision of the Office of Naval Research, Navy Department. The authors gratefully acknowledge this support. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 351-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Refractive index-temperature and volume-temperature data for polyvinyl acetate and polybutyl acrylate have been determined and used to calculate the specific refractivity as a function of temperature by the Lorentz-Lorentz and the Eyckman equations. The results show a variation of specific refractivity with temperature which exceeds experimental error. The variation is evident as an increase of specific refractivity with temperature above Tm and suggests experiments which will show the increase more clearly. A theoretical justification for the increase of specific refractivity with temperature in polymers is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Note on the “inhomogeneity” of polymers (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 399-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040313
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    Molecular weight methods (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 401-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040314
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  • 129
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    Fractionation of polycyclohexyl methacrylate (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 790-791 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030520
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    Temperature dependence of copolymerizationThis paper contains some of the material presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at the University of Buffalo by M. Steidlitz. (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 786-789 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Copolymerization rate constant ratios have been determined as a function of temperature for the monomer pairs: styrene-acrylonitrile and dichlorostyrene-acrylonitrile. The temperature dependence, which represents the difference of the activation energies of the respective addition reactions, is of the magnitude expected, except for the styrene-dichlorostyrene system.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030519
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    Influence of structure on polymer-liquid interaction. III. Swelling and mechanical properties of some partly crystallized polymersCommunication No. 81 from the Rubber Foundation. (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 776-785 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Swelling and rate of crystallization from solution and gels of raw and vulcanized guttapercha have been studied. Sulfur vulcanization of gutta-percha causes a reduction in the amount of crystalline phase that becomes evident from typical changes in mechanical and swelling properties. Liquid-polymer interaction of the crystalline phase in gutta-percha, raw rubber, and “racked” rubber lead to different equilibria, which are probably due to differences in the free energy contents of the crystalline phases. A series of vulcanized rubber hydrochlorides with gradually increasing chlorine content show analogous changes in rate of elastic recovery and swelling equilibria that are also due to the gradual formation of a crystalline phase. Correlations between molecular structure and rate of crystallization in plastics and elastomers are discussed. Symmetry of the shape, as well as of inter molecular forces in the molecular units, size of substituents, and regularity of the polymer chain all have an essential influence on the rate and ease of crystallization.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030518
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    Sorption of water vapor by proteins and polymers. III (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 792-794 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030521
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    Rubber to metal bonding. S. Buchan. Crosby Lockwood & Son, London, 1948. 239 pp. Price $4.20 (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 794-794 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030522
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    Modern, colloids. Robert B. Dean. Van Nostrand, New York, 1948. 320 pp. Price $3.15 (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 794-794 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030523
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    The chemistry of acetylene and related compounds. Ernst David Bergmann. Interscience, New York, 1948. 108 pp. Price $3.00 (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 795-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030524
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    Mechanical behavior of high polymers. Turner Alfrey, Jr. Interscience, New York, 1948. 571 pp. Price $9.50 (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 796-797 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030525
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    Isomerism and isomerization. Ernst David Bergmann. Interscience, New York, 1948. 133 pp. Price $3.50 (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 798-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030527
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    The science of plastics, volume I. H. Mark and E. S. Proskauer, editors. Interscience, New York, 1948. 632 pp. Price $9.00 (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 798-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030526
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    Nucleic acids and nucleoproteins. (cold spring harbor symposia on quantitative biology, volume XII). M. Demerec, editor. Long Island Biological Association, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York, 1947. xii + 279 pp. Price $7.00 (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 798-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030528
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    Cross linking of nitrocellulose studied with the ultracentrifuge and consistometer (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 804-811 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experiments with cross linking of nitrocellulose in butyl acetate solution by means of titanium tetrachloride are described. The gels have been examined by means of sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge and measurements with a consistometer. The yield value of the flow curves and the extent of cross linking were studied as functions of nitrocellulose concentration, amount of cross-linking substance, and time of reaction.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030602
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    Polyelectrolytes. V. Osmotic pressures of poly-4-vinyl-N-n-butylpyridonium bromide in ethanol at 25°Project NR-054-002 of the Office of Naval Research. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 457-472 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The osmotic pressures of two samples of poly-4-vinyl-N-n-butylpyridonium bromide (average D. P. 730 and 1900) were measured in 93% ethanol in the concentration range 0.02-0.20 g./100 cc. The osmotic pressures were higher than those of the corresponding parent polymers, due to partial dissociation of bromide ions. Because of the low dielectric constant ( ε′ = 28) of the solvent and the high concentration of positive charge in the polycations, however, a large fraction of the bromide ions (≥ 95%) were bound by electrostatic attraction to the cations and contributed neither to osmotic pressure nor to conductance. Unlike neutral polymers, the ratio (osmotic pressure over concentration) increases with dilution, due to increasing dissociation with dilution. Addition of an excess of a simple one-one electrolyte (lithium bromide) almost completely suppressed the dissociation of the polysalt and gave osmotic pressures of the same order of magnitude as those of the neutral polymers. The resulting curves were linear, with a considerably smaller slope than for the parent polymer. Combining the results on osmotic pressure with conductance data, the transference numbers of the polycations were estimated to be 0.28 and 0.52 for degrees of polymerization 730 and 1900 respectively. The conductance of lithium bromide is decreased by the addition of these polyelectrolytes, possible due to the association of an excess of anions to the polycations under the influence of their electrostatic fields.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040403
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    Compléments à l'étude de la statistique des chaînes moléculaires en solution diluée (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 473-482 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is easiest to calculate the mean quadratic distance between the chain ends of a macromolecule when all rotations are free. This condition, however, is generally not realized; in this paper are discussed the results obtained by introducing a symmetric repartition function for the position of each atom of the chain on the circle of the basis of the valential cone. We have compared the formulas proposed here graphically with their results (Figs. 2 and 3). This comparison shows that the Kuhn and Taylor formulas are only an approximation of the formula established in an earlier paper; the formula of these authors has a restricted validity. The extent of this validity increases with the number of units in the chain molecule. By using the repartition functions proposed by Taylor, we represent the value of the mean quadratic distance as a function of the interaction energy. It is possible that this energy has the value calculated from the vapors of normal aliphatic hydrocarbons; but it is the sum of several terms and must vary with the number of units and the temperature. The established formula permits the prediction of two different aspects of the precipitation of the polymers, by decreasing the temperature or by addition of a precipitant. Finally, if the atoms of the chains must in their rotations pass over potential barriers, it is possible to predict anomalies in their comportment.
    Notes: Le cas le plus simple pour calculer l'écart quadratique moyen entre les extrémités d'une chaǐne macromoléculaire est celui oùtoutes les rotations sont libres. Mais cette condition n'est généralement pas réalisée, aussi avons nous examiné dans cet article les résultats obtenus en introduisant une fonction de répartition symétrique pour les positions de chaque atome de la chaîne sur le cercle de base du cǒne de valence. Nous comparons les formules proposées jusqu'ici en représentant graphiquement leurs résultats (figs. 2 et 3). Cette comparaison montre que la formule de Kuhn et Taylor (8,9) est une approximation de celle que nous avons établié dans un article précédent (7) et a, de ce fait, un domaine de validité plus restreint. Ce domaine augmente avec le nombre des chaǐnons de la chaîne. En utilisant les fonctions de répartition proposées par Taylor nous représentons les valeurs de l'écart quadratique moyen en fonction de l'énergie d'interaction (figs. 6 et 7). Nous montrons ensuite que cette énergie d'interaction ne peut avoir la valeur calculée pour les vapeurs de carbures aliphatiques normaux mais est la somme de plusieurs termes et doit varier avec la nombre de chaǐnons et la température. Les formules établies permettent de prévoir deux aspects différents de la précipitation suivant qu'elle est effectuée par abaissement de la température ou adjonction d'un précipitant. Enfin, lorsque dans leurs rotations les atomes de la chaîne doivent passer par dessus des barrières de potentiel on peut prévoir des anomalies dans son comportement.
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    Dependence of tensile strength of vulcanized rubber on degree of cross-linkingContribution number 159 from Goodyear Tire and Rubber, Research Laboratory. The investigation described in this paper comprises a part of a program of fundamental research on rubber and plastics carried out under contract between the Office of Naval Research and the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 435-455 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tensile strengths of natural rubber samples quantitatively crosslinked with decamethylene dis-methyl azodicarboxylate have been determined. The proportion of the azo vulcanizing agent was varied 80-fold, the fraction p of cross-linked units in the products ranging from 0.10x 10-2 to 8.0 x 10-2. In spite of the small dimensions of the test specimen (cross section 0.10 in. by about 0.005 in.), the average error for a single observation is similar to that obtained in conventional testing procedures applied to specimens vulcanized with sulfur and accelerators. Deviations from the mean for 262 tests on 15 different cures are well represented by a Gaussian error function; a slight intimation of skewness is evident only at the extremities of the distribution of deviations. These results are incompatible with the commonly held view that rupture of the sample takes place at the “weakest link” in the series of flaws inevitably occurring along the specimen. It would appear that the ability to withstand tensile stress (applied in a specified manner) is an inherent characteristic of the bulk material. The rapid increase in tensile strength with the degree of crosslinking p for small values of this quantity is consistent with the conclusion, previously reached in the investigation of the physical properties of butyl rubber (6) that the tensile strength is directly related to the fraction of the structure which is permanently oriented by stretching. At higher degrees of cross-linking (at ρ x 100 = 1.0 to 1.5, depending on the molecular weight of the rubber) the tensile strength passes through a maximum and then declines steadily to quite low values for higher ρ's. This adverse effect of higher degrees of cross-linking is believed to result from the diminished elongation at which crystallization sets in and, hence, the smaller fraction of the network elements sufficiently oriented to participate in crystallite formation. Modification of up to 7% of the isoprene units of the rubber with the monofunctional compound, ethyl azodicarboxylate, depresses the tensile strength of the disazo vulcanized rubber relatively little. Evidently, the limited extent to which these modified (or copolymer) chains may enter into crystallization is adequate to bring about high tensile strength. Lack of direct correlation between modulus and tensile strength for rubbers vulcanized with various sulfur-accelerator combinations can only be explained by assuming that conventional vulcanization processes are accompanied to varying degrees by chain scission reactions. When vulcanized rubber is “over-cured,” or heat aged, chain scission becomes excessive.
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    Titration potentiometrique de la viscose. II (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 834-849 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It has been found, by interpretation of the curve for the potentiometric titration of viscose with 0.1 N AgNO3, that the sulfur compounds of the viscose exist in the “ortho” form. This leads to a new theory for the ripening of viscose.
    Notes: En cherchant à interpréter la courbe expérimentale de la titration potentiométrique de la viscose par l'AgNO3, 0.1 N, on a découvert que les composés sulfurés de la viscose devaient se trouver sous la forme “ortho.” Ceci a permis de proposer une nouvelle théorie du mürissement de la viscose.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030605
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    Thermal degradation of polystyrene. Part I (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 850-865 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The decrease of the limiting viscosities of unfractionated and fractionated polystyrene with time has been studied over a range of temperatures from 248 to 340°C. in vacuo. Distribution curves of several degraded samples have been determined. It has been established that the theory of random breaking of links is not applicable in the case of polystyrene. Three major deviations from the random theory have been found. The experimental results have been evaluated employing the weak link theory. The mechanisms proposed account satisfactorily for the deviations from the random theory, and give a fair representation of the experimental results, only the experimental distribution curves still showing deviations from those predicted by theory. The elementary steps for the degradation in vacuo have been discussed and the role of oxygen during polymerization has been indicated.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030606
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    Factors influencing the activation energies of reactions involving double bonds and radicals (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 866-879 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By using the methods which have been developed to describe the activation energy of chemical reactions in terms of bond energies and the repulsing energies between reacting centers, the factors influencing the activation energies of reactions between radicals and monomers are discussed. Calculations are reported on a number of simple prototype reactions involving radicals and atoms and ethylenic bonds. It is found that the heat of reactions is a most important factor in determining the activation energies of such reactions and this result is extended to a wide variety of substituted radicals and monomers. The variation in the heat of reaction is expressed in terms of the resonance energies of the reacting radicals and molecules. Another important factor is the energy of repulsion between the reacting centers, and this energy is affected by (a) the charge distribution on the reacting centers and (b) the steric effect of substituent groups. The effect of substituents on the charge distribution is discussed in terms of the molecular orbital method, an attempt being made to distinguish between the influence on the π electrons of the inductive and mesomeric effect of substituents.
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    Thermodynamics of high-polymer solutions. III. Swelling of cross-linked rubberThe major portion of the following work was done in 1943 on a grant from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Office of Rubber Reserve, for fundamental research in connection with the wartime synthetic rubber program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 555-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The equilibrium swelling of the gum stocks of twelve different rubber vulcanizates has been measured in thirteen organic solvents. The results are in good agreement with the theory of Flory and Rehner. Values of the internal pressure (cohesive energy density) and the average molal volume between cross-linkages Vc have been determined for the rubbers. The molal volume Vc is shown to agree closely with that obtained from measurement of the elastic modulus. An analysis of earlier data on the swelling of polybutadiene shows the number of cross-linkages to be directly proportional to the sulfur content.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Photochemistry of proteins. VI. pH dependence of quantum yield and ultraviolet absorption spectrum of chymotrypsinThis study will comprise part of the Doctoral thesis to be submitted by P. Finkelstein to the Graduate School of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 573-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The quantum yield of inactivation of chymotrypsin was found to be independent of variations in conditions of irradiation including light intensity, concentration of the irradiated solution, rate of stirring and the presence or absence of oxygen. The quantum yield for inactivation is at a minimum at the isoelectric point (pH 5.4). An explanation is offered for the variation of the quantum yield with pH in terms of an internal Franck-Rabinowitch mechanism. The absorption spectra of the enzyme was also studied as a function of pH, as was that of an amino acid mixture whose composition corresponded to that of chymotrypsin. Evidence is presented for the existence of bound, un-ionizing tyrosine in the native enzyme and of unbound tyrosine in alkali-denatured enzyme. The significance of changes in the absorption spectra accompanying irradiation is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Emulsion polymerization of 2-alkyl-1,3-butadienes.The work described in this manuscript was done under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 583-595 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymers of 2-ethyl-, 2-isopropyl-, and 2-n-amyl-1,3-butadiene alone, and their copolymers with styrene and with butadiene have been prepared and characterized. These monomers give the same ratio of 1,2 to 1,4 addition as has been noted for isoprene. Much less mercaptan must be used with these monomers than is required for butadiene to give soluble polymers. All these monomers copolymerize with styrene readily but have higher Wall α values than butadiene. The stress-strain properties and Gehman low-temperature properties of all of the new polymers have been determined by the Government Laboratories, University of Akron, and are included in this report. There appear to be no unusual properties to be noted.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Copolymerization. VII. Relative rates of addition of various monomers in copolymerization (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 597-604 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Information concerning monomer reactivity in copolymerization has been obtained for thirteen copolymerization systems. The influence of substituents and chain length in vinyl polymerization is discussed in the light of this and preceding data. Unsaturated acid behavior in copolymerizations is discussed for the first time.
    Additional Material: 14 Tab.
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  • 151
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    Reactivity of fibrous cellulose (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 619-628 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By applying hydrochloric acid solution at different temperatures to various fibrous cellulose samples and following the per cent loss in weight with time, hydrolysis-time curves have been obtained. These plots have been resolved into a straight line and a curve, representing the rate of removal of difficultly and easily removable components, respectively. Under the experimental conditions applied, the ratedetermining reaction in the removal of the difficultly accessible components from the fibers is essentially a kinetically zero-order reaction. This was borne out by the results of hydrolyses of hydrocellulose preparations. Within the experimental range the temperature coefficient of this rate is independent of the representative fibrous materials and is relatively high, corresponding to an energy of activation of 28-29 kcal./mol. The easily and difficultly accessible regions, assessed by resolving the rate plots, are different with the same fibers, depending on the experimental conditions. The reactivity of both the easily and difficultly hydrolyzable constituents varies with different cellulose fibers. The complex nature of the kinetics of removal (hydrolysis) of the easily accessible components is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    The chemistry of high polymers. C. E. H. Bawn. Butterworth, London, 1948. American agent: Interscience, New York, 1948. 248 pp. Price $4.50 (1948)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 900-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1948.120030613
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    Thermal degradation of polystyrene. Part II (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The production of monomer during degradation of polystyrene in vacuo below 310°C. has been investigated. A mechanism has been proposed which explains the dependence of monomer formation on the initial breaks in the chain. The degradation in presence of oxygen has been studied. A mechanism for this reaction has been proposed which accounts for the type of curves obtained experimentally. The role of antioxidants has been briefly indicated. The elementary steps for the degradation in vacuo and in the presence of oxygen have been discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Copolymerization. II. Molecular weight distribution and mean molecular weights in copolymerization systems (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 629-637 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An extension of the kinetic analysis of the generalized reaction mechanism for copolymerization given in Part I has been carried out to obtain the functions for molecular weight distribution and number and weight-average molecular weights.
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    Stability of chlorine-containing copolymers (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 638-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040509
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    Intramolecular reactions in vinyl copolymers (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 665-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040511
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  • 157
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    Pyrolysis of polyisobutene (vistanex), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, GR-S, and polyethylene in a high vacuum (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 639-664 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Samples of polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, GR-S, and polyethylene, weighing about 25 to 50 mg., were pyrolyzed in a vacuum of about 10-6mm. of mercury in a specially designed apparatus at temperatures ranging between 300 to 475°C. The volatile products of pyrolysis were separated into four fractions: (IV) gaseous, volatile at -196°; (IIIA) liquid, at -75°, (IIIB) liquid, at 25°; and (II) waxlike fraction, volatile at the temperature of pyrolysis. The gaseous fraction was analyzed in the mass spectrometer and was found to consist in all cases of CH4. The liquid fraction, IIIA, was analyzed similarly and was found to give a mass spectrum characteristic for any given polymer. A molecular weight determination of the waxlike fraction by the micro freezing point-lowering method, showed it to vary from 543 to 739, depending on the polymer from which the fraction was obtained. It is shown that the method of pyrolytic fractionation of high molecular weight polymers, in conjunction with mass spectrometer analysis of the more volatile fractions, can serve as a means of identifying the polymers.
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    “Surface chemistry for industrial research.” J. J. Bikerman. Academic Press, New York, ix + 414 pp. (illustrated), 8.00 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 669-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040513
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    Encyclopedia of chemical technology, volume 2, Raymond E. Kirk and Donald F. Othmer, editors, Interscience, New York, 1948, xvi + 915 pp. 20.00 per volume. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 667-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040512
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    “Organic chlorine compounds.” Ernest hamilin huntress. Wiley, New York, 1948, xxv + 1443 pp., 27.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 671-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040514
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    Water content of hydrophilic phenol-formaldehyde resins: Vapor pressure-temperature relationships (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 673-688 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The significance of the water content to the physical properties of phenol-formaldehyde resins at various stages of preparation is briefly discussed. Available methods for the determination of water in such resins were found to be either unreliable or too elaborate for process control. It was undertaken to develop a simple, rapid, relative method for the continuous measurement of water content which can be used to follow the follow the process of dehydration and to indicate the end-point which will result in the best dispersion of water in the cured resin. In order to standardize or calibrate such a relative method, it was necessary also to develop an absolute method for the analysis of water in the resol.The composition of a homogeneous mixture of liquids is reflected by its vapor pressure-temperature relationships. During dehydration at 80°C., the vapor pressure of the resol decreases about 350 mm. of mercury. A very sharp increase in the slope of the vapor pressure curve occurs at approximately the proper degree of dehydration. At this stage a slight decrease in water content causes a very large decrease in vapor pressure. The sharp inflection in the curve is attributed to the existence of both “free” and “bound” water in the resin.During the process of vacuum dehydration of the resin, while the “free” water decreases to approximately one-eighth of its original content, the “bound” water remains substantially constant. The binding of water is attributed to the methylol groups of the resol molecules and its release during the cure or hardening of the resin is considered to result from the conversion of these groups to methylene linkages.
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    The technology of adhesives. John Delmonte. Reinhold, New York, 1947. 516 pp. Price $8.00 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 152-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040205
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    Ionic polymerization of mono-olefinic hydrocarbons at low temperatures. A review of proposed mechanisms (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 183-202 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism presented constitute proposals made in attempts to portray the role that electrophilic halides play in catalyzing the polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons. All of these halides require the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst in the reaction mixture and differ primarily in the interpretation of what constitutes the active factor in the initiation, propagation, and cessation steps. Mechanisms involving a thermal activation and dehydrohalogenation are discussed briefly and rejected as rather improbable. On the other hand, mechanisms involving a cationoid complex intermediate and a carbonium ion are extensively reviewed, especially in light of the recent findings of British investigators regarding the function of the so-called third component or cocatalyst. Attention is called to the rather marked specificity of reactions involving water or other polar cocatalysts, and, in addition, it is pointed out that, although cocatalysts appear to be necessary prerequisities for activation in a number of cases, the phenomenon is not a general one, since systems exist in which proton-supplying cocatalysts have not been proved necessary to initiate growth. To date, no single mechanism seems to satisfy all of the qualitative observations and known data. It is intended that the present discussion summarize available facts in terms of possible mechanisms, and, in addition, evaluate their plausibility in the light of present knowledge.
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    Copolymerization of some further monomer pairs (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 215-218 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040209
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    Heat of copolymerization (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 221-223 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040211
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    Investigations on cellulose nitrate. II. Liquid and vapor phase adsorption of acetonePart I of this series appeared in J. Polymer Sci., 3, 735 (1948). (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 247-263 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The discrepancies in the published work on the interaction of acetone and cellulose nitrate are discussed and explained. Vapor phase adsorption isotherms for the adsorption of acetone by cellulose nitrate have been determined with an adsorption balance. They have been shown to be independent of the crystalline-amorphous ratio of the polymer but dependent upon its nitrogen content. In cellulose nitrates which are completely soluble in acetone, no limiting adsorption has been found. Adsorption analysis (a modification of chromatography) has been applied to the determination of the liquid phase adsorption by cellulose nitrate of acetone from mixtures with petroleum ether. In terms of the liquid mixture concentrations, there appears to be limited adsorption, but this is shown to be due to the nonideal nature of the solutions of acetone and petroleum ether. When allowance is made for this, the liquid and vapor phase isotherms are the same within experimental error and do not support the existence of compounds of acetone and cellulose nitrate.
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    Copolymers of 1,3-butadiene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadieneThis investigation was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 265-272 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some experiments on the polymerization of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and its copolymerization with butadiene are reported. This monomer requires very little modifier as compared to butadiene.
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    Koresin and related resinsThis investigation was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 689-702 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of Koresin are very similar to those of an acid-catalyzed p-tert-butylphenol-acetal- dehyde polymer. This is believed to be evidence that Koresin has Structure I. A variety of phenol-aldehyde resins have been prepared for comparison with Koresin. The ratings of some of these materials as tackifiers have been reported. These furnish further evidence that the molecular weight of a phenol-aldehyde resin is important in its tackifying action. An alkaline-catalyzed condensation product of acetylene and p-tert-butylphenol shows no tackifying action and has no free hydroxyl in the polymer as judged by its infrared pattern.
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    Polymers and copolymers of o-acetoxystyrene and o-hydroxystyreneThis investigation was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 703-707 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: o-Hydroxystyrene did not copolymerize with styrene and butadiene in GR-S-type systems. A terpolymer of these three monomers was obtained by copolymerizing o-acetoxystyrene, styrene and butadiene in carbon tetrachloride solution by the action of stannic chloride followed by hydrolysis of the acetate groups in the polymer with dilute hydrochloric acid in dioxane solution. The polymer thus obtained did not improve the tack of GR-S.
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    Estimation of crystallinity of some polymers from x-ray intensity measurementsCommunication No. 57 from the Laboratory for Cellulose Research of the AKU and affiliated Companies, Utrecht, Holland. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 709-723 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The paper deals with a tentative plan to extend quantitative x-ray measurements for determining the degree of crystallinity of polymers (as used earlier in cellulose determinations), to the investigation of rubber, polythene, and a polyamide. Strictly monochromatized copper radiation was used. The results show that further work along these lines may be promising. The raw rubber sample used was identical with one of those investigated by Goppel and by Arlman. It yielded a crystallinity figure higher than that reported by Goppel, but conformed with that found by Arlman. The figures obtained for polythene at different temperatures are compared with those derived from density and heat capacity measurements by other workers. The degree of crystallinity of polythene at room temperature is found to be ∼ 55%, and in samples of polyhexamethylene sebacamide, previously treated in different ways, figures between ∼50 and 70% are obtained. It is shown that the possibility of using the background intensity as a measure of the disordered fraction is confined to not too high angles of diffraction. A method is described (and experimentally checked) allowing for reducing the curves of intensity distribution as a function of 2θ as observed in various polymers to a comparable scale. It is further emphasized that, in polymers where hydrogen bonds play a decisive role in intermolecular cohesion, the x-ray results suggest that the “crystalline” or ordered fraction may to a considerable extent involve states of two-dimensional order.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040604
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    Ultraviolet absorption spectra of some copolymers containing acenaphthylene, and of related compounds (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 725-733 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strong ultraviolet absorption in the wave-length region 280-330 mμ shown by copolymers of acenaphthylene with styrene or methyl methacrylate is due to acenaphthylene residues. The spectra of samples of copolymer containing a small percentage of acenaphthylene are different from the spectrum of polyacenaphthylene. As a result of the comparison of the spectra of these copolymers with the spectra of acenaphthene and with the two forms of 1,1′-biacenaphthyl it is concluded that spectra of the copolymers can be explained as arising from the presence of pairs of acenaphthylene groups. Finally it is shown that the spectra can be used to estimate the acenaphthylene contents of the copolymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    “Elastomers and plastomers, their chemistry, physics and technology, volume II, manufacture, properties and applications.” edited by R. Houwink, Elsevier, New York-Amsterdam, 1949, 531 pp., $9.00. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 745-745 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040607
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    Determination of disappearance of bis-isopropyl xanthogen (“dixie”) in synthetic rubber latex during polymerizationThis work was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Synthetic Rubber Program of the United States Government. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 735-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bis-isopropyl xanthogen (“dixie”) is a poor promoter, but an effective modifier, in the GR-S recipe, as was concluded from unreported intrinsic viscosity measurements. High molecular mercaptans are good promoters but very poor modifiers. In recipes containing mercaptans as promoters, dixie acts like a retarder until a conversion of 30% is attained. After this conversion the rate becomes normal. It is found that at a conversion of 30% most of the dixie has been dissipated. Bis-isopropyl xanthogen can be determined polarographically. A procedure is given for the polarographic determination of dixie and the determination by amperometric titration of mercaptan when both dixie and mercaptan are present in a GR-S latex. Disappearance curves of dixie and of mercaptans are given when both modifiers are present in the original charge.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    “Physics and chemistry of cellulose fibres with particular reference to rayon.” P. H. Hermans. Elsevier, New York-Amsterdam, 1949. 556 pp., $7.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 749-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040609
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  • 175
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    “The chemistry and technology of enzymes.” Henry Tauber, Wiley, New York, 1949, 558 pp., $7.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 773-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040618
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  • 176
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    “Monomers.” Edited By E. R. Blout, W. P. Hohenstein, and H. Mark. Interscience, New York, 1949, 368 pp., $7.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 775-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040619
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  • 177
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    Das makromolekül eiweiß (1947)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1947), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1947.020010107
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  • 178
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    Nomenklatur, stöchiometrie und analyse in der pektinchemie (1947)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1947), S. 70-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1947.020010106
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  • 179
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    A new approach to the theory of rubberlike elasticityCommunication No. 1015 from the Kodak Research Laboratories. Preliminary reports of this work have been presented at the Conference on Rubberlike Elasticity at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, April 3, 1943, at a meeting of the Society of Rheology in New York City, October 30, 1943, and at the Symposium on the Theory of Long-Range Elasticity at the Cleveland Meeting of the American Chemical Society, April 4, 1944. (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Equations are derived for stress-strain curves for a hypothetical model substance containing a large number of like systems, each assumed to be in equilibrium between two states having different arrangements of the atoms. With this model one can study the dependence of the initial elastic modulus, the limiting strain (for infinite stress), and the over-all shape of the stress-strain curve on characteristics of the rearranging systems - their number, the initial energy difference between the two states, the shift of atomic positions, etc. Introduction of an assumed proportionality between the shift per rearrangement and the square of the relative length of the sample (in the direction of the shift) leads to stress-strain curves similar to those determined experimentally for natural rubber and other rubberlike materials.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010101
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  • 180
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    Physicochemical characterization of dispersed chicken feather keratin (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 22-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Reduced chicken feather keratin forms a soluble complex in neutral aqueous sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (average: dodecylbenzenesulfonate). The chemical composition, specific refractive increment, partial specific volume, electrophoretic mobility, osmotic pressure, diffusion constants, and ultracentrifugal sedimentation of the complex have been studied. The complex is heterogeneous but similar to egg albumin-sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate mixtures previously studied in general properties, including fiber-forming properties, the average molecular weight of the dispersed protein units, and the relative symmetry of the dispersed units in dilute solution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010103
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    Mechanism of peroxide-initiated styrene polymerization. Infrared absorption of some polymer samplesTaken in part from a thesis submitted by Harry F. Pfann in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, June, 1942. (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 14-21 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Previous observations make it probable that one or both ends of a longchain molecule produced by catalyzed vinyl polymerization contain fragments of the initiator. If one uses acid peroxides as initiators, these fragments can contain a carbonyl group. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate whether these carbonyl groups which are present only in a very small amount can be detected by infrared absorption. It seems that in the case of polystyrene initiated with benzoyl peroxide, infrared absorption spectra reveal the presence of a small amount of some carbonyl groups in the polymer. Their amount appears to be in agreement with chemical measurements and with the molecular weight of the material.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 182
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    Experimental study of copolymerizationPortion of thesis by E. Merz for the degree of Master of Science, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, June, 1945. (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Using the copolymer composition equation, the critical constants α and β are determined for the systems styrene-2,5-dichlorostyrene, styrene-methyl acrylate, styrene-diethyl maleate, and styrene-diethyl chloromaleate.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 183
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    Mechanism of vinyl polymerizations. VIII.1 Introduction of foreign end groups (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 44-48 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Results are reported of experiments designed to delineate more clearly the action of retarders and chain transfer agents and to place different labeled end groups at either end of polystyrene molecules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010105
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  • 184
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    Molecular processes during deformation of rubberlike elastic bodies (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010106
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  • 185
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    The mechanism of reinforcement. II (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 58-62 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Further experimental evidence is given which indicates that, when a dilute solution of GR-S is mixed with carbon black, certain fractions of the rubber are preferentially adsorbed by the black. After removal of the carbon black and the adsorbed fractions by centrifuging, the “treated” GR-S is obtained by precipitation from the solution. Samples compounded as GR-S gum stock show increasing modulus with increasing amounts of carbon black used for adsorption treatment. However, when the GR-S thus treated is compounded with carbon black, then the effect is reversed. The more black used in the treatment and the higher the modulus of the gum stock, the lower the modulus of loaded stock.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010107
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    Characterization of cellulose derivatives by solution properties: Plasticizers as solventsPresented before the “Symposium on Cellulose and Cellulose Plastics” held under the joint auspices of the Division of Cellulose Chemistry and the Division of Paint, Varnish, and Plastics Chemistry at the fall meeting of the American Chemical Society in New York, N. Y., 1944. (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 63-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dimensional stability of molded thermoplastic articles is a function of the extent to which stresses are frozen into them on molding. The kind and amount of plasticizer included in the material to be molded may be varied to minimize the amount of these stresses. Methods of obtaining fundamental information about polymer-plasticizer systems from simple measurements of viscosity and osmotic pressure are suggested in this paper, and some results for cellulose derivatives are given.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010201
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  • 187
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    Intramolecular reactions in vinyl polymers as a means of investigation of the propagation step (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 75-82 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Flory-Wall expressions for the fraction of substituents remaining on a vinyl copolymer, when substituents are removed at random from adjacent 1,3 positions, are extended to the case of nonrandom copolymerization. A copolymer composition equation is derived for the case in which the type of monomer preceding the active freeradical chain end affects the propagation reaction. The distribution of lengths of sequences in copolymers is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010202
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    Mechanism of vinyl polymerizations. IX.For the preceding paper, see C. C. Price and D. H. Read, J. Polymer Science, 1, 44 (1946). Some factors affecting copolymerization (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence on polymerization and copolymerization of various structural factors, especially polarity at the double bond of the monomer, is discussed. The effect of substituents in donating or withdrawing electrons appears to be an important regulating factor in copolymerization.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Determination of polymer-liquid interaction by swelling measurementsPresented before the High Polymer Division of the American Physical Society, New York, N. Y., January 25, 1946. (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 90-101 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The interaction of polymers and liquids can be fairly well characterized by the value of the quantity μ, commonly used in thermodynamics of polymer solutions and usually evaluated from osmotic pressure measurements. The Flory-Rehner theory of swelling relates the amount of swelling of a slightly cross-linked polymer in a liquid to μ and a parameter Mc, the average molecular weight between cross links. Mc, may be determined for a cross-linked polymer from its swelling volume in a solvent in which osmotic pressure measurements with the noncross-linked polymer have given the value of μ. The cross-linked polymer, thus calibrated, can be used to obtain the μ value for other liquids by measuring its swelling volume in them. This procedure has been carried out on polyvinyl chloride which can be cross linked by heating. Calibration in three different liquids gave comparable values of Mc, thus checking the Flory-Rehner theory. The quantity μ was determined at two different temperatures for fifty liquids. The value of μ and its temperature dependence correlate well with the observed properties of the binary systems. Variation of μ with molecular weight in an homologous series is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010204
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  • 190
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    Cellulose acetate esters containing amino nitrogen (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 121-126 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Nitrogen was introduced into cellulose acetate by the incorporation of amino acid groups. Some of the mixed esters were soluble in organic solvents. Cast films were examined for dyeing properties with wool-type dyes. Many of the mixed esters containing above 1% nitrogen dyed well with xylene brilliant blue, a typical wool-type dye, Mixed cellulose acetate esters were synthesized containing glycine, dl-α-alanine, β-alanine, and α-isoaminobutyric, d-glutamic, and p-aminobenzoic acids. The amino groups were protected by acetylation prior to use. The N-acetyl amino acids were treated with cellulose diacetate in dioxane solution containing chloroacetic anhydride and magnesium perchlorate as impellor and catalyst, respectively. Cellulose acetate metanilate was prepared by use of the aminosulfo acid chloride. An attempt was made to prepare 6-aminocellulose by the reaction of aqueous ammonia, and also sodamide in liquid ammonia on 6-iodotosylcellulose acetate. Only traces of nitrogen were introduced by this procedure and the recovered products showed signs of extreme degradation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010206
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  • 191
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    Studies on nitrocellulose. Including the construction of an osmotic balance. By Ingvar Jullander. Arkiv kemi mineral. Geol., A21, 1 (1945) (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 146-146 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010208
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    American association for the advancement of science - gibson island conferences. Frontiers in chemistry (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 147-147 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010209
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    Density of cellulose fibers. I. Introduction and experiments on the penetration of liquids into dry celluloseCommunication No. 27 from the Laboratory for Cellulose Research. (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 149-155 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper it is emphasized that density is a typically macroscopic concept which cannot be transferred to small particles or bodies with small pores. This fact has not been duly accounted for in earlier work on the density of cellulose fibers. The usual interpretation of density determinations in various media is criticized and the point of view that cellulose fibers should be considered as porous bodies is dropped. The pore system occurring in native fibers is coarse enough not to interfere with density determinations in indifferent organic liquids.It is shown experimentally that even substances like water and glycerol penetrate very slowly into dry cellulose and that indifferent organic liquids do not penetrate at all. In the experiments with water vapor a new phenomenon, the heterogeneous course of absorption, is observed, giving rise to sharp microscopically visible boundary lines between the wet and the dry portion of the fiber.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Density of cellulose fibers. II. Density and refractivity of model filamentsCommunication No. 28 from the Laboratory for Cellulose Research. (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 156-161 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Accurate determinations of the density and refractive power of various types of model filaments prepared from viscose in the bone-dry state were made. The molecular refraction, according to the formula of Gladstone and Dale, was calculated and shown to correspond within three parts per thousand with the refraction calculated from atomic refractions. It is concluded that the liquid used for the density determinations (mixtures of carbon tetrachloride and nitrobenzene) does not penetrate into the fiber substance. The technique of the experiments is described in detail. The immersion liquids used in the optical measurements were standardized mixtures of butyl stearate and tricresyl phosphate; contamination with moisture during the measurements was definitely excluded.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010302
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  • 195
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    Submicroscopic structure of cellulose gels (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 172-174 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the following paper the crystallization of submicroscopic cellular strands from multimolecular, cellulose films is illustrated by electron micrographs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010304
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  • 196
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    New method for determination of the activation energy for the gelation of silicic acid solutions (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 441-444 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new method for the determination of the activation energy for the setting of silicic acid solutions is described. Experimental results point to the conclusion that setting to a gel occurs at a definite stoichiometric point which is independent of temperature.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010601
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    Molecular weight averages obtained from sedimentation velocity and diffusion measurementsPresented before a joint meeting of the American Physical Society and the Society of Rheology at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, June, 1945. (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 445-454 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In using the velocity ultracentrifuge in conjunction with free diffusion measurements for the determination of molecular weights of polymolecular systems, it is desirable to know what average molecular weights are obtainable. These average values are not simple moments of the molecular weight frequency curve, but depend on the methods of experimental observation, and on the hydrodynamic character of the molecules in solution. Most often, however, the average molecular weight falls between the number and weight-average values.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010602
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    Dependence of solvation on particle shape (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 475-483 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relationships which exist between the solvation and shape of colloid particles, as well as between solvation and viscosity, are discussed. From the most important experiments on these subjects the following conclusions may be drawn. Solvation is dependent on the size and shape of the particles and on the chemical relationship of the dispersion medium to the dispersed portion. True or chemical solvation is generally very small and there is no reason to speak of a thick and tightly bound solvent layer. The solvation of compactly formed particles of spherocolloids is greater, the smaller the particles (all other conditions being equal). Solvation is greater, the more loosely the particles are formed (for dispersion mediums having similar chemical properties and for similar dispersed or dissolved substances). Solvation increases when a corpuscular particle is transformed into a rodlike or threadlike particle; the viscosity also increases; if the threads are further broken down into smaller fragments, then the viscosity decreases, but a further increase in the chemical solvationis supposed to occur. The stability of many lyophilic sols, especially the proteins, depends very little on the solvation; it is mainly dependent on the chemical characteristics of the atomic groups which are found on the surfaces of the particles; the least stability is found for surfaces which contain heteropolar groups - that is, surfaces which have the same number of positive and negative ions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010605
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    Theory of rolling plastics. II. Thermal effectsPublished by permission of the Chief Scientific Officer, Ministry of Supply, England. (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 535-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the rolling of Plastic sheet the viscous work gives rise to heating of the plastic sheet. The maximum temperature reached in the interior of the sheet during shearing is of the interest, both in the theoretical calculation of roll pressure, and from the point of view of possible thermal decomposition effects. A calculation is given for a simple, some-what artificial, model, which leads to an upper value for this maximum temperature if a measurement of the average temperature of the emergent sheet is given. The model taken is that of an infinite sheet, of thickness 2δ, in which heat is continuously liberated at the rate of 4ηφ2 cal. cc. -1 sec. -1, where φ is the relevant value of the rate of compression (assumed constant across the sheet). The curve giving the temperature distribution across the sheet is calculated numerically for two cases; it is relatively flat, as would be expected on physical grounds, since the viscosity, η, decreases as the temperature rises. It is concluded that these thermal effects may be neglected in the calculation of roll pressure in Part 1.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010609
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    Water-soluble alkoxyacetals of polyvinyl alcoholContribution from the Research Laboratories. (1946)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 1 (1946), S. 540-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyvinyl alcohol may be reacted with methoxyacetaldehyde, 2-methoxyethoxyacetaldehyde, 2-methoxyethoxyacetaldehyde, 2-n-propoxyethoxyacetaldehyde, tetrahydrofurfuryloxyacetaldehyde, or 3-methoxypropionaldehyde, or with mixtures of these aldehydes, to yield thermoplastic resins which are soluble in cold water below specific temperatures peculiar to each resin, and which are soluble in most organic solvents except aliphatic hydrocarbons.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1946.120010610
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