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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (7,332)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (6,520)
  • 1995-1999  (6,118)
  • 1980-1984  (7,734)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and ultrastructure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 97-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three-dimensional structure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus and the relationship between its sensory cells and concretion are described using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy, with chemical treatment for cell lysis, calcium chelation, glycogen staining, and lanthanum labelling. The organ is encapsulated and has three units called fuselli. Each is enclosed by two fusellar cells which generate and release calcium granule strands into the cores of the fusellar concretions, which are united in the center of the organ. The surface of each fusellus is traversed by spiral dendrites entering dorsally and ending ventrally. The spiral dendrites arise from sensory neurons contained in a palm-shaped ganglion in the center of the capsule, beyond which they are twisted like a rope before reaching the concretion. The spiral dendrites are linked in pairs by gap and tight junctions and each gives origin to two pairs of 9+0 sensory cilia 30 μm apart. The ciliary distal segments give rise to long tubules which are in contact with the calcium granule strands. The ciliary proximal segments are expanded by many long mitochondria which interdigitate with the branched striated ciliary rootlets. The concretion is suspended in the capsule cavity by axons originating from four neurons of a remote mechanoreceptor. The structure of the organ suggests that it is a sensory organ involved in the reception and integration of a variety of stimuli.
    Additional Material: 86 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810109
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
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    Electron microscopic study of the innervation of the renal tubules and urinary bladder epithelium in Rana catesbeiana and Necturus maculosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 143-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the kidney and the bladder of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), the bullfrog tadpole, and the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) were studied with special attention to the innervation of renal tubule cells and bladder epithelial cells. In the bullfrog kidney, nerve terminals and varicosities were frequently associated with the tubule cells, apparently in an increasing order from the proximal tubule to the connecting tubule. Although these terminals and varicosities did not directly contact the tubular cell membrane, an aggregation of synaptic vesicles on the side facing the tubule was considered as morphological evidence that neurotransmitter can be released here and can affect the transport activity of the tubule cells. The association of nerve varicosities with canaliculi cells in the connecting tubule was also demonstrated. In the bullfrog tadpoles, renal tubule cells were occasionally innervated. In the mudpuppy, renal tubule cells were only poorly innervated. The epithelium of the bullfrog bladder was commonly innervated. Nerve terminals with synaptic vesicles were located very near basal cells and even contacted them directly on rare occasions. In the mudpuppy, the innervation of the bladder epithelium was observed infrequently. The bullfrog tadpoles did not possess an apparent bladder. In all materials studied, renal arterioles and bladder smooth muscle cells were innervated.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810203
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810301
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Ultrastrucuture of the fat body of the reproductive pair in higher termites (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 313-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the fat body of the higher termite king and queen has been studied both in species with (Macrotermes bellicosus, M. subhyalinus) and without (Cubitermes fungifaber) tracheal rosettes. There is a very pronounced sexual dimorphism. The adipocytes of the queen are highly specialized for protein synthesis and secretion; they store only a small quantity of reserves. The adipocytes of the king are not specialized in protein synthesis, but accumulate large amounts of reserve substances. The previously proposed different functions of the termite queen's fat body are discussed; it appears to be mainly concerned with vitellogenesis.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720306
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    The ovary of Fundulus heteroclitus (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, together with dissection and light microscopy, have produced heretofore unavailable structural detail of the ovary of Fundulus heteroclitus. Structural and functional interrelationships among developing follicles and other histological elements, particularly as they might relate to vascularization of follicles, oocyte development, and ovulation, are described and discussed. Mature eggs, ovulated into the ovarian lumen, accumulate in the posterior “ovisac” region of the ovary prior to oviposition. This “ovisac” region is thin-walled and apparently nongerminal. The temporary retention of ovulated eggs permits cyclical oviposition even though oogenesis and ovulation are asynchronous. The histological differences between the ovisac and the anterior ovigerous of the ovary are described. The lumenal epithelium of the ovisac displays a localized population of unusual cells with long cytoplasmic extensions. The ultrastructure of these cells suggests that they might function in the transport of ovulated eggs into the oviduct and/or in secreting the substance (“jelly”) which forms the surface coat of extruded eggs.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730102
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    Setiferous structures of male coleoptera (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 43-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A scanning electron microscopy study was made of the male setiferous sex patches and analogous structures in 11 families of Coleoptera (Anthribidae, Bruchidae, Ciidae, Cleridae, Coccinellidae, Dermestidae, Leiodidae, Ptinidae, Staphylinidae, Tenebrionidae, and Ostomatidae). These secondary sexual characters appear to have several features in common including relatively long, often ridged, setae, cuticular ducts (frequently cribriform pore plates), and the production of a secretion. It is suggested that these structures may all be concerned with the production, release, and dissemination of pheromones.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730106
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  • 107
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730201
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  • 108
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    Synganglial and neurosecretory morphology of female Ornithodoros parkeri (cooley) (acari: Argasidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 159-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Single esophageal and paired cheliceral, palpal, pedal (I-IV), and opisthosomal nerves enter the synganglion and form specific neuropilar ganglia. The ganglia are integrated by a complex series of commissures and connectives. Eighteen paraldehyde-fuchsin-positive neurosecretory regions, which vary greatly in size and amount of granular neurosecretory material, are each associated (one or more) with neuropilar ganglia. Presumably transport of neurosecretory materials to target tissues occurs through axonal pathways, perineurial-neural lamella associations, and the neurohemal retrocerebral organ complex.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730204
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  • 109
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    Morphology and evolutionary implications of the annual cycle of secretion and sperm storage in spermathecae of the salamander Ambystoma opacum (Amphibia: Ambystomatidae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Females of the marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum, store sperm in exocrine glands called spermathecae in the roof of the cloaca. Eggs are fertilized by sperm released from the spermathecae during oviposition. Some sperm remain in the spermathecae following oviposition, but these sperm degenerate within a month and none persists more than 6 mo after oviposition. Thus, sperm storage between successive breeding seasons does not occur. Apical secretory vaculoes are abundant during the fall mating season and contain a substance that is alcian blue+ at pH 2.5. Production of secretory vacuoles decreases markedly after oviposition, and the glands are inactive by the summer months. Ambystoma opacum is a terrestrial breeder, and some mating occurs prior to arrival at pond basins where oviposition occurs. Mating prior to arrival at the ovipository site may prolong the breeding season, leading to fitness implications for both males and females. Females have opportunities for more matings, and the possibilities for sperm competition in the spermathecae are enhanced. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230106
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  • 110
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    Annual changes in fine structure of inner epithelial lining of the ovary of a marine sculpin, Alcichthys alcicornis (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes), with internal gametic association (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Alcichthys alciocornis has a viscous ovarian fluid in the ovarian cavity, which plays an important role in its unique mode of reproduction called internal gametic association (i.e., internal insemination and sperm-egg association but a delay in the physiological fertilization until spawning). Seasonal changes in fine structure of the inner epithelial lining and capillary endothelium of the ovary revealed that ovarian fluid originated as a result of the secretory activity of the tissues. The ovarian cavity of A. alcicornis is lined with an ovigerous lamella epithelium and an ovarian wall epithelium. During the spawning period, both epithelia actively secreted proteinaceous substances which seemed to constitute the ovarian fluid. The substances appear to be synthesized in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum from the material which was transported from the blood capillary, taken into the epithelial cells by endocytosis, accumulated in secretory vesicles via Golgi apparatus in the cells, and finally released into the ovarian cavity by exocytosis. Microapocrine secretion was also observed to occur in both epithelia. Secretory activity of both epithelia by exocytosis and microapocrine secretion showed distinct seasonal changes. Active exocytosis and microapocrine secretion were observed during the spawning period (April-May). These activities slightly declined during the degeneration period (May-June) and were lost during the early recovery period (July). During the mid to late recovery period (October-March), there was some exocytosis but no microapocrine secretion. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230108
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  • 111
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    Surface morphology of hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) decidual cells in vitro (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cell surface morphology of hamster decidual cells isolated from day 8 implantation swellings was studied, using both phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy. Two kinds of cells, fibroblastic and epithelioid, were identified in cultures examined by phase-contrast microscopy. Fibroblastic cells were spindle-shaped, having pointed or blunt terminals on one end and bifid or webbed projections at the other end. Epithelioid cells, on the other hand, were flat and discoid, having a distinctively ruffled plasma membrane. Further, the plasma membrane of epithelioid cells formed rope-like or flange-like processes. The significance of such adaptations is discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230205
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  • 112
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    Skeletal morphogenesis in the urodele skull: II. Effect of developmental stage in thyroid hormone-induced remodeling (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 149-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study investigates the effect of developmental stage on thyroid hormone (TH)-mediated remodeling in the skeletal tissues of hemidactyliine plethodontid urodeles. Rate of morphogenesis was quantified in 17 metamorphic tissues for three different size-age classes of Eurycea bislineata larvae immersed in a metamorphic dosage of T4. Extent of morphogenesis after a 3-week immersion was also quantified in these tissues plus four larval ones for the full size range of E. bislineata larvae and for less complete size ranges of E. wilderae, E. longicauda guttolineata, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, and Pseudotriton ruber larvae. Although all tissues respond more slowly with decreasing size/age, two tissue-specific effects are evident in all species. Larval ossifications are less inducible than metamorphic ossifications, and progressive metamorphic events are more retarded and, in some cases, more prone to abnormal morphogenesis than regressive ones. The first effect agrees with the prediction that tissues that naturally remodel at metamorphosis are more responsive to a metamorphic dosage of TH than those that respond at a larval stage and lower TH. The second effect agrees with the prediction that progressive morphogenesis is more likely to be impaired at small size than regressive morphogenesis, although the frequent discrepancies between individuals of similar size implicate developmental age more than size in this effect. Collectively, these two effects provide only equivocal support for the hypothesis that direct development in plethodontids evolved via precocious TH activity. However, the unexpected transition from ceratobranchial replacement to ceratobranchial shortening in medium-sized larvae suggests that the former pathway requires a longer period of cell specification at low TH. Since ancestral plethodontids appear to have been distinguished by an exceptionally long larval period with exceptionally low TH activity, this developmental prerequisite may in turn be partly responsible for their singular evolution of ceratobranchial replacement. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230204
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  • 113
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    Atomic force microscopy of the morphology of the matrix and mineral components of the otolith of Hyperoglyphe antarctica (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 203-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sagittal otolith of Hyperoglyphe antarctica (Centrolophidae: Teleostei) has a prismatic structure in which the anti-sulcal growth axes of each prism consist of a series of nested cones each composed of a mineral layer followed by an organic matrix layer. Broken sections show the mineral layers to be composed of stacks of crystals. Otolith matrix that has been decalcified and air-dried, or critical-pont-dried, retains a periodic structure of repeating high and low matrix density. At high magnifications, both broken whole crystal surfaces and decalcified matrix surfaces have a granular structure. Chloroxbleached whole otoliths also show a granular crystalline structure. At higher magnifications, the air-dried matrix showed a parallel fiber structure with similar dimensions to keratin fibers. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230208
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  • 114
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    Cellular ultrastructure and catecholamine histofluorescence of the heart of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural descriptions of the dipnoan heart are lacking. Many ultrastructural features of the heart of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, resemble those of other lower vertebrates. The epicardial cells appear to be adapated for the exchange of material with the pericardial fluid. The most prominent features of the endocardial cells are numerous moderately electron-dense vesicles found within the cytoplasm. These organelles might have an endocrine function. The myocardiocytes are typically small. The banding pattern of the sarcomere is shared with most fish. The intercalated disc has a convoluted path and consists of desmosomes and fascia adherens. Caveolae are a prominent feature of the sarcoplasm. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is sparse, and T-tubules are lacking. Atrial myocardial dense bodies occur in vast numbers throughout the atrium and are occasionally seen in the ventricle. These vesicles are chromaffin-positive but fail to show catecholamine fluorescence. They are likely to contain peptides related to ANP. Subendothelial cells exhibiting catecholamine-specific fluorescence are scattered throughout the atrium. Ultrastructurally these cells contain many chromaffin-positive granules. Chromaffin cells represent another cell type with a probable endocrine function within the heart of N. forsteri. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230207
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  • 115
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230301
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  • 116
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    Morphology of complex lymphoepithelial organs of the anal canal (“anal tonsil”) in the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A complex of lymphoepithelial organs, the “anal tonsils,” is a consistent structure in the anal canal of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. This complex occurs as a circumferential cluster of discrete tonsil like aggregations of lymphoid tissues, together with epithelial ducts (“crypts”) and occasional mucus secretory units in the extreme lower portion of the intestinal tract. These structures are concentrated in the segment lined by stratified squamous epithelium and extend for a variable distance cephalad from the anal aperture. The tonsils appear to be most active, judged by the amount of lymphoid tissue present, in young animals. Depletion of lymphocytes and cystic enlargement of the crypts, probably representing functional as well as morphological involution, is a consistent feature of older animals. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230304
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  • 117
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    Prenatal development of the integument in Delphinidae (Cetacea: Odontoceti) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 269-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The prenatal development of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis was studied in embryos of different ago of two delphinid species (Stenella attenuata, Delphinus delphis), using light and transmission electron microscopical methods. The delphinid embryo is covered by a multilayered tissue formed by four different epidermal generations (periderm, stratum intermedium-I, str. intermedium-II, str. spinosum) produced by the str. basale. The first layer appears at about 40-50 mm of body length, the second type (s.i.-I) about 60-160 mm, and the third type (s.i.-II) is present at 160-500 mm. The first spinosal cells are produced at 225-260 mm body length; thenceforth, the epidermis increases continuously in thickness. Epidermal ridge formation begins about 400-mm body length. The development of the dermis is characterized by the early production of thin connective tissue fibers (40- 70-mm body length) and simultaneously the cutaneuous muscle matures in structure. Vascular development intensifies between embryos of 150-225 mm, and collagen production increases markedly in fetuses of 225-260-mm length. These events are paralledled by an increase in dermal thickness. The first elastic fibers can be recognized in the skin from the abdomen at about 600-mm body length. The development of the hypodermis is marked by very rapid and constantly progressing growth, beginning about 60-mm body length. The first typical fat cells appear in animals of 360-400 mm. Regional differences are obvious for all skin layers with regard to the flippers, where structural maturation proceeds more rapidly than in dorsal or abdominal regions. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230305
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  • 118
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    Design of the predatory legs of water bugs (Hemiptera: Nepidae, Naucoridae, Notonectidae, Gerridae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 289-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Functional comparative morphology of predatory legs in five species of water bugs (Ilyocoris cimicoides, Nepa cinerea, Ranatra linearis, Notonecta glauca, and Gerris lacustris) has been investigatd adn the following peculiarities of leg design were revealed.1Subcoxal articulation may be monoaxial (G. lacustris, N. glauca), or, in contrast to walking leg type, biaxial (N. cinerea, R. linearis, I. cimicoides); the first axis is oriented along the coxa (torsion axis), the second one is perpendicular to the first (non-torsion axis).2In contrast to walking leg type, which is characterized by cross suspension of the axis of coxal rotation in thoracal skeleton, this axis in G. lacustris is placed vertically. Non-torsion coxal axis in R. linearis is oriented strongly transversal. This axis directs the leg strike forward.3Legs in the majority of species are planar: Torsion axes of the coxa, femur, and tibia are placed in the same plane. Axes of rotation of consequent joints in I. cimicoides are reciprocally sloped. Therefore, the end of the leg outlines the spiral trajectory, when all angles of joints are opening (closing). This is an adaptation for clinging to the stems of water plants.4Passive adduction of the femur in the trochanter-femoral joint in N. glauca allows it to go around protuberances of the body wall, when the leg is sliding along them; recurrent femur movement during releasing from the obstacele is active due to the rt.fe muscle.5Only R. linearis has predatory legs, which permit the high-speed pursuit of potential prey; other species realize this function using the swimming legs, whereas the forelegs are used for the manipulation movements.6Muscle arrangement in the prothorax of different species reflects both leg construction and constructional constraints of body design. Powerful flexor muscles (co1, co2, co3, co5, fl.ti, et.ti in R. linearis; fl.ta, fl.ti in N. glauca; fl.ti in I. cimicoides) have long tendons and short muscle bundles, which originate on the leg wall. As a result, the powerful force is developed along the muscle tendon.7Some features of the predatory leg are common for the species studies: elongation of coxae, thickening of femora, and increase of the degree of junction of tibia and tarsus. The muscles, which move the distal segment of the leg, are reinforced and the sclerite of the fl.ti tendon is enlarged. The joint angle of the distal segment is increased to 120°. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 119
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    Allometry and developmental integration of body growth in a piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Teleostei: Ostariophysi) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 341-355 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Piranhas, like many teleosts, change their diets on both ontogenetic and phylogenetic time scales. Prior studies have suggested that pervasive morphological changes in body form on a phylogenetic time scale may be related to changes in diet, but previous reports have found little shape change in piranhas on an ontogenetic time scale. We re-examine the post-transformational allometry of body form in one piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Kner), using the method of thin-plate splines decomposed by their partial warps. We find substantial evidence of allometry, primarily elongation of the mid-body relative to the more anterior and posterior regions, elongation of the postorbital and nape regions relative to the more anterior head and posterior body, and deepening of the head relative to the body. In addition to these pervasive changes throughout the body, there are some that are more localized, especially elongation of the postorbital region relative to eye diameter and snout, and an even more localized elongation of the snout relative to eye diameter. Initial dietary transitions are associated with changes in head and jaw proportions, but rates of shape change decelerate through growth, so that the final transition to a diet increasingly dominated by small whole fish appears associated with change largely in overall body size. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Ultrastructurally different muscle cell types in Eisenia foetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Muscles in the body wall, intestinal wall, and contractile hemolymphatic vessels (pseudohearts) of an oligochaete anelid (Eisenia foetida) were studied by electron microscopy. The muscle cells in all locations, except for the outer layer of the pseudohearts, are variants of obliquely striated muscle cells. Cells comprising the circular layer of the body wall possess single, peripherally located myofibrils that occupy most of the cytoplasm and surround other cytoplasmic organelles. The nuclei of the cells lie peripherally to the myofibrils. The sarcomeres consist of thin and thick myofilaments that are arranged in parallel arrays. In one plane of view, the filaments appear to be oriented obliquely to Z bands. Thin myofilaments measure 5-6 nm in diameter. Thick myofilaments are fusiform in shape and their width decreases from their centers (40-45 nm) to their tips (23-25 nm). The thin/thick filament ratio in the A bands is 10. The Z bands consist of Z bars alternating with tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Subsarcolemmal electron-dense plaques are found frequently. The cells forming the longitudinal layer of the body wall musculature are smaller than the cells in the circular layer and their thick filaments are smaller (31-33 nm centrally and 21-23 nm at the tips). Subsarcolemmal plaques are less numerous. The cells forming the heart wall inner layer, the large hemolymphatic vessels, and the intestinal wall are characterized by their large thick myofilaments (50-52 nm centrally and 27-28 nm at the tips) and abundance of mitochondria. The cells forming the outer muscular layer of the pseudohearts are smooth muscle cells. These cells are richer in thick filaments than vertebrate smooth muscle cells. They differ from obliquely striated muscle cells by possessing irregularly distributed electron-dense bodies for filament anchorage rather than sarcomeres and Z bands and by displaying tubules of smooth endoplasmic reticulum among the bundles of myofilaments. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Internal fertilization, testis and sperm morphology in glandulocaudinae fishes (Teleostei: Characidae: Glandulocaudinae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 131-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this report, the gonads of 32 glandulocaudine species, representing 18 genera, are compared with 11 outgroup characiform species. Through the presence of spermatozoa within the ovarian cavity, internal fertilization of the female is confirmed for the 16 genera for which mature ovaries were available. No outgroup ovary studied contains spermatozoa. All mature glandulocaudine testes have a large portion of the posterior testis, which is devoid of developing germ cells and spermatocysts (aspermatogenic), devoted to sperm storage, with the degree of partitioning in that region varying greatly within the group. All outgroup species examined have spermatozoa with spherical nuclei. With the exception of the species of the genus Planaltina, which also have spherical nuclei, all glandulocaudines have elongated nuclei, which vary among the species from 3.6 μm to 31.6 μm in length. Distinct sperm packets (spermatozeugmata) are formed in five genera by two different methods. In the genera Xenurobrycon, Tyttocharax, and Scopaeocharax, all of the tribe Xenurobryconini, the spermatozeugmata are formed within the spermatocysts and released fully formed. In all genera of the tribe Glandulocaudini, which includes Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates, loose spermatozoa are released which cluster into spermatozeugmata within the posterior storage areas. These morphological specializations are discussed within a phylogenetic framework as adaptations for internal fertilization and are hypothesized to be independently derived. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Presence of interdigitating cells in thymus of the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. (Teleost) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 199-203 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Interdigitating cells in the thymus of the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, occur principally in the internal zone and in the border with the external zone. Ultrastructurally, the most characteristic cytological features of these cells are their low electron density, complicated labyrinthine membrane-membrane contacts, scantiness of cytoplasmic organelles, presence of Birbeck-like granules, juxtanuclear tubulo-vesicular complex, and phagocytic capacity. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Morphological, histochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of the salivary glands and proboscises of three species of glossiphoniid leeches (Hirudinea: Rhynchobdellida) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Morphological and ultrastructural features of the salivary glands and proboscises of Placobdella ornata, Placobdella parasitica, and Desserobdella picta were studied by light and electron microscopy. Chemical composition of the salivary cells was investigated using a variety of histochemical techniques. Placobdella ornata and P. parasitica have compact salivary glands with discrete pairs of anterior and posterior glands, while the salivary cells contain one mucous and three proteinaceous secretions. Salivary glands of D. Picta are diffusely arranged and contain two mucous and two proteinaceous secretions. A cobalt-lysine forward-filling technique revealed that individual salivary cells consist of a roughly spherical soma and an elongated ductule. The majority of the internal space in a salivary soma is densely packed with spherical secretory granules which displace the cytoplasm to the periphery of the cell. Bundles of individual ductules enter the base of the proboscis on opposite sides and extend anteriorly. The ductules, also packed with secretory granules, are surrounded by microtubules associated with agranular endoplasmic reticulum, and merge with deep invaginations of the proboscis cuticle. The secretory granules are released at the end of these invaginations or pores. Pores were found on the tip, along the body, and on the luminal wall of the proboscises in all three species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    In vivo strain in the humerus of pigeons (Columba livia) during flight (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 61-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Longitudinal and principal strain recordings were made in vivo at three sites (dorsal, anterior, and ventral) on the humeral midshaft of pigeons executing five modes of free flight: Take-off, level flight, landing, vertical ascent, and near-vertical descent. Strains were also recorded while the birds flew carrying weights that were 33%, 50%, or 100% of their body weight. The relative distribution of strain measured at the three surface midshaft sites and across the bone's cortex was found to be similar for all flight modes. Principal strains recorded in the dorsal and ventral humerus indicated considerable torsion produced by aerodynamic loading of the wing surface posterior to the bone. Measured torsional shear strains (maximum: 2,700-4,150 μ ε during level flight) were 1.5 times greater than longitudinal strains. In addition to torsion, the humerus is also subjected to significant dorsoventral bending owing to lift forces acting on the wing during the downstroke. Analysis of the cross-sectional distribution of longitudinal strains at the humeral midshaft cortex shows that the orientation of bending shifts in a regular manner during the downstroke, indicating that the wing generates progressively more thurst (vs. lift) later in the downstroke. This shift is less during take-off and vertical ascent when greater lift is required. Peak principal and longitudinal strains increased by an average of only 50% from landing to vertical ascending flight and take-off (e.g., dorsal humerus: -1,503 to -2,329 μ ε) and did not exceed -2,600 μ epsiv; at any site, even when the birds flew carrying twice their body weight. Strains recorded when birds flew at two times their body weight (100% BW load) were similar in magnitude to those recorded during vertical ascent and take-off and likely represent those developed during maximal performance. Strains developed within the midshaft were maximal in the anterodorsal and posteroventral cortices, not at the dorsal, ventral, and anterior sites at which strain was recorded. Consequently, maximum strains experienced by the bone are probably 20-25% greater than those recorded (ca. 3,200 μ ε), indicating a safety factor of about 3.5 for compressive strain failure. The much higher shear strains, however, indicate a lower safety factor (1.9), in which the bone's torsional strength is its most critical design feature. Finally, the magnitude and distribution of strains developed in the humerus of pigeons are generally similar to those recorded in the humerus of large fruit-eating bats during flight. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cephalometric correlates of echolocation in the chiroptera: II. Fetal development (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 107-123 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cephalometry was used to detect patterns of cranial growth in fetal bats that were stained differentially for bone and cartilage. Three developmental features distinguish embryos of taxa that echolocate nasally from embryos of taxa that echolocate orally: (1) the basicranium is retained ventral to the cervical axis, (2) the rostrum is retained below the basicranial axis, and (3) the lateral semicircular canals are rotated caudally. Together, the first two actions align the fetal nasal cavity with what will be the long axis of the adult body in flight. The third action aligns the lateral semicircular canals with the horizontal. In contrast, skulls of oral-emitting taxa are constructed such that the oral cavity is aligned with the long axis of the body in flight. The evolution of head posture and skull form in microchiropteran bats has been constrained by the demands of vocalization, i.e., ultrasonic echolocation. Accordingly, the ontogeny of the microchiropteran skull has been canalized along two distinct developmental paths - oral-emitting and nasal-emitting Baupläne. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052250301
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    Effects of caffeine treatment on the fine structure, silica secretion, and shell morphology of the testate amoeba Assulina muscorum (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 251-260 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Assulina muscorum secretes morphologically altered shells when cultured in a medium with 5 mM caffeine. The siliceous scales, normally distributed in a regular overlapping pattern, are disorganized, thicker and wider than normal, and occasionally have incompletely silicified surfaces that appear irregular in profile in transmission electron microscopic ultrathin sections. The shape of the silica deposition vesicles (SDVs) in the cytoplasm is altered and they are less regularly arranged. The swollen appearances of the SDVs, and of nearby Golgi tubules, give additional evidence that caffeine affects the fine structural morphology of membranous secretory organelles and can disrupt their normal depositional activity. In addition to the greater thickness and width of the siliceous scales in caffeine-treated cells, the length and width of the shell are larger compared to controls, but the aspect ratio (length / width) is smaller. The latter is attributed to a larger increase in width relative to the increase in length of the caffeine-reated cells. Since some of the scales are deposited with the long axis laterally on the shell surface, in addition to being greater in width, this raises the interesting question of whether the morphology of the SDVs and the siliceous products influences the size and morphogenesis of the shell. Further research is needed to clarify the interaction of the SDVs with the cytoplasmic cytoskeletal system during shell morphogenesis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Spinal cord central canal of the German shepherd dog: Morphological, histological, and ultrastructural considerations (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 205-212 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study deals with some macroscopical, microscopical, and ultrastructural aspects of the spinal cord central canal of the German shepherd dog. The caudal end of the spinal cord is constituted by the conus medullaris, which may extend to the first sacral vertebra, the terminal ventricle, and the filum terminale. The latter structure is considered as internum (second to third sacral vertebrae) or externum (fifth caudal vertebra), according to its relation to the dura mater. Occasionally, there is a second anchorage which is close to the level of the sixth caudal vertebra. The central canal is surrounded by a ciliated ependymal epithelium, which differs depending upon the levels. The most caudal part of the filum terminale bears a columnar ciliated ependymal epithelium surrounded by two layers of glia and pia mater, which separate the central canal from the subarachnoid space. Microfil injections show a communication between the cavity and the subarachnoid space, as the plastic is able to pass through the ependymal epithelium. At the level of the terminal ventricle there are real separations of the ependymal epithelium, which seem to connect the lumen of the spinal canal with the subarachnoid space. These structures probably constitute one of the drainage pathways of the cerebrospinal fluid. The diameter of the central canal is related to the age of the animal. However, even in very old animals the spinal cord central canal reaches the tip of the filum terminale and remains patent until death. At the ultrastructural level the ependymal cells present villi, located on cytoplasmic projections, cilia, dense mitochondria, and oval nuclei. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Developing embryo and cyclic changes in the uterus of Peripatus (Macroperipatus) acacioi (Onychophora, Peripatidae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 224 (1995), S. 179-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Female reproductive tracts of the viviparous neo-tropical onychophoran Peripatus acacioi have been examined at different times throughout the year, and the altering relationship between the developing embryo and the uterus is described. Depending on her age and time of year, the female may have one or two generations of embryos within her uterus. The uterine wall consists of a thin outer epithelium and basal lamina, three layers of muscles, and a thick basal lamina beneath an inner epithelium lining the uterus lumen. These layers are consistent along the length of the uterus apart from the inner epithelial lining, which varies according to position in the uterus and the developmental stage of embryos contained in the uterus. Early embryos are positioned along the length of the uterus and therefore have space in which to grow. During cleavage and segment formation, each embryo is contained within a fluid-filled embryo cavity that increases in size as the embryo grows. Morulae and blastulae are separated by lengths of empty uterus in which the epithelial lining appears vacuolated. Until the process of segment formation is complete, the embryos are attached to a placenta by a stalk and remain in the same part of the upper region of the uterus. As these embryos grow, the lengths of vacuolated cell-lined uterus between them decrease. Each embryo cavity is surrounded by the epithelial sac, the maternal uterine epithelium, which becomes overlaid by a thin layer of cells, the embryo sac, which is believed to be of embryonic origin. The placenta is a syncytial modification of the epithelial sac located at the ovarian end of each embryo cavity covered by the embryo sac and is analogous to the mammalian noninvasive epitheliochorial placenta. Segment-forming embryos have their heads directed toward the ovary. As the embryo gets longer during segment formation, its posture changes from coiled to flexed. Once segment formation is complete, the embryo loses contact with its stalk, an embryonic cuticle forms, and the embryo turns around so that its head is directed toward the vagina. The embryo escapes from its embryo sac and moves to the lower part of the uterus. In the lower part of the uterus, the straightened fetuses are first unpigmented but subsequently become pigmented as the secondary papillae on the body surface form and an adult-type cuticle forms beneath the embryonic cuticle. While the embryos are contained within their embryo cavities, nutrients are supplied by the placenta. Throughout development the mouth is open and in the mature fetus the gut is lined by peritrophic membrane and material is present in the gut lumen. Trachea have been observed only in fetuses that were ready for birth. Insemination, cyclical changes in the uterine epithelium, and the nature of the cuticle shed at parturition are discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Mechanics of the avian propatagium: Flexion-extension mechanism of the avian wing (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 91-105 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The supporting elements of the avian propatagium were examined in intact birds and as isolated components, using static force-length measurements, calculated models, and airflow observations. The propatagial surface supported between Lig. propatagiale (LP) and brachium-antebrachium is equally resistant to distortion over the range of wing extension used in flight. The lengths LP assumes in flight occur across a nearly linear, low-stiffness portion of the force-length curve of its extensible pars elastica. In an artificial airflow, intact wings automatically extend; their degree of extension is roughly correlated with the airflow velocity. Comparisons between geometric models of the wing and the passive force-length properties of LPs suggest that the stress along LP blances the drag forces acting to extend the elbow. The mechanical properties (stiffness) of the LP vary and appear to be tuned for flight-type characteristics, e.g., changes in wing extension during flight and drag. Lig. limitants cubiti and LP combine to limit elbow extension at its maximum, a safety device in flight preventing hyperextension of the elbow and reduction of the propatagium's cambered flight surface. Calculations using muscle and ligament lengths suggest that M. deltoideus, pars propatagialis, via its insertions onto both the propatagial ligaments, controls and coordinates propatagial deployment, leading edge tenseness, and elbow/wing extension across the range of wing extensions used in flight. The propatagial ligaments and M. deltoideus, pars propatagialis, along with skeleto-ligamentous elbow/carpus apparatus, are integral components of the wing's extension control mechanism. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Comparative embryology of teleostean fishes. I. Development and staging of the american shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1811) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 125-167 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new approach to devising embryological staging systems allows improved phylogenetic comparisons of developmental patterns. As in traditional approaches, morphological features provide the defining criteria for stages, but unlike traditional normal tables, each stage is defined by no more than one or two morphological criteria that are fundamental developmental features of all teleosts. Additional developmental features that occur concurrently with the defining criteria of a stage are treated as variables potentially uncoupled from the defining criteria for that stage. This system is well suited to detect phylogenetic heterochrony and promises to increase our understanding of conserved vs. labile features in teleostean embryology. In this study, I explain the defining criteria for American shad and then make comparisons with other clupeoids. The development of American shad includes 35 stages extending from fertilization to metamorphosis. Comparisons with other clupeoids indicate that the developmental pattern of shad is representative of the early ontogeny of many clupeoids during the embryonic and yolk sac periods and may be conservative for the group. However, several concurrent features, particularly hatching, formation of neuromasts, and opercular development, vary in developmental timing among clupeoids. Comparisons indicate that shad embryos delay the development of these concurrent features relative to other clupeoids. Modifications of the developmental pattern for different species of clupeoids are heterochronic but their phylogenetic and adaptive significance is unknown. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Fiber-type composition of hindlimb muscles in the turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 193-211 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description is provided of the fiber-type composition of several hindlimb muscles of the adult turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. In addition, cross-section areas of each fiber type and an estimation of the relative (weighted) cross-section area (wCSA) occupied by the different fiber types are also provided. Seven muscles were selected for study, based on their suitability for future neurophysiological analysis as components of the segmental motor system, and on their homologies with muscles in other vertebrates. The test muscles were iliofibularis (ILF), ambiens (AMB), external gastrocnemius (EG), extensor digitorum communis (EDC), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), tibialis anterior (TA), and peroneus anterior (PA). Serial sections of these muscles were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), NADH-diaphorase, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH), thereby enabling fiber-type classification on the basis of indirect markers for contraction speed and oxidative (aerobic) vs. glycolytic (anaerobic) metabolism. All muscles contained three fiber types: Slow oxidative (SO; possibly including some non-twitch tonic fibers); fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG); and fast glycolytic (Fg). There were at least 30% FOG and 50% FOG + Fg fibers in the seven muscles, the extreme distributions being the predominantly glycolytic ILF vs. the predominantly oxidative FDL muscle (ILF - 15.5% SO, 35.2% FOG, 49.3% Fg vs. FDL - 49.1% SO, 41.1% FOG, 9.8% Fg). As in other species, the test muscles exhibited varying degrees of regional concentration (compartmentalization) of the different fiber types. This feature was most striking in ILF. Pronounced compartmentalization was also observed in AMB, EG, PA, TA, and EDC, whereas the distribution of fiber types in the highly oxidative FDL was homogeneous. In five of the seven muscles, fiber size was ranked with Fg 〉 FOF 〉 SO. In terms of wCSA, which provides a coarse-grain measure of the different fiber types' potential contribution to whole muscle peak force, all muscles exhibited a higher Fg and lower SO contribution to cross-section area than suggested by their corresponding fiber-type composition. The largest relative increases in wCSA vs. fiber-type composition were in the ILF and AMB muscles. We conclude that the turtle hindlimb provides some interesting possibilities for testing for a division of labor among different muscles during different movements (e.g., sustained vs. ballistic), and for study of the behavior of the different fiber (and motor unit) types under normal and perturbed conditions. The relationships between the present results and previous findings on homologous muscles of the mammalian (cat, rat) and reptilian (lizard) hindlimb are discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Occurrence of ampulla in the ductus deferens of the Indian garden lizard Calotes versicolor daudin (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 261-268 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the breeding season, the terminal end of the ductus deferens of Calotes versicolor appears swollen and is comparable to the ampulla of the mammalian ductus deferens. Its anatomy was studied from paraffin sections. It differentiates along its length into five zones. The first has thick smooth muscle and pesudostratified epithelium; the second has luminal trabeculae with an epithelium showing evidence of secretory activity; the third has the epithelial mucosa abutting against the smooth muscle in the form of pocketlike indentations; the fourth has crypts between epithelial folds; and the fifth zone is a sphincter. The anatomy of this ampullary region is indicative of secretory as well as spermatophagous roles. It undergoes seasonal change and appears to be androgen-dependent. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Perinatal changes in avian muscle: Implications from ultrastructure for the development of endothermy (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 357-367 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Endothermic heat production and the capacity to shiver develop soon after hatching in birds, permitting chicks to regulate their body temperature. Physiological studies have not clearly identified the developmental events causing this change in function. Here, we use electron microscopy to examine the development of structures involved in muscle activation, contraction, and metabolism coincident with the development of shivering thermogenesis. A stereological study was used to compare the ultrastructure of chicken iliofibularis before endothermic heat production was present (24 h before hatching) and 120 h later, when the iliofibularis had substantial capacity for shivering. Profound increases were found in the t-tubule system and terminal cisternae, mitochondrial cristae, and lipids. The number of triadic profiles increased 3.8-fold (7.6 ± 1.31/100 μm2 to 28.5 ± 2.90/100 μm2 fiber area). The surface area of cristae per mitochondrial volume doubled (12.0 ± 1.50 pm2/pm3 to 25.7 ± 1.84 μm2/μm3). Lipid droplets were rare in the iliofibularis of embryos about to hatch, but accounted for 4.4% of the muscle fiber volume in day 4 birds. We suggest that these ultrastructural changes more fully activate the iliofibularis, allow it to produce more heat both from calcium pumping and from contraction, and increase its endurance, thus permitting the muscle to be effective in thermogenesis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052260101
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    Sensory receptors on the adult labial and maxillary palpi and galea of Cicindela sexguttata (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Five types of sensilla are situated on the apical area of the labial and maxillary palpi and galea of Cicidela sexguttata. Large, conical, and peg-like sensilla are in rows on the central region of each palpus. These sensilla have a hollow cuticular peg, with an apical pore and multi-innervation. This central region of palpal sensilla is surrounded by campaniform sensilla that are disc-shaped and small conical peg sensilla. A similar type of conical sensillum as the found in the palpal central region is situated around the periphery of the palpal apex and apex of the galea. This conical peg sensillum is located in a shallow depression and is structurally similar to the other peg sensilla, but it has a mechanoreceptor neuron attached to the cuticular base of the sensillum. A long, single, trichoid sensillum is situated in the center of the galea and is hollow, thick-walled, porous, and multi-innervated. The apices of the palpi and galea have a large number of dermal gland openings that actively secrete a substance during the feeding process of the tiger beetle. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Seasonal variation in ovarian histology of the viviparous lizard Sceloporus torquatus torquatus (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995), S. 103-119 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Changes in ovarian histology during the reproductive cycle of the viviparous lizard Sceloporus torquatus torquatus are described. In general, the variation in follicular histology observed during the seasonal cycle is similar to that of other lizards. Sceloporus t. torquatus exhibits a cycle in which small, previtellogenic follicles exist in the ovary from December to August. Vitellogenesis occurs between September and November, followed by ovulation from late November to early December. Parturition occurs the following spring. After ovulation, the remaining follicular cells form the corpus luteum and luteolysis did not occur until April-May. Follicular atresia is commonly observed in previtellogenic follicles with polymorphic granulosa, but occurs less frequently in follicles during late vitellogenesis. There are two germinal beds in each ovary. The yolk nucleus is evident in young oocytes as is a vacuolated ooplasma prior to vitellogenesis. Extensive polymorphism is observed in yolk platelets. Mast cells and secretory cells are observed in the thecal layer of the follicular wall as are melanocytes in the ovarian stroma. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cytological aspects of vascular invasion by the trophoblast of Calomys callosus in hepatic tissues (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 226 (1995), S. 159-171 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ectoplacental cones isolated from embryos on the seventh day of pregnancy wer transplanted beneath the hepatic capsule of recipeint adult animals to document the morphological patterns of vascular invasion by the trophoblast in the absence of the maternal environment and the influence of its peculiar vasculature. Females, and females and males of Calomys collosus, a cricetid rodent, were used, respectively, as embryo donors and recipient animals. Three to 5 days later, the grafted regions were excised and processed for light and electron microscopy. Invasion of the liver parenchyma by the trophoblast progressed along the vascular beds, associated with gradual phagocytosis of hepatic cells, greatly favoring the morphological characterization of invasive steps exhibited by the trophoblast to access the different kinds of vessels, to trespass the various vascular components and the different levels of the surrounding hepatic parenchyma. It is possible that either in utero during the establishment of embryomaternal circulation in early pregnancy or ex utero under experimental conditions, the trophblast exhibits similar vascular invasion behavior. In view of this, our findings may contribute to a better understanding of trophoblast cell migration to the maternal blood supply as well as the role of the trophoblast in the establishment of the placental circulation during pregnancy. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    A commentary on the segmental motor system of the turtle: Implications for the study of its cellular mechanisms and interactions (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 225 (1995), S. 213-227 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A commentary is provided on the segmental motor system of the turtle Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans with an emphasis on neuronal, neuromuscular, and muscular mechanisms that control the development of force under normal, fatiguing, and pathophysiological conditions. For the central neuronal component of the segmental motor system, it has recently been shown that intracellular analysis of the firing properties of motoneurons and interneurons can be undertaken for relatively long periods of time in in vitro slices of the lumbosacral spinal cord of the adult turtle. In other less reduced in vitro preparations, analyses are available on complex motor behaviors generated by the isolated spinal cord. These behaviors of spinal neuronal networks are analogous in key aspects to those generated by the isolated in vivo cord, and by the cord in intact preparations. These results suggest that the neuronal components of the segmental motor system can now be studied from the cellular/molecular level of analysis in in vitro slice preparations to the systems level in conscious, freely moving animals. The in vitro approach can also be used for the analysis of cellular mechanisms in suprasegmental brain structures, which contribute to the control of voluntary movement. For the peripheral neuromuscular component of the segmental motor system, information is now available on muscle fiber types and selected aspects of sensory innervation, and it is feasible to study the mechanical and biochemical properties of motor units. As such, the turtle presents a valuable model for exploring interrelations between the neuronal and mechanical components of the segmental motor system of the generalized tetrapod. A prominent feature of these recent developments is the extent to which they have been deriven by findings that have emphasized an evolutionary conservation of motor-control mechanisms extending from ion channels, at the cellular level, to the control of multijointed movements at the systems level of analysis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    A scanning electron microscope study of the mesothoracic and metathoracic scolopophorous organs of Lethocerus (Belostomatidae-heteroptera) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 27-35 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The presence of scolopophorous organs in aquatic Heteroptera has been reported in a number of species. This study presents a morphological investigation of these sensory structures of Lethocerus (Belostomatidae) as observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Paired mesothoracic and metathoracic organs are present. Externally, each sensory structure consists of a raised sensory membrane. The distal-most portion consists of thickenings of this sensory membrane (sclerite). The receptor neurons of the mesothoracic organ are of two types - one discolopidial sensillum and 12 monoscolopidial sensilla. The former is attached to the internal wall and distal thickening of the sensory membrane, while the latter are dispersed throughout the interior and attached to the internal wall of the sensory membrane. The structure of the organs suggest that an effective stimulus could be a compression of the membrane. A discussion of possible functions (pressure reception and hearing) is included.
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    Scanning electron microscopy and distribution of specialized mechanoreceptors in the texas rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri (Baird and Girard) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 59-67 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the surface tubercles of a specialized mechanoreceptor found within the head of Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri indicates that the tubercle consists of a craterlike structure with a peg emerging from its center. After removal of the outer keratinized layers of the epidermis, the SEM discloses a replicate tubercle on the underlying alpha keratin layer. Over 6000 tubercles were found within a single snake. The mechanoreceptors were more densely concentrated on anterior scales, and their number appears to be species specific so that they are more concentrated in snakes with smaller heads than in those with larger ones.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051640301
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    Hopping locomotion in a nematode: Functional anatomy of the caudal gland apparatus of Theristus caudasaliens sp. n. (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 265-285 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The interstitial nematode Theristus caudasaliens n. sp. normally locomotes by hopping on the left side of its tail tip, a mode of locomotion that is unique among nematodes. The animal uses its caudal glands and caudal musculature to perform the hops, attaching itself momentarily between hops with the glands and executing the hops by straightening and curling the posterior part of its body.The caudal gland apparatus can be seen by electron microscopy to consist of five gland cells of two different types. Three of these cells, termed viscid glands, are involved in adhesion of the animal to substrates and produce ovoid granules with a central dense band. The other two cells are characterized by smaller, lessdense granules and presumably function in releasing the animal from substrates. The ducts of both gland types extend to the tail tip where they terminate in a common crescent-shaped space. Their secretions are released to the outside through two pores on the left side of the tail tip. There is no spinneret valve in this nematode. The muscles of the tail and of the mid-body region are developed to the same extent.The caudal gland apparatus can be compared with the duo-gland adhesive organs of other interstitial animals, but its homology with either these organs or the caudal glands of other nematodes is uncertain. Theristus caudasaliens is described as a new species.
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    Bifurcate sensilla on the tarsi of female black flies, Simulium venustum (Diptera: Simuliidae): Contact chemosensilla adapted for olfaction? (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ventral surface of the most proximal tarsomere of each mesothoracic leg of the female black fly, Simulium venustum Say, bears approximately 60 bifurcate sensilla. Externally, a sensillum appears as a hair set into an asymmetric socket and with the distal tip flattened into two flared lobes. A single pore opens into a short groove at the base of the lobes. The hair shaft is divided into two lumina, one of which contains the dendrites. Each sensillum is innervated by four neurons, the dendrites of which extend unbranched to the pore. Sensillum liquor bathes the dendritic tips and extends through the pore into the adjacent groove and across part of the lobes. A sieve-like structure exists in the pore region of many if not all sensilla. At least two sheath cells are associated with each sensillum.It is suggested that, although the bifurcate sensilla have the internal structure associated with known contact chemosensilla, they have secondarily acquired an olfactory function which is facilitated by the flattened lobes which increase the adsorptive surface area.Along each side of the bifurcate sensilla is a row of sturdy spines, each innervated by a neuron with a tubular body, a characteristic of cuticular mechanoreceptors. These spines are likely tactile sensilla.
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    Structure of the dermal scales in gymnophiona (Amphibia) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 41-54 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histology and cytology of dermal scales of the gymnophionans Ichthyophis kohtaoensis and Hypogeophis rostratus reveal their structure and the nature of their mineralization.Dermal scales are small flat disks set in pockets in the transverse ridges of the skin. Each pocket contains several scales of various sizes. A ring of “hypomineralization” of varying diameter may occur on scales of a particular dermal pocket but bears no relation to the diameter of these scales.Three different layers form the scales and are seen on sections perpendicular to the surface. The cells of the basal layer lie deepest. Each of the two or three more superficial fibrous layers is composed of bundles of fibres that are oriented in parallel. The orientation varies among layers. The striation of the fiber scales has a periodicity comparable to that of the surrounding dermal fibers. Squamulae form a discontinuous layer on the scale surface and are the only mineralized part of the scale. The minerals are deposited both on the collagen fibers passing from the fibrous layers into the squamulae, and in the interfibrillar spaces. Spherical concretions, either isolated or coalescent, reaching up to 1 μm, are found on the surface of the squamulae.The dermal scales of Gymnophiona present some analogies with those of evolved bony fishes. Their characteristics could make them an original model for the study of mineralization.
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    Light and electron microscopic studies of crayfish hemocytes (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 67-83 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using light and electron microscopy, three hemocyte types are described in the hemolymph of the crayfish. The coagulocyte comprises 65% of the total hemocyte number and contains medium-sized cytoplasmic granules, abundant dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a highly developed Golgi complex. It rapidly undergoes cytolysis in vitro and participates in coagulation by releasing the contents of its granules to the hemolymph. The granulocyte comprises 31% of the total hemocyte number and is capable of phagocytosis. It contains large, irregularly shaped cytoplasmic granules, a moderately developed Golgi complex, and moderate amounts of non-dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. During coagulation in vitro, the cell attaches and spreads onto the substratum; this is followed by a slow intracellular granule breakdown and cytolysis. The amebocyte comprises 4% of the total hemocyte number and it is also capable of phagocytosis. It possesses small cytoplasmic granules, many vacuoles, a moderately developed Golgi complex, and large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is distinguished from the other two cell types by being stable and motile in vitro.
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    Intrinsic organization of snake lateral cortex (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 85-116 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lateral cortex is the most laterally placed of the four cortical areas in snakes. Earlier studies suggest that it is composed of several subdivisions but provide no information on their organization. This paper first investigates the structure of lateral cortex in boa constrictors (Constrictor constrictor), garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis), and banded water snakes (Natrix sipedon) using Nissl and Golgi preparations; and secondly examines the relation of main olfactory bulb projections to the subdivisions of lateral cortex using Fink-Heimer and electron microscopic preparations.Lateral cortex is divided on cytoarchitectonic grounds into two major parts called rostral and caudal lateral cortex. Each part is further divided into dorsal and ventral subdivisions so that lateral cortex has a total of four subdivisions: dorsal rostral lateral cortex (drL), ventral rostral lateral cortex (vrL), dorsal caudal lateral cortex (dcL) and ventral caudal lateral cortex (vcL). Systematic analyses of Golgi preparations indicate that the rostral and caudal parts each contain distinct populations of neurons. Rostral lateral cortex contains bowl cells whose dendrites arborize widely in the outer cortical layer (layer 1). The axons of some bowl cells can be traced medially into dorsal cortex, dorsomedial cortex and medial cortex. Caudal lateral cortex contains pyramidal cells whose somata occur in layers 2 and 3 and whose dendrites extend radially up to the pial surface. In addition, three populations of neurons occur in both rostral and caudal lateral cortex. Stellate cells occur in all three layers and have dendrites which arborize in all directions. Double pyramidal cells occur primarily in layer 2 and have dendrites which form two conical fields whose long axes are oriented radially. Horizontal cells occur in layer 3 and have dendrites oriented concentric with the ependyma. Fink-Heimer preparations of snakes which underwent lesions of the main olfactory bulb show that the primary olfactory projections to cortex are bilateral and restricted precisely to rostral lateral cortex. Electron microscopic degeneration experiments indicate that the olfactory bulb fibers end as terminals which have clear, spherical vesicles and asymmetric active zones. The majority are presynaptic to dendritic spines in outer layer 1.These studies establish that lateral cortex in snakes is heterogeneous and contains two major parts, each containing two subdivisions. The rostral and caudal parts have characteristic neuronal populations. Primary olfactory input is restricted to rostral lateral cortex and seems to terminate heavily on the distal dendrites of bowl cells. Axons of some of these cells leave lateral cortex, so that the rostral lateral cortex forms a direct route by which olfactory information reaches other cortical areas. The functional role of caudal lateral cortex is not clear.
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    The caudal neurosecretory system of Poecilia sphenops (Poeciliidae) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 157-165 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caudal neurosecretory system of the molly, Poecilia sphenops (Poeciliidae) was studied by light and electron microscopy. In this species the cell bodies form a focal nuclear group in the caudal spinal cord. The neurosecretory cells are in contact with glial elements, axon terminals, and the lumen of the central canal. The axons of the neurosecretory cells form a definitive tract, which leaves the spinal cord proper to penetrate a well defined neurohemal organ, the urophysis. The urophysis contains an abundance of neurosecretory granules within the neurosecretory axonal processes. This study is the first ultrastructural study of the caudal neurosecretory system in this family of fishes, which has been used as a neuroendocrine model. This species acclimates easily to the laboratory aquarium and may be most suitable for further studies on the effects of changes in external salinity on the caudal neurosecretory system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650204
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    Scaling of subunit structures in book lungs of spiders (Araneae) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 167-174 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationships between dimensions of book lung subunits were measured and analyzed as a function of body size in diverse spiders over a body mass range of 3.4 to 3,190 mg. Book lungs are the characteristic respiratory gas exchange organs in these arachnids. Actual gas exchange occurs across numerous air-filled cuticular plates, which invaginate hemolymph sinuses within the abdomens of these animals. Characteristic linear dimensions of these air-filled compartments reflecting diffusion paths scaled to the 0.2 power of body mass and showed only a fourfold increase over the size range in the sample. This deviation from isometric scaling in the direction obtained and its numerical similarity to scaling of alveolar dimensions to body size in vertebrates was interpreted as an adaptation to reduce diffusion distances between these compartments and vascular fluids. Conversely, lengths and widths of these plates scaled to the one-third power of body mass, isometric scaling, and increased between six-and eightfold over the size range. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that respiratory gas distribution within spider lungs is achieved by convective mixing as has been recently hypothesized.
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    Erratum (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 223-223 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650209
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    Fine structure of the midgut posterior caeca in the crustacean Orchestia in intermolt: Recognition of two distinct segments (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 261-284 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study carried out on the posterior caeca of Orchestia in intermolt by means of light and electron microscopy shows that the diverticula of the midgut consist of two segments which are different from an anatomical point of view. The distal segment is in close relationship to the dorsal blood vessel, whereas the proximal segment, twice as long as the distal one, only touches the haemocoel. The cells of the distal segment are characterized by a brush border, some apical extrusions, a great number of ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, often associated with the mitochondria, the matrix of which is clear, high activity of the Golgi complexes, and a great development of extracellular channels. All these features indicate an activity in synthesizing proteins and transport. In the proximal segment, the cells are characterized by a striated border, reduced intercellular space, and especially by a great development of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum sometimes associated with mitochondria having a dense matrix. These diverse features indicate absorption ion and water transport. From an ultrastructural point of view, the posterior caeca of Orchestia cannot be considered homologous to the Malpighian tubules. Whereas during molting the posterior caeca of Orchestia are sites of calcium storage, during intermolt they are probably involved in the processes of water and mineral regulation and excretion.
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    Spermathecal ultrastructure of the insect Rhodnius prolixus stal (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 1-25 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paired spermathecae of Rhodnius are simple tubular out-pocketings of the common oviduct. Each consists of a short muscular proximal duct and the distal glandular region with a blind tapering end. The spermathecal wall has a cuticular intima, slender columnar epithelial cells and ensheathing longitudinal striated muscle, connective tissue, tracheoles, and nerves. Glandular epithelial cells possess an elaborate apical secretion-filled tubular inpocketing with an extensively folded plasma membrane. Laterally, cells interact by desmosomes, septate desmosomes, and extensive interdigitations. The cytoplasm is rich in longitudinally oriented microtubules associating with membrane densities along the invagination, lateral, and basal plasmalemmae. Apical concentration of mitochondria suggests their role in secretion or ion transport. The possible role of the spermathecae in maintaining the stored luminal sperm and its role in transmitting the mating stimulus is considered in light of the epithelial ultrastructure. The ultrastructure of the spermathecae of Rhodnius differs significantly from that of other insects.
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    Innervation of the parathyroid in the european starling (Sturnus vulgaris) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 65-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical studies were conducted to characterize the source, type, and distribution of parathyroid gland innervation in European starlings. Denervation experiments demonstrated that the parathyroid glands and adjacent carotid bodies are innervated by nerve fibers originating in the nodose ganglion of the vagus nerve. In the parathyroid parenchyma, these fibers terminate adjacent to chief cells or near vascular smooth muscle. Vagal fibers also form synapses with catecholamine-containing glomus cells of the carotid body. Blood that first perfuses the carotid body subsequently perfuses the parathyroid parenchyma. These observations suggest that vagal innervation may influence parathyroid function in starlings either through direct chief cell innervation or through alteration of vascular perfusion. A neurohemal relationship also may exist between the carotid body and parathyroids.
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    Functional morphology of the masticatory musculature of the rodent subfamily microtinae (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 205-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Voles and lemmings are the most successful group of graminivorous rodents, but the adaptations allowing them to enter this niche are not fully known. Dissections of the masticatory musculature of the 12 genera and subgenera of North American microtines show an increase in the potential anterior vector component and in the potential vertical vector component of these muscles relative to the molar tooth row. The result is a separation of the compressive and propulsive functions of the masticatory muscles during the power stroke of mastication. This has led to the formulation of a propalinal “swing” hypothesis which is supported by vector analyses of the musculature.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650301
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    Cytodiffrentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor. VI. A congruent map of cells and their secretions in the layered elastic product of the male bean-shaped gland (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 289-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the bean-shaped accessory glands (BAGs) of males of Tenebrio molitor is described. All cells in the secretory epithelium are long and narrow (300-400 mμ × 5 mμ). The seven types of secretory cells are distinguished from one another by the morphology of their secretory granules. Granule substructure varies from simple spheres with homogeneous electrondense contents to complex forms with thickened exterior walls or with crystalline and membranous contents. Individual cell types were mapped by staining whole glands with Oil Red O, and the cell distributions were confirmed by wax histology and ultramicroscopy. The secretions of all seven cell types form a secretory plug composed of seven layers. During mating, the secretory plug from each BAG is forced into the ejaculatory duct by contractions of a sheath of circular muscle. The mirror image plugs from symmetrical BAGs fuse and are transformed into the wall of the spermatophore.
    Additional Material: 69 Ill.
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    Announcement and call for papers. International conference on factors and mechanisms influencing bone growth (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 387-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051660307
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680201
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    Experimental regeneration of the caudal skeleton of the glass knifefish, Eigenmannia virescens (Rhamphichthydae, Gymnotoidei) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 121-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the regeneration of the caudal axial skeleton after amputation of the tail, including about 20 vertebrae, in the gymnotoid fish Eigenmannia virescens. Seven days after amputation, a regeneration blastema developed and soft tissues degenerated. A cylinder of cartilage developed at the end of the notochord. When this cartilage was about 10 mm long (21 days), perichondral ossification began. The cartilage continued to elongate and ossification increased while osteoclasts began to destroy the cartilage ventrally. Finally, a bony rod formed and at its tip the cartilage persisted as a rod, 2 to 3 mm long. The anal fin also regenerated: Endoskeletal cartilage developed first, following by differentiation of the lepidotrichia, and finally ossification of the endoskeleton.
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    Buoyancy adaptations in a swim-bladderless Antarctic fish (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 91-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The endemic Antarctic teleosts of the suborder Notothenioidei are bottom dwellers. They lack swim bladders, are heavier than seawater, and feed on or near the bottom. The midwaters surrounding the Antarctic continent are productive and underutilized by fishes. There is an evolutionary trend toward pelagism in some notothenioids. We discovered that the largest Antarctic fish, Dissostichus mawsoni, was neutrally buoyant. Attainment of neutral buoyancy was associated with specializations of the skeletal, integumentary, muscular, and digestive systems. The skeleton had a low mineral content and contained considerable cartilage. Scales were also incompletely mineralized. Static lift was obtained from extensive lipid (mostly triglyceride) deposits. A 2-8 mm subcutaneous lipid layer accounted for 4.7% of the body weight. White muscle also contained much lipid-23% on a dry weight basis, or 4.8% of the body weight. Microscopic examination suggested that the liver was active in lipid metabolism, although it was not an organ of buoyancy. Stellate (perisinusoidal) cells with many lipid droplets were a very prominent cytological component of the liver. These specializations made Dissostichus neutrally buoyant and capable of inhabiting the food-rich Antarctic midwaters.
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    Correlation of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP immunofluorescence with cytochemical patterns during dormancy release and development from gemmules in Spongilla lacustris L. (Porifera: Spongillidae) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spongillid freshwater sponges asexually produce an encapsulated dormant stage, the gemmule. With release from dormancy, internal, yolk-laden, binucleate thesocytes differentiate into histoblasts or archeocytes. The histoblasts emerging first from the gemmule form the initial pinacoderm of the hatching sponge. Immunohistochemistry was employed to examine the distribution of cyclic GMP (cGMP) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) following dormancy release and during gemmule germination and hatching in the freshwater sponge, Spongilla lacustris L. Cyclic nucleotide fluorescence patterns were analyzed in relation to the distribution of cytochemically demonstrable macromolecular constituents and intracellular organelles. Twenty-four hours following temperature-activated release from dormancy, cGMP fluorescence levels are elevated in thesocytes at the gemmule periphery prior to histoblast formation. The cAMP fluorescence in the gemmule also occurs first in those thesocytes differentiating into histoblasts. Cytochemical patterns in germinating gemmules are comparable with those described by Ruthmann ('65) and Tessenow ('69). However, cytochemically demonstrable events of cytodifferentiation follow the earlier appearance of cGMP and cAMP in the histoblast precursors by approximately 12 hours. In addition, cGMP appears to be associated with the membranes of cytoplasmic organelles, possibly lysosomes or lipid inclusions, in the region of vitelline platelets and with symbiotic algae. cAMP is located primarily on the membranes of the vitelline platelets and on membranes of vacuoles involved in forming the spicular skeleton These observations suggest that cGMP and cAMP are involved in the mobilization of nutrient reserves and in ion transport during dormancy release and development from gemmules in freshwater sponges.
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    The cranial nerves of the teleost Trichiurus lepturus (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 119-134 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cranial nerves of the cutlassfish, Trichiurus lepturus, were described from their external brain origin to their most distal points. The nervus olfactorius, nervus opticus, nervus oculomotorius, nervus trochlearis, nervus abducens, nervus glossopharyngeus, and nervus vagus of Trichiurus are characteristic of teleosts. The cephalic autonomic nervous system also follows the general scheme for teleosts.Atypical patterns are exhibited by portions of the ramus mandibularis facialis, ramus mandibularis trigemini, nervus stato-acusticus, and nervus lineae later-alis. A cutaneous ramus mandibularis externus facialis arises from the ramus mandibularis; this cutaneous nerve has been recorded specifically in only certain siluroid catfish. A connection from the ramus mandibularis trigemini to the cutaneous ramus mandibularis externus facialis is present; an equivalent of this connection has been reported only in the silversides, Menidia, and the siluroid catfish Parasilurus. This nerve pattern probably represents an archaic arrangement. The nervus stato-acusticus of Trichiurus is typical for teleosts, except for a branch extending from the posterior part of the nerve; this branch sends connections to the nervus lineae lateralis and then exits the cranium via the vagus foramen. Connections between the nervus lineae lateralis and the nervus stato-acusticus have previously been reported in only the hatchetfish, Argyropelecus, and the bristle-mouth, Cyclothone. This condition may represent a specialized adaptation of certain mesopelagic teleosts having extreme vertical-migration capabilities.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051670301
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    Morphological evidence for probable secreting site for the pheromone “seducin” in males of Nauphoeta cinerea. I. Light microscope studies (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Males of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier), possess a thickened secretory epithelium limited to the inner surfaces of sternites three to seven and tergites two to eight. The epithelium consists of three cell types: 1. large columnar secretory cells, 2. squamous nonsecretory cells, and 3. duct cells. Type 1 cells constitute the innermost layer and contain large nuclei and vacuoles, which are especially prominent in the epidermis of older males. This cell type may be involved in “seducin” secretion. Type 2 cells lie in the narrow basophilic zone which separates the secretory cells from the cuticle. Here, cellular boundaries are poorly defined. Type 3 cells with condensed nuclei are associated with cuticular ductules leading from the epidermis to the exocuticle. The epidermal height in the secretory zone of the sclerites approaches 40-200 μm depending on the age of the male. The changes in appearance of the secretory cells (increase in height and vacuolation) indicate heightened secretory activity. This is supported by the results obtained when extracts of these regions from different aged males are bioassayed for pheromone (Dimeo et al., '78). A striking difference in the morphology of the cuticle and epidermis of the secretory halves of sternite and tergal integument is noticeable.
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    A quantitative analysis of mitotic gradients during early development in Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. (Diptera) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mitotic waves during superficial cleavage and early gastrulation were analyzed quantitatively in Calliphora. Three consecutive patterns are present: (1) a monotonic anterioposterior mitotic gradient during early superficial cleavage; (2) a double mitotic gradient from the anterior and posterior poles during superficial cleavage, especially toward the end of the period; and (3) more complicated patterns with intermediate mitotic centers during the last superficial cleavage division and during early gastrulation. Mitotic gradients are absent in many eggs during early superficial cleavage, but they then become ubiquitous. The gradients are longitudinal; no transverse component was detected before gastrulation. Anterior and posterior gradient patterns are not mirror images of each other; mitotic activity always starts earlier anteriorly. The gradients are accompanied by a pronounced increase in interphase length. The mitotic gradients are compared with the morphogenetic gradients predicted in a current model for pattern specification in insect eggs.
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    Digital morphology in Varanus and Iguana (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Marked tendinous bands lie along the lateral sides of the fingers in Varanus and Iguana and have asymmetrical roots in the metacarpal region. The radial band of each finger represents the distal extension of an oblique band arising at an ulno-dorsally located line in the proximal part of the metacarpal, whereas the ulnar bands each form a tendinous extension of an interosseus muscle bundle. The function of this metacarpo-digital system must be seen in relation to the deformations of the hand, imposed during locomotion by longitudinal rotation of the forearm. The latter motion results from the foreward and backward sway of the humerus with the elbow bent at 90°.
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    Microanatomy of the renal cortex in the domestic fowl (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 249-267 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two aspects of the avian renal cortical microanatomy previously were unclear. The precise in situ folding patterns and orientations of the nephrons with respect to the other cortical elements had not been demonstrated. It also was not known whether certain nephron segments are supplied exclusively by either the arterial or the portal blood flow. In the present study, a new casting compound was developed to allow selective examination of the cortical components by light microscopy. Cortical nephrons at the surface of the kidney were serially sectioned and reconstructed in order to determine: (a) their relationships to the vasculature and collecting ducts; (b) the location and characteristics of the tubule segments; and (c) the primary and secondary folding patterns of the tubules. The anatomical findings were documented individually and then summarized in a comprehensive diagram of the superficial cortical microanatomy. In addition, an in vivo method was used to determine the extent of portal blood distribution to the nephron segments. It was demonstrated that renal portal blood suffuses all of the segments except for the loops of Henle.
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    A modified paranotal theory of insect wing origin (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 331-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The theory of Kukalova-Peck ('78) is examined and rejected except for the hypothesis of the partially pleural origin of wings. Data suggest that the arthropods ancestral to insects left the water, and that movable precursors of the wings, possibly exopodites, were immobilized and fused with the tergum to form part of the complex paranota. Later, during insect adaptation for flight, parts of the complex paranota were separated secondarily and became wings.
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    Development and metamorphosis of the digestive system of larval lobsters, Homarus americanus (Decapoda: Nephropidae) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 225-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study provides a detailed account of the development of the digestive system of larval lobsters (Homarus americanus H. Milne Edwards, 1837) and the morphological changes that occur at metamorphosis. The most dramatic of these changes involves the gastric mill of the cardiac stomach. First-and second-stage lobsters lack the medial and lateral teeth characteristic of the grinding stomach of adult lobsters. Clearly recognizable, heavily cuticularized teeth first appear in the third stage, and accessory lateral teeth do not appear until the fourth stage. In place of the teeth of the gastric mill, first- and second-stage stomachs have a series of pads and ridges which are the apparent rudiments of the teeth. The development of the gastric mill during the larval stages enables lobsters to deal successfully with the more substantial food they encounter in the benthic environment, and corresponds to the drastic change of habitat and diet which occurs at metamorphosis.Confusion about the extent of the midgut and hindgut in larval lobsters has been clarified. The results of this study have shown that the larvae have a long midgut, which lacks a cuticle, and a short hindgut with a cuticular lining, just as in adult lobsters. The junction between midgut and hindgut lies in the sixth abdominal segment in all of the first four stages, as well as in the adult.
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    Morphology of the embryonic stages of the viviparous scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes: A photographic study (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 275-281 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The embryonic development of the viviparous scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes, has been followed throughout the gestation period and the successive stages of the developing embryos have been examined. The morphological features of the embryos are also described and illustrated according to their approximate age.
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    Descriptive and functional anatomy of the digital vascular system of the tokay, Gekko gecko (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 293-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vascular system of the digits of the tokay is more complex than has hitherto been suspected and has a configuration which suggests it is intimately involved in the process of adhesion. Distinction can be made between lamellae (expanded scales beneath the proximal portion of the digit) and scansors (elaborations of lamellae that contain a large amount of subdermal material and therefore do not technically qualify as scales). Such a distinction is made on anatomical grounds and can be appreciated only if anatomical investigation is carried out. There are no externally obvious features by which lamellae and scansors can be distinguished, except position. Scansors are found beneath hyperextensible phalanges, whereas lamellae are located more proximally and are not subjected to digital hyperextension during locomotion. Whether this distinction can be applied to other pad-bearing geckos and to anoline lizards remains to be seen.The large sinus beneath the penultimate phalanx appears to govern the pressure within the system; the reticular blood systems of the scansors appear to manifest the pressure changes with respect to the locomotor substratum. Changes in pressure within the system probably permit the overlapping scansors to comply precisely with each other and with the substratum. The presence of a system based on fluid pressure differentials means that scansors are deformable along multiple axes at any one time, thus permitting a high degree of compliance with their entire surroundings. It is probable that changes in pressure within the system promote release from the substratum as well as compliance with and attachment to it. The mechanism of control of the system awaits further investigation.The pattern of the digital vascular complex has been considered in relation to the mode of operation of the digits during locomotion. Distal drainage of the sinus is ideally suited to the activity of hyperextension of the digits. This combination permits sequential pressurizing and depressurizing of the scansors and allows the bond to be created or broken in a gradual fashion rather than in an all-or-none manner. By avoiding sudden shifts in the pattern of dynamic loading (the bond is not broken instantaneously but sequentially), the risk of transverse instability during locomotion is lessened. The increase of loading on the other feet is thus gradual. The importance of this is discussed more fully elsewhere in a consideration of the structure and function of scansors. That the digits of the tokay are hyperextended during horizontal as well as vertical locomotion (Russell, '75, p. 463) can now be rationalized not only from the point of view of protection of the setae but also because of the manner in which the vascular system of the digits functions and is drained.
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    Retinal afferents and efferents of an infrared sensitive snake, Crotalus viridis (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 29-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The retinal afferents and efferents were examined in Crotalus viridis. Retinofugal fibers were traced by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or tritiated leucine into the eye, or by removing the eye and staining degenerating axons with silver methods. Terminations were seen contralaterally in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei (extensive), the pretectal nuclei, including the nucleus posterodorsalis (a very heavy input), the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, nucleus geniculatus pretectalis, and nucleus pretectalis, the superficial layers of the optic tectum, including the stratum zonale, the stratum opticum, the stratum griseum et fibrosum centrale and the upper portion of stratum griseum centrale, and the basal optic nucleus. Ipsilateral input reaches the intermediate portion of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, a small portion of the pretectal nucleus and nucleus posterodorsalis, and the basal optic nucleus (very minimally). Retinopedal fibers were traced with the HRP method. The cell bodies lie in the ventral thalamus within the nucleus of the ventral supraoptic decussation. These neurons project primarily to the contralateral retina, but some more rostrally located neurons project to the ipsilateral retina.
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    Analysis of mesenchyme in the developing hind limb of Rana pipiens larvae with implications for neural development (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mesenchyme in the hind limbs of Rana pipiens tadpoles may serve as an important influence on the development of specific neural structures involved in limb innervation. Thus a histological quantification of mesenchyme was undertaken to identify landmark stages with respect to mesenchyme presence and neural events. Mesenchyme remained as a high percentage of the limb tissue until stage V (Taylor-Kollros stages, '46), after which it declined dramatically until its virtual absence after stage XI. The volume of mesenchyme, however, was greatest at stages VIII-IX. Periods of high and low mesenchyme content were correlated in time with potential limb involvement in regulating limb innervation and motor neuron loss from the lateral motor columns. This provides additional evidence for developmental relationships between events of the limb and neural tissues.
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    Arterial circulation of the spinal cord and brain in the monodontidae (Order cetacea) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this paper we document retial supply of the spinal cord and describe the arterial vascular pattern of the brain in the whale family Monodontidae. Observations are based on gross dissections of four brains, two each of Monodon monoceros and Delphinapterus leucas, and one spinal cord from M. monoceros.Vessels of the spinal cord arise from extradural retia in the neural canal. Arteries originating from the retia penetrate the dura between successive spinal roots (mainly ventral) and not in association with them, unlike radicular arteries of other mammals. Also, these vessels are uniformly distributed and contribute equally to a plexus surrounding the cord. An A. radicularis magna is not present, and neither are dìstinct anterior or posterior spinal arteries.Circulation to the brain is effected by two pairs of arteries originating from intracranial retia. The rostral pair supplies most of the forebrain (prosencephalon), whereas the more caudal pair supplies mainly the midbrain (mesencephalon) and hindbrain (rhombencephalon). The circulatory pattern is characterized by (1) complete independece of anterior cerebral arteries (no anastomoses); (2) extensive cortical supply by the anterior choroidal arteries; (3) absence of subdural communicating vessels between rostral and caudal trunks; (4) union of caudal trunks to form a small basilar artery; and (5) absence of vertebral arteries and hence of a vertebral basilar system. There are some obvious differences between subdural arteries in the Monodontidae and those in other mammals; however, their general patterns of distribution are similar, and we suggest that most of the vessels, at least in the cranium, are homologous.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700204
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    Mandibular movement and muscle activity during mastication in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 147-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Optoelectronic analysis of mandibular movement and electromyography (EMG) of masticatory muscles in Cavia porcellus indicate bilateral, unilateral, and gnawing cycles. During bilateral and unilateral cycles, the mandibular tip moves forward, lateral, and down during the lingual phase of the power stroke to bring the teeth into occlusion. EMG activity is generally asymmetric, with the exception of activity of the temporalis muscle during bilateral cycles. During gnawing cycles, the mandible moves in an anteroposterior direction that is opposite that during bilateral and unilateral chew cycles. Bilateral and unilateral cycles of pellets were significantly longer than carrot. With the exception of the width of bilateral cycles, the magnitude of cycle width, length, and height during the mastication of carrots was greater than that during the mastication of pellets. Significant differences exist between EMG durations during mastication of pellets and carrots. The lateral pterygoid displays continuous activity during gnawing cycles. Significant differences also exist in the durations of EMG activity between the working and balancing side during all three cycle types. High level activity of balancing side temporalis and anterior belly of digastric (ABD) during bilateral cycles occurs during rotation and depression of the mandible during the power stroke. The temporalis apparently provides a „braking“ or compensatory role during closing and power strokes. Differences between Cavia masticatory patterns and those shown by Rattus and Mesocricetus are apparently due to differences in dental morphology, occlusal relationships, and, possibly, the poorly developed temporalis in Cavia. The large number and wide diversity of rodent groups afford students of mammalian mastication an opportunity to investigate and compare different masticatory specializations.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700203
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    A scanning electron microscopic study of the molar surfaces of the mandibles of the brine shrimp (Cl. Branchiopoda: O. Anostraca) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 239-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the external morphology of the molar surface of the mandibles of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. Unlike many other branchiopod crustaceans, Artemia has symmetrical mandibles, ie, the molar surfaces of the two mandibles of an individual are similar in size and surface structure. Each molar area has three basic regions: the anterio-ventral region, posterio-dorsal region, and transition zone. On the anterio-ventral region there are complex, parallel furrows and ridges, which are specializations for clasping masses of fine, particulate food. The general surface of this ridged area is flat, except at the ventral and anterior edges, where there is a fringe of long projections that probably serve to retain food in the space between the paired mandibles. The posterio-dorsal region, which has simpler, more sparse cuticular projections, is adapted for reception of food. Stereomicrographs reveal that the general surface of this region is sloped and thus forms a cleft along the posterio-dorsal margin of the two apposed molar surfaces. Anatomical relstionships suggest that the cleft is an adaptation for accommodating maxillular setae that push food forward onto the mandibles. The transition zone has cuticular specializations that are morphologically intermediate between those of the anterio-ventral and posterio-dorsal regions. Three types of pores, possibly openings of glands or sensilla, were observed in the cuticle of the molar surface.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700209
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    Morphological features of sessile and circulating hemocytes in the cephalon of Gammarus setosus dementieva (Crustacea: Amphipoda) by light and electron microscopy (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 253-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An aggregation of sessile spherulocytes in the cephalon of female Gammarus setosus surrounds the ramifications of the dorsal aorta and the peripheral ganglion of the frontal organ nerve. It is not a hemopoietic organ. The spherulocytes are of three distinct varieties that may represent phases of a secretory cycle possibly synchronized with molting or reproduction. In addition, four other hemocyte types were identified in the cephalic blood sinuses: prohemocyte, plasmatocyte, granulocyte, and adipohemocyte. The cellular and nuclear dimensions of these hemocytes were analyzed. They were shown to be uniform in cell size with average cell area of 69.27 μm2, and average maximum cell diameter of 11.75 μm. The mean nuclear area and mean maximum nuclear diameter of the prohemocyte are significantly larger than those of the other cell types. The structure of the hemocyte types is described and compared to those of other crustaceans and insects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700210
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    An ultrastructural study of spermatogenesis in the nudibranch mollusc Spurilla neapolitana (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 283-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural features of spermatogenesis were investigated in the nudibranch mollusc Spurilla neapolitana. Sperm develop in the proximal half of numerous sac-like acini which are radially arranged within about ten ovotestis lobes. Accessory cells line the inner wall of the testicular portion of each acinus and are connected to developing sperm by numerous desmosomes. Stages of spermatid development have been divided into precup, cup, postcup, and elogate stages depending on the general shape of the nucleus. Nuclear differentiation includes the formation of anterior and posterior nuclear plaques, condensation of chromatin fibrils into nuclear lamellae, the insertion of the developing flagellar axoneme into a shallow, nuclear implantation fossa, and eventual formation of an elongated sperm head with a terminal twist. Spermiogenesis also includes the differentiation of an anterior, perinuclear structure having the characteristics of an acrosome, the appearance of peculiar arrays of ER cisternae, and the fusion of mitochondria into a large mitochondrial derivative which eventually encircles the axoneme, forming a crystalline-like periaxonemal sheath.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700303
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    Foot of two-toed sloths: Its anatomy and potential uses relative to size of support (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 357-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Feet of two-toed sloths (Choloepus) are long, narrow, hook-like appendages with only three functional digits, numbers II, III, and IV; Rays I and V are represented by metatarsals. Proximal phalanges of complete digits are little more than proximal and distal articulating surfaces. All interphalangeal joints are restricted, by interlocking surfaces, to flexion and extension. Ankle and transverse tarsal joints, however, allow extreme flexion and inversion of foot. Powerful digital flexion is augmented by several muscles from extensor compartment of leg. Intrinsic foot musculature is reduced to flexors and extensors but these, with the exception of lumbricals, are large and well developed. Choloepus uses its feet much like hooks with distal phalanges and covering claws forming the “hook” element. These hook-like appendages are seemingly best suited for supports less than 50 mm in diameter suggesting that two-toed sloths may prefer supports of this size in their natural habitat.
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    The organization and structure of nerve and muscle in the jellyfish Cyanea capillata (coelenterata; scyphozoa) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 383-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The perirhopalial tissue and swimming muscle of Cyanea were examined with light microscopical and electron microscopical techniques. The perirhopalial tissue is a thin, triangular septum found on the subumbrellar surface of the animal. It separates part of the gastric canal system from the surrounding seawater, and is bound on two sides by radial muscle bands and on the third, the shorter side, by a rhopalium and the margin of the bell.The ectoderm of the perirhopalial tissue is composed of large, somewhat cuboidal, vacuolated, myoepithelial cells. The muscle tails of these cells form a single layer of radial, smooth muscle. Neurons of the “giant fiber nerve net” (GFNN), which form an extensive net over the perirhopalial tissue, lie at the base of the vacuolated portion of the myoepithelial cells. These neurons are visible in living tissue. The morphology of individual GFNN neurons was examined following intracellular injection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow. The neurons are usually bipolar and free of branches. At the electron microscope level, one usually finds that the GFNN neurons contain large vacuoles. The other characteristic feature of these cells is that they form symmetrical, or nonpolarized, synapses; that is, synaptic vesicles are found on both sides of the synapse.The swimming muscle is striated and composed of myoepithelial cells. Each myoepithelial cell has several muscle tails, and those of adjacent cells are linked to gether by desmosomes. The endoderm of the perirhopalial tissue also was examined.This investigation of the organization and ultrastructure of the perirhopalial tissue and surrounding muscle was undertaken to provide essential background information for an ongoing physiological study of the GFNN neurons and their synapses.
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    Rosette glands in the gills of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. II. Premolt ductule reformation: Replacement of ciliary processes by cytoplasmic processes in relation to gland maturation (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The events associated with premolt reformation of the cuticularized ductule in the underdeveloped (immature) branchial rosette glands, which are common in the gills of small (14-18 mm, total length) grass shrimp, are described and contrasted with the events of ductule reformation in the fully developed (mature) resette glands most common in larger shrimp. In immature rosette glands, two ciliary processes emerge from each of the component secretory cells and ascend into the basal luminal region of the old ductule. Subsequently a new ductule is formed around the old ductule, and the ciliary processes disappear, either because of degeneration or retraction. The transitory ciliary processes appear to prevent the old ductule from collapsing during the formation of a new ductule. Such transitory ciliary processes, however, are not found in association with premolt ductule reformation in the mature rosette glands; in their place are seen a number of microvilli-like cytoplasmic processes, which emanate from the apices of the secretory cells and from the channels of the central cell. These cytoplasmic processes in mature glands, like the ciliary processes in immature glands, are transitory and appear to prevent the collapse of the old ductule.Cytoplasmic processes comparable to those in mature glands, but relatively few in number and originating only from the secretory cells, are seen together with ciliary processes in some immature glands. The relative abundance of cytoplasmic processes in the mature glands, coupled with the observation that transitory ciliary processes occur in immature glands but not in mature glands, suggests that, during glandular maturation, transitory ciliary processes are replaced by transitory cytoplasmic processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710105
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    Two sperm types in the spermatozeugmata of Tubifex tubifex (annelida, oligochaeta) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 123-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatozeugmata (sperm bundles lacking a distinct wall) from the spermathecae of Tubifex tubifex are composed of two different zones: an internal axial cylinder containing conventional spermatozoa and an external cortex composed of modified spermatozoa, tightly packed together. The conventional spermatozoa conform to the classical clitellate scheme: very long and thin with a complex acrosome, a filiform nucleus, small mitochondria, and a flagellum with Y links and β glycogen granules as accessory structures. The modified spermatozoa show “empty” acrosomes, degenerating nuclei, and tails which contain γ glycogen granules. The tails are helically wound around the spermatozeugma and are connected to each other by junctional complexes. The tips of the cortical tails are free and move with a metachronal wave. The presence of two sperm types in tubificids is discussed and a protective function for the modified cortical spermatozoa is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710202
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    Development of the embryonic chick phagocytic system: Intraembryonic erythrophagocytosis induced by phenylhydrazine (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 183-194 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The intraembryonic reticuloendothelial response to phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia was studied embryonic chicks (days 13-16) by light and electron microscopy and histochemical and biochemical assays for acid phosphatase. Phenylhydrazine was given on day 13 and tissue taken at 2, 5, and 10 h and at 1, 2, and 3 days after injections. The response varied in the three major reticuloendothelial organs. The spleen first demonstrated an increase in erythrophagocytosis that was accompanied by increased acid phosphatase levels. Erythrophagocytosis occurred primarily in the red pulp resulting in increased numbers of macrophages, increased size of macrophages, and retention of erythrocytes, which together combined to enlarge the spleens. By 2 days after phenylhydrazine injection, greatly enlarged macrophages began to migrate into the venous system, where some erythrophagocytosis continued to occur. The liver was also a major erythroclastic organ in which Kupffer cells became increasingly erythrophagocytic. However, erythrophagocytosis began later than in the spleen, and as measured by acid phosphatase levels, the liver was not as effective in removing damaged erythroid cells. Marrow erythrophagocytosis was only slightly enhanced; however, the marrow responded by increasing its production of red blood cells. Thus, the intraembryonic reticuloendothelial organs of the embryonic chick responded to phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in much the same manner as might be expected of the adult bird.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710206
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    The structure of the chambered nautilus siphuncle: The siphuncular epithelium (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 5-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The siphuncle of the chambered nautilus (Nautilus macromphalus) is composed of a layer of columnar epithelial cells resting on a vascularized connective tissue base. The siphuncular epithelium taken from chambers that have not yet begun to be emptied of cameral liquid has a dense apical brush border. The great number of apical cell junctions (zonula adherens) compared to the number of nuclei suggests extensive interdigitation of these cells. The perinuclear cytoplasm of these preemptying cells is rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The siphuncular epithelium of both emptying and “old” siphuncle (which has already completed emptying its chamber) both show little rough endoplasmic reticulum but do contain extensive systems of mitochondria-lined infoldings of the basolateral plasma membranes. Active transport of NaCl into the extracellular space of this tubular system probably entrains the water transport involved in the chamber-emptying process. Both emptying and old siphuncular epithelium also show large basal infoldings (canaliculi) continuous with the hemocoel, which appear to be filled with hemocyanin. The apical cell junctions of emptying and old siphuncular epithelium contain septate desmosomes that may help to prevent back-flow of cameral liquid into the chambers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720103
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    Determination of temperature sensitive stages for sexual differentiation of the gonads in embryos of the turtle, Emys orbicularis (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 373-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to determine the temperature sensitive stages for sexual differentiation of the gonads in Emys orbicularis, eggs of this turtle were shifted at different stages of embryonic development from the male-producing temperature of 25°C to the female-producing temperature of 30°C and reciprocally. Based on the series of developmental stages described by Yntema (′68) for Chelydra serpentina, temperature begins to influence sexual differentiation of Emys orbicularis at stage 16, a stage in which the gonads are still histologically undifferentiated. Its action lasts over the first steps of histological differentiation of the gonads. The minimal exposure at 25°C required for male differentiation of all individuals extends from stage 16 to somewhat before stage 21. For 100% female differentiation, incubation at 30°C must be longer, from stage 16 to somewhat before stage 22. Shorter exposures at 25°C or 30°C during these periods result in different percentages of males, females, and intersexes. Our results show that there is a critical stage (stage 16) which is the same for both male and female differentiation of the gonads. The thermosensensitive periods are rather long, corresponding to 11-12 days at 25°C and 30°C.
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    Rosette glands in the gills of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. I. Comparative morphology, cyclical activity, and innervation (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 41-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two types of exocrine rosette glands (called type A and type B), located in the gill axes of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, are described. The type A glands are embedded within the longitudinal median septum of the gill axes, whereas the type B glands typically project into the efferent hemolymph channels of the gill axes. Although both glands have certain common characteristics (i.e., a variable number of radially arranged secretory cells, a central intercalary cell, and a canal cell that forms the cuticular ductule leading to the branchial surface), they differ in the following respects. The type B gland is innervated, but the type A gland is not; axonal processes, containing both granular (ca. 900-1300 Å) and agranular (ca. 450-640 Å) vesicles, occur at a juncture between adjacent secretory cells and the central cell of the type B gland. The secretory cells of type A and type B glands differ in their synthetic potential and membrane specializations. These differences are more pronounced in well-developed, mature glands, most frequently encountered in larger (24-28 mm, total length) grass shrimp, than in the underdeveloped, immature glands that are most abundant in smaller (14-18 mm, total length) grass shrimp. Thus, in mature glands, the secretory cells of the type A rosette glands are characterized by extensive RER, abundant Golgi, and numerous secretory granules, whereas the secretory cells of the type B gland are characterized by extensively infolded and interdigitated basal plasmalemmas and by the presence of numerous mitochondria. In general, both types of glands exhibit increased secretory activity soon after ecdysis. The central and canal cells in both glands seem to have a role in the modification of the secreted materials. The possible functions assigned to the type A gland and the type B gland include phenol-oxidase secretion and osmoregulation, respectively.
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    Transformation of the intestinal epithelium of the larval anadromous sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L. during metamorphosis (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 89-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The events in the transformation of the intestine of the larval lamprey into the adult intestine were followed through the seven (1-7) stages of metamorphosis in anadromous Petromyzon marinus L. Light and electron-microscope observations demonstrated that the processes of degeneration, differentiation, and proliferation are involved in the transformation. In the anterior intestine, degeneration of cells and the extrusion of others into the lumen results in the disappearance of secretory (zymogen) cells and the decline in numbers of endocrine and ciliated cells. Larval absorptive cells, with a prominent brush border, are believed to dedifferentiate into unspecialized columnar cells with few microvilli. Degeneration and removal of cells occurs by both autophagy and heterography and cells extruded into the lumen in the anterior intestine are phagocytosed by epithelial cells of the posterior intestine. The loss of epithelial cells during transformation results in the folding and degradation of parts of the basal lamina and in an extensive widening of the lateral intercellular spaces in all parts of the intestine. As metamorphosis is a nontrophic period of the lamprey life cycle, the possible morphological effects of starvation on the intestinal epithelium are discussed.The development of longitudinal folds is a consequence of the events of metamorphic transformation of the intestinal mucosa. Although an interaction between the epithelium and the underlying tissues is believed to be importent, the actual mechanism of fold development is unknown.The intestinal epithelium of adult lampreys develops from surviving cells of the larval (primary) epithelium. Unlike the situation in amphibians, there does not appear to be a group (nest) of undifferentiated larval cells which differentiate into the adult (secondary) epithelium. Instead, in lampreys, columnar cells that persist through the degradative processes seem to be the source of absorptive and ciliated cells and probably are responsible for mucous and secretory cells.Preliminary observations indicate that the intestinal epithelium of feeding adults is specialized into an anterior region which liberates a secretion, absorbs lipid, and possesses the machinery for ion transport. A posterior region absorbs lipid, secretes mucus, and likely is involved in some protein absorption.
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    The organization of the octavolateralis area in actinopterygian fishes: A new interpretation (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 159-181 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The octavolateralis area of actinopterygian fishes can be subdivided into a dorsal lateralis area composed of first-order lateral line nuclei, and a ventral octavus area composed of nuclei receiving first-order input from the eighth nerve. Three patterns of organization of the lateralis area are recognized in the present study. The organization of this area in polypteriforms and chondrosteans is similar to that in chondrichthyans. On the basis of recent studies in chondrichthyans (McCready and Boord, '76; Boord and Campbell, '77; Bodznick and Northcutt, '80), it is hypothesized that this pattern reflects the subdivision of the lateral line system into mechanoreceptive and electroreceptive portions. As petromyzontid agnathans also share this pattern of organization, it is hypothesized that they are elecroreceptive. The lateralis area of holosteans and nonelectroreceptive teleosts exhibits a second organizational pattern that is hypothesized to reflect the loss of the electroreceptive portion of the lateral line system; it is suggested that electroreception was lost sometime between the chondrostean and teleostean radiations. Each group of electroreceptive teleosts is believed to have evolved electroreception independently (Bullock, '74), a situation that is reflected centrally by a third organizational pattern within the lateralis area, which is distinctly different from that of early radiations of electroreceptive fishes.The octavus area of actinopterygians exhibits two patterns of organization-that of polypteriforms, chondrosteans, and holosteans, and that of teleosts. The functional significance of these patterns has yet to be elucidated.
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    Differentiation of Acmaea digitalis oocytes with special reference to lipid-endoplasmic reticulum-annulate lamellae-polyribosome relationships (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 225-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During initial stages of oogenesis, many nucleoli are adpressed to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. Small nucleolar fragments appear to traverse the pores of the nuclear envelope and accumulate in the perinuclear ooplasm as fibrogranular bodies. Mitochondria become closely associated with some of the fibrogranular bodies. In addition to ribosomes and polyribosomes that are present in small oocytes, lamellae of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER) increase greatly in number during early stages of differentiation. Some individual lamellae are attached at their ends to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Many parallel lamellae of rER are then encountered as well as numerous circular profiles consisting of concentric loops of rER. Soon after the differentiation of the extensive system of rER, lipid droplets or spheres appear in the ooplasm and they are initially surrounded by many circular, concentric lamellae of rER. Initially, the number of concentric lamellae of rER surrounding a lipid droplet may vary from less than a dozen to more than two dozen. During middle and late phases of vitellogenesis, most of the lipid spheres that comprise the most numerous and significant component of the yolk are surrounded by only one or two concentric lamellae of rER (in some cases the lamellae are part rough-surfaced and part smooth-surfaced). In addition, annulate lamellae are then observed to be associated with a portion of the lipid droplet surface. The number of annulate lamellae that extend focally from the lipid sphere distally into the cytoplasm is variable; often two or three to more than a dozen lamellae. Small granules, many of which range from 6 to 12 nm and thin fibrils (approximately 2-3 nm in width) may be associated with the annulate lamellae. In addition, polyribosomes frequently appear to be continuous with the pore-associated material of the annulate lamellae. The ends of some annulate lamellae may extend as lamellae of the rER. The morphologic relationships and relationships and variations observed between the lipid droplets, rER, annulate lamellae, and polyribosomes during lipidogenesis in this oocyte are interpreted to support a recent hypothesis (Kessel, 1981a,b) that the pores of annulate lamellae may be involved in some manner with the processing of ribosomal subunits or precursors into functioning polyribosomes, and that their appearance in specific association with the surface of many lipid spheres and rER in the oocyte late in vitellogenesis may be related to the formation of additional functional polyribosomes necessary to complete the final synthesis of many lipid droplets that are present in the ooplasm of the full-grown oocyte.
    Additional Material: 43 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710210
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    Types of neurons and synaptic connections at hypostome-tentacle junctions in Hydra (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 119-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using transmission electron microscopy of thin sections we have examined neuronal concentrations at hypostome-tentacle junctions in Hydra littoralis. A total of 194 ganglion cells were counted in 587 serial thin sections of a single hypostome-tentacle junction. We found two distinct types of ganglion cells: those with and those lacking stereocilia. The majority of the neurons observed lacked stereocilia; in a single hypostome-tentacle junction only 37% of the ganglion cells possessed a kinocilium surrounded by rodlike stereocilia. Most of the ganglion cells (55%) were clustered together in the oral or upper epidermis of the hypostome-tentacle junction: Nineteen percent were in the lateral and 26% in the aboral or lower epidermis. The two types of ganglion cells did not differ significantly in their distribution. Both types of ganglion cell had synaptic contacts with other neurons and with epitheliomuscular cells. More than 85% of the neuroneuronal and 61% of the neuroepitheliomuscular cell synapses were located in the oral epidermis of a hypostome-tentacle junction. In addition, two-way chemical synapses and a gap junction between neurons were observed at hypostome-tentacle junctions. Our morphological evidence of synaptic connectivity in neuronal clusters at hypostome-tentacle junctions suggests that primitive ganglia are present in Hydra.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Abnormal development of vertebrae in paralyzed chick embryos (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ventral bars, cartilaginous projections from the ventral aspect of the synsacrum that contact and form a joint with the ilium, were found in all normal chick embryos of age E9 and older. Bars were absent in a number of embryos which had been paralyzed from age E4 by the use of the acetylcholine receptor blocker α-bungarotoxin. They were also absent in some embryos that had been paralyzed between ages E4 and E10 but allowed to move thereafter. The bars, already formed, remained present in a third group of embryos in which paralysis was initiated at age E10. Apparently, normal embryonic movements induce the formation of bars. In support of this conclusion is the observation that two of three embryos which had had their hindlimb buds amputated at age E3 lacked bars. In these embryos with amputations, the ilium was present at least in part, but the forces exerted on the region where the bars develop would have been greatly reduced because of the lack of hind limb musculature. It is concluded that the bars, which form part of the iliosynsacral joint, are induced epigenetically by normal embryonic movements.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730205
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    Development of the crayfish retina: A light and electron microscopic study (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 101-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the crayfish retina was examined in embryos and first, second and third instars with both and light and electron microscope. Light microscopic observations indicate that differentiation begins at the posterior portion of the optic disc and progresses in an anterior direction. Development of screening pigment, dioptric elements, and rhabdoms all parallel this posterior to anterior gradient in the retina. Tracer studies in early embryos reveal that the retina is separated from the proximal neuropil regions by a distinct vascular space. This observation suggests that the source of new cells for the retina may not be the more proximal cell proliferation zone as previously indicated. It is proposed that mitotic activity within the retina and/or differentiation of cells from the anterior surface layer of the eye may be sources for addition of new cells to the retina. Proto-ommatidial clusters of seven retinula cells occur very early at the posterior region of the embryonic retina. Initially the receptor cells extend throughout the entire thickness of the retina, but later they withdraw from beneath the cornea to occupy only the proximal portion of the retina. Microvilli of the rhabdom arise from the centrally opposed membranes of the retinula cells in each cell cluster. Each new microvillus contains a core of fine filaments which extend out into the cytoplasm at its base. As development of the microvilli continues, the core filaments appear to be lost or altered, but the cytoplasmic bundles at the base of the microvilli persist.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730109
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    A model for comparison of masticatory effectiveness in primates (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A model is presented to express how effectively animals increase the exposed surface area of their food by chewing. It includes a coefficient of masticatory effectiveness (E) the value of which increases with effectiveness of exposing new food surface area with each chew. Humans and other species of primates differ significantly in their values of E; among the nonhuman primates studies, Lemur catta has a higher coefficient than Lemur fulvus, and both have higher coefficients than either Varecia variegatus or Galago crassicaudatus argentatus. The differences among the coefficients to these prosimians are correlated with variations in specific features of the molar morphology.Of six lower molar shearing crests considered, the relative length of the post-metacristid correlates most highly with the coefficient of masticatory effectiveness for the prosimian species. Also, among comparable-sized prosimians, E correlates significantly with the absolute postmetacristid length. Both these findings indicate that the relative size of molar shearing crests is related significantly to how effectively an animal chews its food. There are also implications for an adaptation to a high-fiber diet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720202
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    A structural analysis of the freshly extruded spermatophore from the lobster, Homarus americanus (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 193-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Freshly extruded spermatophores from the lobster, Homarus americanus, were examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The tubular spermatophore is trifoil in shape with two lobes tapered laterally from a third lobe situated ventrally. It is comprised of sperm surrounded by three acellular investments: (1) a primary spermatophore layer, (2) an intermediate layer, and (3) an outer bounding layer. The sperm are packed into a continuous tube contained largely within the ventral lobe and are embedded in a matrix of moderate electron density. The primary spermatophore layer is uniformly thick around the sperm mass and contains at its peripheral margins both ring structures and crystals in an amorphous matrix. The intermediate layer is thicker dorsally than ventrally. Dense granules dominate the ventral half of the intermediate layer while inclusions populate the dorsal half; both react positively to the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique. The innermost portion of the outer bounding layer is composed of parallel fibrils; a flocculent material is present peripherally. This flocculent substance is presumed to impart stickiness to freshly extruded spermatophores. These observations provide a basis for the future understanding of the mechanisms involved in long-term storage of sperm in spermatophores.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720206
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    The early embryonic development of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis lssiki (lepidoptera, micropterygidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 259-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the early embryonic development of Neomicropteryx nipponensis from oviposition to the formation of the inner layer. Newly laid eggs are covered with many hygroscopic, gelatinous masses. The chorion is composed of a porous, spongy exochorion of variable thickness and of a thin endochorion. The eggs have a very thin periplasm and contain large amounts of yolk made of proteid and fatty yolk droplets. The processes of maturation division, fertilization, and cleavage are similar to those commonly found in lepidopteran eggs. The blastoderm of Neomicropteryx is very thin in comparison with that of other lepidopteran eggs. The small circular germ disk is formed on the ventral egg surface. It then invaginates deeply into the yolk to form a sac-shaped germ rudiment. The formation of the germ rudiment and of the embryonic membranes resembles that of swift moths, Endoclita (suborder Monotrysia) and of the caddisfly, Stenopsyche (Trichoptera), but differs from that of ditrysian Lepidoptera. As in other lepidopteran insects, the formation of the inner layer begins after completion of the germ band, which has a bilobed protocephalon and a slender protocorm. Unlike the situation in most lepidopteran eggs, yolk segmentation does not occur in N. nipponensis. During formation of the germ band, hydropyle cells are formed in the dorso-posterior region of the serosa; these are here reported for the first time in the eggs of holometabolan insects.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720302
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    Development and metamorphosis of the feeding apparatus of the stone crab, Menippe mercenaria (brachyura, xanthidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of the feeding apparatus of the stone crab, Menippe mercenaria (Brachyura, Xanthidae), has demonstrated that substantial internal and external morphological alterations occur at metamorphosis and suggests that the mastication of food shifts from the mandibles to the gastric mill at that time. These changes correspond to the changes in environment and diet that take place at metamorphosis, when the previously planktotrophic larvae begin benthic life.A detailed account of the structure and development of the mandibles is presented. The mandibles of all zoeal stages are similar: The incisor process has a series of teeth and denticles and the prominent molar process appears to be well adapted for grinding food. Megalopal mandibles are transitional but have the form that is typical of all subsequent stages: The expanded incisor process is rounded and toothless and the molar process is less prominent and has lost its grinding denticles. The cardiac stomach of the zoeal stages has no gastric mill; the medial and lateral teeth of the mill first appear in the megalopa.A very simple procedure is described for preparing larval mandibles for scanning electron microscopy using the molted exoskeletons from larval rearing experiments.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720305
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    The sensory systems and feeding behavior of leafhoppers. I. The aster leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons stål (homoptera, cicadellidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 361-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the sensilla, and other structures, within the stylets and precibarium of Macrosteles fascifrons were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Precibarium is a new term, defined here, for the canal that precedes the cibarium inside the leafhopper head. Within the precibarium are found 20 chemosensilla and a previously undescribed structure, the precibarial valve. Twelve mechanosensilla, three in each stylet, are found within the maxillary and mandibular stylets. The relationship between all of these structures and feeding by the insect is detailed in a feeding mechanism hypothesis. It is concluded that leafhoppers (and probably all homopterans) utilize the precibarial chemosensilla alone for gustatory discrimination, the stylet sensilla for proprioception, and the precibarial valve for regulation of fluid uptake and compartmentalization of the sensilla.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720310
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    Histological and enzyme histochemical studies on the nephrons of the freshwater fishes, Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nephrons of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) were examined histologically and also histochemically for enzymes. In both species the distal and collecting tubules have much wider lumens than do the other renal tubules; thus urine probably flows more slowly in these larger tubules. Enzyme histochemistry shows that epithelium of the neck and proximal and intermediate tubules respires anaerobically. whereas that of the distal and collecting tubules respires aerobically. The distribution of Na-K-ATPase in the distal and collecting tubules indicates that they also transport sodium actively. The slow flow of urine and the energy produced by aerobic metabolism probably increase the efficiency of active transport.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730104
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    The sensory systems and feeding behavior of leafhoppers. II. A comparison of the sensillar morphologies of several species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 176 (1983), S. 3-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the sensilla, and other structures, within the precibaria of eight species from three subfamilies of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The types and grouping of the 20 precibarial sensilla in seven of these species were similar to those observed previously in Macrosteles fascifrons Stål. Oncometopia nigricans (Walker) also displayed similar sensilla groups; however, it had 30 sensilla. The species examined differed chiefly in the exact location and arrangement of the sensilla. The possible significance of the differences relative to leafhopper feeding is discussed. The precibarial chemosensilla may provide chemosensory evaluation of fluid in the food canal and precibarium prior to ingestion or egestion.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051760102
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 176 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051760201
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