ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

X
feed icon rss

Ihre E-Mail wurde erfolgreich gesendet. Bitte prüfen Sie Ihren Maileingang.

Leider ist ein Fehler beim E-Mail-Versand aufgetreten. Bitte versuchen Sie es erneut.

Vorgang fortführen?

Exportieren
Filter
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2005-2009  (12.370)
Sammlung
Schlagwörter
Verlag/Herausgeber
Erscheinungszeitraum
Jahr
  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Aegean Sea Water Masses during the Early Stages of the Eastern Mediterranean Climatic Transient (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-08
    Beschreibung: The Aegean water masses and circulation structure are studied via two large-scale surveys performed during the late winters of 1988 and 1990 by the R/V Yakov Gakkel of the former Soviet Union. The analysis of these data sheds light on the mechanisms of water mass formation in the Aegean Sea that triggered the outflow of Cretan Deep Water (CDW) from the Cretan Sea into the abyssal basins of the eastern Mediterranean Sea (the so-called Eastern Mediterranean Transient). It is found that the central Aegean Basin is the site of the formation of Aegean Intermediate Water, which slides southward and, depending on their density, renews either the intermediate or the deep water of the Cretan Sea. During the winter of 1988, the Cretan Sea waters were renewed mainly at intermediate levels, while during the winter of 1990 it was mainly the volume of CDW that increased. This Aegean water mass redistribution and formation process in 1990 differed from that in 1988 in two major aspects: (i) during the winter of 1990 the position of the front between the Black Sea Water and the Levantine Surface Water was displaced farther north than during the winter of 1988 and (ii) heavier waters were formed in 1990 as a result of enhanced lateral advection of salty Levantine Surface Water that enriched the intermediate waters with salt. In 1990 the 29.2 isopycnal rose to the surface of the central basin and a large volume of CDW filled the Cretan Basin. It is found that, already in 1988, the 29.2 isopycnal surface, which we assume is the lowest density of the CDW, was shallower than the Kassos Strait sill and thus CDW egressed into the Eastern Mediterranean.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1841-1859
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Aegean Sea ; Water Masses ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Gulf Stream Variability in Five Oceanic General Circulation Models (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-01
    Beschreibung: Five non-eddy-resolving oceanic general circulation models driven by atmospheric fluxes derived from the NCEP reanalysis are used to investigate the link between the Gulf Stream (GS) variability, the atmospheric circulation, and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Despite the limited model resolution, the temperature at the 200-m depth along the mean GS axis behaves similarly in most models to that observed, and it is also well correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), indicating that a northward (southward) GS shift lags a positive (negative) NAO phase by 0–2 yr. The northward shift is accompanied by an increase in the GS transport, and conversely the southward shift with a decrease in the GS transport. Two dominant time scales appear in the response of the GS transport to the NAO forcing: a fast time scale (less than 1 month) for the barotropic component, and a slower one (about 2 yr) for the baroclinic component. In addition, the two components are weakly coupled. The GS response seems broadly consistent with a linear adjustment to the changes in the wind stress curl, and evidence for baroclinic Rossby wave propagation is found in the southern part of the subtropical gyre. However, the GS shifts are also affected by basin-scale changes in the oceanic conditions, and they are well correlated in most models with the changes in the AMOC. A larger AMOC is found when the GS is stronger and displaced northward, and a higher correlation is found when the observed changes of the GS position are used in the comparison. The relation between the GS and the AMOC could be explained by the inherent coupling between the thermohaline and the wind-driven circulation, or by the NAO variability driving them on similar time scales in the models.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by the PREDICATE project of the European Community, and for M. Bentsen by the Research Council of Norway through RegClim, NOClim, and the Programme of Supercomputing.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2119–2135
    Beschreibung: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): ocean modelling ; gulf stream variability ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 3
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Effects of Land-Surface-Vegetation on theboreal summer surface climate of a GCM (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-19
    Beschreibung: A land surface model (LSM) has been included in the ECMWF Hamburg version 4 (ECHAM4) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The LSM is an early version of the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) and it replaces the simple land surface scheme previously included in ECHAM4. The purpose of this paper is to document how a more exhaustive consideration of the land surface–vegetation processes affects the simulated boreal summer surface climate. To investigate the impacts on the simulated climate, different sets of Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-type simulations have been performed with ECHAM4 alone and with the AGCM coupled with ORCHIDEE. Furthermore, to assess the effects of the increase in horizontal resolution the coupling of ECHAM4 with the LSM has been implemented at different horizontal resolutions. The analysis reveals that the LSM has large effects on the simulated boreal summer surface climate of the atmospheric model. Considerable impacts are found in the surface energy balance due to changes in the surface latent heat fluxes over tropical and midlatitude areas covered with vegetation. Rainfall and atmospheric circulation are substantially affected by these changes. In particular, increased precipitation is found over evergreen and summergreen vegetated areas. Because of the socioeconomical relevance, particular attention has been devoted to the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) region. The results of this study indicate that precipitation over the Indian subcontinent is better simulated with the coupled ECHAM4–ORCHIDEE model compared to the atmospheric model alone.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 255–278
    Beschreibung: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Land Atmosphere interactions ; Global climate models ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 4
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Using Temperature–Salinity Relations in a Global Ocean Implementation of a Multivariate Data Assimilation Scheme (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In this paper results from the application of an ocean data assimilation (ODA) system, combining a multivariate reduced-order optimal interpolator (OI) scheme with a global ocean general circulation model (OGCM), are described. The present ODA system, designed to assimilate in situ temperature and salinity observations, has been used to produce ocean reanalyses for the 1962–2001 period. The impact of assimilating observed hydrographic data on the ocean mean state and temporal variability is evaluated. A special focus of this work is on the ODA system skill in reproducing a realistic ocean salinity state. Results from a hierarchy of different salinity reanalyses, using varying combinations of assimilated data and background error covariance structures, are described. The impact of the space and time resolution of the background error covariance parameterization on salinity is addressed.
    Beschreibung: This work has been funded by the ENACT Project (Contract EVK2-CT2001-00117) for A. Bellucci and P. Di Pietro, and partially by the ENSEMBLES Project (Contract GOCE-CT-2003-505539) for A. Bellucci.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3785-3807
    Beschreibung: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): ocean modelling ; data assimilation ; reanalysis ; upper ocean variability ; temperature ; Salinity ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 5
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Atmospheric horizontal resolution affects tropical climate variability in coupled models (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The effect of horizontal resolution on tropical variability is investigated within the modified SINTEX model, SINTEX-F, developed jointly at INGV, IPSL and at the Frontier Research System. The horizontal resolutions T30 and T106 are investigated in terms of the coupling characteristics, frequency and variability of the tropical ocean-atmosphere interactions. It appears that the T106 resolution is generally beneficial even if it does not eliminate all the major systematic errors of the coupled model. There is an excessive shift west of the cold tongue and ENSO variability, and high resolution has also a somewhat negative impact to the variability in the East Indian Ocean. A dominant two-year peak for the NINO3 variabilty in the T30 model is moderated in the T106 as it shifts to longer time scale. At high resolution new processes come into play, as the coupling of tropical instability waves, the resolution of coastal flows at the Pacific Mexican coasts and improved coastal forcing along the coast of South America. The delayed oscillator seems the main mechanism that generates the interannual variability in both models, but the models realize it in different ways. In the T30 model it is confined close to the equator, involving relatively fast equatorial and near-equatorial modes, in the high resolution, it involves a wider latitudinal region and slower waves. It is speculated that the extent of the region that is involved in the interannual variability may be linked to the time scale of the variability itself.
    Beschreibung: This research was partially supported by the Italy–USA Cooperation Program of the Italian Ministry of Environment and by the EU projects ENSEMBLES and DYNAMITE.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 730-750
    Beschreibung: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): coupled models ; tropical variability ; ENSO system ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 6
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    The influence of Tropical Indian Ocean SST on the Indian summer monsoon (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) is one of the main components of the Asian summer monsoon. It is well known that one of the starting mechanisms of a summer monsoon is the thermal contrast between land and ocean and that sea surface temperature (SST) and moisture are crucial factors for its evolution and intensity. The Indian Ocean, therefore, may play a very important role in the generation and evolution of the ISM itself. A coupled general circulation model, implemented with a high resolution atmospheric component, appears to be able to simulate the Indian summer monsoon in a realistic way. In particular, the features of the simulated ISM variability are similar to the observations. In this study, the relationships between ISM and Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) SST anomalies are investigated, as well as the ability of the coupled model to capture those connections. The recent discovery of the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode (IODM) may suggest new perspectives in the relationship between ISM and TIO SST. A new statistical technique, the Coupled Manifold, is used to investigate the TIO SST variability and its relation with the Tropical Pacific Ocean (TPO). The analysis shows that the SST variability in the TIO contains a significant portion that is independent from the TPO variability. The same technique is used to estimate the amount of Indian rainfall variability that can be explained by the Tropical Indian Ocean SST. Indian Ocean SST anomalies are separated in a part remotely forced from the Tropical Pacific Ocean variability and a part independent from that. The relationships between the two SSTA components and the Indian monsoon variability are then investigated in detail.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3083-3105
    Beschreibung: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Indian Ocean ; monsoon ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 7
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Marine Environment and Security for the European Area (MERSEA) - Towards operational oceanography (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: An assessment of the present European operational marine monitoring and forecasting systems shows how observations, atmospheric forcing fields and ocean models combine to make useful oceanographic products possible.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1081-1090
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): MARINE ENVIRONMENT ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.05. Operational oceanography
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 8
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Interannual to Decadal Climate Predictability in the North Atlantic: A Multi-Model-Ensemble Study (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Ensemble experiments are performed with five coupled atmosphere–ocean models to investigate the potential for initial-value climate forecasts on interannual to decadal time scales. Experiments are started from similar model-generated initial states, and common diagnostics of predictability are used. We find that variations in the ocean meridional overturning circulation (MOC) are potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, a more consistent picture of the surface temperature impact of decadal variations in the MOC is now apparent, and variations of surface air temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean are also potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, albeit with potential skill levels that are less than those seen for MOC variations. This intercomparison represents a step forward in assessing the robustness of model estimates of potential skill and is a prerequisite for the development of any operational forecasting system.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1195-1203
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Decadal Climate ; North Atlantic ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.05. Models and Forecasts ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 9
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Tropospheric Comparisons of Vaisala Radiosondes and Balloon-Borne Frost-Point and Lyman-α Hygrometers during the LAUTLOS-WAVVAP Experiment (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, American Meteorological Society, 25(2), pp. 149-166, ISSN: 0739-0572
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17
    Beschreibung: The accuracy of all types of Vaisala radiosondes and two types of Snow White chilled-mirror hygrosondes was assessed in an intensive in situ comparison with reference hygrometers. Fourteen nighttime reference comparisons were performed to determine a working reference for the radiosonde comparisons. These showed that the night version of the Snow White agreed best with the references [i.e., the NOAA frost-point hygrometer (FPH) and University of Colorado cryogenic frost-point hygrometer (CFH)], but that the daytime version had severe problems with contamination in the humid upper troposphere. Since the RS92 performance was superior to the other radiosondes and to the day version of the Snow White, it was selected to be the working reference. According to the reference comparison, the RS92 has no bias in the mid- and lower troposphere, with deviations 〈±5% in relative humidity (RH). In the upper troposphere, the RS92 has a 5% RH wet bias, which is partly due to the RS92 time lag error and the termination of the heating cycle. It was shown that the time lag effects relating to Vaisala radiosondes can be corrected. Because these were nighttime comparisons, they can be considered to be free from solar radiation effects. Neither the radiosondes nor the Snow White succeeded in reproducing reference class hygrometer profiles in the stratosphere. According to the 29 radiosonde intercomparisons, the RS92 and the modified RS90 (FN) had the best mutual agreement and no bias. The disagreement is largest (〈±10% RH) at low temperatures (T ≪ −30°C), where the FN underestimated (overestimated) in high (low) ambient RH. In comparison with the RS92, the RS90 had a semilinearly increasing wet bias with decreasing temperature, where the bias was 10% RH at −60°C. The RS80-A suffers from a large temperature-dependent dry bias in high RH conditions, being over 30% RH at −60°C and 5% RH near 0°C. The RS80-A dry bias can be almost totally removed with the correction algorithm by Leiterer et al., which was chosen as the best available. The other approach tested tends to overcorrect in high RH conditions when T 〈 −50°C. For T 〉 −30°C it is ineffective and does not correct the RS80-A dry bias in high ambient RH.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 10
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    The Teleconnection between the Western Indian and the Western Pacific Oceans (2005)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: In this study we show a teleconnection pattern relating Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) anomalies over the western Pacific Ocean and sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) over the western Indian Ocean over two seasons (Sept-Oct-Nov and Dec-Jan-Feb) at zero lag from observations and atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) integrations. This teleconnection pattern suggests that a positive SSTA in Sept-Oct-Nov (SON) and Dec-Jan-Feb (DJF) seasons over the western Indian Ocean increases the contemporaneous positive OLR anomalies over the western Pacific Ocean. This teleconnection pattern is also simulated by the Center for Ocean-Land- Atmosphere studies (COLA) AGCM forced with observed SST’s. From the experimental COLA AGCM runs (wherein the Pacific Ocean SST variability is suppressed except for the climatological annual cycle) it is diagnosed that the interannual variability of OLR over the western Pacific Ocean persists because of this teleconnection. In relation to this teleconnection pattern it is shown that there is a significant linear response of the SON and DJF equatorial zonal wind anomaly over the Pacific Ocean to contemporaneous SSTA over the western Indian Ocean which is comparable to that of the eastern and western Pacific Oceans. The experimental AGCM runs clearly show that this response of the equatorial zonal wind anomaly to the western Indian Ocean forcing shifts westward towards the Indian Ocean in the absence of Pacific SST variability.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Sea surface temperature ; Atmospheric conditions ; Teleconnections
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
    Format: 759939 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 11
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    The Role of the Land Surface Background State in Climate Predictability (2005)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Skill in ensemble-mean dynamical seasonal climate hindcasts with a coupled land-atmosphere model and specified observed sea surface temperature is compared to that for long multi-decade integrations of the same model where the initial conditions are far removed from the seasons of validation. The evaluations are performed for surface temperature and compared among all seasons. Skill is found to be higher in the seasonal simulations than the multi-decadal integrations except during boreal winter. The higher skill is prominent even beyond the first month when the direct influence of the atmospheric initial state elevates model skill. Skill is generally found to be lowest during the winter season for the dynamical seasonal forecasts, equal to that of the long integrations, which show some of the highest skill during winter. The reason for the differences in skill during the non-winter months is attributed to the severe climate drift in the long simulations, manifest through errors in downward fluxes of water and energy over land and evident in soil wetness. The drift presses the land surface to extreme dry or wet states over much of the globe, into a range where there is little sensitivity of evaporation to fluctuations in soil moisture. Thus, the land-atmosphere feedback is suppressed, which appears to lessen the model’s ability to respond correctly over land to remote ocean temperature anomalies.
    Beschreibung: Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Atmosphere-ocean system
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
    Format: 503454 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 12
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    A Shallow-CISK-Deep-Equilibrium Mechanism for The Interaction Between Large-Scale Convection and Large-Scale Circulations In The Tropics (2005)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: In this paper, the circulations driven by deep heating and shallow heating are investigated through analytically solving a set of linear equations and examining circulations simulated by a dry primitive equation model. Special emphasis is placed on the low-level mass (moisture) convergence associated with the forced circulation and the maintenance of the shallow and deep heat sources. It is found that the forced circulation driven by shallow heating is more likely to be trapped horizontally near the heating area but relatively extended in the vertical. As a consequence, diabatic heating can not balance adiabatic cooling due to upward motion. At the levels slightly above the top of the heating, a negative vertical gradient of temperature perturbation appears. For the atmosphere driven by deep heating, however, the temperature perturbation cannot accumulate because the heating signals propagate away very fast, allowing an approximate equilibrium between the convective diabatic heating and adiabatic cooling due to upward motion. The converged moisture associated with circulation driven by shallow heating exceeds the amount needed to maintain the heat source. However, the circulation driven by deep heating does not feed back effectively to the moisture convergence, and thus can not be self-sustaining.
    Beschreibung: Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies - Calverton
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Atmospheric circulation
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
    Format: 637515 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 13
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Role of carbon cycle observations and knowledge in carbon management (2005)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © Annual Reviews, 2003. This article is posted here by permission of Annual Reviews for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003): 521-558, doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.28.011503.163443.
    Beschreibung: Agriculture and industrial development have led to inadvertent changes in the natural carbon cycle. As a consequence, concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere and may lead to changes in climate. The current challenge facing society is to develop options for future management of the carbon cycle. A variety of approaches has been suggested: direct reduction of emissions, deliberate manipulation of the natural carbon cycle to enhance sequestration, and capture and isolation of carbon from fossil fuel use. Policy development to date has laid out some of the general principles to which carbon management should adhere. These are summarized as: how much carbon is stored, by what means, and for how long. To successfully manage carbon for climate purposes requires increased understanding of carbon cycle dynamics and improvement in the scientific capabilities available for measurement as well as for policy needs. The specific needs for scientific information to underpin carbon cycle management decisions are not yet broadly known. A stronger dialogue between decision makers and scientists must be developed to foster improved application of scientific knowledge to decisions. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the carbon cycle, carbon measurement capabilities (with an emphasis on the continental scale) and the relevance of carbon cycle science to carbon sequestration goals.
    Beschreibung: The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation.
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon sequestration ; Measurement techniques ; Climate ; Kyoto protocol
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
    Format: 406392 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 14
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Long nonlinear internal waves (2006)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © Annual Reviews, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of Annual Reviews for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38 (2006): 395-425, doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092129.
    Beschreibung: Over the past four decades, the combination of in situ and remote sensing observations has demonstrated that long nonlinear internal solitary-like waves are ubiquitous features of coastal oceans. The following provides an overview of the properties of steady internal solitary waves and the transient processes of wave generation and evolution, primarily from the point of view of weakly nonlinear theory, of which the Korteweg-de Vries equation is the most frequently used example. However, the oceanographically important processes of wave instability and breaking, generally inaccessible with these models, are also discussed. Furthermore, observations often show strongly nonlinear waves whose properties can only be explained with fully nonlinear models.
    Beschreibung: KRH acknowledges support from NSF and ONR and an Independent Study Award from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. WKM acknowledges support from NSF and ONR, which has made his work in this area possible, in close collaboration with former graduate students at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and MIT.
    Schlagwort(e): Solitary waves ; Nonlinear waves ; Stratified flow ; Physical Oceanography
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
    Format: 1034976 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 15
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Accuracy of a pulse-coherent acoustic Doppler profiler in a wave-dominated flow (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 21 (2004): 1448–1461, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021〈1448:AOAPAD〉2.0.CO;2.
    Beschreibung: The accuracy of velocities measured by a pulse-coherent acoustic Doppler profiler (PCADP) in the bottom boundary layer of a wave-dominated inner-shelf environment is evaluated. The downward-looking PCADP measured velocities in eight 10-cm cells at 1 Hz. Velocities measured by the PCADP are compared to those measured by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter for wave orbital velocities up to 95 cm s−1 and currents up to 40 cm s−1. An algorithm for correcting ambiguity errors using the resolution velocities was developed. Instrument bias, measured as the average error in burst mean speed, is −0.4 cm s−1 (standard deviation = 0.8). The accuracy (root-mean-square error) of instantaneous velocities has a mean of 8.6 cm s−1 (standard deviation = 6.5) for eastward velocities (the predominant direction of waves), 6.5 cm s−1 (standard deviation = 4.4) for northward velocities, and 2.4 cm s−1 (standard deviation = 1.6) for vertical velocities. Both burst mean and root-mean-square errors are greater for bursts with ub ≥ 50 cm s−1. Profiles of burst mean speeds from the bottom five cells were fit to logarithmic curves: 92% of bursts with mean speed ≥ 5 cm s−1 have a correlation coefficient R2 〉 0.96. In cells close to the transducer, instantaneous velocities are noisy, burst mean velocities are biased low, and bottom orbital velocities are biased high. With adequate blanking distances for both the profile and resolution velocities, the PCADP provides sufficient accuracy to measure velocities in the bottom boundary layer under moderately energetic inner-shelf conditions.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion Study
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 16
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Design and function of superfast muscles : new insights into the physiology of skeletal muscle (2005)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: First published online as a Review in Advance on October 24, 2005. (Some corrections may occur before final publication online and in print)
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © Annual Reviews, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Annual Reviews for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006): 22.1-22.29, doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.105418.
    Beschreibung: Superfast muscles of vertebrates power sound production. The fastest, the swimbladder muscle of toadfish, generates mechanical power at frequencies in excess of 200 Hz. To operate at these frequencies, the speed of relaxation has had to increase approximately 50-fold. This increase is accomplished by modifications of three kinetic traits: (a) a fast calcium transient due to extremely high concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-Ca2+ pumps and parvalbumin, (b) fast off-rate of Ca2+ from troponin C due to an alteration in troponin, and (c) fast cross-bridge detachment rate constant (g, 50 times faster than that in rabbit fast-twitch muscle) due to an alteration in myosin. Although these three modifications permit swimbladder muscle to generate mechanical work at high frequencies (where locomotor muscles cannot), it comes with a cost: The high g causes a large reduction in attached force-generating cross-bridges, making the swimbladder incapable of powering low-frequency locomotory movements. Hence the locomotory and sound-producing muscles have mutually exclusive designs.
    Beschreibung: This work was made possible by support from NIH grants AR38404 and AR46125 as well as the University of Pennsylvania Research Foundation.
    Schlagwort(e): Parvalbumin ; Ca2+ release ; Ca2+ uptake ; Cross-bridges ; Adaptation ; Sound production ; Whitman Center
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
    Format: 567086 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    ARTIKEL (OA)
  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RETINAL PROCESSING NEAR ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD: From Behavior to Mechanism (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 491-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: Vision at absolute threshold is based on signals produced in a tiny fraction of the rod photoreceptors. This requires that the rods signal the absorption of single photons, and that the resulting signals are transmitted across the retina and encoded in the activity sent from the retina to the brain. Behavioral and ganglion cell sensitivity has often been interpreted to indicate that these biophysical events occur noiselessly, i.e., that vision reaches limits to sensitivity imposed by the division of light into discrete photons and occasional photon-like noise events generated in the rod photoreceptors. We argue that this interpretation is not unique and provide a more conservative view of the constraints behavior and ganglion cell experiments impose on phototransduction and retinal processing. We summarize what is known about how these constraints are met and identify some of the outstanding open issues.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103.151256
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    LXRS AND FXR: The Yin and Yang of Cholesterol and Fat Metabolism (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 159-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: Liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are nuclear receptors that function as intracellular sensors for sterols and bile acids, respectively. In response to their ligands, these receptors induce transcriptional responses that maintain a balanced, finely tuned regulation of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. LXRs also permit the efficient storage of carbohydrate- and fat-derived energy, whereas FXR activation results in an overall decrease in triglyceride levels and modulation of glucose metabolism. The elegant, dual interplay between these two receptor systems suggests that they coevolved to constitute a highly sensitive and efficient system for the maintenance of total body fat and cholesterol homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that the tissue-specific action of these receptors is also crucial for the proper function of the cardiovascular, immune, reproductive, endocrine pancreas, renal, and central nervous systems. Together, LXRs and FXR represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of numerous metabolic and lipid-related diseases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.033104.152158
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    COMMUNICABILITY, RACIAL DISCOURSE, AND DISEASE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 269-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: This review proposes a model for analyzing the power of ideologies of communication in producing subjectivities, organizing them hierarchically, and recruiting people to occupy them. By way of illustration, it compares this productive capacity, which is herein termed communicability, with schemes of racialization and medicalization. The argument draws on critical discourse analysis, conversational analysis, post-Habermasian research on publics, Bakhtin, Bourdieu, Foucault, and work on language ideologies to synthesize a framework for studying spheres of communicability. The concept is then used in exploring how constructions of race and health intersect in some of the most powerful spheres of communicabilityĐ??those associated with colonial medicine, HIV/AIDS, severe accute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Alzheimer's, genetics, clinical trials, "race-based medicine," organ transplant, and biostatistics. The review attempts to connect linguistic anthropology and discourse analysis more productively to medical anthropology, the history of medicine and public health, medical sociology, public health, genetics, and science studies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120618
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    METABOLIC ADAPTATION IN INDIGENOUS SIBERIAN POPULATIONS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 451-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Previous research has suggested that arctic populations have elevated metabolic rates in response to their cold, marginal climate. Recent studies of indigenous Siberian groups have confirmed these earlier findings and have shed light on the mechanisms through which northern populations adapt to their environments. Indigenous Siberians show significant elevations in basal metabolic rate compared with reference values. Total energy expenditure is variable across Siberian groups and is correlated with levels of acculturation. Siberian populations appear to have adapted to cold stress through both short-term acclimatization and genetic adaptations, with thyroid hormones playing an important role in shaping metabolic responses. Elevated metabolic rates also have important consequences for health and may contribute to the low serum lipid levels observed in Siberian groups. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of metabolic adaptation and their implications for ongoing health changes among indigenous Siberians.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120558
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SOCIAL AND CULTURAL POLICIES TOWARD INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: Perspectives from Latin America * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 717-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Throughout the twentieth century, social and cultural policies toward indigenous peoples in Latin America have been closely related to indigenismo, an ideological movement that denounced the exploitation of aboriginal groups and strove for the cultural unity and the extension of citizenship through social integration and "acculturation." This review traces the colonial and nineteenth-century roots of indigenismo and places it in the context of the populist tendencies in most Latin American states from the 1920s to the 1970s, which favored economic protectionism and used agrarian reform and the provision of services as tools for governance and legitimacy. Also examined is the role of anthropological research in its relation to state hegemony as well as the denunciation of indigenista policies by ethnic intellectuals and organizations. In recent decades, the dismantling of populist policies has given rise to a new official "neoliberal" discourse that extols multiculturalism. However, the widespread demand for multicultural policies is also seen as the outcome of the fight by militant indigenous organizations for a new type of citizenship.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120343
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RECENT ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH ON NORTH AMERICAN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 253-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: This review article addresses the following question: Given the transformed social, political, and intellectual conditions for ethnographic research among indigenous peoples in North America, what forms has such research come to take at the turn of the twenty-first century? The review considers significant trends and innovations in research sites and topics, research methodologies, theoretical orientations, and forms of representation. It also assesses the distinctive strengths and limitations posed by ethnographic research for scholars engaging with significant dimensions of contemporary indigenous life, including struggles for rights, resources, recognition, and language vitality in both the national and international arenas; the repatriation and sovereignty movements; the development of tribal casinos, tourist complexes, cultural centers, and media outlets; continued social and economic marginalization of many indigenous peoples; and challenges posed by neoliberalism and globalization to tribal governments and economies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120446
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INTERROGATING RACISM: Toward an Antiracist Anthropology (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 667-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Over the past several decades, global manifestations of racism have undergone significant transformations. The anticolonial struggle, the civil rights movement, and the antiapartheid offensive have challenged the former established racial regimes. But the consolidation of global capitalism has also created new forms of racialization. A variety of antiracist strategies and interventions have emerged to confront new racisms. Analyses of racism have sought to interrogate its history and contemporary manifestations, how it is maintained and reproduced, and to predict its future. Anthropologists and other social scientists are challenged to develop theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches to advance our understanding of these new manifestations of race and racism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093435
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BODY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 139-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Under the influence of phenomenological approaches, a semiotic perspective on the body is being replaced in archaeology by analysis of the production and experience of lived bodies in the past through the juxtaposition of traces of body practices, idealized representations, and evidence of the effects of habitual gestures, postures, and consumption practices on the corporal body. On the basis of a shared assumption that social understandings of the body were created and reproduced through associations with material culture, archaeology of the body has proceeded from two theoretical positions: the body as the scene of display and the body as artifact. Today, the body as a site of lived experience, a social body, and site of embodied agency, is replacing prior static conceptions of an archaeology of the body as a public, legible surface.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143729
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    IMMIGRANT RACIALIZATION AND THE NEW SAVAGE SLOT: Race, Migration, and Immigration in the New Europe (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 363-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: This review explores contemporary processes through which immigrants are categorized into shifting racial landscapes in the new Europe. Tracing the racial genealogy of the immigrant through European and Europeanist migration studies, the successive construction of overlapping tropes of the nomad, the laborer, the uprooted victim, the hybrid cosmopolite, and the (Muslim) transmigrant are examined. This history points to the perduring problematization of the immigrant as the object of national integration. If migration studies have effectively tended to racialize migrants into a new savage slot, recent ethnographies of the immigrant experience in Europe point to ways in which immigrant and diasporic groups cross racial frontiers and enact solidarity across class and cultural lines.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120338
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF BLACK AMERICANS IN RECENT TIMES * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 575-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: A review of work on African Americans through archaeology takes place under diasporic studies and relies on literature that defines the North American black experience. The focus is on the establishment of freedom by the founding of maroon communities and independent settlements of free people, as well as on the use and interpretation of African diasporic history and theory, particularly by archaeologists using knowledge of the diaspora to effect modern political change.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120417
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RACE AND ETHNICITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH: Models to Explain Health Disparities (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 231-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: The description and explanation of racial and ethnic health disparities are major initiatives of the public health research establishment. Black Americans suffer on nearly every measure of health in relation to white Americans. Five theoretical models have been proposed to explain these disparities: a racial-genetic model, a health-behavior model, a socioeconomic status model, a psychosocial stress model, and a structural-constructivist model. We selectively review literature on health disparities, emphasizing research on low birth weight and high blood pressure. The psychosocial stress model and the structural-constructivist model offer greatest promise to explain disparities. In future research, theoretical elaboration and operational specificity are needed to distinguish among three distinct factors: (a) genetic variants contributing to disease risk; (b) ethnoracial or folk racial categories masquerading as biology; and (c) ethnic group membership. Such elaboration is necessary to move beyond the conflation of these three distinct constructs that characterizes much of current research.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120505
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    WILL INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES SURVIVE? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 293-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Much attention has been focused on the survival of Indigenous languages in recent years. Many, particularly anthropologists and linguists, anticipate the demise of the majority of Indigenous languages within this century and have called on the need to arrest the loss of languages. Opinions vary concerning the loss of language; some regard it as a hopeless cause, and others see language revitalization as a major responsibility of linguistics and kindred disciplines. To that end, this review explores efforts in language revitalization and documentation and the engagement with Indigenous peoples. It remains unclear why some attempts at language revitalization succeed, whereas others fail. What is clear is that the process is profoundly political.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120629
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF BLACK AMERICANS IN RECENT TIMES * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 575-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: A review of work on African Americans through archaeology takes place under diasporic studies and relies on literature that defines the North American black experience. The focus is on the establishment of freedom by the founding of maroon communities and independent settlements of free people, as well as on the use and interpretation of African diasporic history and theory, particularly by archaeologists using knowledge of the diaspora to effect modern political change.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120417
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INDIGENOUS MOVEMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA, 1992Đ??2004: Controversies, Ironies, New Directions (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 549-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: This review examines literature on indigenous movements in Latin America from 1992 to 2004. It addresses ethnic identity and ethnic activism, in particular the reindianization processes occurring in indigenous communities throughout the region. We explore the impact that states and indigenous mobilizing efforts have had on each other, as well as the role of transnational nongovernmental organizations and para-statal organizations, neoliberalism more broadly, and armed conflict. Shifts in ethnoracial, political, and cultural indigenous discourses are examined, special attention being paid to new deployments of rhetorics concerned with political imaginaries, customary law, culture, and identity. Self-representational strategies will be numerous and dynamic, identities themselves multiple, fluid, and abundantly positional. The challenges these dynamics present for anthropological field research and ethnographic writing are discussed, as is the dialogue between scholars, indigenous and not, and activists, indigenous and not. Conclusions suggest potentially fruitful research directions for the future.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120529
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    COMMUNICABILITY, RACIAL DISCOURSE, AND DISEASE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 269-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: This review proposes a model for analyzing the power of ideologies of communication in producing subjectivities, organizing them hierarchically, and recruiting people to occupy them. By way of illustration, it compares this productive capacity, which is herein termed communicability, with schemes of racialization and medicalization. The argument draws on critical discourse analysis, conversational analysis, post-Habermasian research on publics, Bakhtin, Bourdieu, Foucault, and work on language ideologies to synthesize a framework for studying spheres of communicability. The concept is then used in exploring how constructions of race and health intersect in some of the most powerful spheres of communicabilityĐ??those associated with colonial medicine, HIV/AIDS, severe accute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Alzheimer's, genetics, clinical trials, "race-based medicine," organ transplant, and biostatistics. The review attempts to connect linguistic anthropology and discourse analysis more productively to medical anthropology, the history of medicine and public health, medical sociology, public health, genetics, and science studies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120618
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE BEGINNINGS AND ENDS OF LIFE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 317-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: This essay reviews recent anthropological attention to the "beginnings" and "endings" of life. A large literature since the 1990s highlights the analytic trends and innovations that characterize anthropological attention to the cultural production of persons, the naturalization of life, and the emergence of new life forms. Part I of this essay outlines the coming-into-being, completion and attenuation of personhood and how life and death are attributed, contested, and enacted. Dominant themes include how connections are forged or severed between the living and the dead and the socio-politics of dead, dying, and decaying bodies. The culture of medicine is examined for its role in organizing and naming life and death. Part II is organized by the turn to biopolitical analyses stimulated by the work of Foucault. It encompasses the ways in which the biosciences and biotechnologies, along with state practices, govern forms of living and dying and new forms of life such as the stem cell, embryo, comatose, and brain dead, and it emphasizes the production of value. Much of this scholarship is informed by concepts of liminality (a period and state of being between social statuses) and subjectification (in which notions of self, citizenship, life and its management are linked to the production of knowledge and political forms of regulation).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120452
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INTELLECTUALS AND NATIONALISM: Anthropological Engagements (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 105-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: To what extent are intellectuals artisans of nationalism? In this chapter we review past and present anthropological research that has helped to reveal the agency of intellectuals in the projects and operations of states and nations. If the intellectual has long been defined in the Marxian-Gramscian tradition as a social actor with a special praxical investment in ways and forms of knowing, then what we discuss as "intellectualism," the social formation of knowledge, should be understood as a central dimension of the (re)production of nations and nationalism both inside and outside of states. We suggest that further drawing anthropological attention to intellectuals and their knowledge practices (ranging from the poetic-literary to the technical-administrative) will help the anthropology of nations and nationalism to (a) locate the role of human agency in the creation, circulation, and contestation of national culture, (b) capture the intellectual work involved in nationalism and bureaucracy in its full diversity, and (c) imagine a new series of ethnographic access points among educated professionals for the study of nationalism in action.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143937
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF BODY SIZE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Ethnologie , Biologie
    Notizen: Scholarly interest in body size has increased in concert with recent efforts to shape and assess bodies in particular ways within industrialized social contexts. Attending to both overt and covert references to Eurocentric body projects, this chapter reviews literature in anthropology, sociology, and cultural studies that addresses the cultural politics of body size in various parts of the world. It begins with a discussion of biocultural paradigms, which accept certain biomedical categories even when challenging or reconfiguring their hegemonic power. Next is a survey of works analyzing body size within "non-Western" groups as well as European and North American subgroups. These studies often employ culturally powerful "Western" constructs as foils, an approach that risks cultural othering. The analysis then turns to the extensive literature that unpacks dominant Euro-American body practices and discourses. Here, diverse perspectives on several key concerns in sociocultural anthropology are considered; concepts of culture and power, theories of the body and embodiment, and understandings of human agency vary in instructive ways. The chapter concludes with a review of scholarship on postcolonial processes and representations that incorporates a critical perspective on Eurocentric preoccupations with body size.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143814
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ARE THE ALPS COLLAPSING? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 113-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Orogenic collapse is a process that transfers gravitational potential energy from regions of high potential energy to regions of lower potential energy. This transfer is classically considered to be accomplished by extension in the orogenic core and by synchronous shortening in foreland regions of the orogen. Not all extensional features in collisional mountain belts need, however, reflect orogenic collapse. Normal faulting, thrust faulting, and strike-slip faulting are all active in different parts of the Alps today and reflect complex local responses to ongoing Europe-Adria convergence. The Western Alps is the only area today where extension and shortening radial to orogen trend occur synchronously and where orogenic collapse may be an important process. Elsewhere in the Alps, normal faults are oriented at a high angle to orogen trend and were primarily active in Oligocene and Miocene time. Most present-day activity in the Central and Eastern Alps is on strike-slip faults that are accommodating lateral extrusion of material rather than orogenic collapse.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122535
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    REPRESENTING MODEL UNCERTAINTY IN WEATHER AND CLIMATE PREDICTION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 163-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Weather and climate predictions are uncertain, because both forecast initial conditions and the computational representation of the known equations of motion are uncertain. Ensemble prediction systems provide the means to estimate the flow-dependent growth of uncertainty during a forecast. Sources of uncertainty must therefore be represented in such systems. In this paper, methods used to represent model uncertainty are discussed. It is argued that multimodel and related ensembles are vastly superior to corresponding single-model ensembles, but do not provide a comprehensive representation of model uncertainty. A relatively new paradigm is discussed, whereby unresolved processes are represented by computationally efficient stochastic-dynamic schemes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122552
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SUBGLACIAL PROCESSES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 247-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Processes operating beneath glaciers can have a greater influence on flow dynamics than those operating within them. The variety and complexity of these processes, which involve interactions among ice, water, and geological solids, resist efforts to establish simple truths and can lead to surprising outcomes. Thermal conditions at the ice-bed interface (melting or nonmelting) and the mechanical properties of the glacier substrate (soft or hard) determine which processes can be activated. The warm-soft case supports the greatest variety of processes and is the most important for fast-flow dynamics and for the mobilization of subglacial sediment. Process interactions can lead to oscillations and spatio-temporal switching behavior in glaciers and ice sheets as well as to the generation of subglacial landforms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122621
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO MARINE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND THE MARINE NITROGEN CYCLE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 301-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Microbes are recognized as important components of the Earth system, playing key roles in controlling the composition of the atmosphere and surface waters, forming the basis of the marine food web, and the cycling of chemicals in the ocean. A revolution in microbial ecology has occurred in the past 15Đ??20 years with the advent of rapid methods for discovering and sequencing the genes of uncultivated microbes from natural environments. Initially based on sequences from the 16S rRNA gene, this revolution made it possible to identify microorganisms without first cultivating them, to discover and characterize the immense previously unsuspected diversity of the microbial world, and to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships among microbes. Subsequent focus on functional genes, those that encode enzymes that catalyze biogeochemical transformations, and current work on larger DNA fragments and entire genomes make it possible to link microbial diversity to ecosystem function. These approaches have yielded insights into the regulation of microbial activity and proof of the microbial role in biogeochemical processes previously unknown. Questions raised by the molecular revolution, which are now the focus of microbial ecology research, include the significance of microbial diversity and redundancy to biogeochemical processes and ecosystem function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122514
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE EDIACARA BIOTA: Neoproterozoic Origin of Animals and Their Ecosystems (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 421-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The Ediacara biota (575Đ??542 Ma) marks the first appearance of large, architecturally complex organisms in Earth history. Present evidence suggests that the Ediacara biota included a mixture of stem- and crown-group radial animals, stem-group bilaterian animals, "failed experiments" in animal evolution, and perhaps representatives of other eukaryotic kingdoms. These soft-bodied organisms were preserved under (or rarely within) event beds of sand or volcanic ash, and four distinct preservational styles (Flinders-, Fermeuse-, Conception-, and Nama-style) profoundly affected the types of organisms and features that could be preserved. Even the earliest Ediacaran communities (575Đ??565 Ma) show vertical and lateral niche subdivision of the sessile, benthic, filter-feeding organisms, which is strikingly like that of Phanerozoic and modern communities. Later biological and ecological innovations include mobility (〉555 Ma), calcification (550 Ma), and predation (〈549 Ma). The Ediacara biota abruptly disappeared 542 million years ago, probably as a consequence of mass extinction andor biological interactions with the rapidly evolving animals of the Cambrian explosion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122519
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE Hf-W ISOTOPIC SYSTEM AND THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH AND MOON (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 531-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The Earth has a radiogenic W-isotopic composition compared to chondrites, demonstrating that it formed while 182Hf (half-life 9 Myr) was extant in Earth and decaying to 182W. This implies that Earth underwent early and rapid accretion and core formation, with most of the accumulation occurring in Đ♯10 Myr, and concluding approximately 30 Myr after the origin of the Solar System. The Hf-W data for lunar samples can be reconciled with a major Moon-forming impact that terminated the terrestrial accretion process Đ♯30 Myr after the origin of the Solar System. The suggestion that the proto-Earth to impactor mass ratio was 7:3 and occurred during accretion is inconsistent with the W isotope data. The W isotope data is satisfactorily modeled with a Mars-sized impactor on proto-Earth (proto-Earth to impactor ratio of 9:1) to form the Moon at Đ♯30 Myr.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122614
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 645-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: The influence of surface orography on patterns of precipitation gives rise to some of the most pronounced climate gradients on Earth, and plays a fundamental role in the interaction between the atmosphere and the rest of the Earth System on a wide variety of time scales. The physical mechanisms involved comprise a rich set of interactions encompassing fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and micron-scale cloud processes, as well as being dependent on the larger-scale patterns of the atmospheric general circulation. Investigations into orographic precipitation have pursued three parallel tracks of inquiry: observations, theory, and modeling. Significant advances have been made in each over the last few decades, and these are summarized and synthesized here. While many aspects of the basic mechanisms responsible for orographic precipitation have been understood, important issues remain unresolved. The sheer number of contributing processes, together with their convoluted interactions, make the quantitative prediction of precipitation in complex terrain a very hard task. However, while prediction of precipitation amounts for any given event may be difficult, various lines of evidence suggest that the patterns of orgraphic precipitation, even on scales of a few kilometers, are much more robust.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122541
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 28 (2005), S. 109-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Although the neurobiological understanding of autism has been increasing exponentially, the diagnosis of autism spectrum conditions still rests entirely on behavioral criteria. Autism is therefore most productively approached using a combination of biological and psychological theory. The triad of behavioral abnormalities in social function, communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests can be explained psychologically by an impaired capacity for empathizing, or modeling the mental states governing the behavior of people, along with a superior capacity for systemizing, or inferring the rules governing the behavior of objects. This empathizing-systemizing theory explains other psychological models such as impairments of executive function or central coherence, and may have a neurobiological basis in abnormally low activity of brain regions subserving social cognition, along with abnormally high activity of regions subserving lower-level, perceptual processingĐ??a pattern that may result from a skewed balance of local versus long-range functional connectivity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144137
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ADULT NEUROGENESIS IN THE MAMMALIAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 28 (2005), S. 223-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Forty years since the initial discovery of neurogenesis in the postnatal rat hippocampus, investigators have now firmly established that active neurogenesis from neural progenitors continues throughout life in discrete regions of the central nervous systems (CNS) of all mammals, including humans. Significant progress has been made over the past few years in understanding the developmental process and regulation of adult neurogenesis, including proliferation, fate specification, neuronal maturation, targeting, and synaptic integration of the newborn neurons. The function of this evolutionarily conserved phenomenon, however, remains elusive in mammals. Adult neurogenesis represents a striking example of structural Plasticity in the mature CNS environment. Advances in our understanding of adult neurogenesis will not only shed light on the basic principles of adult Plasticity, but also may lead to strategies for cell replacement therapy after injury or degenerative neurological diseases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.051804.101459
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    OPTICAL IMAGING AND CONTROL OF GENETICALLY DESIGNATED NEURONS IN FUNCTIONING CIRCUITS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 28 (2005), S. 533-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Proteins with engineered sensitivities to light are infiltrating the biological mechanisms by which neurons generate and detect electrochemical signals. Encoded in DNA and active only in genetically specified target cells, these proteins provide selective optical interfaces for observing and controlling signaling by defined groups of neurons in functioning circuits, in vitro and in vivo. Light-emitting sensors of neuronal activity (reporting calcium increase, neurotransmitter release, or membrane depolarization) have begun to reveal how information is represented by neuronal assemblies, and how these representations are transformed during the computations that inform behavior. Light-driven actuators control the electrical activities of central neurons in freely moving animals and establish causal connections between the activation of specific neurons and the expression of particular behaviors. Anchored within mathematical systems and control theory, the combination of finely resolved optical field sensing and finely resolved optical field actuation will open new dimensions for the analysis of the connectivity, dynamics, and plasticity of neuronal circuits, and perhaps even for replacing lostĐ??or designing novelĐ??functionalities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.051804.101610
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MOLECULAR GRADIENTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF RETINOTOPIC MAPS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 28 (2005), S. 327-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Gradients of axon guidance molecules have long been postulated to control the development of the organization of neural connections into topographic maps. We review progress in identifying molecules required for mapping and the mechanisms by which they act, focusing on the visual system, the predominant model for map development. The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrins, remain the only molecules that meet all criteria for graded topographic guidance molecules, although others fulfill some criteria. Recent reports further define their modes of action and new roles for them, including EphB/ephrin-B control of dorsal-ventral mapping, bidirectional signaling of EphAs/ephrin-As, bifunctional action of ephrins as attractants or repellents in a context-dependent manner, and complex interactions between multiple guidance molecules. In addition, spontaneous patterned neural activity has recently been shown to be required for map refinement during a brief critical period. We speculate on additional activities required for map development and suggest a synthesis of molecular and cellular mechanisms within the context of the complexities of map development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135714
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INTERLEUKIN-6: From Basic Science to MedicineĐ??40 Years in Immunology (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: This essay summarizes my 40 years of research in immunology. As a young physician, I encountered a patient with Waldenstro?m's macroglobulinemia, and this inspired me to study the structure of IgM. I began to ask how antibody responses are regulated. In the late 1960s, the essential role of T cells in antibody production had been reported. In search of molecules mediating T cell helper function, I discovered activities in the culture supernatant of T cells that induced proliferation and differentiation of B cells. This led to my life's work: studying one of those factors, interleukin-6 (IL-6). To my surprise, IL-6 turned out to play additional roles, including myeloma growth factor and hepatocyte-stimulating factor activities. More importantly, it was involved in a number of diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Castleman's disease. I feel exceptionally fortunate that my work not only revealed the framework of cytokine signaling, including identification of the IL-6 receptor, gp130, NF-IL6, STAT3, and SOCS-1, but also led to the development of a new therapy for chronic inflammatory diseases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115806
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    REGULATION OF LYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT, DIFFERENTIATION, AND FUNCTION BY THE NOTCH PATHWAY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 945-974 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The Notch pathway is gaining increasing recognition as a key regulator of developmental choices, differentiation, and function throughout the hematolymphoid system. Notch controls the generation of hematopoietic stem cells during embryonic development and may affect their subsequent homeostasis. Commitment to the T??cell lineage and subsequent stages of early thymopoiesis is critically regulated by Notch. Recent data indicate that Notch can also direct the differentiation and activity of peripheral T and B cells. Thus, the full spectrum of Notch effects is just beginning to be understood. In this review, we discuss this explosion of knowledge as well as current controversies and challenges in the field.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115747
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE GENETICS OF PSORIASIS AND AUTOIMMUNITY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 6 (2005), S. 93-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1527-8204
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Psoriasis is an inflammatory/autoimmune disease and, as with many autoimmune diseases, is associated with alleles from the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). With psoriasis and autoimmune disease, the penetrance of the MHC-associated alleles is never 100%, even for monozygotic twins. This may be because development requires additional environmental and/or genetic modifiers or requires specific T-cell receptor arrangements. Families segregating single or multilocus susceptibility alleles other than the MHC have also been reported. Overlapping genetic locations of loci for different autoimmune diseases have been known for several years and are starting to reveal common genes or genetic variants. These include genes normally involved in preventing spontaneous T-cell activation or proliferation, immune synapse formation, or cytokine production via pathways such as those mediated by NF?”B and those involved in thymic selection. Autoimmunity may also involve dysregulation of genes or pathways regulated by the RUNX family of transcription factors. RUNX is involved in hematopoietic cell development, development of T cells in the thymus, chromatin remodeling, and gene silencing. Hence, its effect on cells of the immune system may be due to variable changes in gene expression and could account for variable body surface involvement and waxing and waning of disease.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162324
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DISEASE GENE DISCOVERY THROUGH INTEGRATIVE GENOMICS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 6 (2005), S. 381-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1527-8204
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: The availability of complete genome sequences and the wealth of large-scale biological data sets now provide an unprecedented opportunity to elucidate the genetic basis of rare and common human diseases. Here we review some of the emerging genomics technologies and data resources that can be used to infer gene function to prioritize candidate genes. We then describe some computational strategies for integrating these large-scale data sets to provide more faithful descriptions of gene function, and how such approaches have recently been applied to discover genes underlying Mendelian disorders. Finally, we discuss future prospects and challenges for using integrative genomics to systematically discover not only single genes but also entire gene networks that underlie and modify human disease.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162234
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SILENCING OF THE MAMMALIAN X CHROMOSOME (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 6 (2005), S. 69-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1527-8204
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Mammalian X chromosome inactivation is one of the most striking examples of epigenetic gene regulation. Early in development one of the pair of Đ♯160-Mb X chromosomes is chosen to be silenced, and this silencing is then stably inherited through subsequent somatic cell divisions. Recent advances have revealed many of the chromatin changes that underlie this stable silencing of an entire chromosome. The key initiator of these changes is a functional RNA, XIST, which is transcribed from, and associates with, the inactive X chromosome, although the mechanism of association with the inactive X and recruitment of facultative heterochromatin remain to be elucidated. This review describes the unique evolutionary history and resulting genomic structure of the X chromosome as well as the current understanding of the factors and events involved in silencing an X chromosome in mammals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162350
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    EVOLVING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS FOR COOPERATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 499-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Cooperation is common across nonhuman animal taxa, from the hunting of large game in lions to the harvesting of building materials in ants. Theorists have proposed a number of models to explain the evolution of cooperative behavior. These ultimate explanations, however, rarely consider the proximate constraints on the implementation of cooperative behavior. Here we review several types of cooperation and propose a suite of cognitive abilities required for each type to evolve. We propose that several types of cooperation, though theoretically possible and functionally adaptive, have not evolved in some animal species because of cognitive constraints. We argue, therefore, that future modeling efforts and experimental investigations into the adaptive function of cooperation in animals must be grounded in a realistic assessment of the psychological ingredients required for cooperation. Such an approach can account for the puzzling distribution of cooperative behaviors across taxa, especially the seemingly unique occurrence of cooperation observed in our own species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.113004.083814
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INTRODUCTION OF NON-NATIVE OYSTERS: Ecosystem Effects and Restoration Implications (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 643-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Oysters have been introduced worldwide to 73 countries, but the ecological consequences of the introductions are not fully understood. Economically, introduced oysters compose a majority of oyster harvests in many areas. Oysters are ecosystem engineers that influence many ecological processes, such as maintenance of biodiversity, population and food web dynamics, and nutrient cycling. Consequently, both their loss, through interaction of overharvest, habitat degradation, disease, poor water quality, and detrimental species interactions, and their gain, through introductions, can cause complex changes in coastal ecosystems. Introductions can greatly enhance oyster population abundance and production, as well as populations of associated native species. However, introduced oysters are also vectors for non-native species, including disease-causing organisms. Thus, substantial population, community, and habitat changes have accompanied new oysters. In contrast, ecosystem-level consequences of oyster introductions, such as impacts on flow patterns, sediment and nutrient dynamics, and native bioengineering species, are not well understood. Ecological risk assessments for future introductions must emphasize probabilities of establishment, spread, and impacts on vulnerable species, communities, and ecosystem properties. Many characteristics of oysters lead to predictions that they would be successful, high-impact members of recipient ecosystems. This conclusion leaves open the discussion of whether such impacts are desirable in terms of restoration of coastal ecosystems, especially where restoration of native oysters is possible.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152638
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION IN REPTILES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 23-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Two consequences of terrestrial ectothermy (low energy needs and behavioral control of body temperatures) have had major consequences for the evolution of reptile life-history traits. For example, reproducing females can manipulate incubation temperatures and thus phenotypic traits of their offspring by retaining developing eggs in utero. This ability has resulted in multiple evolutionary transitions from oviparity to viviparity in cool-climate reptile populations. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of operative temperatures in terrestrial habitats also has favored careful nest-site selection and a matching of embryonic reaction norms to thermal regimes during incubation (e.g., via temperature-dependent sex determination). Many of the life-history features in which reptiles differ from endothermic vertebratesĐ??such as their small offspring sizes, large litter sizes, and infrequent reproductionĐ??are direct consequences of ectothermy, reflecting freedom from heat-conserving constraints on body size and energy storage. Ectothermy confers immense flexibility, enabling a dynamic matching of life-history traits to local circumstances. This flexibility has generated massive spatial and temporal variation in life-history traits via phenotypic plasticity as well as adaptation. The diversity of life histories in reptiles can best be interpreted within a conceptual framework that views reptiles as low-energy, variable-temperature systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152631
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PHYLOGENOMICS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 541-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: The continuous flow of genomic data is creating unprecedented opportunities for the reconstruction of molecular phylogenies. Access to whole-genome data means that phylogenetic analysis can now be performed at different genomic levels, such as primary sequences and gene order, allowing for reciprocal corroboration of the results. We critically review the different kinds of phylogenomic methods currently available, paying particular attention to method reliability. Our emphasis is on methods for the analysis of primary sequences because these are the most advanced. We discuss the important issue of statistical inconsistency and show how failing to fully capture the process of sequence evolution in the underlying models leads to tree reconstruction artifacts. We suggest strategies for detecting and potentially overcoming these problems. These strategies involve the development of better models, the use of an improved taxon sampling, and the exclusion of phylogenetically misleading data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130205
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODELING OF ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES 1 (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 147-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Individual-based models (IBMs) allow the explicit inclusion of individual variation in greater detail than do classical differential-equation and difference-equation models. Inclusion of such variation is important for continued progress in ecological and evolutionary theory. We provide a conceptual basis for IBMs by describing five major types of individual variation in IBMs: spatial, ontogenetic, phenotypic, cognitive, and genetic. IBMs are now used in almost all subfields of ecology and evolutionary biology. We map those subfields and look more closely at selected key papers on fish recruitment, forest dynamics, sympatric speciation, metapopulation dynamics, maintenance of diversity, and species conservation. Theorists are currently divided on whether IBMs represent only a practical tool for extending classical theory to more complex situations, or whether individual-based theory represents a radically new research program. We feel that the tension between these two poles of thinking can be a source of creativity in ecology and evolutionary theory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152644
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    QUORUM SENSING: Cell-to-Cell Communication in Bacteria (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 319-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Bacteria communicate with one another using chemical signal molecules. As in higher organisms, the information supplied by these molecules is critical for synchronizing the activities of large groups of cells. In bacteria, chemical communication involves producing, releasing, detecting, and responding to small hormone-like molecules termed autoinducers . This process, termed quorum sensing, allows bacteria to monitor the environment for other bacteria and to alter behavior on a population-wide scale in response to changes in the number and/or species present in a community. Most quorum-sensing-controlled processes are unproductive when undertaken by an individual bacterium acting alone but become beneficial when carried out simultaneously by a large number of cells. Thus, quorum sensing confuses the distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes because it enables bacteria to act as multicellular organisms. This review focuses on the architectures of bacterial chemical communication networks; how chemical information is integrated, processed, and transduced to control gene expression; how intra- and interspecies cell-cell communication is accomplished; and the intriguing possibility of prokaryote-eukaryote cross-communication.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.131001
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF STEROID HORMONE SIGNALING IN PLANTS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 177-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Brassinosteroids (BRs), the polyhydroxylated steroid hormones of plants, regulate the growth and differentiation of plants throughout their life cycle. Over the past several years, genetic and biochemical approaches have yielded great progress in understanding BR signaling. Unlike their animal counterparts, BRs are perceived at the plasma membrane by direct binding to the extracellular domain of the BRI1 receptor S/T kinase. BR perception initiates a signaling cascade, acting through a GSK3 kinase, BIN2, and the BSU1 phosphatase, which in turn modulates the phosphorylation state and stability of the nuclear transcription factors BES1 and BZR1. Microarray technology has been used extensively to provide a global view of BR genomic effects, as well as a specific set of target genes for BES1 and BZR1. These gene products thus provide a framework for how BRs regulate the growth of plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.090704.151241
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INTEGRIN STRUCTURE, ALLOSTERY, AND BIDIRECTIONAL SIGNALING (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 381-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: ʼ̛?‚ heterodimeric integrins mediate dynamic adhesive cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in metazoa that are critical in growth and development, hemostasis, and host defense. A central feature of these receptors is their capacity to change rapidly and reversibly their adhesive functions by modulating their ligand-binding affinity. This is normally achieved through interactions of the short cytoplasmic integrin tails with intracellular proteins, which trigger restructuring of the ligand-binding site through long-range conformational changes in the ectodomain. Ligand binding in turn elicits conformational changes that are transmitted back to the cell to regulate diverse responses. The publication of the integrin ʼ̛V?‚3 crystal structure has provided the context for interpreting decades-old biochemical studies. Newer NMR, crystallographic, and EM data, reviewed here, are providing a better picture of the dynamic integrin structure and the allosteric changes that guide its diverse functions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.090704.151217
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    IN VIVO IMAGING OF LYMPHOCYTE TRAFFICKING (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 581-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Over the past decades, intravital microscopy (IVM), the imaging of cells in living organisms, has become a valuable tool for studying the molecular determinants of lymphocyte trafficking. Recent advances in microscopy now make it possible to image cell migration and cell-cell interactions in vivo deep within intact tissues. Here, we summarize the principal techniques that are currently used in IVM, discuss options and tools for fluorescence-based visualization of lymphocytes in microvessels and tissues, and describe IVM models used to explore lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. The latter will be introduced according to the physiologic itinerary of developing and differentiating T and B lymphocytes as they traffic through the body, beginning with their development in bone marrow and thymus and continuing with their migration to secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral tissues.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.122303.133159
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ANTIBIOTICS TARGETING RIBOSOMES: Resistance, Selectivity, Synergism, and Cellular Regulation (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 649-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: Antibiotics target ribosomes at distinct locations within functionally relevant sites. They exert their inhibitory action by diverse modes, including competing with substrate binding, interfering with ribosomal dynamics, minimizing ribosomal mobility, facilitating miscoding, hampering the progression of the mRNA chain, and blocking the nascent protein exit tunnel. Although the ribosomes are highly conserved organelles, they possess subtle sequence and/or conformational variations. These enable drug selectivity, thus facilitating clinical usage. The structural implications of these differences were deciphered by comparisons of high-resolution structures of complexes of antibiotics with ribosomal particles from eubacteria resembling pathogens and from an archaeon that shares properties with eukaryotes. The various antibiotic-binding modes detected in these structures demonstrate that members of antibiotic families possessing common chemical elements with minute differences might bind to ribosomal pockets in significantly different modes, governed by their chemical properties. Similarly, the nature of seemingly identical mechanisms of drug resistance is dominated, directly or via cellular effects, by the antibiotics' chemical properties. The observed variability in antibiotic binding and inhibitory modes justifies expectations for structurally based improved properties of existing compounds as well as for the discovery of novel drug classes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133130
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SMC AND KLEISIN COMPLEXES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 595-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: Protein complexes consisting of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin subunits are crucial for the faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell proliferation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Two of the best-studied SMC complexes are cohesin and condensin. Cohesin is required to hold sister chromatids together, which allows their biorientation on the mitotic spindle. Cleavage of cohesin's kleisin subunit by the separase protease then triggers the movement of sister chromatids into opposite halves of the cell during anaphase. Condensin is required to organize mitotic chromosomes into coherent structures that prevent them from getting tangled up during segregation. Here we describe the discovery of SMC complexes and discuss recent advances in determining how members of this ancient protein family may function at a mechanistic level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133219
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PROLINE HYDROXYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 115-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a master transcriptional regulator of hypoxia-inducible genes and consists of a labile ʼ̛ subunit (such as HIF1ʼ̛) and a stable subunit (such as HIF1?‚ or ARNT). In the presence of oxygen, HIFʼ̛ family members are hydroxylated on one of two conserved prolyl residues by members of the egg-laying-defective nine (EGLN) family. Prolyl hydroxylation generates a binding site for a ubiquitin ligase complex containing the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein, which results in HIFʼ̛ destruction. In addition, the HIFʼ̛ transcriptional activation function is modulated further by asparagine hydroxylation by FIH (factor-inhibiting HIF), which affects recruitment of the coactivators p300 and CBP. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into oxygen sensing by metazoans and are the first examples of protein hydroxylation being used in intracellular signaling. The existence of three human EGLN family members, as well as other putative hydroxylases, raises the possibility that this signal is used in other contexts by other proteins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133142
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    STRUCTURAL INSIGHTS INTO TRANSLATIONAL FIDELITY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 129-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: The underlying basis for the accuracy of protein synthesis has been the subject of over four decades of investigation. Recent biochemical and structural data make it possible to understand at least in outline the structural basis for tRNA selection, in which codon recognition by cognate tRNA results in the hydrolysis of GTP by EF-Tu over 75??A?? away. The ribosome recognizes the geometry of codon-anticodon base pairing at the first two positions but monitors the third, or wobble position, less stringently. Part of the additional binding energy of cognate tRNA is used to induce conformational changes in the ribosome that stabilize a transition state for GTP hydrolysis by EF-Tu and subsequently result in accelerated accommodation of tRNA into the peptidyl transferase center. The transition state for GTP hydrolysis is characterized, amongf other things, by a distorted tRNA. This picture explains a large body of data on the effect of antibiotics and mutations on translational fidelity. However, many fundamental questions remain, such as the mechanism of activation of GTP hydrolysis by EF-Tu, and the relationship between decoding and frameshifting.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.061903.155440
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE MAMMALIAN UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 739-789 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), secretory and transmembrane proteins fold into their native conformation and undergo posttranslational modifications important for their activity and structure. When protein folding in the ER is inhibited, signal transduction pathways, which increase the biosynthetic capacity and decrease the biosynthetic burden of the ER to maintain the homeostasis of this organelle, are activated. These pathways are called the unfolded protein response (UPR). In this review, we briefly summarize principles of protein folding and molecular chaperone function important for a mechanistic understanding of UPR-signaling events. We then discuss mechanisms of signal transduction employed by the UPR in mammals and our current understanding of the remodeling of cellular processes by the UPR. Finally, we summarize data that demonstrate that UPR signaling feeds into decision making in other processes previously thought to be unrelated to ER function, e.g., eukaryotic starvation responses and differentiation programs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.074134
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ORIGINS OF THE GENETIC CODE: The Escaped Triplet Theory (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 179-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: There is very significant evidence that cognate codons and/or anticodons are unexpectedly frequent in RNA-binding sites for seven of eight biological amino acids that have been tested. This suggests that a substantial fraction of the genetic code has a stereochemical basis, the triplets having escaped from their original function in amino acidĐ??binding sites to become modern codons and anticodons. We explicitly show that this stereochemical basis is consistent with subsequent optimization of the code to minimize the effect of coding mistakes on protein structure. These data also strengthen the argument for invention of the genetic code in an RNA world and for the RNA world itself.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133119
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    EUKARYOTIC CYTOSINE METHYLTRANSFERASES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 481-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: Large-genome eukaryotes use heritable cytosine methylation to silence promoters, especially those associated with transposons and imprinted genes. Cytosine methylation does not reinforce or replace ancestral gene regulation pathways but instead endows methylated genomes with the ability to repress specific promoters in a manner that is buffered against changes in the internal and external environment. Recent studies have shown that the targeting of de novo methylation depends on multiple inputs; these include the interaction of repeated sequences, local states of histone lysine methylation, small RNAs and components of the RNAi pathway, and divergent and catalytically inert cytosine methyltransferase homologues that have acquired regulatory roles. There are multiple families of DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases in eukaryotes, and each family appears to be controlled by different regulatory inputs. Sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins, which regulate most aspects of gene expression, do not appear to be involved in the establishment or maintenance of genomic methylation patterns.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.010904.153721
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 199-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: The importance of small, noncoding RNAs that act as regulators of transcription, of RNA modification or stability, and of mRNA translation is becoming increasingly apparent. Here we discuss current knowledge of regulatory RNA function and review how the RNAs have been identified in a variety of organisms. Many of the regulatory RNAs act through base-pairing interactions with target RNAs. The base-pairing RNAs can be grouped into two general classes: those that are encoded on the opposite strand of their target RNAs such that they contain perfect complementarity with their targets, and those that are encoded at separate locations on the chromosome and have imperfect base-pairing potential with their targets. Other regulatory RNAs act by modifying protein activity, in some cases by mimicking the structures of other RNA or DNA molecules.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133136
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    GENE THERAPY: Twenty-First Century Medicine (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 711-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: Broadly defined, the concept of gene therapy involves the transfer of genetic material into a cell, tissue, or whole organ, with the goal of curing a disease or at least improving the clinical status of a patient. A key factor in the success of gene therapy is the development of delivery systems that are capable of efficient gene transfer in a variety of tissues, without causing any associated pathogenic effects. Vectors based upon many different viral systems, including retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses, currently offer the best choice for efficient gene delivery. Their performance and pathogenicity has been evaluated in animal models, and encouraging results form the basis for clinical trials to treat genetic disorders and acquired diseases. Despite some initial success in these trials, vector development remains a seminal concern for improved gene therapy technologies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.050304.091637
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PROTEIN FAMILIES AND THEIR EVOLUTIONĐ??A STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 867-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: We can now assign about two thirds of the sequences from completed genomes to as few as 1400 domain families for which structures are known and thus more ancient evolutionary relationships established. About 200 of these domain families are common to all kingdoms of life and account for nearly 50% of domain structure annotations in the genomes. Some of these domain families have been very extensively duplicated within a genome and combined with different domain partners giving rise to different multidomain proteins. The ways in which these domain combinations evolve tend to be specific to the organism so that less than 15% of the protein families found within a genome appear to be common to all kingdoms of life. Recent analyses of completed genomes, exploiting the structural data, have revealed the extent to which duplication of these domains and modifications of their functions can expand the functional repertoire of the organism, contributing to increasing complexity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133029
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ZONA PELLUCIDA DOMAIN PROTEINS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 83-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: Many eukaryotic proteins share a sequence designated as the zona pellucida (ZP) domain. This structural element, present in extracellular proteins from a wide variety of organisms, from nematodes to mammals, consists of Đ♯260 amino acids with eight conserved cysteine (Cys) residues and is located close to the C terminus of the polypeptide. ZP domain proteins are often glycosylated, modular structures consisting of multiple types of domains. Predictions can be made about some of the structural features of the ZP domain and ZP domain proteins. The functions of ZP domain proteins vary tremendously, from serving as structural components of egg coats, appendicularian mucous houses, and nematode dauer larvae, to serving as mechanotransducers in flies and receptors in mammals and nonmammals. Generally, ZP domain proteins are present in filaments and/or matrices, which is consistent with the role of the domain in protein polymerization. A general mechanism for assembly of ZP domain proteins has been presented. It is likely that the ZP domain plays a common role despite its presence in proteins of widely diverse functions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133039
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 29-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: Several genes have been identified for monogenic disorders that variably resemble Parkinson's disease. Dominant mutations in the gene encoding ʼ̛-synuclein enhance the propensity of this protein to aggregate. As a consequence, these patients have a widespread disease with protein inclusion bodies in several brain areas. In contrast, mutations in several recessive genes (parkin, DJ-1, and PINK1) produce neuronal cell loss but generally without protein aggregation pathology. Progress has been made in understanding some of the mechanisms of toxicity: Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and DJ-1 and PINK1 appear to protect against mitochondrial damage. However, we have not yet fully resolved how the recessive genes relate to ʼ̛-synuclein, or whether they represent different ways to induce a similar phenotype.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133400
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED GUANYLATE KINASES REGULATE ADHESION AND PLASTICITY AT CELL JUNCTIONS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 219-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: Tissue development, differentiation, and physiology require specialized cellular adhesion and signal transduction at sites of cell-cell contact. Scaffolding proteins that tether adhesion molecules, receptors, and intracellular signaling enzymes organize macromolecular protein complexes at cellular junctions to integrate these functions. One family of such scaffolding proteins is the large group of membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs). Genetic studies have highlighted critical roles for MAGUK proteins in the development and physiology of numerous tissues from a variety of metazoan organisms. Mutation of Drosophila discs large (dlg) disrupts epithelial septate junctions and causes overgrowth of imaginal discs. Similarly, mutation of lin-2, a related MAGUK in Caenorhabditis elegans, blocks vulval development, and mutation of the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95 impairs synaptic plasticity in mammalian brain. These diverse roles are explained by recent biochemical and structural analyses of MAGUKs, which demonstrate their capacity to assemble well-definedĐ??yet adaptableĐ??protein complexes at cellular junctions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133339
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DNA MISMATCH REPAIR (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 681-710 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is an evolutionarily conserved process that corrects mismatches generated during DNA replication and escape proofreading. MMR proteins also participate in many other DNA transactions, such that inactivation of MMR can have wide-ranging biological consequences, which can be either beneficial or detrimental. We begin this review by briefly considering the multiple functions of MMR proteins and the consequences of impaired function. We then focus on the biochemical mechanism of MMR replication errors. Emphasis is on structure-function studies of MMR proteins, on how mismatches are recognized, on the process by which the newly replicated strand is identified, and on excision of the replication error.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133243
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY OF TYPE II FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 791-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: The type II fatty acid synthetic pathway is the principal route for the production of membrane phospholipid acyl chains in bacteria and plants. The reaction sequence is carried out by a series of individual soluble proteins that are each encoded by a discrete gene, and the pathway intermediates are shuttled between the enzymes as thioesters of an acyl carrier protein. The Escherichia coli system is the paradigm for the study of this system, and high-resolution X-ray and/or NMR structures of representative members of every enzyme in the type II pathway are now available. The structural biology of these proteins reveals the specific three-dimensional features of the enzymes that explain substrate recognition, chain length specificity, and the catalytic mechanisms that define their roles in producing the multitude of products generated by the type II system. These structures are also a valuable resource to guide antibacterial drug discovery.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CELLULAR DNA REPLICASES: Components and Dynamics at the Replication Fork (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 283-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: Chromosomal DNA replicases are multicomponent machines that have evolved clever strategies to perform their function. Although the structure of DNA is elegant in its simplicity, the job of duplicating it is far from simple. At the heart of the replicase machinery is a heteropentameric AAA+ clamp-loading machine that couples ATP hydrolysis to load circular clamp proteins onto DNA. The clamps encircle DNA and hold polymerases to the template for processive action. Clamp-loader and sliding clamp structures have been solved in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. The heteropentameric clamp loaders are circular oligomers, reflecting the circular shape of their respective clamp substrates. Clamps and clamp loaders also function in other DNA metabolic processes, including repair, checkpoint mechanisms, and cell cycle progression. Twin polymerases and clamps coordinate their actions with a clamp loader and yet other proteins to form a replisome machine that advances the replication fork.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073859
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF FATTY ACID AMIDE HYDROLASE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 411-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Biologie
    Notizen: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a mammalian integral membrane enzyme that degrades the fatty acid amide family of endogenous signaling lipids, which includes the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide and the sleep-inducing substance oleamide. FAAH belongs to a large and diverse class of enzymes referred to as the amidase signature (AS) family. Investigations into the structure and function of FAAH, in combination with complementary studies of other AS enzymes, have engendered provocative molecular models to explain how this enzyme integrates into cell membranes and terminates fatty acid amide signaling in vivo. These studies, as well as their biological and therapeutic implications, are the subject of this review
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133450
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INVASION BIOLOGY OF THRIPS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 67-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing IPM systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides, leading to the development of insecticide resistance. Several challenges surface when attempting to manage incursive thrips species. Foremost among these is early recognition, followed by rapid and accurate identification of emergent pest species, elucidation of the region of origin, development of a management program, and the closing of conduits for global movement of thrips. In this review, we examine factors facilitating invasion by thrips, damage caused by these insects, pre- and post-invasion management tactics, and challenges looming on the horizon posed by invasive Thysanoptera, which continually challenge the development of sustainable management practices.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151044
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL STRATEGIES IN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 233-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Parasitoid wasps have evolved a wide spectrum of developmental interactions with hosts. In this review we synthesize and interpret results from the phylogenetic, ecological, physiological, and molecular literature to identify factors that have influenced the evolution of parasitoid developmental strategies. We first discuss the origins and radiation of the parasitoid lifestyle in the Hymenoptera. We then summarize how parasitoid developmental strategies are affected by ecological interactions and assess the inventory of physiological and molecular traits parasitoids use to successfully exploit hosts. Last, we discuss how certain parasitoid virulence genes have evolved and how these changes potentially affect parasitoid-host interactions. The combination of phylogenetic data with comparative and functional genomics offers new avenues for understanding the evolution of biological diversity in this group of insects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151029
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PLANT CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL ENEMY FITNESS: Effects on Herbivore and Natural Enemy Interactions (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 163-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Tremendous strides have been made regarding our understanding of how host plant chemistry influences the interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies. While most work has focused on plant chemistry effects on host location and acceptance by natural enemies, an increasing number of studies examine negative effects. The tritrophic role of plant chemistry is central to several aspects of trophic phenomena including top-down versus bottom-up control of herbivores, enemy-free space and host choice, and theories of plant defense. Furthermore, tritrophic effects of plant chemistry are important in assessing the degree of compatibility between biological control and plant resistance approaches to pest control. Additional research is needed to understand the physiological effects of plant chemistry on parasitoids. Explicit tests are required to determine whether natural enemies can act as selective forces on plant defense. Finally, further studies of natural systems are crucial to understanding the evolution of multitrophic relationships.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151110
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PROSTAGLANDINS AND OTHER EICOSANOIDS IN INSECTS: Biological Significance (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 25-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Prostaglandins and other eicosanoids are oxygenated metabolites of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids. These compounds are well known for their important actions in mammalian physiology and disease. Recent work has revealed the presence and biological actions of eicosanoids in insects and many other invertebrate animals. In insects, eicosanoids mediate cellular immunity to microbial and metazoan challenge. Notably, some infectious organisms secrete factors responsible for impairing host insect immune reactions by inhibiting biosynthesis of eicosanoids. Eicosanoids also act in insect reproductive biology, in ion transport physiology, and in fever response to infection as well as in protein exocytosis in tick salivary glands. Aside from ongoing actions in homeostasis, certain eicosanoid actions occur at crucial points in insect life histories, such as during infectious challenge and important events in reproduction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151021
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN INSECT SOCIETIES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 581-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Although best known for cooperation, insect societies also manifest many potential conflicts among individuals. These conflicts involve both direct reproduction by individuals and manipulation of the reproduction of colony members. Here we review five major areas of reproductive conflict in insect societies: (a) sex allocation, (b) queen rearing, (c) male rearing, (d) queen-worker caste fate, and (e) breeding conflicts among totipotent adults. For each area we discuss the basis for conflict (potential conflict), whether conflict is expressed (actual conflict), whose interests prevail (conflict outcome), and the factors that reduce colony-level costs of conflict (conflict resolution), such as factors that cause workers to work rather than to lay eggs. Reproductive conflicts are widespread, sometimes having dramatic effects on the colony. However, three key factors (kinship, coercion, and constraint) typically combine to limit the effects of reproductive conflict and often lead to complete resolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151003
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MOLECULAR AND EVOLUTIONARY BASIS OF THE CELLULAR STRESS RESPONSE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 225-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: The cellular stress response is a universal mechanism of extraordinary physiological/pathophysiological significance. It represents a defense reaction of cells to damage that environmental forces inflict on macromolecules. Many aspects of the cellular stress response are not stressor specific because cells monitor stress based on macromolecular damage without regard to the type of stress that causes such damage. Cellular mechanisms activated by DNA damage and protein damage are interconnected and share common elements. Other cellular responses directed at re-establishing homeostasis are stressor specific and often activated in parallel to the cellular stress response. All organisms have stress proteins, and universally conserved stress proteins can be regarded as the minimal stress proteome. Functional analysis of the minimal stress proteome yields information about key aspects of the cellular stress response, including physiological mechanisms of sensing membrane lipid, protein, and DNA damage; redox sensing and regulation; cell cycle control; macromolecular stabilization/repair; and control of energy metabolism. In addition, cells can quantify stress and activate a death program (apoptosis) when tolerance limits are exceeded.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.103635
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    REGULATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS BY ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 335-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: The female sex steroid hormones 17?‚-estradiol and progesterone mediate their biological effects on development, differentiation, and maintenance of reproductive tract and other target tissues through gene regulation by nuclear steroid receptors that function as ligand-dependent transcription factors. However, not all effects of 17?‚-estradiol and progesterone are mediated by direct control of gene expression. These hormones also have rapid stimulatory effects on the activities of a variety of signal transduction molecules and pathways and, in many cases, these effects appear to be initiated from the plasma cell membrane. There is growing evidence that a subpopulation of the conventional nuclear steroid receptor localized at the cell membrane mediates many of the rapid signaling actions of steroid hormones; however, novel membrane receptors unrelated to conventional steroid receptors have also been implicated. This chapter reviews the nature of the receptors that mediate rapid signaling actions of estrogen and progesterone and describes the signaling molecules and pathways involved, the mechanisms by which receptors couple with components of signaling complexes and trigger responses, and the target tissues and cell functions regulated by this mode of steroid hormone action.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120151
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MECHANISMS OF BICARBONATE SECRETION IN THE PANCREATIC DUCT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 377-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: In many species the pancreatic duct epithelium secretes HCO3 ions at a concentration of around 140 mM by a mechanism that is only partially understood. We know that HCO3 uptake at the basolateral membrane is achieved by Na+-HCO3 cotransport and also by a H+-ATPase and Na+/H+ exchanger operating together with carbonic anhydrase. At the apical membrane, the secretion of moderate concentrations of HCO3 can be explained by the parallel activity of a Cl/HCO3 exchanger and a Cl conductance, either the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) or a Ca2+-activated Cl channel (CaCC). However, the sustained secretion of HCO3 into a HCO3 -rich luminal fluid cannot be explained by conventional Cl/HCO3 exchange. HCO3 efflux across the apical membrane is an electrogenic process that is facilitated by the depletion of intracellular Cl, but it remains to be seen whether it is mediated predominantly by CFTR or by an electrogenic SLC26 anion exchanger.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103.153247
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SECRETION AND ABSORPTION BY COLONIC CRYPTS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 471-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: The intestines play an important role in the absorption and secretion of nutrients. The colon is the final area for recapturing electrolytes and water prior to excretion, and in order to maintain this electrolyte homeostasis, a complex interaction between secretory and absorptive processes is necessary. Until recently it was thought that secretion and absorption were two distinct processes associated with either crypts or surface cells, respectively. Recently it was demonstrated that both the surface and crypt cells can perform secretory and absorptive functions and that, in fact, these functions can be going on simultaneously. This issue is important in the complexities associated with secretory diarrhea and also in attempting to develop treatment strategies for intestinal disorders. Here, we update the model of colonic secretion and absorption, discuss new issues of transporter activation, and identify some important new receptor pathways that are important modulators of the secretory and absorptive functions of the colon.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103.153530
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CALCIUM, THIN FILAMENTS, AND THE INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY OF CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 39-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: Although well known as the location of the mechanism by which the cardiac sarcomere is activated by Ca2+ to generate force and shortening, the thin filament is now also recognized as a vital component determining the dynamics of contraction and relaxation. Molecular signaling in the thin filament involves steric, allosteric, and cooperative mechanisms that are modified by protein phosphorylation, sarcomere length and load, the chemical environment, and isoform composition. Approaches employing transgenesis and mutagenesis now permit investigation of these processes at the level of the systems biology of the heart. These studies reveal that the thin filaments are not merely slaves to the levels of Ca2+ determined by membrane channels, transporters and exchangers, but are actively involved in beat to beat control of cardiac function by neural and hormonal factors and by the Frank-Starling mechanism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.114025
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    BIOPHYSICS, PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY, AND CLIMATE CHANGE: Does Mechanism Matter? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 177-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: Recent meta-analyses have shown that the effects of climate change are detectable and significant in their magnitude, but these studies have emphasized the utility of looking for large-scale patterns without necessarily understanding the mechanisms underlying these changes. Using a series of case studies, we explore the potential pitfalls when one fails to incorporate aspects of physiological performance when predicting the consequences of climate change on biotic communities. We argue that by considering the mechanistic details of physiological performance within the context of biophysical ecology (engineering methods of heat, mass and momentum exchange applied to biological systems), such approaches will be better poised to predict where and when the impacts of climate change will most likely occur.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.105027
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE STRESS RESPONSE 1 (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 259-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: The stress response is subserved by the stress system, which is located both in the central nervous system and the periphery. The principal effectors of the stress system include corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH); arginine vasopressin; the proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides ʼ̛-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and ?‚-endorphin, the glucocorticoids; and the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. Appropriate responsiveness of the stress system to stressors is a crucial prerequisite for a sense of well-being, adequate performance of tasks, and positive social interactions. By contrast, inappropriate responsiveness of the stress system may impair growth and development and may account for a number of endocrine, metabolic, autoimmune, and psychiatric disorders. The development and severity of these conditions primarily depend on the genetic vulnerability of the individual, the exposure to adverse environmental factors, and the timing of the stressful events, given that prenatal life, infancy, childhood, and adolescence are critical periods characterized by increased vulnerability to stressors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120816
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL N+/H+ EXCHANGE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 411-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: The sodium/hydrogen exchange (NHE) gene family plays an integral role in neutral sodium absorption in the mammalian intestine. The NHE gene family is comprised of nine members that are categorized by cellular localization (i.e., plasma membrane or intracellular). In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of multiple species, there are resident plasma membrane isoforms including NHE1 (basolateral) and NHE2 (apical), recycling isoforms (NHE3), as well as intracellular isoforms (NHE6, 7, 9). NHE3 recycles between the endosomal compartment and the apical plasma membrane and functions in both locations. NHE3 regulation occurs during normal digestive processes and is often inhibited in diarrheal diseases. The C terminus of NHE3 binds multiple regulatory proteins to form large protein complexes that are involved in regulation of NHE3 trafficking to and from the plasma membrane, turnover number, and protein phosphorylation. NHE1 and NHE2 are not regulated by trafficking. NHE1 interacts with multiple regulatory proteins that affect phosphorylation; however, whether NHE1 exists in large multi-protein complexes is unknown. Although intestinal and colonic sodium absorption appear to involve at least NHE2 and NHE3, future studies are necessary to more accurately define their relative contributions to sodium absorption during human digestion and in pathophysiological conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103.153004
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A PHYSIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE PRIMARY CILIUM (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 515-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: The primary cilium, an organelle largely ignored by physiologists, functions both as a mechano-sensor and a chemo-sensor in renal tubular epithelia. This forgotten structure is critically involved in the determination of left-right sidedness during development and is a key factor in the development of polycystic kidney disease, as well as a number of other abnormalities. This review provides an update of our current understanding about the function of primary cilia. Much new information obtained in the past five years has been stimulated, in part, by discoveries of the primary cilium's key role in the genesis of polycystic kidney disease as well as its involvement in determination of left-right axis asymmetry. Here we focus on the various functions of the primary cilium rather than on its role in pathology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.101353
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RENAL TUBULE ALBUMIN TRANSPORT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 573-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: Albumin is the most abundant protein in serum and contributes to the maintenance of oncotic pressure as well as to transport of hydrophobic molecules. Although albumin is a large anionic protein, it is not completely retained by the glomerular filtration barrier. In order to prevent proteinuria, albumin is reabsorbed along the proximal tubules by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves the binding proteins megalin and cubilin. Endocytosis depends on proper vesicle acidification. Disturbance of endosomal acidification or loss of the binding proteins leads to tubular proteinuria. Furthermore, endocytosis is subject to modulation by different signaling systems, such as protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-?‚). In addition to being reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, albumin can also act as a profibrotic and proinflammatory stimulus, thereby initiating or promoting tubulo-interstitial diseases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103.154845
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF FOOD DEPRIVATION: From Feast to Famine (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 223-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: The ability of animals to survive food deprivation is clearly of considerable survival value. Unsurprisingly, therefore, all animals exhibit adaptive biochemical and physiological responses to the lack of food. Many animals inhabit environments in which food availability fluctuates or encounters with appropriate food items are rare and unpredictable; these species offer interesting opportunities to study physiological adaptations to fasting and starvation. When deprived of food, animals employ various behavioral, physiological, and structural responses to reduce metabolism, which prolongs the period in which energy reserves can cover metabolism. Such behavioral responses can include a reduction in spontaneous activity and a lowering in body temperature, although in later stages of food deprivation in which starvation commences, activity may increase as food-searching is activated. In most animals, the gastrointestinal tract undergoes marked atrophy when digestive processes are curtailed; this structural response and others seem particularly pronounced in species that normally feed at intermittent intervals. Such animals, however, must be able to restore digestive functions soon after feeding, and these transitions appear to occur at low metabolic costs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.105739
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ROLE OF FXYD PROTEINS IN ION TRANSPORT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 431-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: The FXYD proteins are a family of seven homologous single transmembrane segment proteins (FXYD1Đ??7), expressed in a tissue-specific fashion. The FXYD proteins modulate the function of Na,K-ATPase, thus adapting kinetic properties of active Na+ and K+ transport to the specific needs of different cells. Six FXYD proteins ( 1Đ??5, 7 ) are known to interact with Na,K-ATPase and affect its kinetic properties in specific ways. Although effects of FXYD proteins on parameters such as K1/2Na+, K1/2K+, KmATP, and Vmax are modest, usually twofold, these effects may have important long-term consequences for homeostasis of cation balance. In this review we summarize basic features of FXYD proteins and present recent evidence for functional effects, structure-function relations and structural interactions with Na,K-ATPase. We then discuss possible physiological roles, based on in vitro observations and newly available knockout mice models. Finally, we also consider evidence that FXYD proteins affect functioning of other ion transport systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131852
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PERMEATION AND SELECTIVITY OF TRP CHANNELS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 685-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: Ion channels are pore-forming transmembrane proteins that allow ions to permeate biological membranes. Pore structure plays a crucial role in determining the ion permeation and selectivity properties of particular channels. In the past few decades, efforts have been undertaken to identify key elements of the pore regions of different classes of ion channels. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about permeation and selectivity of channel proteins from the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily. Whereas all TRP channels are permeable for cations, only two TRP channels are impermeable for Ca2+ (TRPM4, TRPM5), and two others are highly Ca2+ permeable (TRPV5, TRPV6). Despite the great advances in the TRP channel field during the past decade, only a limited number of reports have dealt with functional characterization of pore properties, biophysical aspects of cation permeation, or description of pore structures of TRP channels. This review gives an overview of available experimental and theoretical data and discusses the functional impact of pore-structure modifications on TRP channel properties.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040204.101406
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PETER HOCHACHKA: Adventures in Biochemical Adaptation (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: Peter Hochachka was one of the most creative forces in the field of comparative physiology during the past half-century. His career was truly an exploratory adventure, in both intellectual and geographic senses. His broad comparative studies of metabolism in organisms as diverse as trout, tunas, oysters, squid, turtles, locusts, hummingbirds, seals, and humans revealed the adaptable features of enzymes and metabolic pathways that provide the biochemical bases for diverse lifestyles and environments. In its combined breadth and depth, no other corpus of work better illustrates the principle of "unity in diversity" that marks comparative physiology. Through his publications, his stimulating mentorship, his broad editorial services, and his continuousĐ??and highly infectiousĐ??enthusiasm for his field, Peter Hochachka served as one of the most influential leaders in the transformation of comparative physiology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.041904.120836
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RNAI AS AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC TOOL TO STUDY AND REGULATE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND DISEASE PROCESSES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 147-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: Over the past four years RNA interference (RNAi) has exploded onto the research scene as a new approach to manipulate gene expression in mammalian systems. More recently, RNAi has garnered much interest as a potential therapeutic strategy. In this review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of RNAi biology and examine how RNAi has been used to study the genetic basis of physiological and disease processes in mammalian systems. We also explore some of the new developments in the use of RNAi for disease therapy and highlight the key challenges that currently limit its application in the laboratory, as well as in the clinical setting.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.130716
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    LESSONS IN ESTROGEN BIOLOGY FROM KNOCKOUT AND TRANSGENIC ANIMALS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 285-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: Tremendous progress has been made in elucidating numerous critical aspects of estrogen signaling. New tools and techniques have enabled detailed molecular analysis of components that direct estrogen responses. At the other end of the spectrum, generation of a multiplicity of transgenic animals has allowed analysis of the physiological roles of the estrogen-signaling components in biologically relevant models. Here, we review the ever-increasing body of knowledge in the field of estrogen biology, especially as applied to the female reproductive processes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.115914
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    NOVEL RENAL AMINO ACID TRANSPORTERS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 557-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: Reabsorption of amino acids, similar to that of glucose, is a major task of the proximal kidney tubule. Various amino acids are actively transported across the luminal brush border membrane into proximal tubule epithelial cells, most of which by cotransport. An important player is the newly identified cotransporter (symporter) B0AT1 (SLC6A19), which imports a broad range of neutral amino acids together with Na+ across the luminal membrane and which is defective in Hartnup disorder. In contrast, cationic amino acids and cystine are taken up in exchange for recycled neutral amino acids by the heterodimeric cystinuria transporter. The basolateral release of some neutral amino acids into the extracellular space is mediated by unidirectional efflux transporters, analogous to GLUT2, that have not yet been definitively identified. Additionally, cationic amino acids and some other neutral amino acids leave the cell basolaterally via heterodimeric obligatory exchangers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103.153949
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    LUNG VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 623-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: Past studies have primarily focused on how altered lung vascular growth and development contribute to pulmonary hypertension. Recently, basic studies of vascular growth have led to novel insights into mechanisms underlying development of the normal pulmonary circulation and the essential relationship of vascular growth to lung alveolar development. These observations have led to new concepts underlying the pathobiology of developmental lung disease, especially the inhibition of lung growth that characterizes bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We speculate that understanding basic mechanisms that regulate and determine vascular growth will lead to new clinical strategies to improve the long-term outcome of premature babies with BPD.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.102229
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    REGULATION OF NORMAL AND CYSTIC FIBROSIS AIRWAY SURFACE LIQUID VOLUME BY PHASIC SHEAR STRESS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 543-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Medizin , Biologie
    Notizen: The physical removal of viruses and bacteria on the mucociliary escalator is an important aspect of the mammalian lung's innate defense mechanism. The volume of airway surface liquid (ASL) present in the respiratory tract is a critical determinant of both mucus hydration and the rate of mucus clearance from the lung. ASL volume is maintained by the predominantly ciliated epithelium via coordinated regulation of (a) absorption, by the epithelial Na+ channel, and (b) secretion, by the Ca2+ -activated Cl channel (CaCC) and CFTR. This review provides an update on our current understanding of how shear stress regulates ASL volume height in normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelia through extracellular ATP- and adenosine (ADO)-mediated pathways that modulate ion transport and ASL volume homeostasis. We also discuss (a) how derangement of the ADO-CFTR pathway renders CF airways vulnerable to viral infections that deplete ASL volume and produce mucus stasis, and (b) potential shear stressĐ??dependent therapies for CF.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.072304.112754
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
    Volltext
Schließen ⊗
Diese Webseite nutzt Cookies und das Analyse-Tool Matomo. Weitere Informationen finden Sie hier...