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  • 1965-1969  (9,656)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (9,656)
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  • 1
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 21-23 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A 10-stage digital light beam deflector is described using Kerr cell polarisation switches and calcite birefringent prisms. Optimum design criteria are derived with respect to resolution and drive voltage. The final device had an overall transmission of 91% and could be switched from one direction to another in 0.2μsec.
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  • 2
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 9-12 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The low-frequency unclamped electro-optic coefficients of proustite have been measured at an optical wavelength of 0.6328μm. The results show thatr 22 is comparable to that of lithium niobate,r 13 andr 33 are considerably lower. The maximum theoretical value is calculated at 10.8×10−12 m/V about three times the largest measured coefficient value.
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  • 3
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple dye-laser system is described in which Rhodamine dyes are pumped by a co-axial linear air flashlamp in a cylindrical elliptical pumping reflector. Output pulses lasting up to 1.5μsec and containing up to 250 mJ energy, have been successfully mode-locked to produce 100% modulated pulse trains. Employing a diffraction grating as cavity reflector to tune the laser frequency, in each case, for maximum absorption by the same Q-switching dye, successful mode-locking has been achieved with both Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 6G. Time resolved emission spectra have been recorded with an image tube streak camera and the effect of resonant reflectors has been studied.
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  • 4
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 128-133 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theory of spatial frequency domain filters is presented from the standpoint of leastsquare linear estimation. The general expression of this filter is obtained with few assumptions, thus allowing considerable flexibility in its application. Noise common to pictorial information usually can be described as a mutually exclusive process, whereas much of the available signal processing theory assumes additive noise. Types of pictorial noise discussed in this paper include the background of signal patterns, pattern obscurity, and image modulation due to the recording process. It is shown that the additive noise assumption is valid under certain conditions. The general filter is described in terms of spatial frequency estimates which are conveniently expanded for particular applications. A detection filter for determinative patterns is obtained and compared to the matched filter. A filter is derived to restore patterns degraded by noise and a linear distortion filter.
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  • 5
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 134-137 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for producing two controllable pulses from a Q-switched solid state laser, the time separation of the pulses being variable from about 30 nsec to a few microseconds. The technique involves Q-switching the system with a time variant loss which has two steps, the application of the first step only partially depleting the population inversion. The method has been demonstrated with an electro-optically Q-switched Nd:CaWO4 laser.
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  • 6
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 152-154 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 7
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 155-159 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 8
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 151-152 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 9
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. i 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 10
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 25-28 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An equation of quadratic form is derived relating the phase mismatchΔk=¦k sum −k pump −k slgnl ¦ in an optical sum-frequency generation process to the angle ψ between the pump and signal wave vectors. For a special value ofk pump a solution ofΔk=0 exists having degenerate roots and consequently a single value of ψ. Because of this it is possible to choose a non-collinear phasematching situation for an optical up-converter which tolerates a much larger signal beam divergence than if a collinear-beam interaction were chosen. The case of up-conversion of 10.6μm radiation to the visible, using ruby-laser pumped proustite was chosen as an example for experimental study. Under tangential phase-matching conditions an angular acceptance angle of the infra-red beam of 300 mrad was achieved for a crystal 0.45 cm long.
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  • 11
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 13-19 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The role of the solvent in the passive Q-switching of lasers by solutions of organic dyes has been examined in detail. It was found that several pure organic solvents could themselves partially Q-switch the laser, in the absence of the dye. This behaviour was observed for both ruby and neodymium: glass lasers. Pulse-widths as short as 20 nsec were occasionally recorded. Peak powers up to 2 MW have been observed using 1-chloronaphthalene to switch a ruby laser. It is proposed that Q-switching arises from an enhancement of reflectivity of the liquid, during the evolution of the laser pulse, through the formation of a periodic refractive index modulation in the liquid by the action of standing waves.
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  • 12
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 33-35 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for determining some important laser parameters from the fluorescence changes of an excited media induced by a resonant laser pulse. The parameters measured include stimulated emission cross-section, metastable level population and spectral relaxation rate. Results are reported for Nd3+ in silicate and phosphite glasses and in solution in POCl3 and SeOCl2.
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  • 13
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We first describe the basic linear and non-linear mathematical operations underlying most image enhancement techniques, and compare the hardware available for carrying out these operations which includes digital computers, optical set-ups and special electro-optical devices. Then we give a brief account of the commonly used image enhancement techniques, such as contrast enhancement, crispening, noise elimination, and inverse filtering. Finally, we mention some examples of image enhancement in the biomedical area.
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  • 14
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By means of a simple grating and lens arrangement, the detour phase effect makes it possible to add and subtract any number of one-dimensional functions. This process may also be used for certain logic applications.
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  • 15
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Huygens' principle is derived for short wavelengths in inhomogeneous, isotropic media from considerations of Green's second theorem and the solution to the time-independent wave-equation for a point-source in an inhomogeneous, isotropic medium. This principle leads to an integral equation for the field distribution on optical resonator mirrors, whose parameters depend only upon the geometrical-optics ABCD-matrices. The resonator parametersF, G 1,G 2, the resonance and stability conditions as well as the spot size of the fundamental mode at the mirrors are given as functions of A, B, C, D, for the special case of a rotationally symmetric optical system between square mirrors. The resonator parameters,F, G 1,G 2, are calculated by this new method for a case familiar from the literature.
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  • 16
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 119-120 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 17
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 18
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown how the theory of non-linear interaction between the modes of the open resonator, developed previously [1] and used to study resonant second harmonic generation [2], can be applied to second harmonic generation in the absence of a resonator. The conditions under which the second harmonic output, in the small conversion approximation, can be approximated by a Gaussian beam are derived. The optimum value of the focusing parameter I/z0 (hereI is the length of the crystal, andz 0 is one-half the confocal parameter of the fundamental beam) for the total output is shown to be 5.68 agreeing precisely with the value given by Boyd and Kleinman [3].
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  • 19
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments are reported on 1.06μm scattering from a laser produced plasma. Generally in such experiments scattering is observed on the shock wave front at 90° from the incident beam. In our set-up the plasma is expanding in a Fabry-Perot resonator and we note a strong emission at 1.06μm.
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  • 20
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 174-178 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The absorption of light and subsequent thermalisation of the absorbed energy can be significantly affected by the presence of non-equilibrium population distributions in gases. The phenomenon of thermal blooming in gases is discussed from this standpoint. It is shown that a transient phenomenon of “absorption cooling” can occur, leading to a focusing rather than defocusing of an incident laser beam. Flux densities causing saturation in air and pure CO2 are calculated. For vibrational saturation in air, I 〉 3.66 kw/cm2, for pure CO2, I 〉 4.58 kw/cm2. For rotational saturation, in either gas, I 〉 840 kw/cm2.
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  • 21
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 196-204 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is known [1–3] that the statistical properties of the electrons emitted by a detector, which registers a light beam, contain information about light radiation statistics. This method has recently been widely used to measure the statistical properties of laser radiation [4]. In analysing non-linearly-transformed laser or thermal radiation, this method can give information about the non-linear process and also additional data on the statistics of the transformed radiation.
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  • 22
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 219-219 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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  • 23
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract We have determined the two independent “fast” non-linear refractive indices for liquid mixtures of CS2 and CCI4 to within 5% relatively and 8% absolutely over their range of more than a decade. These indices describe non-linear propagation of optical pulses of arbitrary polarisation, which are of a too short duration to be affected by electrostriction. We report measurements, having relative accuracy better than 1 %, of the static Kerr constants of these mixtures. We combine these results with recent data on Rayleigh wing depolarisation ratios for the same mixtures to deduce the desired non-linear indices with the aid of molecular theory. The non-linear refractive index for linearly polarised light is shown to be two-thirds (±5%) of the index difference measured by the Kerr effect, at least for molar concentrations of CS2 greater than 10%. Our measured relative values of the mixture Kerr constants are predicted to within experimental error if one simply replaces the Lorentz local field factors in the classical theory by their 0.6 powers.
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  • 24
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The optical and electrical problems in the design of a beam-sampling detector for laser power, energy and pulse duration measurements are discussed with a view to achieving an accuracy of 2% relative to a fundamental detector for pulses down to 3 nsec duration. Experiments show that a beam sampler using an ITT F4000 biplanar vacuum cell mounted in a coaxial taper is capable of this accuracy, but that the silicon diodes (EG + G SD100, Mullard BPY13A) trap some of the photoelectric charge and then release it with a time constant of up to a few microseconds giving a pulse length-dependent sensitivity: they can be used for energy measurements, however. The Mullard 90CV vacuum photo-cell holds back about 6% of the photo-electric charge for about 1μsec and can also give erratic currents up to ten times the computed saturation current: effects probably due to residual gas in the cell. The limits set on performance by the rise time and maximum linear current of the various detectors are discussed. The design of a holder for the ITT F4000 photo-cell giving a rise time constant of 0.25 nsec is given.
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  • 25
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 29-31 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There is at present great interest in crystals which are suitable for efficient mixing at optical frequencies. Such a crystal should be acentric, have a wide transmission band, have a large non-linear coefficient and permit phase matching. Proustite possesses such properties [1], and this paper summarises the information that has been obtained to date at R R E on these properties and their use in “up-converting” 10μm radiation to the visible, on the available optical quality, on the electro-optic effect, and on electrical conduction in the crystal; some general observations on the type of damage caused to proustite by laser beams are given.
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  • 26
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 62-64 
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  • 27
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 64-66 
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  • 28
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 67-67 
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  • 29
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 75-87 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract A general equation is proposed for the dynamical electric permittivity tensor, taking into account, besides frequency dispersion, spatial dispersion describing the linear and non-linear optical activities of the medium. It permits one to determine the symmetry relations and value of the optical Kerr effect, a generalised Havelock relation, and the non-linear change in optical rotation angle for arbitrary conditions of observation. Simple examples are adduced to give a microscopic interpretation of the results derived, rendering apparent the basic mechanisms (fluctuations of density, non-linear changes in the optical polarisability tensor and gyration tensor, molecular reorientation, and various radial and angular correlations) leading to induced optical non-linearities. Measurements of non-linear changes in optical rotation angle are shown to be promising in solutions of polymers or colloids, and will permit,inter alia, direct determinations of the anisotropy of gyration properties of molecules macromolecules and colloid particles.
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  • 30
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 103-118 
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    Notes: Abstract The propagation of light near the axis of astigmatic optical systems may be described by the geometrical-optics approximation with the aid of ray-matrices. The application of the theory of diffraction to the propagation of light in such systems leads to integrals containing essentially the elements of the ray-matrices as parameters. The ABCD-law is derived by evaluating these integrals for gaussian beams. Integral equations applicable to astigmatic optical resonators, having nearly vanishing diffraction losses, are set up. They are only valid under certain conditions, which are comprehensively discussed. The eigensolutions and the eigenvalues of these integral equations are given. The spot-sizes at the resonator mirrors are derived from the eigensolutions, and the eigenvalues lead to the resonance condition. Spot-sizes and resonance condition appear as functions of the elements of the characteristic resonator matrices. The methods described here are applied to the propagation of gaussian beams through gas-lenses and to a resonator containing an internal gas-lens.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 89-101 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the propagation process in fog has been performed by means of the Monte Carlo method. The effect of multiple scattering on image quality and on visibility range has been studied, together with the detailed time dependence of the light at the receiving system. The improvement in visibility achievable with range gating techniques has been evaluated.
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  • 32
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 120-120 
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  • 33
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. ii 
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  • 34
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 123-127 
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    Notes: Abstract Pulse stretching of a passively Q-switched ruby laser is accomplished by the introduction of a non-linear absorber into the laser cavity. Single pulses of length 150 to 400 nsec are observed. The non-linear absorption is obtained by using a Rayleigh-wing scatterer as the solvent for a bleachable dye. This approach is unique in that stretched Q-switched pulses may be obtained by the introduction of a single liquid into the laser resonator with no electronics necessary. Since the Rayleigh Frequency is within the gain lineshape of the active medium, threshold for the stimulated Rayleigh scattering is exceeded at relatively low power densities.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 121-121 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 138-142 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the image upconverter can operate with point source pump-beams as well as the commonly used planar pump source. The major effect of the pump beam divergence is not to degrade the resolution but is to change the transverse and longitudinal magnification of the image. We demonstrate by a paraxial ray-tracing analysis that these changes in image dimensions and location obey relations quite similar to thin-lens formulae.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 143-150 
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    Notes: Abstract The development of techniques for the deposition of semiconductor layers has led, over the last decade, to intensive studies of heterojunction systems. In this paper an outline is given of those properties relevant to the production of photodetectors, illustrated by a summary of the classes of device so far prepared with notes on the way in which their performances differ from classical detectors.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 159-159 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. II 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 61-62 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 160-160 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 172-173 
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    Notes: Abstract Polaritons associated with the 1072 cm−1 optical mode of quartz have been stimulated by a two-beam method and we have directly observed the far-infrared radiation corresponding to the electromagnetic part of the excitation with a HgTe-CdTe detector.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 161-164 
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    Notes: Abstract Wavelength and frequency data for far-infrared c.w. gas laser lines have been scanned using a computer for chains of harmonic coincidences suitable for transferring frequency measurements from the submillimetre to the 10μm wavelength region. A table of selected possibilities using up to three lasers in sequence is presented showing the calculated beat frequencies.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 179-181 
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    Notes: Abstract Temperature tunable, 90° phase matchable, parametric fluorescence has been observed in ADP and KDP crystals. The fluorescence was pumped by 2573 Å CW radiation obtained from a second harmonic argon-ion laser. Fluorescence was observed in ADP over the complete visible spectrum by temperature tuning through the range —12 to+40° C. The measurements demonstrate the usefulness of these materials for visible parametric oscillators. The values of d(n 2v e −n v o )/dT deduced from these and other measurements are found to disagree with values in the literature.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 182-188 
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    Notes: Abstract The insertion of a multi-photon absorber within a laser cavity has practical importance in providing stabilised laser amplitude and variable pulse duration. We report the relative non-linear absorption coefficients of semiconductors Si, CdSe, CdTe, and GaAs at 1.064μm using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The measurements on Si were carried out from 77 to 450° K, and the results confirm a stepwise process giving rise to induced absorption. The effects of the spatial and temporal distributions of the laser emission on the absolute non-linear coefficient values are briefly discussed. Preliminary observation of stepwise multi-photon absorption in aqueous PrCl3 and NdCl3 measured with a pulsed Nd:glass laser is also reported. The possibility of using a combination of inducible and saturable absorbers, placed within the laser cavity, as a means of providing laser intensities confined to a narrow range centred about a pre-set intensity, is raised.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 193-195 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this experiment, the transmission of the saturable absorber of a mode-locked laser is modulated optically by a train of ultra-short pulses emitted by another laser, with some power reflected inside the cavity to initiate the emission. The laser threshold is only attained during the opening time of the modulator, and stimulated emission is prevented at any other time. Once pulses are formed, the photon density is sufficiently high for auto-modulating the dye. Q-switching of the laser is only realised if the difference between the time of a round-trip in the cavity and the period of modulation is less than ±17 psec. The emission is a series of pulses of 5.2 nsec period lasting for 60 nsec. The total energy in all pulses is 60 mJ for a neodymium doped glass rod of 8 mm diameter. We describe a method for measuring the noise of the series of pulses using a saturated photo-cell. We find a ratio of 100 between the energy of one pulse and the energy emitted between two pulses.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 218-218 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Optical and quantum electronics 1 (1969), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the investigation of a longitudinal electric field (1 V/cm) arising in a homogeneous piezo-electric crystal at a high level of optical excitation. The sign of the effect corresponds to free carrier drag (electrons — in the case of CdS) in the direction of light propagation. The magnitude of the effect and its kinetics have been related to the light intensity, temperature, crystal orientation and the distance between the fest points. The effect is assumed to be a result of generation of a phonon packet, referred to by the authors as an acousto-optical domain, and carrier drag by this domain. Calculations based on the Boltzmann kinetic equation for the electron distribution function give a reasonable phonon density inside the domain, necessary for generating the electric field observed. Estimates based on the calculated phonon density show considerable mechanical stresses to exist in the domain area. These can result in the destruction of the crystal when there is an increase in light intensity; so the effect observed can be directly related to the problem of optical strength.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In the transient state an asynchronous machine has additional torques besides the well known torque which depends on the rotor slip. The maximum values of these additional torques are functions of different factors, primarily of the acceleration constant and the critical slip. In this paper the limiting values of these torques are calculated. It is shown that the theoretically interesting asynchronous machine with super-conductive secundary winding can operate like a synchronons machine. The maximum value of its torque is equal to the double critical torque of a normal asynchronous machine.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei der Asynchronmaschine treten bei Ausgleichsvorgängen außer dem stationären, schlupfabhängigen noch zusätzliche Momente auf. Die Maximalwerte dieser Zusatzmomente hängen von verschiedenen Faktoren, wie vor allem der Anlaufzeitkonstante und dem Kippschlupf ab. Über diese Zusammenhänge liegen schon verschiedene Arbeiten vor [1, 2, 3, 6, 8]. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll untersucht werden, welche Grenzwerte diese Momente annehmen können. Dabei wird von der theoretisch interessanten Maschine mit Supraleitung im Sekundärkreis ausgegangen, die, wie gezeigt wird, zur Synchronmaschine wird und bei der ein Maximalmoment gleich dem doppelten Kippmoment der normalen Asynchronmaschine auftritt.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 211-231 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In the present paper the synchronous machine is considered as a technical three-winding transformer in the direct-axis respectively as a technical two-winding transformer in the quadrature-axis. For the most usual construction of the damping system the coefficients of leakage and the time-constants will be calculated by general geometrical factors, independent of special quantities. With the parameters of the damping system the transient and the subtransient reactances and time-constants can be calculated by the two-axis-theory.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Synchronmaschine wird als technischer Dreiwicklungstransformator in derd-Achse, bzw. als technischer Zweiwicklungstransformator in der Querachse aufgefaßt. Für die häufigste Ausführungsform des Dämpferkäfigs werden dessen Streuungskoeffizienten und Zeitkonstanten über allgemeine, von der speziellen Maschinenauslegung unabhängige geometrische Faktoren berechnet. Mit den Parametern der Dämpferwicklung lassen sich die transienten und subtransienten Reaktanzen und Zeitkonstanten nach der Zweiachsentheorie bestimmen.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Referring to earlier papers equations are given to calculate fields of excentricity and unbalanced magnetic pull. These equations are functions of the magneticaly efficient excentricity of the rotor which is established as a fictive mathematical protion. In this paper mainly relations are established between this fictive excentricity of the rotor and the mechanical one. By this way fields of excentricity and unbalanced magnetic pull can be represented in a relatively simple and clear way in dependence of the mechanical excentricity too. Furtheron a correcting factor is found out to consider the influence of the magnetic tension in the yoke approximately. Results of experimental tests are given.
    Notes: Übersicht Bezugnehmend auf frühere Arbeiten sind Gleichungen zur Berechnung der Exzentrizitätsfelder und des einseitigen magnetischen Zuges als Funktionen der magnetisch wirksamen Läuferexzentrizität angegeben, die aber nur eine fiktive Rechengröße ist. Im wesentlichen werden in vorliegender Arbeit Beziehungen abgeleitet, nach denen der Zusammenhang zwischen dieser fiktiven und der mechanischen Läuferexzentrizität berechnet werden kann. Damit lassen sich dann die Exzentrizitätsfelder und der einseitige magnetische Zug in relativ leichter und übersichtlicher Weise auch in Abhängigkeit von der mechanischen Exzentrizität darstellen. Außerdem ist ein Korrekturfaktor ermittelt, mit dem näherungsweise der Einfluß der magnetischen Jochspannung berücksichtigt werden kann. Die Ergebnisse experimenteller Überprüfungen der Theorie sind angegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 240-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The paper presents for the case of horizontal overhead H. V. lines a simplified method for the calculation of modal components, which are known to be the most adequate for studying wave propagation on three-phase transmission lines, as they propagate independently and distorsionless. As a first step of transformation,Clarke (α, β, o)-components were used, the ultimate transformation and the propagation constants resulting as a correction to the former. Computed results were compared with published data.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird ein einfaches Verfahren zum Bestimmen von verzerrungsfreien, sogenannten Modalkomponenten für Wellenausbreitung auf horizontalen Hochspannungsfreileitungen angegeben. Durch Anwenden einer Vortransformation in α, β, o-Komponenten kann die Transformation in Modalkomponenten anhand leicht berechenbarer Hilfsgrößen ermittelt werden. Die Berechnungen sind auch für den Fall einer Leitung mit Erdseilen durchgeführt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse sind mit bekannten veröffentlichten Angaben verglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 301-305 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The propagation of travelling waves is considered in case of one-phase and three-phase wires. By means of the harmonic analysis the distortion by the influence of the earth resistance is calculated.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Wanderwellenausbreitung bei Ein- und Dreiphasenleitungen wird untersucht. Auf Grund des Spektralverfahrens wird der Einfluß des Erdwiderstandes auf die Verzerrung berechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 306-317 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Magnetic fields can now-a-days be calculated on large digital computers using difference equations. These equations are derivated for cartesian and polar grid-systems. Three methods of relaxation are specified to achieve an acceleration of convergence. To show the efficiency the magnetic forces at the pole of a d-c-machine are calculated.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Berechnung magnetischer Felder kann heute mit Hilfe der Differenzenrechnung auf großen Digitalrechnern erfolgen. Die hierfür notwendigen Differenzengleichungen werden für kartesische und polare Gitternetzwerke hergeleitet. Zur Konvergenzbeschleunigung werden drei Methoden der Blockrelaxation angegeben. Als Beispiel werden die magnetischen Kräfte auf den Pol einer Gleichstrommaschine berechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 327-340 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents For the sake of direct calculation of switching-surge phenomena produced by energizing an overhead line, some formulas which permit the consideration of earth-influence were derived using a Fourier-transform. A method of computing phase voltages when energisation is not simultaneous is indicated, and the calculated values for some examples are compared with published data.
    Notes: Übersicht Zur Berechnung der Ausgleichsvorgänge beim Schalten einer Drehstromleitung werden mit Hilfe der Fourier-Transformationen Ausdrücke ermittelt, die es ermöglichen, auch den Erdeinfluß zu berücksichtigen. Es wird ein Verfahren zum Verfolgen der Spannungen beim nichtgleichzeitigen Schalten der Phasen angegeben. Mit den erhaltenen Beziehungen sind Beispiele berechnet und mit veröffentlichten Angaben verglichen.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 398-408 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The analog computing of dipole chain transient response may be sensibly simplified and the drift inaccuracy reduced by a suitable computer setup. The principe is explained in the particular case of resistive high voltage dividers, afterwards the general solution is derived. In addition, two diagrams for instantaneous value determination relative to quickly variable voltages are presented. Experimental results prove the good computer setup performance and accuracy of the measuring diagrams.
    Notes: Übersicht Die analoge Nachbildung von Zweipolketten kann durch eine eigenartige Programmierung wesentlich vereinfacht und der Driftfehler verringert werden. Den Grundgedanken erläutert man am Beispiel des abgeschirmten ohmschen Teilers, worauf die allgemeine Lösung hergeleitet wird. Anschließend gibt man zwei Anordnungen zur Augenblickswertbestimmung von verhältnismäßig schnell veränderlichen Spannungen. Versuchsergebnisse bestätigen die vorteilhaften Eigenschaften der neuen Programmierungsart sowie die zufriedenstellende Genauigkeit der vorgetragenen meßtechnischen Verfahren.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents In this paper a theory is presented, dealing with transient operational behavior of AC—squirrelcage-motors. Using a method developed byKovacs andStepina the voltages and currents are represented by “Raumzeiger”. This theory is based on the squirrel cage havingZ2-rotor circuits. The time-dependence of the voltages and currents is arbitrary. As a result of this not only the basic magnetic arrow but also the arrow due to the triple numbers of pairs of poles is taken into consideration in the calculation.
    Notes: Übersicht In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Theorie des transienten Betriebsverhaltens von Drehstromkäfigankermotoren behandelt. Die Spannungen und Ströme wurden nachKovacs-Stepina mit Hilfe von Raumzeigern dargestellt. Die Theorie geht vom Käfiganker mit neuenZ2-Läufermaschinen aus und läßt einen beliebigen zeitlichen Verlauf der Spannungen und Ströme zu. Aus diesem Grunde werden neben den magnetischen Grundfehlern auch die Felder dreifacher Polpaarzahl in den Rechnungsgang einbezogen.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Equivalent thermal circuit for a cross section—Network for a stator winding with direct cooling —Network for an axial and radial heat flow in an electrical machine—Solution of the set of equations — Example.
    Notes: Übersicht Wärmequellennetzwerk für einen Maschinenquerschnitt — Netzwerk für einen direkt gekühlten Leiter—Netzwerk für achsiale und radiale Wärmeströmung in einer elektrischen Maschine—Lösung des Gleichungssystems—Beispiel.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 121-132 
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 184-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The semi-controlled back and boost connection of two three-phase bridges is obtained by the series connection of a fully controlled and an uncontrolled three-phase bridge. The calculating process for the determination of the characteristic data of the circuit for supplying consumers is dealt with in a service quadrant. Based on the curve shape of the direct voltage, the exact non-continuity and ripple factors of the direct current are determined. The connection between ripple content and current fluctuation is also treated. Finally, the reactive power characteristics are discussed.
    Notes: Übersicht Bei der halbgesteuerten Zu- und Gegenschaltung zweier Dreiphasenbrücken handelt es sich um die Reihenschaltung einer vollgesteuerten und einer ungesteuerten Dreiphasenbrücke. Es wird der Rechengang zur Ermittlung der Kenndaten der Schaltung zur Speisung von Verbrauchern in einem Betriebsquadranten behandelt. Ausgehend von der Kurvenform der Gleichspannung werden die exakten Lück- und Welligkeitsfaktoren des Gleichstromes ermittelt. Ferner wird auf den Zusammenhang von Welligkeit und Stromschwankung eingegangen. Abschließend wird das Blindleistungsverhalten diskutiert.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 143-154 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Electromagnetic fields in hollow conductors may be representend, in accordance to their polarisation, or by Hertzian or by Fitzgeraldian vectors, whose Cartesian components obey the ware equation. While its permanent solutions are well known, the present paper deals with the transients accompanying short-timed pulses. The waves originated by a scalar potential step-function imposed upon the entrance of a perfect hollow conductor are described by Bessel-functions. However, waves excited by sinuscidally changing entrance potentials have to be computed by numerical evaluation of convolution integrals. It is shown, that the resulting vibration depends, respectively, upon the ratio of the externally impressed frequency to the lowest grenzfrequenz of the hollow conductor. — The elementary theory has to be completed by a more detailed analyse of the unavoidable losses occuring in the walls of every real hollow conductor.
    Notes: Übersicht Die elektromagnetischen Felder in Hohlleitern werden je nach der Art ihrer Erregung durch die Vektorpotentiale nachHertz oderFitzgerald dargestellt, deren Kartesische Komponenten der Wellengleichung genügen. Während deren eingeschwungene Lösungen wohlbekannt sind, werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Ausgleichvorgänge beschrieben, welche für Kopf und Schwanz kurzeitiger Pulse maßgebend sind. Im Falle eines am Leitereingang instantan eingeschalteten und weiterhin konstant gehaltenen elektrischen Skalarpotentiales werden die in den vollkommenen Hohlleiter einziehenden Wellen durch Besselsche Funktionen dargestellt. Aus ihnen gehen durch Faltungsintegration die Wellen hervor, welche sinusförmig einsetzende Pulse begleiten. Es wird gezeigt, daß die jeweils resultierende Schwingung wesentlich von dem Verhältnis der aufgedrückten Frequenz zur niedersten Grenzfrequenz des Hohlleiters abhängt. — Die gegebene, elementare Theorie bedarf der Ergänzung mit Rücksicht auf die unvermeidlichen Verluste in den Wänden jedes realen Hohlleiters.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 175-183 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents This paper is concerned with the exact calculation of the distribution of the electric potential in a two-dimensional network consisting of a finite number of domains of identical ohmic resistors, which are bordered by parallel straight lines. The extension of the net, which may be finite or infinite in either direction, and the points of junction, where a. d. c. is feeded in, may be chosen arbitrarily. In the present publication the general theory of this model is developed; it will be applied to a number of special networks, finite and infinite, in a subsequent paper.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Arbeit handelt von der exakten Berechnung der Potentialverteilung, die sich in einem ebenen Netz aus ohmschen Widerständen nach Einspeisung eines Gleichstromes an beliebigen Knotenpunkten einstellt. Die Erstreckung des Netzes ist in jeder Richtung beliebig, endlich oder unendlich. Die Widerstände seien sämtlich identisch, doch sind endlich viele waagrecht voneinander abgegrenzte Bereiche mit verschiedenem Widerstand zugelassen. Während in der vorliegenden Arbeit die allgemeine Theorie dieses Modells entwickelt wird, bleibt ihre Anwendung auf einige spezielle endliche und unendliche Widerstandsnetze einer weiteren Veröffentlichung vorbehalten.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 273-285 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents General expressions are derived for the distribution and the time dependance of transient eddy currents which are induced in a solid cylinder by means of a coaxial coil rotating with instantaneous velocity and corrying a time variable current.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden allgemeine Beziehungen für die örtliche Verteilung und zeitliche Abhängigkeit transienter Wirbelströme entwickelt, die in einem leitenden Vollzylinder durch eine koaxial angeordnete, mit beliebiger Geschwindigkeit rotierende Spule induziert werden, wenn die Spule von einem zeitlich beliebig veränderlichen Strom durchflossen wird.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 262-272 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The cascade generator consists of a synchronous machine and a induction machine. The amarturewindings and rotors are connected. The equations of voltage and power are derived and the performance is calculated.
    Notes: Übersicht Der Kaskadengenerator besteht aus einer Außenpolsynchron- und einer Induktionsmaschine, deren Anker mechanisch und elektrisch gekoppelt sind. Es werden die Gleichungen für die Spannungen sowie für die Leistung abgeleitet und die Betriebskennlinien berechnet.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 286-300 
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 318-326 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents An analytic theory of the equivalent control air-gap, for asynchronous amplifier servomotor controlled through the saturation of some parts of the stator iron is exposed. The expression of the equivalent control air gap is established, function of the main control current and the alternative induction in the control pole legs. The case of the ferroresonant servomotor is analysed, establishing the expression of the harmonic „i” of the torque considering the dispersion flux between the control coils.
    Notes: Übersicht Eine analytische Theorie des äquivalenten Steuerluftspaltes wird dargelegt für asynchrone Verstärker-Stellmotoren, die durch die Sättigung einiger Teile des Ständereisens gesteuert werden. Der Ausdruck des äquivalenten Steuerluftspaltes wird festgesetzt, in Abhängigkeit von dem Hauptsteuerstrom und der alternativen Induktion in den Schenkeln der Steuerpole. Der Fall des ferroresonanten Stellmotors wird analysiert, der Ausdruck der Oberharmonischen „i” des Anlaufdrehmoments wird festgesetzt, und dabei der Dispersionsfluß zwischen den Steuerpolen in Betracht gezogen.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 341-347 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Fixed-weight codes have certain advantages over group codes. ForHamming-distanced=2, their construction is trivial. Ford=4, the construction needs different methods, according to the given length, to get always the maximum code size. This size is but little below the sizc of a group code of equal length, in single cases still beyond. Up to 10 bits we reach in each case the theoretical upper bound; given are also the maximumC(11, 5, 4) andC(12, 6, 4).
    Notes: Übersicht Gleichgewichtige Codes haben gegenüber Gruppencodes manche Vorteile. Ihre Aufstellung für den Hammingabstandd=2 ist trivial. Fürd=4 dagegen erfordert ihre Konstruktion, je nach der gegebenen Stellenzahl, verschiedenartige Methoden, wenn man stets den größtmöglichen Umfang erreichen will, der nur wenig unter dem Umfang eines gleich langen Gruppencode liegt, in einzelnen Fällen sogar etwas darüber. Bis zu 10 Stellen kann man auf diese Weise stets die theoretische obere Schranke erreichen; auch der maximale 5-aus-11- und 6-aus-12-Code werden angegeben.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 381-387 
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 360-369 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents With the aid of three various drive motors with 6, 7 and 14 pair of poles the elementary diverse behaviour of slow- and quick-running reciprocating-drives are analysed. The result of the computations is compared with the result of the measurements. For the difference between computation and measurement is smaller than 5%, it is possible to program this method of computations.
    Notes: Übersicht An Hand von 3 verschiedenen Antriebsmotoren mit denPolpaarzahlen 6, 7 und 14 wird das grundsätzlich verschiedene Verhalten von langsam- und schnellaufenden Verdichter-Antrieben untersucht. Die abgeleiteten Rechenergebnisse werden mit Meßergebnissen verglichen. Da die Abweichungen zwischen Rechnung und Messung ≦5% sind, kann nunmehr das Rechenverfahren programmiert werden.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 348-359 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Über die “Entladungsrate” und den Energieverlust in Helium von Atmosphärendruck zwischen metallischen Elektroden werden Versuchsergebnisse gebracht. Bei Elektrodenabständen unter 0,15 mm verläuft die Entladungsrate in Abhängigkeit von der angelegten Spannung linear, jedoch treten bei Abständen über 2,5 mm unregelmäßige sprungartige Änderungen auf. Ein Verfahren wird abgeleitet, mit Hilfe dessen die durch einzelne Funkenentladungen freiwerdende Wärmeenergie bestimmt werden kann. Dabei stellt sich heraus, daß sowohl der von Funken- als auch der von Pseudo-Glimmentladungen herrührende Leistungsverlust bei niederen Werten der angelegten Spannung linear verläuft und bei höheren Werten eine Sättigungserscheinung aufweist.
    Notes: Contents Experimental data are presented on the discharge rate and energy loss behaviour in helium between metallic-electrodes at atmospheric pressure. For gaps less than 0.15 mm, the discharge rate is found to be a linear function of the apparent voltage; however, with gaps exceeding 2.5 mm irregular step-like variations in the discharge rate occur. A method is developed for determining the heat energy relased by single spark discharges. It is found that the power loss arising from both spark and pseudo-glow discharges exhibits a linear variation over the lower apparent voltages, with a saturation effect manifesting itself at the higher values.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 370-380 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beim dreipoligen und zweipoligen Kurzschluß von Drehstrommaschinen treten große Strom- und Drehmomentstöße auf. Sie werden unter Vernachlässigung der Abklingvorgänge und bei Annahme subtransienter Symmetrie der Maschine (x d /″ =x q /″ ) berechnet. Beim zweipoligen Kurzschluß im Spannungsnulldurchgang ergeben sich um 13% kleinere Stromstöße als beim simultanen dreipoligen Kurzschluß (gleichzeitiges Kurzschließen der drei Pole). Die Drehmomentstöße sind dagegen beim zweipoligen Kurzschluß um 30% größer. In der Praxis ist auch ein nichtsimultaner dreipoliger Kurzschluß (nacheinander folgendes Kurzschließen der drei Pole) möglich. Hierbei treten beim Kurzschließen im Spannungsnulldurchgang sowohl um 18% größere Stromstöße als auch um 41% höhere Drehmomentstöße auf als beim simultanen dreipoligen Kurzschluß.
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    Electrical engineering 52 (1969), S. 388-397 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents We are going to determinate the conditions for the maximum voltage efficiency for the input transformer without link, and also for oscillator, of the Cockroft-Walton multiplying circuit.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden Berechnungsunterlagen für den bisher nicht gelösten optimalen Eingangsübertrager vom Standpunkt der Spannungsübersetzung aus für die Kaskadengeneratoren entwickelt.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 53-68 
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 69-83 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents A numerical method to calculate with digital computers by means of difference equations the inductance and the effective resistance of conductors in slots of electrical machines is described.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird ein numerisches Verfahren zur Berechnung der Nutstreuung und der Wirbelströmung in Nutenleitern elektrischer Maschinen mittels einer programmierbaren, digitalen Rechenmaschine beschrieben.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 45-52 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents The surface losses in unlaminated rotors of synchronous machines are calculated. In order to take into account the curvature, cylindrical polar coordinates are used for the air gap. On the other hand the rotor is described in Cartesian coordinates as the depth of penetration of the fields in the solid rotor is small. By this means very simple results can be achieved in spite of considering the curvature. The influences of the curvature on the surface losses are discussed in an example.
    Notes: Übersicht Es werden die Zusatzverluste im massiven Eisen des Rotors von Synchronmaschinen berechnet. Um die Krümmung zu berücksichtigen, werden für den Luftspalt Zylinderkoordinaten verwendet. Wegen der geringen Eindringtiefe der Felder im massiven Eisen wird dagegen der Rotor in kartesischen Koordinaten dargestellt. Auf diese Weise erhält man trotz Berücksichtigung der Krümmung sehr einfache Ergebnisse. Der Einfluß der Krümmung auf die Zusatzverluste wird anhand eines Beispiels gezeigt.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 95-99 
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 84-94 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Beim Entwurf magnetischer Kreise muß der Streufluß im Luftspalt bekannt sein. Nach der Definition des sogenannten “Ausnützungsfaktors”—d. h. des Verhältnisses von Nutzfluß zur Gesamtfluß—wird ein Überblick über bekannte Methoden zu seiner Berechnung gegeben. Mit Hilfe der konformen Abbildung wird eine neue und sehr genaue Berechnungsmethode vorgestellt. Die hieraus gewonnenen Lösungen werden mit experimentellen Ergebnissen verglichen.
    Notes: Contents In designing electromagnetic circuits the pole surface leakage flux introduced by an air-gap, must be known. After defining the so called “utilization factor”, a review of the existing formulas for calculating it, is given. The major part of the paper deals with the presentation of a new and very accurate formula, based on the method of conformal mapping. Finally this formula is compared with experimental results.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 100-120 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contents It is shown by a new method how to calculate the parameters of damping systems of salient pole machines.—Important influences neglected in previous treatments of others authors are respected in this paper.—Thereby the right expression for the additional leakage reactance of the damper winding is presented.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird eine neue Berechnungsmethode der Parameter des Dämpfersystems von Schenkelpol-Synchronmaschinen angegeben, in der wesentliche Faktoren in Betracht gezogen werden, die in den Veröffentlichungen anderer Verfasser vernachlässigt wurden. Dadurch wird ein korrekter Bezug auf den Stator herbeigeführt und ein zutreffender Ausdruck für die zusätzliche Streureaktanz der Dämpferwicklung abgeleitet.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 1-12 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Wang algebra offers important advantages for the algebraic evaluation of network determinants. Of then! products normally necessary only one product is required. In the multiplying out of this product cancelling rules are applied which permit early limiting of the number of terms arising. Wang algebra is easy to program. Exact topological and algebraic proof is given which calls for no more than a fundamental knowledge of network theory (theory of graphs) and determinant theory.
    Notes: Übersicht Zur algebraischen Auswertung von Netzdeterminanten bietet die Wang-Algebra erhebliche Vorteile. Von den normalerweise notwendigenn! Produkten benötigt man nur ein Produkt. Beim Ausmultiplizieren dieses Produkts werden Kürzungsregeln angewandt, welche die Anzahl der entstehenden Glieder frühzeitig begrenzen. Die Wang-Algebra ist leicht programmierbar. Für dic exakte Rechtfertigung werden topologische und algebraische Beweise mitgeteilt, in welchen nur Grundkenntnisse der Netzwerktheorie (Graphentheorie) und der Determinanten-Lehre benötigt werden.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 133-142 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents If two asynchronous AC networks are interconnected by a DC link, it is possible to support the AC stability conditions inside one of the AC networks by using the inertia in the other. The methods for the DC control are explained and the results are confirmed by a digital study.
    Notes: Übersicht Werden zwei asynchrone Netze über ein Gleichstromglied zusammengeschaltet, können die Stabilitätsverhältnisse in dem einen Netze mit Hilfe der umlaufenden Massen in dem anderen verbessert werden. Dafür geeignete Regelmethoden werden hergeleitet und die Ergebnisse durch cine Digitalstudie bestätigt.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 163-174 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Beside the well-known graphic diagrams with rectangular coordinates-systems there are other systems of figures, especially the parallel-coordinates. Between such systems transformations are possible, for example the change from a straight-line to a point or from a weak-curved, trough points determined to a very-curved bend, determined trough tangents. Simple calculations demonstrate, that a figur, containing mostly points or very-curved bends, with regard to the density of informations (number of informations for each square-unity) is by far superior to a figur consisting before all of straight-lines or weak-curved bens. Methods are developed for construction of place-saving diagrams with height density of informations.
    Notes: Übersicht Neben der weit verbreiteten graphischen Darstellung in cartesischen Koordinaten bestchen andere Darstellung-Systeme, insbesondere die Parallel-Koordinaten. Zwischen derartigen Systemen bestchen Transformationsbezichungen, beispielsweise der Übergang von einer Geraden zum Punkt oder von einer schwach gekrümmten, durch Punkte bestimmten Kurve zu einer scharf gekrümmten, durch Tangenten bestimmten. Einfache rechnerische Überlegungen zeigen, daß eine Darstellung, welche hauptsächlich Punkte oder scharf gekrümmte Kurven enthält, hinsichtlich ihrer Informationsdichte (Zahl der Informationen pro Flächeneinheit) einem Diagramm, welches hauptsächlich aus Geraden oder schwach gekrümmten Kurven besteht, wesentlich überlegen ist. Methoden wurden entwickelt, um möglichst raumsparende Darstellungen mit hoher Informationsdichte zu erhalten.
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    Electrical engineering 53 (1969), S. 155-162 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 98-100 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 28-32 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 33-36 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 37-40 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 50-54 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 41-44 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. It has been shown that a random measuring error arises in weight and volume measuring flowmeter installations for periodic vibrations of the flow. The distribution laws of random errors for periodic sinusoidal and rectangular flow vibrations have been found. 2. A formula for the maximum error of random sinusoidal flow vibrations has been derived. Distribution laws of random errors for rectangular flow vibrations have been found and can be used for determining graphically the corresponding maximum errors.
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 55-58 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 72-74 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 68-71 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 64-67 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. Considering the relative complexity of the electrical circuit of the equipment and the labor consumed in the manufacture and assembly of its units, the results obtained above fully justify the work entailed in producing them. 2. The principles adopted for the calibration of currents and voltages and the automation of their switching reduces to a minimum the overall size and weight of the equipment and simplified its servicing. 3. The labor productivity in using this equipment is raised by a factor of 4–5. 4. In testing the instruments there is no need for any calculations, special tables, etc., and the calibration and testing of instruments with calibrators is less tiresome than with potentiometric devices by the comparison method. By adopting this equipment 24000 rubles can be saved per annum.
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 59-63 
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    Notes: Conclusions The SF-2M spectrophotometers' colorimetric attachment made by the VNIIM is a simple and convenient device for evaluating chromacity coordinates of transparent and reflecting specimens. The first selection of correcting filters provides measurements of large chromatic differences with an error of the same order as that of the objective colorimeters KNO-3. The same filters used in measuring small chromatic differences provide a measurement precision of the chromatic sensitivity threshold of Δx, Δy=0.005, and Δ¯y/¯y=0.5%. The measurements on the attachment are made under illumination conditions which correspond to those adopted at the VNIIM for certifying standard color specimens. Therefore, the attachment can be used for testing purposes. The attachment is also intended for carrying out further experimental investigations of the relationship of the color measurement error to the width of the tolerances for the correcting filters.
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 75-77 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 78-80 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 81-84 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 85-87 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 88-93 
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    Measurement techniques 12 (1969), S. 94-97 
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