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  • Articles  (238)
  • Chemical Engineering  (238)
  • Animals
  • 1960-1964  (238)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (238)
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  • Articles  (238)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040201
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How we may know more (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 77-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040203
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between chemical structure and properties of polyester resins (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 90-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Attempts are made, in the light of published information, to decide the factors affecting network structure in commercial polyester resins and the effect of network variations on physical properties of polyfumarate-styrene copolymers. An approach towards the optimum in chemical and heat resistant polyester laminates is suggested by examination of the influence of polyester chain structural variations on these properties.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040206
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new second-order transition temperature relationship for copolymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 98-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recent dielectric measurements at 60 cycles per second have shown a good correlation amond α-peak, Vicat and dilatometric Tg temperatures. Other measurements of copolymer systems have suggested a re-examination of existing second-order transition temperature relationships. This study has revealed that the most common of these equations are mathematically equivalent and not fully satisfactory for explaining all observations. A relationship is proposed which is capable of fitting either linear or non-linear second-order transition data for compatible copolymer systems.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040207
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The oscillating shear phenomenon in high density polyethylenes (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies of capillary extrusion measurements using an Instron rheometer show that certain types of high density polyethylene exhibit a discontinuity in the shear stress/shear rate curve. This behavior which is separate and distinct from the phenomenon of melt fracture is caused by a change in the flow regime. It is manifested by oscillation of the recorded load while the rheometer piston is operated at a constant rate. Therefore, this behavior has been termed “oscillating shear phenomenon”. The location and magnitude of the fluctuations are functions of the molecular parameters of the polymer as well as the melt temperature, capillary geometry, and other rheometer variables. Evidence is presented which indicates that the change in flow regime could result from the orientation of the melt as it enters the capillary.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040209
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interface microscopy of crystalline linear high polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solution-grown crystals of polyethylene may reach lateral dimensions large enough for optical microscopy. Interference microscopy represents, in this case, a suitable method of observation of morphology and defects as well as quantitative determinations. The double-beam interference method used in the Baker type microscope has been applied to determine refractive indices and lamellar thicknesses. The Nomarski double-beam interferometer has been used for hot-stage experiments. Multiple-beam techniques involving silvering of crystal surfaces and using an ordinary light microscope for observation have been developed. The applicability of the different types of interference microscopy to polymer research is illustrated in a series of representative photomicrographs of polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040210
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments By Hans Weisbart (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 127-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040212
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of polyvinyl chloride. Parts I-general flow propertiesPresented in part at the 11th Canadian High Polymer Forum, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt flow properties of PVC Resins have been investigated. The Effects of molecular weight, temperature, and plasticizer (DOP) concentration on the Melt rheology have been examined and correlated with molecular properties of polymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040213
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of polyvinyl chloride. Parts III-post extrusion swelling (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 136-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The post extrusion swelling behavior of PVC has been studied as a function of the rheological flow variables and as a function of the molecular weight of the polymer. An expression which correlates the swelling with the apparent non-Newtonian viscosity has been found for each of the five molecular weight samples studied. No mechanism for this elastic effect was proposed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040215
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 74-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040202
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of extrudate swelling measurements for polymer solutions by a reduced-concentration technique (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previous work has demonstrated the possibility of obtaining curves of normal stress as a function of shearing stress for polymer solutions through the measurement of the swelling of a jet of the solution extruded from a long capillary. A new formulation of reduced variables is offered which allows results obtained at different concentrations to be correlated by a single curve for a given polymer system. Results are presented for water solutions of carboxymethylcellulose, and for xylene solutions of polyisobutylene. For polyisobutylene, the correlation is similar to those obtained by other investigators who measured normal stresses by standard techniques.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040204
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural characteristics and optimization of filament-wound cylindrical rocket motor cases (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 102-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The basic requirements for optimization of filament-wound pressure vessels are a high strength-to-density ratio of the fiberglass-resin composite and an arrangement of the glass fibers in such fashion that each fiber carries, at a given pressure, the same constant load throughout the cylindrical portion as well as the end closures. The basic relations governing the isotensoidal design are derived, and the ideal shape of the end closure is defined. The relative merits of geodesic and “in-plane” wrapping are discussed. Structrual efficiencies accomplished in several practical applications are reviewed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040208
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of high density polyethylenes with bimodal molecular weight distribution (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of a bimodal molecular weight distribution on the flow properties and stress crack resistance of polyethylene is investigated. It is found that the melt viscosity of a bimodal polyethylene is less shear dependent at high shear rates than a log normal distribution of equivalent weight average molecular weight and ratio of weight average to number average molecular weight. Spiral mold studies indicate that the bimodal polymer flows more readily under injection molding conditions. The stress crack resistance of the bimodal polymer is shown to be superior to other polyethylenes of the same weight average molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040105
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vinyl chloride/bicyclo (2.2.1) hepta-2,5-diene copolymers: High softening, easily processed vinyl resins (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 22-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bicyclo [2.2.1] hepta-2,5-diene, the reaction product of acetylene and cyclopentadiene, and vinyl chloride readily copolymerized by a novel mechanism, to form copolymers containing the nortricyclene group whose softening points rapidly increase with increasing nortricycl one concentration. For each weight per cent copolymerized bicycloheptadiene, the softening point of the vinyl resin is increased about 1°C, making it the most effective comonomer known for this purpose. At the same time increasing nortricyclene concentration disrupts polymer crystallinity, lowers the resin's melting point, and hence its processing temperature, by about 3°C for each weight per cent copolymerized.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040106
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tensile impact properties of thermoplastics (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 25-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The impact strength of a thermoplastic is shown to be a strong function of several variables. Among these are type of molding, molding conditions, molecular orientation, test temperature, and notches. Particularly significant is a maximum in the response of impact strength to molding temperature. The tensile impact test was used as a tool for these determinations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040107
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The quenched state of polypropylene (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There are several pieces of evidence in the published literature for the existence of a hexagonal crystalline form of polypropylene. Evidence obtained by infrared absorption, x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and annealing experiments is consistent with the view that the quenched state of polypropylene is a truly crystalline one (presumably of hexagonal type) with a very small crystallite size.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040108
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fireproofing of polymers with derivatives of phosphines and with halogen-phosphorus compounds (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemical structures limited to phosphines and their derivatives, including phosphine oxides, phosphonium salts and halogen-phosphorus compounds useful for fireproofing are discussed. In addition to these P-C bond containing compounds, structures containing P-O-C bonds are mentioned only if they are directly formed from halophosphorus substances. The general approaches to fireproofing are described. They include physical changes, unreactive additives, reactive comonomers, substitution of other functional groups and addition to a preformed polymer. Much of the literature is reviewed and the commercial importance of certain methods for both cloth and plastics are indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040111
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 146-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040302
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus-containing phenolic resins (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The character of the residues from pyrolytic decomposition of organo-phosphorus polymers has suggested the use of such materials in ablative materials required for heat shields in reentry vehicles, rocket nozzles, etc.Phosphorus-containing phenolic resol and novolak resins were prepared by condensing di(p-hydroxyphenyl)-phenyl-(phosphine oxide) with aldehydes. The mechanical properties of the basic phosphorus-phenolics were improved by internal plasticization through chemical reaction of the resin in the early stages of polycondensation with acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers (NBR) and with silences and slicone resins. To improve the compatibility of the phosphorus phenolics with NBR copolymers, the phosphorus-containing phenolics were initially etherified by “butanolization” in order to decrease their polarity.The preparation of coatings and molded discs from some modified and unmodified phosphorus-containing phenolic-resin formulations is described. Preliminary observations relating to the properties of the trial products are reported.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040216
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure-property modifications by fabrication operations (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 165-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies of polymer morphology under ideal conditions approaching equilibrium structures have been shown to be valuable in the development of an understanding of the relationship of properties to structure. Practical fabrication operations do not permit the achievement of equilibrium structures in commercial products and its is therefore necessary to study the effects of processing on the actual structures that result. In addition, an understanding of the effects of processing variables on properties permits the development of fabrication operations which can be directed toward the improvement of properties. Topics covered include the effects of hydrostatic pressure during processing, effects of combinations of pressure and thermal history, relationships between thermal history and crystallization rates in isotactic polymers and the kinetic and morphological effects of flow deformation on crystallizable plastics.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040306
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural interpretations of mechanical properties of polycrystalline polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 178-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Structural changes are considered in light of the two differing views of the structure of crystalline polymers involving either a two phase structure or a single phase structure involving detects. A compromise picture is proposed which appears consistent with existing experimental evidence. Optical methods are described for analyzing structural changes accompanying deformation of these polymers. These include x-ray diffraction, static and dynamic birefringence measurements and dynamic light scattering studies. The results are consistent with a two stage deformation process involving first the elastic deformation of a spherulitic or crystalline structure followed by an internal rearrangement of crystals within this structure, taking place by a number of mechanisms such as recrystallization, defect migration, plastic flow and crystal rotation. The time dependence of some of these processes is studied and related to structural features.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040308
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal and oxidative degradation of polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oxidation of many polymers occurs by a free-radical, chain mechanism similar to that developed for the oxidation of volatile hydrocarbons. The rate at which various polymers oxidize and the extent of the reaction is influenced both by the physical and by the chemical structure of the particular polymer. Important morphological changes may also occur as a result of oxidation. Polymer degradation by oxidative reactions can be inhibited effectively at several stages in the over-all reaction. Synergistic combinations in which each component of a stabilizer system inhibits primarily at one of these stages are particularly effective.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040309
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time effects on textile fibers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 208-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress-strain relationships and evaluations thereof at testing and evaluation speeds from 1 to 50 inches per minute are presented. Behavior characteristics at “static” and dynamic strain rates are discussed and a brief reference to lateral critical velocity is made.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040311
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why do plastics stress-crack? (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this brief review, environmental stress-cracking in polyethylene is taken as a typical example of the broad phenomenon of stress-cracking and the major variables affecting its operation are enumerated. In addition to stress, these include molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, the amount and nature of the crystalline phase present, the nature of the “environment,” the importance of its ability to alter the surface energy characteristics of the affected polymer, and the effects of temperatrue. The need for selecting an appropriate test procedure is stressed, and the probable significance of certain recent advances in comprehension of the crystallization mechanics of these materials is suggested.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040312
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weathering of plastics (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The current status of weathering of plastics is reviewed. As a better understanding of the effective degradative parameters of weather are obtained, it is aparent that complex interactions occur. Present laboratory exposure tests do not simulate natural conditions sufficiently to provide the much neede reliable short term exposure test for predicting long term durability. While a major step forward occurred with the introduction of filtered xwnon lamps, which simulate terrestrial sunlight both in intensity and distribution, industry-wide support of fundamental studies of degradation is necessary if weathering studies are to be conducted scientifically.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040314
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040401
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How to improve glass cloth laminates (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 263-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The combination fo dicyandiamide and diaminodiphenyl sulfone in the presence of a tertiary amine, like 2,4,6-tris (dimethyl amino methyl) phenol, will crosslink liquid epoxy resins (E.E.W. 180-200) of diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A type, or brominated resins, and if used to impregnate glass cloth will produce printed circuit laminated boards combining interlaminar bond and flexural strength retention of NEMA-G-10 and G-11 grades.
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    Material properties of reinforced plastics (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The moduli of elasticity of reinforced plastics with uni-directional filaments either parallel or normal to an applied force are evaluated in terms of the material composition. Expressions are then derived which relate its moduli of elasticity and Poisson's ratios for an arbitrary filament orientation with its material properties in the direction of and normal to the unifilament orientation with its material properties in the direction of and normal to the unidirectional filaments. Filaments. The stress-strain relations of filament reinforced plastics are also derived.
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    The correlation of the non-newtonian flow of polymeric melts with the theories of Bueche (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bueche and Harding [J. Polymer Sci. 32 177 (1958)] obtained an empirical “standard flow curve” to relate viscosity and shear rate by using a particular poly(styrene) solution and positioning the flow curve on a dimensionless rate of shear axis via the viscosity average molecular weight, MV and Bueche's expression for the relation time, τ, where \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \tau = 12\eta _{\rm o} {\rm M}_{\rm R} /\pi ^2 {\rm RTC} $$\end{document} Here R is the gas constant, ηo is the low rate of shear Newtonian viscosity, T is the absolute temperature, C is the Concentration in grams per cubic centimeter, and MR is te molecular weight which determines the relaxation time. Bueche implies by his standard curve that MV correlates with MR. In Gereral, it was found that: 1) MR does not equal MV but it is usually significantly lower than MV or MW; (2) the value of MR increases with increasing polymer concentration and temperature; and (3) the shapes of the flow curves are slightly different from the shape of the standard curve. A survey of the data available in the lon the flow of polymer melts supports these conclusions. Thus, the Bueche-Harding method can only give semi-quantitative help I predicting the flow behavior of polymeric melts.
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    Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of cellulose acetate butyrate (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 282-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Creep experiments under variable loading conditions are reported for tubular specimens of cellulose acetate butyrate. Experiments include the application of torque loading that corresponded to various loading programs. Results indicate that the material response in creep is nonlinear. The character of the results is described reasonably by assuming the behavior as linear and using the Botzmann superposition principle. However, the interpretation of the data based upon a non-liner creep law and modified superposition principle yields better agreement with experiments in certain cases.
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    The criterion of fracture (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 290-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dupre's theory that work of rupture equals increase in surface energy, and Griffith's hypothesis (based upon Dupre's that a crack propagates when strain energy decrease equals or exceeds work required to creat two new surfaces are shown to be incorrect. Work is required for deformation to repture, not for the actual rupture.An alternative criterion, i. e., that crack propagation occurs when strain energy decrease exceeds the increase required for elastic deformation of the “critical domain” to the breaking point, offers the following advantages: (1) continuity between macro- and micro-effects, (2) avoidance of surface energy (unmeasurable for solids), (3) accounting for heat effect, (4) reasonable explanation of unexpectedly high “surface energy” values.
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 2-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040102
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    How much do we know? (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 5-6 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040103
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    Screw extrusion-flow patterns and recent theoretical developments (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 7-16 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt-filled portion of an extruder screw has been examined in a quantitative analytical fashion by numerous workers during recent years. The progress which has been made in defining flow patterns in this portion of the screw is reviewed, with special attention devoted to edge effects of the screw flights and the contribution of the circulatory cross-channel component of flow. More recent work on the complex problem introduced by the existence of curvature in the screw channel is presented, along with consideration of distortion of the streamlines caused by non-isothermal conditions and non-Newtonian fluid properties of the molten polymer.
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    Dielectric measurements elucidate structure of acrylic polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 34-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric measurements made at 60 cycles per second over a temperature range of -40 to 200°C on small (0.2 g) samples arc most useful in studying acrylic polymers. Not only has this method elucidated structure, but the study of some structures has led to new interpretations emphasizing the value of this type of measurement. Data on a number of acrylic polymers are shown. Several copolymer systems are discussed. It is suggested that 60 c/s measurement of stereospecific PMMA samples can show more about molecular arrangements than has previously been revealed.
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    The “ADL ball rebound tester” (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper presents the “Thermophysical Profiles” of selected plastics and discusses their significance in correlating the mechanical properties with the molecular and crystalline structure of these polymers. The profiles were obtained with a new instrument, by imposing a fixed, forced elastic vibration on the speciments' surface and by recording continuously the energy absorbed by the specimens through a temperature range from -200°F to +500°F The profiles locate the first and second order transition points of the test materials (defining, thus, the temperature limits of their use) and indicate the change in modulus with temperature in the viscoelastic region of the polymers. Profiles of the following materials are discussed, low and high density polyethylene, polypropylene and PVC films and unfilled samples of cast epoxy and polyester resins.
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    Some aspects of industrial polymer research (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 149-150 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040303
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    The relationship between crystallization and deformation processes in crystalline high polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 157-164 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship between crystallization and deformation is two-fold: (1) deformation or flow in polymers prior to crystallization has an important influence on the resultant crystalline morphology and (2) the morphology in turn largely determines the response of the structure to further deformation after crystallization. Thus, an understanding of deformation processes in crystalline polymers is intimately related to the crystallization processes and vice versa. The crystallization process may be approached by considering the observed morphological structures as being analogous to the usual crystal habits with the addition of various crystal-defects which add bending and twisting to the more common crystallographic variations. The crystal habit or morphology may be characterized by its surface to volume ratio. Crystallization of polymers may be considered as three steps (1) the formation of primary nuclei (2) crystallographic growth (also a nucleation controlled process) and (3) the introduction of crystal-defects which cause bending and twisting.
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    Mechanical and dielectric relaxation of crystalline polymers in relation to degree of crystallinity and morphology (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 169-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical and dielectric relaxation as related to the morphology of crystalline polymers is reviewed. The behavior with temperature of the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant and the mechanical loss factor, tan δ, at constant frequency is discussed in detail for two typical crystalline polymers: poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) and polypropylene. Three relaxations are typically observed: a low temperature relaxation occurring at temperatures below the dilatometric glass transition temperature; a glass temperature relaxation occurring near the glass transition temperature; and a high temperature relaxation occurring between the glass temperature and the melting point. The activation parameters are given for these relaxations, and the influence of morphology on them is discussed along with possible molecular interpretations.
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    Biodeterioration of plastics (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 193-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deterioration of plastics by biological agents of considerable concern not only to the U. S. Department of Defense but to the national economy as a whole. Although the importance of the subject was recognized by some since the early days of the plastics industry, widespread investigation first began during World War II when serious problems were encountered in the tropics with electrical and electronic equipment. In the recent past the great developments in oceanography have emphasized that marine biodeterioration of plastics requires much more investigation. Biodeterioration of plastics is characterized according to that caused by microbiological agents, macrobiological agents, and marine biological agents. the important past and recent knowledge in each category is summarized.
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    On aging of plastics in structural applications (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 224-228 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Expanding interst in using plastics for structural pruposes immediately focuses attention on their poermanence. This desired quality is broadly defined as the persistence of a specific set of properties of a given asembly or manufactured product, in its appropriate environment, for an economically justified duration. Analysis of existing test methods, primarily those standardized by ASTM, shows no really applicable techniques for measuring permanence. By contrast, more advanced thinking presented by recent ASTM stmposia indicates two general routes to the porediction of performances. Whether a rigorous “micromechanistic” technique is used, or the empirical “macroanalytical” approach, or some combination of the two, is considered irrelevant. What is important is that experimental programs be started to provide better measures of permanence.
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    Fifteen years of weathering results (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 236-240 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The work carried out at Picatinny Arsenal on the weathering of plastics over the lat 15 years is briefly described. Although the perid of work was 15 years, individual systems were exposed for only three years. The need for running parallel tests on materials stored indoors for the three years is pointed out as a means of separating the effects of daging from weathering. Also brielfy discussed is the influence which the test method chosen can have on the judgment reached. The requirements of the application are as important as the inherent durability of the material. Improved compounds are becoming available and complete reporting of both favorable and unfavorable resuts is urged as a means of lending guidance in the search for still better compounds.
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    The effect of glass surface chemistry on glass-epoxy systems (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 120-127 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Carefully controlled experimental techniques were used to study the effect of variations in bulk E glass surfaces on bound life and wetting. Bond life (stability of the bound in the presence of moisture) was determined visually as the time required for hot water to remove an epoxy resin coating from the glass surface. Wetting was determined by the captive bubble technique. Both properties were significantly affected by variations of the glass surface. The bound life studies emphasized the importance of the coupling agent in promoting bound stability in a hot water environment. The only example of the glass surface not treated with a coupling agent that had a satisfactory bound life was the alkali-deficient glass surface prepared by acid leaching. The surprisingly poor bound lives of the degassed and freshly cleaved (high energy) glass surfaces indicated that the wet strength retention of laminates would be poor when prepared by instantaneously applying epoxy resin without a coupling agent to the glass fibers directly as the fibers are formed. Cleanliness and surface and surface roughness were the only two variables found that promoted wetting. This discrepancy with respect to cleanliness indicated that wetting was not the controlling factor for bond life.
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    Masthead (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040301
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    Theoretical aspects of polymer morphology -  crystallization from solution (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 151-156 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Investigation of the crystallography of the thin platelike polymer crystals precipitated from dilute solution has led to the concept of chain folding in polymer crystallization. This unexpected and unusual phenomenon has produced much speculation about both its origin and its implications concerning the morphology of the polymer crystals. The theories which have been proposed to account for the observed effects fall into two categories: (a) equilibrium theories; and (b) kinetic theories. At the moment the kinetic theories appear to be the more successful in explaining the observed morphology and behavior of the polymer crystals. Essentially it is proposed that the plate-like habit of the crystals results from the formation of crystal uncleii from single polymer molecules followed by a growth process whose rate is controlled by nucleation of new crystal layers on existing completed crystal faces. Quantitative observations of crystal growth rates and of the influence of supercooling on the thickness of the crystals are consistent with the predictions of these theories.
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    Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid - a naturally occurring thermoplastic material (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 245-250 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid has been isolated in quantities sufficient for characterization and evaluation of mechanical properties from both Bacillus megaterium and a special strain of Rhizobium. Its presence in a larger variety of bacteria than previously suspected has been demonstrated by a screening method based on density-gradient centrifugation. The intrinsic viscosity of the isolated polymer has been shown to depend on the technique of isolation; basic solvents facilitate hydrolytic cleavage of the polyester. Mechanical properties of the polymer are based on the high crystallinity and polarity of the material; in a highly crystallized state, it is quite brittle, but its rigidity exceeds that of polypropylene. Thermal degradation of molecular weight, due to beta-eliminatin of the carboxyl group from the polyester structure, severely limits processing of the polymer in the melt.
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    Flame-resistant rigid polyurethance foams from monobrominated toluene diisocyanate (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 251-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Toluene diisocyanate was partially replaced by monobrominated toluene diisocyanate in conventional rigid polyurethane foam formulations, producing self-extinguishing foams for thermal insulation, with only moderate sacrifce of compressive strength, and with no significant effects upon reactivity, odor, density, cell structure, or resistance to aging.
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    Degradation of polymeric compositions in vacuum to 10-9 mm Hg in evaporation and sliding friction experiments (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 306-314 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solid compositons studied included PTFE, PCFE, polyimides, both filled and unfilled, and fluorocarbon telomers. Evaporation experiments were conducted at ambient temperatures to fluorocarbon telomers. Evaporaton experiments were conducted at ambient temperatures to 1100°F and pressures to 10-8 mm Hg. Various molecular weights of different polymers were examined. Results indicate that evaporation rates in vacuum for polymers vary with molecular weight. Friction and wear experiments were conducted with a 3-16-inch-radius rider hemisphere (usually polymer) sliding on a flat disk (various materials) at speeds to 1480 feet per minute with a 1000-gram load on the rider specimen and at an ambient pressure of 10-9 mm Hg. Fillers were found to influence markedly the wear of PTFE and PCFE in vacuum as a result of changes in heat dissipation properties, but they showed little or no influence on friction.
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    Masthead (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040101
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    Oxygen absorption studies on polypropylene (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 39-44 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the effect of sample dimensions on the oxidation of polypropylene is described. The results are used to select testing conditions. Two examples of the utility of the method are presented. First, a control method for uninhibited polypropylene and, secondly, an investigation of the synergistic effect between 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol and dilaurylthiodipropionate.
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    Pyrolysis of polytrifluoroethylene: Influence of gamma radiation and alkali treatmentBased on research supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Presented in part before the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 14, 1962. (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pyrolysis in vacuum of gamma-irradiated polytrifluoroethylene indicates increased rates of volatilization with increased dosage. At the higher radiation doses, the rate curves no longer show a maximum but resemble those previously obtained with branched polyethylenes. Studies of swelling with acetone indicate crosslinking increases with radiation dose. It is estimated that for each chain fracture caused by radiation there are approximately seven crosslinks formed. However, in addition to the crosslinks a branched structure is also being produced as evidenced by the character of the thermal degradation rate curves. Alkali treatment of the polymer sensitizes it towards dehydrofluorination and double bond formation. Subsequent rate and pyrolysis studies showed the formation of very stable residues, indicating a relatively greater thermal stability of the main chain.
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    Pyrolysis of new fluoropolymersBased on research supported by the Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the Navy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Presented in part before the Polymer Chemistry Division at the 142nd Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 14, 1962. (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 56-60 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Four new fluoropolymers were pyrolyzed in a vacuum to study rates of volatilization and to identify decomposition products. The polymers thus studied were polyperfluoropropylene, polyperfluoroheptene, poly-4-chloroperfluoroheptadiene-1,6 and poly (1,2,2-triflluorovinyl phenyl ether). Polyperfluoropropylene yielded 100% monomer at temperatures of 300 to 400°C gave an activation energy of 56.6 Kcal/mole. Polyperfluoroheptenes of different molecular weights also yielded 100% monomer on heating. However, they had lower thermal stability than polyperfluoropropylene, but a higher activation energy and a higher pre-exponential factor. Poly-4-chloroperfluoroheptadiene volatilized at a rate of approximately 1% per minute at 380°C. There was very little monomer produced on thermal decomposition and an activation energy of 60 Kcal/mole was obtained from rates of volatilization at 362, 374, and 381°C. Poly (trifluorovinyl phenyl ether) showed a 25% carbonized residue at 500°C pyrolysis. The polymer decomposes into fragments containing very little monomer. Undesirable low molecular weight components in the polymer are still to be eliminated.
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    Pending patent law could impede scientific progress (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 72-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040115
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    The transparency of crystalline polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 66-71 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Much past confusion has originated from attempts to describe the complete optical properties of a plastic in terms of a few ill-defined parameters. Simple light-scattering theory and studies of morphology have been combined in this article to suggest the causes of polymer opacity; methods cited for the improvement of transparency and properties of reflectance have been re-examined in this light. It is concluded that the optical properties displayed by a polymer which is allowed to crystallize without external stress depend on fundamental molecular and morphological parameters. The extent to which these inherent characteristics can be modified depends on such widely different factors as the Tg of the polymer and the physical form of the desired article.
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    Rheological properties of polyvinyl chloride. Parts II-unstable flow (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 133-136 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Unstable flow involving extrudate distortion have been observed in the extrusion of PVC. Two types of distortion have been isolated and the factors which are operative have been examined. These Factors are discussed in the light of existing knowledge of “melt fracture”.
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 242-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760040402
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    Studies of the thicknesses of adsorbed glass finishes by ellipsometryThis work was supported by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 256-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thickness of the adsorbed layer of two glass finishes, vinyl tris (2-methoxyethoxy) silane and gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, was measured by ellipsometry. The vinyl silane was adsorbed on glass from solutions in water and in methyl ethyl ketone. The adsorption from water resulted in a film initially at least 50 Å thick, which increased in thickness with time. Adsorption from methyl ethyl ketone solution resulted in a film of about 10 Å. The amino silane was adsorbed on glass and on chrome from soutions in water. Adsorption on glass resulted in a film at least 60 Å in thickness, which remained constant over a period of about 5 hours. Adsorption on chrome resulted in a film about 10 Å in thickness. From the results it appears that a polymer, rather that small molecules of glass finish, is adsorbed from the water solution on glass and that small unpolymerized “finish” molecules are adsorbed from the methyl ethyl ketone solution.
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    Study of flow properties of polymer melt with the screw extruder (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that a standard screw-extruder with a little modification is very useful for the measurement of flow properities of various plastics melt over a wide range. Results obtained are very interesting and it is expected that they have applicability to polymer processing. A range of flow rates covering both extrusion and injection molding applications were considered.
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    Theoretical aspects of polymer crystallization with chain folds: Bulk polymers (1964)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 4 (1964), S. 315-362 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Theory of Crystallization of bulk linear polymers with chain folding is discussed in terms of recent developments. Specific topics covered are: (a) Rate of crystal growth and size of folded nuclei, (b) theoretical and experimental estimates of the fold surface free energy, and estimates of the surface free energy of “friged micelle” and “switchbord” type crystals, (c) basic causes of essentially regular folding in bulk, (d) rejection of short chain species during crystallization, (e) melting behavior of thin chain-folded lamellae, (f) gradual thickening of lamellae on isothermal storage, (g) homogeneous, pseudohomogeneous, and heterogeneous nucleation, (h) voids and included point defects as a paret of the concept of the degree of crystallinity, and (i) phenomena occurring in stage 1 and stage 2 of bulk crystallization isotherms (annealing). A comparison of theory and experiment is carried out using data, some previously unpublished, on polyethylene and polychlorotrifluoroethylene. The theory with essentially regular golding is found to be satisfactory.
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    The physical significance of acid-anhydride cures on epoxy adhesive properties (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 251-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of bulk physical properties on the bond strength of an adhesive was studied. A conventional epoxy resin when cured with various mixtures of phthalic acid and anhydride exhibits maximum bond strength when the curing agent is 75% acid and 25% anhydride. This effect is explained on the basis of physical properties of the unfilled resin systems. Most significant of these were the heat distortion temperature and the compressive break and yield strengths.
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    A rheological study of the injection molding of styrene polymers (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 260-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Seventeen different samples of styrene polymers and copolymers were examined in a capillary extrusion rheometer over broad ranges of temperatures and shears. They were injection molded in a spiral mold over the same temperature range. If viscosities at constant shear stress are obtained from the rheometric data, they cannot be correlated with spiral flow results. However, if viscosities are calculated at a proper “high” shear rate, capillary data correlate will with spiral flow results at all temperatures and for all materials.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Heat-transfer calculations in crystalline plastics (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 270-278 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The problems of unsteady-state heat transfer associated with the melting and cooling of crystalline plastics such as polyacetals, high density polyethylene and polypropylene, are complex because of the latent heat of fusion that must be dealt with in problems where the temperature range being considered extends across the melting range. In the case of polyacetals, the use of a computer is shown in the literature to provide solutions to those problems. For many molding shops, such aids are not available. Numerical methods for the solution of such problems have been investigated, and their results are compared with those obtained using a computer and published for polyacetals. Cooling curves derived from numerical calculations, for slabs and rods made from high density polyethylene and polypropylene, are presented. Applications of the method are indicated.
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    Moldability of plastics based on melt rheology. Part II - practical applications (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 37-41 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An expression for the “average” viscosity of a polymeric material realized during an injection molding shot is developed. From this expression certain rheological quantities are taken which should better express ease of molding than do conventional testing methods. Comparison is made between actual molding experience and quality as predicted by the new method.
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    Some bonding characteristics of nitrile-phenolic liquid adhesives (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 42-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is demonstrated that the bonding characteristics of commercial liquid adhesive primers made from nitrile rubbers and phenol-formaldehyde polymers, cured by means of hexamethylenetetramine can be quite sensitive to the presence of small amounts of excess water and ammonia. The added water partially decomposes the hexamethylenetetramine to formaldehyde and ammonia, the concentration of the latter thus increasing to such a point as to promote a lower temperature curing of the phenolic resin. Restoration of the original adhesive properties can be attained by the addition of reagents which remove either the water or the ammonia, or both, from the adhesive. Examples of such reagents are certain organic acids, anhydrides and peroxides. The addition of these reagents has been found to reactivate and increase greatly the useful lives of nitrile-phenolic liquid adhesive primers containing hexamethylenetetramine.
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    Masthead (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030201
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    Determination of functional groups in epoxy resins by near-infrared spectroscopy (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 78-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Analysis in liquid or solid state and in various conditions of cure, have been developed. The analysis is carried out by spectroscopy in the near-infrared region. Epoxy values are determined preferably at 2.205 microns, or else at 1.159 microns. The required path length in the specimen is between 1 and 10 mm, solid resins were examined either in disposable glass cells or in the form of cast sheet. A direct method of evaluation is used when the path length is precisely known, a relative method based on internal calibration when this is not the case. Similarly, a near-infrared method for the determination of hydroxyl groups in epoxy resins was developed. The use of the isosbestic principle led to an accurate method for the determination of hydroxy values in uncured epoxy resins.
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 96-97 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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    On the metric system (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 98-98 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030203
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    Crystallinity in high polymers and copolymers: A determining factor for their practical applications (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 99-110 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationships between crystallinity and physical and technological properties of high polymers are examined. In addition, the relationships between structure and crystallinity are discussed and polymers consisting of asymmetric monomeric units are examined in particular. In correspondence with the different possible configurational successions, different conformational characteristics (chain structures) and different physical properties are observed. Polytactic polymers are taken into consideration for the most part. With regard to copolymers, various types of crystalline polymers, in particular those which due to isomorphism of monomeric units are crystalline for any composition, and new classes of alternating copolymers are described.
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    Further basic and experimental developments on heterophase polymer materials (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 152-156 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Basic considerations are presented for the formation of three-dimensional or “polymer” units from the conglomeration of freely moving reactive molecules. The resulting “heterophase” conditions are shown between these swelling units and the not-polymerized fluid matter. Systematic variations of the ratio of the phases and changes in material are discussed.
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    Polymers with conjugated bonds in the macromolecular chains (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 27-31 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of polymers with conjugated bonds, namely polyphenylvinylene, phenylacetylenep-diethinylbenzene copolymer and thermally dehydrochlorinated polyvinylchloride, upon the stability of polyvinylchloride suspensions has been investigated. It has been shown that polymers with conjugated double bonds are efficient inhibitors of the thermal dehydrochlorination of polyvinylchloride. The most active inhibitor, polyphenylvinylene, is not light stabilized.
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    Dynamic mechanical behavior during the thermosetting curing process (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The application of a free vibration technique to the study of the cross-linking of an epoxy resin by an amine is demonstrated. Curing curves are presented showing the changes in dynamic mechanical flexural modulus and damping during reaction. At room temperature, the glass transition point is reached after a conversion of about 65% of the epoxide groups. Comparisons of the dynamic mechanical and infrared curing curves indicate a lowering of the reaction rate after this point is reached. Finally, an activation energy for the epoxy-amine cross-linking reaction is calculated.
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    Synthesis of perfluorostyrene and (2,2-difluorovinyl) perfluorobenzene (a-hydroheptafluorostyrene) (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 225-230 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: These compounds were synthesized by starting with the addition of the Grignard reagent of bromopentafluorobenzene to trifluoroacetaldehyde and chlorodifluoroacetaldehyde, respectively. The new alcohols, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-α-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl alcohol and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-α-(chlorodifluoromethyl) benzyl alcohol, are formed in good yield and undergo smooth conversion to (1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene and (2-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene, respectively, in excellent yield when treated with sulfur tetrafluoride using n-pentane as diluent. The major pyrolysis product was identified as (2,2-difluorovinyl) perfluorobenzene (α-hydroheptafluorostyrene) and the minor one as perfluorostyrene. Perfluorostyrene was also synthesized in excellent yield by bromination of (1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene and subsequent pyrolysis of the brominated derivative. The dehydrochlorination of (2-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene provided another good synthesis of perfluorostyrene.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    Errata-corrige (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 234-234 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030313
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    Polymers and telomers of 4-chloroperfluoroheptadiene-1,6 (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 231-234 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polymer was prepared by pyrolyzing the sodium salt of 3,5,7,8,-tetrachloroperfluoro-octanoic acid and subsequent dechlorination of the resulting heptene with activated zinc. The heptadiene was separated from other dechlorination products and brought to a high degree of purity through use of vapor phase chromatography and polymerized in bulk utilizing gamma rays at room temperature, 100°C and 150°C, and utilizing ultraviolet light at 150°C. The properties of these brittle and glossy polymers were determined. Also the purified 4-chloroperfluoroheptadiene-1,6 was telomerized with dibromodifluoromethane yielding a cycle, clear, colorless, liquid telomer.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    Masthead (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030401
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  • 77
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 236-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030402
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    Evaluation methods for ablative plastics. A review of the techniques used (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 238-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A determination of the performance indices of ablative plastics is indeed a formidable task because of the severity of the high-temperature test environment, nonstandard test methods, limitations of available evaluation facilities and the complex interrelationship between materials performance and environmental parameters. In spite of these difficulties, considerable progress has been made in establishing new test methods for evaluating very high-temperature (ablative) plastics. This article describes the test facilities and measurement techniques available for obtaining research and design data on ablative plastics.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030403
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    Glass transitions in polypropylene (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dilatometric measurements show that both isotactic and atactic polypropylenes have two distinct glass transition temperatures. Because of the two transitions, three values for the cubical coefficient of thermal expansion are necessary to accurately define the volume expansion of polypropylene from -80° to +90°C. A method is outlined for calculating the content of amorphous atactic, amorphous isotactic, and crystalline isotactic polymer in a given polypropylene sample.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030407
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    An infrared spectroscopic study of the chemical changes in polyethylene during flame sprayingTranslated from Vysokomolekulyarnye Soedineniya 6, 816-821 (1963) (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 286-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chemical changes taking place in polyethylene in the process of flame spraying have been investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by a spectroscopic method. It has been shown that oxidation occurs during the process with the formation of acidic, ketonic, ester carbonyls, associated hydroxyls and -C-O- bonds. The degree of unsaturation also increases due to growth in the number of vinyl and trans-vinylene groups. A small increase in the number of CH3 groups is also observed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030408
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    New aspects of melt fracture (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The movement of coloured markers (polydimethyl siloxane and low density polythene) placed near the die entry before extrusion or injected through the side of the die during extrusion has been measured both above and below the onset of instability. During stable flow the observed velocity distributions are similar to those predicted by assuming that polymer at the die wall is stationary, but when melt fracture occurs there is movement at the wall. The possibility of a stick-slip mechanism being responsible for unstable flow is examined and evidence in support of this hypothesis is presented. Available evidence suggests that for a given molecular weight, the critical shear stress increases with the polarity of the polymer, and the material of which the die is made has been found to affect the instability.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030104
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    The status of non-Newtonian polymer flow (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 18-20 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study summarizes the flow behavior of concentrated and melt systems of linear amorphous polymer. For low molecular weight polymer, viscosity increases regularly with a lower power dependence on molecular weight. This dependence decreases towards first power with increasing temperature but is independent of shear, with viscosities being constant up to the highest attainable steady state stresses, about 106 dynes/cm2. At a higher molecular weight, 2,000-40,000, depending on polymer type, the viscosity dependence on molecular weight changes abruptly to a high power which is generally about 3.4. Above the transition, this high power function is independent of temperature but depends markedly on shear. Non-Newtonian flow sets in abruptly and predictably above the transitional molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030105
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    Radiation-induced polymerization at high pressure of n-tetradecafluoroheptene-1; 1,1,2-trifluorovinyl phenyl ether; and 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluorophenyl 1,1,2-trifluorovinyl etherBased on research supported by the U.S. Army Research Office, Durham, North Carolina. (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 300-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The radiation-induced polymerization of n-tetradecafluoroheptene-1 was investigated at pressures of 8100, 11,900 and 17,100 atmospheres and temperatures between 90 and 267°C. The data are interpreted in terms of a free radical mechanism and the polymer has a low ceiling temperature. As temperature is increased, the depropagation step becomes important and reduces the rate of polymerization. Under some conditions transfer seems to be a significant part of the mechanism. Several radiation-induced polymerizations at high pressure were carried out with 1,1,2-trifluorovinylphenyl ether as well as one with 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluorophenyl 1,1,2-trifluorovinyl ether. The results suggest that transfer limits the molecular weight of the polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030410
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    The relationship between optical exaltation and polymerizability of olefins. Correlation of exaltation with copolymerization (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 50-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Monomers for which the necessary information was obtained for comparison included the following: styrene, α-methylstyrene, cis and trans-propenylbenzene, allylbenzene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, o-, m-, and p-chlorostyrene, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4-, and 3,5-dichlorostyrene, p-ethylstyrene, and p-tert-butylstyrene. In both free radical and ionic copolymerizations involving similar monomers, plots of the logarithms of the relative reactivities of several substituted styrenes toward the styrene and methyl methacrylate radicals versus the differences existing between the exaltations of substituted styrenes and the exaltation of styrene were strikingly similar to those in which Hammett's sigma values for the styrene substituents were plotted against the relative reactivities of the substituted styrenes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030111
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    Polymerization of methacryloyl chloride in selected solvents (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 67-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Methacryloyl chloride was polymerized in a number of solvents, and the polyacid chloride was converted into the methyl ester. The yield and viscometric molecular weight are given for each sample, whereas the osmometric molecular weight is given for selected samples. The choice of solvent controls the degree of polymerization between the limits of 500 and 8,800. Polymer yields were about 20% and the degree of polymerization was 1500 when dioxane was used as a solvent, whereas the yield increased to 45% and the DP was very high when such solvents as cyclohexane and n-hexane were used. Polymerization in solvent mixtures gave intermediate molecular weight values. Infrared analysis showed the presence of anhydride.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030114
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  • 86
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    Tensile creep and recovery of compression molded polypropylene samples (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 72-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simplified creep apparatus was used to evaluate the creep and recovery of polyethylene and polypropylene. The creep resistance of polypropylene containing as much as 9% n-heptane (boiling) soluble material is superior to that of linear polyethylene. The lower the boiling n-heptane soluble content, the better the resistance to creep. The creep resistance of polypropylene is also improved by annealing.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030116
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    Microencapsulation by interfacial polycondensationSubject matter of U.S. Patent Application, Serial No. 813425 (1959), abandoned. (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 71-71 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A water immiscible liquid is encapsulated in a thin skin of an insoluble copolymer by dissolving a difunctional acid chloride in said liquid and spraying the solution in fine droplets into a dilute aqueous solution of excess glycol or diamine. The polymer, which is not hygroscopic, forms as an insoluble film on the periphery of each drop. The microcapsules may be separated from the aqueous phase and dried without coalescing. Dyes, pigments, stabilizers, and other materials may be incorporated within the capsules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030115
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  • 88
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    Impact behavior of a nitrile elastomer (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 210-219 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This investigation studies the behavior of several cylindrical specimens of a Buna-N elastomer subjected to compression impact by a finite mass. Initial strain rates fall in the range between 40/sec and 400/sec, with maximum nominal strains up to 0.4. It is shown that values of nominal stress, true and nominal strain, energy dissipation and impact duration can be correlated with elastomer geometry and initial kinetic energy by means of two parameters derived from an analysis of a linear viscoelastic model. Other sources of variability of elastomer behavior are discussed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030309
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    1,2,2-Trifluorovinyl phenyl ether and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl 1,2,2-trifluorovinyl ether and their polymers (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 220-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 1,2,2,-Trifluorovinyl phenyl ether and 2,3,4,5,6,-pentafluorophenyl 1,2,2-trifluorovinyl ethers have been prepared, and the nucleophilic reactions of the phenoxide and 2,3,4,5-pentafluorophenoxide salts with tetrafluoroethylene have been investigated. In general, it is some-what difficult to control the reaction so as to produce the desired olefinic monomer. Under truly anhydrous conditions and when other sources of active protons are avoided, the olefin is the chief product if excess tetrafluoroethylene is used. The monomer produced is very reactive with phenoxide ions, and the diphenoxyolefins are the chief secondary products. Both monomers failed to polymerize under normal, free radical conditions. With boron trifluoride an oily material was obtained from the trifluorovinyl phenyl ether. High pressure and gamma rays converted both monomers into polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030310
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    Masthead (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030101
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 2-4 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030102
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  • 92
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    Polymer research in Canada (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 5-6 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030103
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    Gamma irradiation of polytetrafluoroethylene in chlorineBased on research supported by the Aeronautical Research Laboratory, United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Presented in part before the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 14, 1962. (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 290-299 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Films of polytetrafluoroethylene, irradiated in halogen atmospheres, decrease in ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break almost as rapidly as in oxygen. The rate of degradation is approximately independent of chlorine pressure down to about 1 mm Hg. The phenomena can be explained semi-quantitatively in terms of first order, cage reactions of scission, recombination, and reaction with chlorine, complicated by diffusion at low pressures. However, all reaction and diffusion parameters must shift with gradual increase of crystallinity.For a given decrease of elongation at break, polytetrafluoroethylene irradiated in a vacuum retains a relatively higher ultimate tensile strength. In the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, the changes in ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break are much slower under all conditions. Both polytetrafluoroethylene and the copolymer retain appreciable tensile strength but little elongation up to a dose of 2 x 108r.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Anomalous flow behavior of high density polyethylene melts (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 21-26 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Attempts to operate plastic processing equipment at higher production rates is often accompanied by erratic flow behavior of the polymer melts. In order to study this problem, a constant-rate, capillary rheometer was used to study the melt flow over a wide range of shear rates. These data demonstrate that many high-density polyethylenes exhibit a discontinuous shear-stress shear-rate curve; that is, under certain conditions the observed load oscillates “between two values differing by about 15%”. This region of unstable melt flow is not necessarily allied with melt fracture although it is dependent on molecular weight and melt temperature. Unstable melt flow occurs at lower shear rates with a decrease in the melt index (increase in molecular weight) or melt temperature.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Moldability of plastics based on melt rheology. Part 1 - theoretical development (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 32-36 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An expression for the “average” viscosity of a polymeric material realized during an injection molding shot is developed. From this expression certain rheological quantities are taken which should better express ease of molding than do conventional testing methods. Comparison is made between actual molding experience and quality as predicted by the new method.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030108
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    Crystalline organization in useful plastics (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 57-60 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The size of the crystallites in nylon 66, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyethylene correlates with the degree of crystallinity. This supports the suggestion that the amorphous content of partially crystallized polymers can be attributed to chain folds and other regions directly related to the crystalline structure, at least down to a level of 40-60% crystallinity. In all cases, the term “percent crystallinity” is a useful unifying concept expressing the over-all degree of order including mesomorphic structures, the relative amounts of ordered and disordered material, and the quality of the ordered regions.
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    The polymerization and long-term stability of room temperature curing epoxy resins (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of resin mass on the degree of crosslinking during the initial polymerization of three typical polymer compounds was determined by electrical resistivity techniques. Activation energies for the electrical conduction process (Ec) were calculated and used as an index of the extent of additional crosslinking occurring during sixteen months of storage. Test data show continued polymerization at slow rates for periods of time ranging from three days to over sixteen months before the polymerization process is completed. The final degree of crosslinking is shown to be dependent on the extent of initial crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030113
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    Fire-retardant components of self-extinguishing polyesters (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 111-116 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An attempt has been made to categorize the various materials which have been utilized in polyester compositions to impart or enhance the fire-retardancy of these compositions. Examples of halogen-containing and phosphorus-containing compounds are classified according to where they may be thought to occur in the complex chemical structures which are polyesters. The classifications are basically designed to take advantage of the known chemical reactions which lead to polyesters; the fire-retardant component may be incorporated into the final composition in the diacid, diol, crosslinking agent or may be merely mechanically added as a diluent.
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    Effect of catalyst concentrations on one-shot polyether flexible urethane foams (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 117-122 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Variations were made in the concentration of tin and amine catalysts used in a typical one-short polyether flexible foam system. Differences in foaming characteristics and foam stability were correlated with the relative rates of the chemical reactions which are believed to occur during the foaming process. Physical properties measured on the samples showed in many cases a dependence on the balance between the tin and amine catalysts.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030206
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    The interpretation of tacticity measurements (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To date, quantitative stereochemical data are available for a few polymers only. A convenient and graphic representation of this data has been developed. Analysis of this data yields two parameters characterizing a polymer, one representing the tacticity and the other representing the nature of the tactic sequence distribution. The statistical parameters obtained may be related to the polymerization conditions and, hence, to the mechanism of stereoregulation. Furthermore they may be related to a number of physical properties, such as melting point, equilibrium crystallinity, and melting curve. Thus, the proper analysis of the NMR data supplies a link between polymerization conditions and the properties of the resulting polymer.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030207
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