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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 198-203 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Unsteady two-dimensional thermal analysis has been performed on PEEK/AS-4 fiber thermoplastic composites. To calculate the crystallinity of the composite, a spherulite growth model was applied. A numerical analysis was carried out with variations in mold cooling rate, the prepreg lay-up, and the composite geometry. The effect of geometry and the cooling rate is significant in the temperature profiles. The degree of crystallinity varies with the cooling rate, but the gradient of crystallinity is small, with the exception of complex geometries at fast cooling rates. The results of numerical calculations are in excellent agreement with the experiments and offer validation of the numerical formulation.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 224-232 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Properties of three kinds of carbon fibers, which were pre-carbonized at 500, 550, and 600°C during two-stage continuous carbonization, were measured after being air oxidized for periods of 1 to 6 min at 550°C. The effects of precarbonization temperatures on mechanical properties, density, morphology, elemental compositions, and microstructure of the carbon fibers are discussed. The pre-carbonization process affected strongly the surface properties and mechanical properties of the final carbon fibers, as measured after air oxidation. Carbon fibers measured one to six min after air oxidation showed a different oxidation behavior in the surface morphology for each pre-carbonization temperature. Optimum conditions not only improved the tensile strength and modulus by over 50%, but also increased the density and oxygen content.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 284-287 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The surface composition and energy of carbon fiber has been carefully analyzed and quantified. Untreated, AU, surface-treated, AS, and heat-treated AHT fibers were all studied. AS fiber was surface-treated by an electrolytic oxidation process. AHT fiber was heat-treated at elevated high temperatures under vacuum. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) was used to investigate the surface elemental concentration of carbon fibers. The corresponding surface free energies of these fibers were calculated from the contact angles measured by a dynamic contact angle analyzer. Results showed a strong correlation between the surface treatment and heat-treatment history and the surface chemistry of carbon fibers. After oxidation treatment, the surface free energy was increased by adding functional group elements (oxygen and nitrogen). However, these added elements could be removed by high temperature treatment under vacuum. The diffusion of O, N, and Na was discussed. The correlation between oxygen and nitrogen concentration and carbon fiber surface free energy has been plotted. These fibers would be used to quantify the relationship between carbon fiber surface free energy and the interfacial shear strength of the fiber-polymer interface.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 313-318 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Sizings significantly affect the processing and final performance characteristics of resin transfer molded (RTM) parts. Manufacturers often use sizings to enhance compatability between the resin and reinforcement and to assist processing. In particular, such coatings can affect the microscopic flow characteristics of resins during the infusion stages of the RTM process. To understand the mechanisms by which sizings affect preform wet-out and the extent of such effects, the influence of fiber sizings and fiber loadings on the flow of a vinyl-ester resin system, through axially aligned carbon fibers, have been measured. The results and analysis of the experiments reported herein form the basis for a phenomenological model that describes the effect of sizings on micro-flow in RTM. Furthermore, the work provides insight into the relationships among micro-flow, macro-flow, and preform infiltration. It is seen that sizings dramatically influence micro-impregnation and, for the flow configuration studied, radial micro-flow into fiber bundles was the rate limiting process for complete fiber bundle infusion.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 400-408 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A sequential design optimization scheme based on artificial neural networks (ANN) is proposed. It is a combination of an ANN model and a nonlinear programming algorithm. The proposed scheme is implemented with network training, optimization, and sheet molding compound (SMC) process simulation in a closed loop. A “cyclic coordinate search” technique is employed to initiate the optimization process, to collect training data for the neural network model, and to perform a preliminary design sensitivity analysis. Emphasis is placed on the development of an integrated, automatic optimization-simulation design tool that does not rely on the designer's experience and interpretation. Testing results based on the design of heating channels in an SMC compression molding tool show that the optimal design can be achieved with fewer data points than other methods, such as factorial design. The efficiency of the ANN method would be greater as the number of design variables grows.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 429-445 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A three-dimensionally woven fabric is proposed as a standard reference material for permeability characterization. The 3-D woven fabric requires care in cutting and handling, although it is more robust than 2-D woven or braided fabrics. If prepared carefully, the permeability of the 3-D woven fabric can be measured reproducibly within 15% in either radial flow or saturated 1-D flow geometries. The material was characterized for permeability in radial, unsaturated and saturated 1-D, and through-thickness flow geometries. The transient results demonstrated the importance of structural heterogeneity on the unsaturated flow behavior, and agree qualitatively with a simplistic model of flow in heterogeneous unsaturated porous media. The effects of heterogeneity were manifested in the proposed SRM by an increasing trend in the “unsaturated permeability.” Experiments were also conducted with a random mat that displayed transient flows dominated by wicking. The effects of wicking on the macroscopic flow behavior were manifested by transients in the “unsaturated permeability” in which a decreasing trend was observed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 518-521 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Environmental behavior of reinforced polyester was studied by stress relaxation. Relaxation failure of polyester matrix and fiberglass degradation appear dramatically at short time after exposure to acid and alkali electrolytes. The relaxation spectrum is thus influenced by environmental action. Indeed, the stress relaxation modulus is a sensitive characterization of environmental effects.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 330-345 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the use of two thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (TLCPs), HX1000 and Vectra B950, to reinforce a thermoplastic matrix of polypropylene (PP). The goal was to pregenerate the optimal TLCP reinforcement in PP and then process the material at a lower temperature than the melting point of the TLCP to form a composite structure. Specifically, strands of the blend were produced using a dual extrusion process, which resulted in the formation of axially continuous TLCP fibrils within the PP matrix. It was found that the mechanical properties of the strands were greatly improved by increased draw ratio and that optimal reinforcement, as predicted by the rule of mixtures, could be achieved. Initial studies indicated that injection molding and sheet extrusion of the pelletized strands caused the TLCP phase to agglomerate and deform, which resulted in a reduction of the mechanical property enhancement. However, the TLCP fibrillar morphology in the pregenerated strands was maintained during compression molding, which resulted in uniaxial composites with properties equal to or greater than properties of the strands. In addition, composites were made using compression molding in which strands were randomly oriented prior to consolidation to show the limits of properties possible in composites produced from the pregenerated strands. It was found that this process could be used to produce composites in which the mechanical properties were isotropic in the plane of the sample and approached the properly limits predicted by composite theory. Additionally, it was found that many of the mechanical properties of the VB/PP materials were greatly enhanced by the addition of a maleated PP throughout the composite forming process.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 370-377 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Gas permeation and creep deformation of a commercial prepreg, which exhibits viscoelastic characteristics, were investigated as a function of time, temperature, and consolidation pressure. Experiments using a prepreg stack demonstrated that the material exhibited a linear viscoelastic bulk deformation under vacuum/autoclave pressure and furthermore, the in-plane gas flow exhibited non-Darcian flow behavior with a permeation hysteresis. This behavior was viewed and analyzed by two viscoelastic relaxation processes: (1) bulk dimensional relaxation, and (2) microscopic pore structure rearrangement. A modified standard linear solid (SLS) viscoelastic model was used to interpret the creep compliance and dynamic gas permeability utilizing two independent relaxation parameters. By visual investigation of pore sizes and their distribution, air permeation was found to take place mostly through the interlaminar porosity network for the prepreg system examined.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 17-28 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The aim of this study is to determine the fracture toughness of phenolic resin and its composite. Fracture tests on phenolic resin resulted in a fracture toughness close to values quoted for unmodified epoxy resins. Composite specimens of glass fiber reinforced phenolic were also tested. The interlaminar fracture toughness in both mode I and mode II failures was determined. The mode I initiation values were lower than the neat resin's toughness. Mode I propagation values were strongly influenced by fiber bridging. The mechanism of fiber bridging was found to be sensitive to specimen dimensions. The effect of fiber bridging on the mode I analysis is discussed. Fiber bridging was also evident in mode II failures. Two different geometries were used for the mode II tests (end loaded split and end notched flexure); a correlation between the results from the two geometries is made.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 10-16 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fracture performances of three short glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite systems, PET with 30 wt% glass, nylon 6/6 with 33% glass fibers, and a nylon 6 and 6/6 copolymer with 33% glass, have been characterized using both standard mechanical characterization and fracture mechanics. These results have been compared to fracture tests of an experimental chair base. None of the characterizing techniques was successful in predicting the chair base fracture performances of the materials when the tests were conducted on standard 3-mm-thick test specimens. When larger specimens with comparable morphologies to the chair base were tested, the fracture mechanics tests compared favorably to the chair base fracture tests while the tensile test results were inconsistent in their predictive ability. The findings emphasize the importance of testing laboratory specimens that are similar in morphology to the final part and suggest that fracture mechanics methodologies can be used in materials selection of glass reinforced systems for structural applications. However, for quantitative design, it is necessary to address issues regarding the nature of the inherent flaw in the finished parts.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The response of the aramid reinforced aluminum-epoxy-laminate to uniaxial and biaxial fatigue loading has been investigated. The fracture process in the laminates propagates mainly in the form of cracks in aluminum layers, delaminations between the resin-rich and fiber-rich prepreg layers, splitting in prepreg layers and fiber fracture. Ultrasonic microscopy has been used to evaluate the shape and size of the damage zone. The ultrasonic images have been calibrated by means of SEM and optical microscopy of the laminates with sequential removal of the layers. Microscopic examination reveals a direct correlation between delamination, fiber fracture, and fatigue crack growth in the aluminum layer. The results of this investigation strongly suggest that the laminate resistance to tension-tension biaxial fatigue is superior to that under uniaxial loading conditions.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 83-95 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element simulation is proposed for the shaping of glass fiber fabric. The overall mechanical behavior of the fabric is obtained by combining the tensile behavior of a single thread and the current position of threads in the fabric. The constitutive model for a single thread in tension is based on a statistical approach and is identified using tensile tests. Shear and tensile tests have been carried out on fabric specimens to demonstrate that the behavior of the fabric mainly results from the contribution of each thread, the sliding between fiber threads having a small effect on the energy for the deformation mechanism of these fabrics. A numerical model for the shaping process is obtained based on a finite element approach using three- and four-node membrane shell elements. The formulation accounts for the large displacements and large strains involved in the process as well as the mechanical behavior. A drawing simulation is presented in the case of an hemispherical punch. The comparison with experimental results obtained in this case shows good agreement.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A simple lab-scale weaving method was used to produce multidirectional fiber preforms to improve the delamination resistance and damage tolerance of composites. Mechanical properties measured in this study included short-beam shear strength and damage tolerance of 2-D and 3-D woven composites. The constituents of fiber and matrix in these composites are Kevlar-29 (Du Pont) and Epon 828 (Shell Chemical Co.) epoxy. Attention was directed to the differentiation of deformation and failure mechanisms in these composites as a function of material parameters and loading conditions. The sequence of failure mechanisms differ between 2-D and 3-D composites. Results indicated that 3-D woven composites exhibited higher shear strength than 2-D woven composites. Also, 3-D composites absorbed more impact energy than 2-D composites. Failure mechanisms of composites subjected to repeated impacts were observed intermittently by using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The failure of 2-D composites was due to a combination of shear and tensile mode, but in 3-D composites the failure was dominated by tensile mode.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An investigation into the effect of isothermal aging on the development of transverse cracks in cross-ply laminates of two high temperature composite systems was performed. The composite materials investigated were BASF X5260/640-800 and DuPont Avimid K/IM6. Changes in the glass transition temperature, composite weight loss, crack density, and mode I intralaminar fracture toughness were monitored during isothermal aging in air at 177°C for up to 2232 h. The two laminate configurations used in this study include two variations of the generic cross-ply configuration [02/90n]s, in which n equals 1 and 2. The results of this investigation show that a layer of degraded material forms at the surface of the X5260/640-800 bismaleimide laminates and that the thickness of the degraded layer increases with aging time. After 744 h of aging, transverse cracks form in the surface plies and an increasing crack density evolves as aging time is increased; however, transverse cracks do not form in the inner 90° ply groups with aging during the time period investigated. The Avimid K/IM6 thermoplastic polyimide laminates, which show evidence of cracking prior to aging, do not exhibit any significant change in crack density with aging. The results of the aging experiments also show that the bismaleimide system exhibits a weight loss of 1.5% and an increase in glass transition temperature from 250°C to 300°C after 2232 h of aging at 177°C, while the thermoplastic polyimide system shows a weight loss of only 0.05% and an increase in glass transition temperature from 280 to 285°C after 2232 h. Changes in the resistance to crack formation are also seen in these materials during aging. The mode I intralaminar fracture toughness, a measure of resistance to transverse crack formation, shows a 50% decrease after aging for 2232 h for the bismaleimide system, while the behavior exhibited by the thermoplastic polyimide shows little evidence of a reduction.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 189-197 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Crystallization from the melt of nylon 66 in the presence of carbon fiber, aramid fiber, or nucleating agent was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hot stage microscopy. The use of the nucleating agent resulted in an increase in crystallization rate and a decrease of induction time under both isothermal and nonisothermal conditions. The fibers were found to behave like a giant nucleating site producing a uniform transcrystalline layer having morphology and crystallization kinetics different from those of the bulk matrix. The influence of the cooling rate on the process of nonisothermal crystallization was analyzed, and the values of activation energy, calculated from the cooling rate - crystallization temperature relationship, appeared to be higher for the nucleated and for the reinforced nylon compared with that of the neat nylon 66. This implied that the presence of fibers or nucleating agent led to the development of a more ordered structure, which required a larger amount of energy for crystallization.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Dielectric studies in epoxy and epoxy composites, containing different volume fractions of three different dielectric fillers, have been performed using the impedance bridge method for the high frequency region, 102 to 105 Hz, and the d.c. transient current method for the low frequency region, 10-4 to 10-1 Hz. It has been observed that, in the high frequency region, the dielectric constants of the epoxy composites increased with the addition of the dielectric filler and with the increase of the dielectric constant of the filler. The intensity of the β-relaxation was reduced for the composites compared to an equal volume of epoxy, owing to the decrease in the concentration of the diester segments in the composites. From the low frequency data, the epoxy and epoxy composites behaved more debye-like with increasing temperature. Also, the dielectric loss factor increased, but the thermal activation energy value to relaxation decreased two to four times in going from the unfilled to filled materials, which was thought to be attributed to Maxwell-Wagner buildup of interfacial charges at the epoxy/fillers interfaces.
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  • 21
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    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 258-266 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The mechanism of fiber length degradation during twin screw extrusion compounding and methods to reduce it through process and machine design are extremely important in discontinuous fiber reinforced composites. Fiber damage along the screw and the extruder die are determined for three screw designs with different mixing sections. The pellet quality, wet-out, and fiber dispersion in the extruded strands are compared. The fiber orientation distributions in the screw are determined to identify regions of higher fiber interaction. The fiber damage during subsequent injection molding has also been determined. The tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the tensile bars are compared. It is found that the residence time, fill-up, and the intesity of mixing during extrusion compounding have a predominant effect on fiber length degradation. The screw designs were seen to have a greater effect on the fiber damage in the 40 wt% glass-filled polymer than the 30 wt% glass-filled polymer. However, the mechanical properties of the 30 wt% glass-filled polymer showed an increasing trend compared to the 40 wt% glass filled polymer. A screw design that provides a balance of the fiber length, wet-out, and fiber dispersion was noted to give consistent mechanical properties.
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  • 22
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 288-296 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The plasticization of a glass/epoxy unidirectional composite by water has been investigated by Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA). The analysis of the thermomechanical spectra of the water aged material revealed the apperance of a splitting of the tan δ peak associated with the α transition. This splitting was found to be dependent on the experimental conditions, i.e., the temperature scan rate, the straining frequency, and the initial water content on the composite. A thermogravimetric analysis (T.G.A) of the wet specimens has shown that this effect could be attributed to an enhanced drying of the specimens above the glass transition, during the DMTA temperature scan. A differential plasticization of the epoxy network at the aging temperature can therefore not be invoked from the appearance of a splitting of the DMTA spectra. In conditions where the sample drying was minimized, plasticization effects on the thermomechanical properties of the composite were found to be temperature independent and reversible after re-drying of the aged material. Owing to the filling of hygrothermally induced cracks with water, the composite sensitivity to plasticization can be underestimated significantly at elevated aging temperature.
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  • 23
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 319-324 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper deals with the conductivity of binary polymer composites filled with an electronically conductive material. A “dynamic cluster model” is offered to describe the conductivity of such polymer composites in the highly filled region, i.e. above the percolation threshold. The model is based on the following assumptions: 1a modification of the basic statistical percolation equation, i.e. σ (ϕ-ϕc)t, where t = 1.6 to 1.9, should be applied for all systems in the highly filled region, although application is limited to the range ϕ = ϕc + Δϕ, Δϕ ⇒ 0 in the strict statistical percolation approach;2the most important modifications with respect to the basic equation of the statistical percolation theory are (a) the use of a constant teff, including a constant part t1 (resembling “t” in the basic statistical percolation approach) and a variable part t2 (depending on the filler concentration ϕ of the specific mixture) and(b) the definition of ϕc as the filler concentration where a perfect three-dimensional network of the conductive phase has been established. This idea has been adopted from the bond-percolation approach of Aharoni;3the resulting equation should include parameters of specific polymer composites.The generalized equation σ = f(ϕ) is used to calculate the maximum possible conductivity of a certain mixture as well as the dependence of σ on the filler content.
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  • 24
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 349-356 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Glass fiber reinforced polyester composites, with gelcoat, are widely used as structural materials for hulls, pools, pipes, and tanks in aggressive environments, despite the lack of knowledge concerning their resistance to water in the long term. In addition, these materials may be damaged through an osmotic process, especially when immersed in water, as are boat hulls, and this phenomenon can lead to a delamination of the gelcoat and of the laminate plies. The aim of this experimental study is to evaluate the mechanical characteristics with time of orthotropic laminates subjected to accelerated tests of humid aging. The evolution of the properties with water absorption is followed by a nondestructive test procedure based on vibrational mode analysis. The results are additionally confirmed by quasi-static bending and shear tests. It is shown that the main effects of water on the composite mechanical properties are the plasticization of the matrix an the osmotic delamination of the plies; on the other hand, gelcoat blistering had no influence on the durability. This paper highlights the need for and the complementarity of both nondestructive and destructive mechanical tests for studying the long-term behavior of composites in marine environments.
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  • 25
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 378-385 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Coventional pultrusion of thermoset composites is under increasing examination for emissions of harmful volatiles from the resin wetout tank. Even though the pultrusion of thermoplastic matrix composites produces no emissions, it is difficult to wet individual fibers due to their high melt viscosities. This paper addresses both the issues of volatiles and wetting with a process called Reaction Injection Pultrusion (RIP). A prototype RIP machine was used to make both thermoplastic polyurethane and thermoset polyisocyanurate matrix composites. The RIP process produces pultruded parts with low void content, good surface finish, and acceptable mechanical properties. The low viscosity constituents used in RIP help improve fiber impregnation, while the small volume of the impregnation bath reduces emissions. Processing parameters such as line speeds, catalyst levels, and die temperaures were varied to establish processing guidelines for sustained production.
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  • 26
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 415-420 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Complex fiber-matrix interactions occur in the processing of glass fiber reinforced polymeric composites, because of the proprietary, complex composition of commercial sizings applied to the glass fiber surface. Research involving a vinyl ester resin system and three model commercial glass fiber sizings, having varying levels of solubility in the resin, has shown that micro-dielectrometry can provide important information about interactions and may be useful as a tool in optimizing sizing-matrix resin interactions. Two distinct types of interactions may be monitored by micro-dielectrometry: The initial resin swelling of the sizing, as well as the dissolution of the sizing into the resin. An estimate of the times associated with swelling and dissolution of the sizing into the matrix resin can be made from micro-dielectric measurements to optimize composite processing.
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  • 27
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 424-428 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We have examined the micro indentation hardness of a series of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy and thermoplastic polyimide (TPI) composites. In the epoxy systems, the influence of Nylon particles was studied. The effect of crystallization of the thermoplastic polyimide upon the microhardness values of the resin was also investigated. The microstructure of the TPI-composites was characterized by X-ray diffraction. The results show that the addition of carbon fibers to the neat resins greatly increases the microhardness and thus the yield stress of the composite. The value of the microhardness technique is highlighted in emphasizing the heterogeneity of the CFRC.
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  • 28
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 470-480 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The resin transfer molding (RTM) technique often utilizes reinforcement with a complex fiber architecture. Several parameters, including the permeability tensor, are necessary to characterize the flow behavior in these intricate fibrous porous media. In this paper, a general procedure for extracting three-dimensional permeability tensors from data is presented. A general procedure is warranted if the permeability tensor lies out of the material plane. An approximate solution to Darcy's law was employed to relate the components of the permeability tensor to experimental measurements. The procedure requires inverting six nonlinear equations with a robust binary search algorithm. The accuracy of the approximate solution to Darcy's law was checked and found to be in close agreement with a nearly exact solution to Darcy's law obtained by finite element methods.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 481-488 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The degree of crystallinity in polymers is commonly known to significantly affect their mechanical properties. To that extent, it also affects the mechanical properties - such as compression, buckling, and creep - of thermoplastic composites that are matrix dominant. For this reason, it is important that the degree of crystallinity in a thermoplastic composite be precisely determined, which is the focus of this paper. In particular, the crystallinity for a thermoplastic poly(phenylene sulfide) composite reinforced with glass fibers is determined using an X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). While conventional methods have been adopted for homogeneous phases, a modified method has been adopted to account for the heterogeneous nature of the composite. The results have also been compared with results obtained using DSC and DMA techniques, indicating that the XRD method yielded lower values, which are considered to be more accurate. This was attributed to the absence of a recrystallization effect in the XRD method, which was unavoidable in the other two methods.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 489-494 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A strategy involving the use of anionic surfactants to compatibilize titanium dioxide powders with nonpolar polymers has been applied to facilitate the dispersion of these powders into polymer composites. The methodology first involves the adsorption of surfactant onto the powder within aqueous dispersions. Surfactantcoated powders are then removed from the dispersion and dried. The cohesivity and some surface properties of the surfactant-coated powders were measured and compared to that of the uncoated powders. Dispersion experiments of titania agglomerates in polyethylene were performed in a rotating cone-and-plate device set within a temperature controlled oven. The titania agglomerates dispersed by an erosion mechanism in which small fragments detached from the surface of the parent agglomerate. The erosion rate was higher for the surfactant treated powders in comparison to uncoated powders. The links between the enhanced erosion rates and the surfactant coating were investigated in terms of the cohesivity of the powders, the penetration of the polymer into the agglomerates, and the interactions between the powders and the polymer media that govern wetting and the transmission of hydrodynamic stress.
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  • 31
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 507-517 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Samples of 16-ply, quasi-isotropic bismaleimide composites were aged in convection ovens at 150°C, 177°C, and 204°C for up to 16,000 hours. As a measure of degradation, transverse microcrack density was characterized as a function of time, temperature, and ply depth. Times required to reach onset and saturation crack density were delayed on the tool side of the laminate, for lower temperatures, and for deeper ply depths. Saturation crack densities ranged from 35 cracks/cm to 46 cracks/cm, depending on ply depth. Master curves were constructed for each ply level to express all time-temperature data for that ply as a single reference curve. A mass transfer analysis further suggests that diffusion is the controlling mechanism in the degradation process. Finally, a prediction of the degradation behavior in the 120,000-h lifetime of the HSCT aircraft for a sustained temperature of 150°C indicates that ∼13 plies will have reached initiation in a quasi-isotropic laminate.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 529-535 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Determination of the compressive strength of a composite depends on many experimental parameters. One of them is the adhesive used to bond the tabs to the compression specimen. Experimental results show that the compressive strength has no significant change when different adhesives with different moduli are used. The compressive strength was also shown to be independent of adhesive thickness in a composite compression specimen. A finite element analysis was utilized in this study to investigate the effect of tab adhesive properties, i.e., the modulus and thickness of the adhesive layer, on the compressive strength. The stress distributions along the adhesive layer and stress concentrations at the tab tip of a composite compression specimen are presented. The analytical prediction coincides with the limited experimental data.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 522-528 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Two-dimensional (2D) carbon/carbon composites were prepared with phenol-formaldehyde resin and a commercial stabilized PAN fabric. The effect of pyrolysis on the microstructure and flexural strength of the composites during the carbonization process was studied. The interaction between fabric and matrix inhibited the decomposition and the thermal fragmentation, leading to a higher carbon yield for the final composition. Because of the formation of strong bonding in the fiber/matrix interface, the composites made with stabilized PAN fabric showed catastrophic failure and low flexural strength below carbonization temperatures of 600°C. Above 600°C, the flexural strength of the composites increased with the increase in the carbonization temperatures, even when the fracture behavior showed catastrophic failure.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 542-548 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Interfacial properties of Nicalon (SiC) fiber in epoxy matrices of varying stiffnesses were studied using the single fiber composite test, in conjunction with stress birefringence patterns. Extensive debonding was observed with hard epoxies, but transverse matrix cracks were found in the more flexible epoxies, with the interface remaining intact. Micromechanical modeling and Monte Carlo simulation of the single fiber composite fragmentation process provided a basis to compute the interfacial shear stress from the final fragmentation length distribution. The interfacial shear stress appeared to decrease moderately with increasing matrix ductility. The large diameter Nicalon fibers create transverse cracks in the single fiber composite specimens made with flexible epoxies. Consequently, there is a high possibility of premature failure of the specimen before fiber break saturation is reached. This poses some difficulty in interpreting the results for flexible epoxies. It was also found that the interfacial shear stress values from the single fiber composite tests were always considerably higher than the ultimate shear stress values obtained from bulk epoxy (without fiber) tension tests. This effect is similar to what was seen earlier for single fiber composite tests based on graphite fibers and similar epoxy blends, though the difference between the two values was not as great.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 159-161 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reviews three flexible PVC formulations using various types of alumina trihydrate (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]. Smoke values are compared. In two of the formulations, Mg(OH)2 has better smoke values than ATH; in a third formulation, ATH has better smoke values than Mg(OH)2. However, the third formulation uses an ATH with a very high surface area, which may indicate that smoke suppression may be a function of not only the type of flame retardants used but also surface area.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 174-177 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cavity pressure transducer measurements are used to determine the effective viscosity of glass reinforced polypropylene composites during compression molding. Part solidification time during the cycle is determined from changes in pressure profiles at different locations in the tool. Higher pressing speeds and part thickness lead to significantly lower effective material viscosity during the compression cycle.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 187-189 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Short fiber composites based on polypropylene (PP)-polyamide (PA) blends were studied using compatibilizers comprising maleic anhydride modified polypropylene. Results have shown that the structure and morphology developed and the resultant mechanical properties of the blend composites strongly depend on the number of acid functional groups in the compatibilizers. The impact strength and tensile modulus of the PP-PA blend composite more than doubled compared with PA and PP short fiber composites, respectively. Furthermore, analytical methods characterizing nonisothermal crystallization were used to investigate the crystallization of fiber containing blends in constrained matrix nucleation mode. Results have shown that interphase interactions are the dominant ones with respect to morphology development. Synergistic effects were obtained that were due to the effect of fibers.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 119-122 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most polyolefins require both free radical stabilization and acid neutralization. Conventional formulating follows a process of independent selection for stabilizers and neutralizers. This study shows that the use of a full factorial statistical design can facilitate concurrent optimization of neutralizer and stabilizer. A fractional factorial design did not provide sufficient information. Calcium lactate was shown to effectively improve YI color as well as neutralize acid residues.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 40
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 142-147 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Epoxidized natural rubber is a recently commercialized modified form of natural rubber. This paper is part of our continuing effort to study the responses of this new material to melt mixing and other shaping processes. The Shimadzu capillary rheometer was used to evaluate the composition dependence of miscibility of polyvinyl chloride/epoxidized natural rubber blends (PVC/ENR blends). The rheometer was also used to evaluate the effect of compounding parameters on the rheological properties of the blends. The results confirmed PVC/ENR blends as miscible systems that show a synergism in apparent shear viscosity highlighted by the positive deviation from the logarithmic additivity rule. These results based on capillary rheometry are also in very good agreement with our earlier attempt to predict optimum mixing from torque rheometry by using the Brabender Plastogram as an indicator.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: PVC pipes are generally stabilized with lead, tin, or calcium-zinc based additives. The performance of PVC products in outdoor applications is highly dependent on the types of stabilizers used and environmental factors such as UV radiation, temperature, humidity, rain, dust, etc. This study involves two-year exposure of a lead-stabilized and titanium dioxide-pigmented PVC pipe at Dhahran (Saudi Arabia) and Miami, Florida. The white pigmented PVC pipes are mostly used outdoor for low pressure potable water services, irrigation in greenhouses, and electrical conduits in Saudi Arabia. The PVC pipe formulation stabilized with Pb-stabilizer provides good light stability and is also widely used for potable water pipes. The pipes are exposed not only to the natural environment during outdoor usage but also to high UV doses, and to high temperatures during transportation, installation, and long-term storage. Changes in the exposed pipe were monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), and mechanical properties testing. The data show that the PVC pipe lost 50 percent of its elongation at break within 12 to 16 months at Dhahran and more than 24 months in Florida during outdoor exposure. The growth of carbonyl groups and the lowering of the glass transition temperature (Tg) was also observed during this exposure period. The extents of degradation of the PVC pipe exposed at the Dhahran and Florida sites were compared.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 170-173 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Normally one seeks Underwriters Laboratories (UL) approval for one or two specific products. This paper describes how approvals were obtained for a very wide range of filled polypropylenes. Coverage included: talc or calcium carbonate fillers, all filler contents from 10% to 50%, carrier resins from homopolymer to high impact copolymer, minimum thickness down to 1.47 mm (0.058 inch), all colors, and a choice of a single product or a blend of filled and unfilled resin. This gives the customer the widest choice of UL-approved filled polypropylenes.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 182-186 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel process was developed to adapt the pultrusion process to utilize radiation polymerization instead of thermal curing. Using UV-light and a methacrylate-based, 3-D-network copolymer matrix, 0.5 mm diameter round quartz-fiber-reinforced-composite profiles were formed at a rate of 1.25 mm per second. Faster rates resulted in partial curing. Materials were produced with various amounts of reinforcement, and evaluated in tension and in three-point bending. Mechanical properties varied linearly with fiber content, approaching the rule of mixtures.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 114-124 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fiber orientations caused by the flow in the thickness plane during injection molding of short fiber reinforced polymer composites has been simulated. The Lagrangian scheme was employed for the finite element analysis. Flow fields were solved by using a penalty method with Uzawa's scheme and orientation fields were also solved by using the second order orientation tensor. A generalized Newtonian fluid whose rheological behavior is independent of fiber orientation was assumed. Automatic mesh generation using an elliptic grid generator was developed for quadrilateral elements. Mold filling and orientation analyses were performed for a cavity of rectangular cross section. To determine the orientation state in other cross-sectional geometries, numerical analyses were also performed for two different typical cross sections. As the result, orientation of short fibers in the flow field was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. According to the state of short fiber orientation in the thickness plane, the orientation field can be classified into three regions in the flow direction and three layers in the thickness direction. Orientation of short fibers was mainly influenced by elongational and shear flows. It was observed that critical values are present for upper limits of orientation. Effects of initial orientation at the inlet on the orientation field were examined.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Evidence is presented relating the interfacial bonding strength and the optical transmission of transparent glass fiber reinforced PMMA composites. The temperature dependent (20° to 50°C) optical transmission of composites that contained uncoated 13 μm glass fibers and 13 μm glass fibers coated with divinyltetramethyl disilazane or 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate was found to decrease in the same order as the bond strength of the PMMA/glass fiber interface, namely, trimethoxy silane coated fiber, disilazane coated fiber, and uncoated fiber. SEM photographs showed similar fracture surfaces, clean fiber pull-out, and no apparent bonding of the glass fiber to the PMMA for the composites containing uncoated and disilazane coated fiber, whereas, the composite containing trimethoxy silane coated fiber showed virtually no clean fiber pullout. Additional evidence for differences in the bonding strength is seen in the degradation (penetration of water and fiber whitening) on aging at 23°C in air or water for composites containing uncoated fiber (most degradation), disilazane coated fiber (slight degradation), and trimethoxy silane coated fiber (no degradation). The optical transmission between 20° and 30°C at 600 to 800 nm for the composite containing trimethoxy silane coated fiber decreased the least with increasing temperature (from ∼85% to 70%) while the composite containing uncoated fiber decreased the most (from ∼85% to 32%).
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fatigue behavior of carbon fiber reinforced poly(etheretherketone)(PEEK) laminates was investigated. The static tensile measurement, tension-tension fatigue loading tests, and residual tensile strength measurement of the [0/45/90/-45]2s AS-4/PEEK laminates were performed at various levels of stress amplitudes. The influences of stress amplitude on the fatigue life and the residual tensile strength were investigated. The experimental results for fatigue life and residual tensile strength under different stress amplitudes are analyzed by the median rank method. The S-N curves at various survival probabilities are also presented by the pooled Weibull distribution function. Furthermore, a residual strength degradation model is used to predict the residual strength for the composites subjected to a number of fatigue cycles and to simulate the effects of the stress amplitude on the fatigue life. The agreement between experiment and theory is good.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study deals with the degradation of mechanically-fastened GFRP joints immersed in hot water (80°C). The material used was randomly oriented E-glass fiber continuous strand mat with a crosslinked polyester. Three kinds of joint geometries were adopted; thickness was 3 mm, hole diameter was 6 mm, the distance from hole center to top-edge was 18 mm (3e), and specimen widths were 18 (3w), 30 (5w), and 42 mm (7w). Failure modes of original dry specimens were a function of joint geometry, The dominant failure mode of 3w3e joints was net-tension, whereas 5w3e and 7w3e joints displayed bearing failure. As degradation progressed, the dominant failure mode gradually shifted from net-tension to bearing failure. Strength reduction was marked in 5w3e and 7w3e joints, in which the dominant failure mode was bearing. Joint strength and failure mode were predicted from the combination of a macroscopic failure criterion and characteristic curves obtained from tensile testing of rectangular specimens with holes, bearing tests, and finite element analysis. Predictions agreed with experiment.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 250-257 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Advanced fiber reinforced polymer composites have been increasingly used in various structural components. One of the important processes to fabricate high performance laminated composites is an autoclave assisted prepreg lay-up. Since the quality of laminated composites is largely affected by the cure cycle, selection of the cure cycle for each application is important and must be optimized. Thus, some fundamental model of the consolidation and cure processes is necessary to properly select the suitable parameters for each application. This study applied the theory of consolidation and flow in a porous medium to provide a general model for the three-dimensional consolidation process of the laminates with fibers reinforced in multi-directions. Based on the model analysis, one can predict the pressure, velocity, and laminate thickness during consolidation process, which, as coupled with the curing analysis, can be used to properly select the cure cycle for applications of laminated composites.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 357-362 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The five independent stiffness constants, C11, C33, C44, C66, and C13, and the axial and transverse thermal expansivity of unidirectional gel-spun polyethylene fiber reinforced composites have been measured as functions of fiber volume fraction Vf. The axial extensional modulus C33 and axial Poisson's ratio v13 follow the rule of mixtures, while the axial shear modulus C44, transverse shear modulus C66, and transverse plane-strain bulk modulus Ct ( = C11 - C66) obey the Halpin-Tsai equation. Extrapolation to Vf = 1 gives the five stiffness constants of gel-spun polyethylene fiber. The tensile property of the fiber is highly anisotropic, with the axial Young's modulus about 40 times higher than the transverse Young's modulus. In contrast, the axial shear modulus exceeds the transverse shear modulus by only 5%. A similar treatment of the thermal expansivity data in terms of the Schapery equations gives an axial thermal expansivity of -1.25 × 10-5 K-1 and a transverse thermal expansivity of 11.7 × 10-5 K-1 for the fiber.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 363-369 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The injection molding ability of long glass fiber reinforced polyamide pellets was studied. The injection moldable materials were produced by a melt impregnation process of continuous fiber rovings. The rovings were chopped to pellets of 9 mm length. Chopped pellets with a variation in the degree of impregnation and fiber concentration were studied. The injection molded samples were analyzed for fiber concentration, fiber length, and fiber orientation. Dumbbell-shaped tensile bars were made to evaluate the mechanical properties. The fibers in the tensile bars had a high orientation in the flow direction and minor fiber concentration gradients were observed. The fiber lengths decreased with fiber concentration from 1.6 mm for a 2 vol% to 0.6 mm for a 25 vol% system. The tensile and impact properties increased considerably with fiber concentration. A low degree of impregnation in the pellets of the fibers resulted in somewhat lower tensile and impact properties.
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  • 52
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 386-399 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Liquid composite molding (LCM) processes such as resin transfer molding and structural reaction injection molding are considered to be high potential processes for the mass production of composite parts. The resin injection step in LCM consists of two simultaneous flows: bulk mold filling and tow wetting. This complexity often results in the entrapment of air in the composite part, which is known to result in degradation of part performance, In this work, systematic investigation of the resin flow behavior through various types of glass fiber reinforcements is carried out by flow visualization. The objective is to relate the fiber mat architecture to the micro scale flow pattern and void formation, movement, and removal. An optical image analysis and processing technique is developed to help quantify void formation. Void formation is related to liquid properties and fiber-liquid contact angle. Although the focus of the study is LCM, the results can be directly applied to other composite manufacturing processes that involve advancement of resin in a dry fiber reinforcement.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 421-423 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Composites of elastomers and cellulose have been investigated. Copolymers of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) as well as natural rubber (NR) were compounded with regenerated cellulose (Cellulose II). The technique for the incorporation of filler was based on the coprecipitation of the rubber latex-cellulose xanthate mixture. Cellulose filler was used in the range of 0 to 30 phr. The best results were shown by the natural rubber-regenerated cellulose systems. The different behavior of the systems is explained by experimental evidence. The reinforcement mechanism for NR compositions, which involves an induced crystallizing rubber (NR), seems to be different from the mechanism for SBR and NBR.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 55
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 459-469 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Manufacture of thermoplastic composites is expensive because of the difficulty of impregnating the resin into the fibers. Powder processing shows great promise as an impregnation technique for cost-effective manufacturing. This paper discusses an electrostatic powder spray impregnation technique that uses glass fibers. A geodesic fiber spreader is used to spread the fibers locally in the region of maximum powder deposition. A negative corona electrostatic spray gun is employed to charge and direct the powder for coating both sides of the spread fiber tow. The process has been used to impregnate glass fibers with poly(aryl ether ketone ketone) powder. The effect of the powder mass flow, corona voltage, and fiber tow velocity on powder deposition has been investigated. Particle image velocimetry is utilized to determine particle velocities. Compression molded panels have been produced and tested in three point bending.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This investigation focuses on the effects of thermal dispersion in resin transfer molding (RTM). A set of volume-average balance equations suitable for modeling mold filling in RTM is described and implemented in a numerical mold filling simulation. The energy equation is based on the assumption of local thermal equilibrium and includes a dispersion term. Thermal dispersion is an enhanced transport of heat due to local fluctuations in the fluid velocity and temperature away from their average values. Nonisothermal mold filling experiments are performed on a center-gated disk mold to investigate and quantify dispersion effects. Good agreement is found between the experimentally measured and numerically predicted temperatures, and a function for the transverse dispersion coefficient in a random glass fiber mat is determined. The results indicate that thermal dispersion is important in RTM processes and must be included in simulations to obtain accurate predictions.
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    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 536-541 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A study is reported on the effect of the filler size and concentration on the electrical resistivity, density, and hardness of composites made of copper powder embedded in nylon 6 matrix by means of compression molding. The electrical resistivity of the composites is 〉 1011 ohm·cm unless the metal content reached the percolation threshold, beyond which the resistivity decreased markedly by as much as 1012. The percolation concentration was found to decrease with a decrease in the average particle diameter. The density of the composites was measured and compared with values calculated assuming different void levels within the samples. However, there is no sharp variation in the density due to the onset of percolation. Furthermore, it is shown that a percolation concentration can be also defined in the hardness/metal concentration curves as the intercept of linear regression curves of the low and high metal content regimes, respectively.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 60
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 88-93 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In an effort to improve the utility and processing of PVC, additives like heat distortion modifiers and plasticizers are often added. While the economics of using PVC are highly favorable, they are limited in their dimensional stability at high temperatures. Blending with a component having better dimensional stability at higher temperatures is therefore investigated. In this paper, use of a styrenic copolymer, styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), and a substituted styrenic copolymer, alpha methyl styrene acrylonitrile (αMSAN), is studied. The glass transition-composition behavior is studied through dynamic mechanical measurements. Heat distortion test results of the blend in compositions of 0-100 in 10% increments indicate enhanced DTUL above certain compositions. Rheological characterization is done both in the low strain steady shear and dynamic mode. High shear rate testing was done. In general it was found that while the styrenic copolymer exhibits a plasticization of the PVC glass transition, the substituted styrene, by maximizing the repulsive interaction effects, pushes the system to a limited partial miscibility.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Use of silane coupling agents enables the significant improvement of the performance of thermoplastic composites. Water-borne silane coupling agents may offer a more environmentally friendly alternative. Compositions of nylon 66 with silane and water-borne silane treated mineral fillers: clay, talc, mica and wollastonite were prepared and comparatively evaluated. Filler dispersion, mechanical properties, and thermoplastic matrix-mineral substrate interface were studied. It may be gathered from the results of the study that water-borne silanes by themselves or in combination with some additives exhibit equal or better performance than regular silanes.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 201-206 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mechanism of color development during processing of polyolefin formulations containing phenolic antioxidant/hydrotalcite acid neutralizers was investigated in the absence and presence of polymer with residual acidity. IR spectroscopy was used to follow antioxidant/hydrotalcite interactions and thermal analysis to evaluate differences between commercial hydrotalcites from two different sources. Performance characteristics in terms of yellowness index and melt flow were evaluated by multiple extrusion of fully formulated PP and HDPE resins.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 211-212 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Accurate molecular weight characterization of PVC is necessary before attempting to modify the properties of the polymer using additives and/or process the compound in some fashion. Commercial PVC resins are characterized by many different dilute solution viscosity methods. Manufacturers characterize their resins using K values, specific viscosity, relative viscosity, viscosity numbers, and inherent viscosity. Each of these methods can vary according to solvent used, testing temperature, and resin concentration. This paper reviews the technical literature and information published by the major PVC resin producers regarding molecular weight characterization. The information in this review should be useful for scientists and engineers in the PVC industry to translate between and among the various test methods for molecular weight characterizations.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 36-40 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes Miconite (hydrated potassium, magnesium aluminosilicate) and explains the processability and properties of Miconite-filled propylene homopolymer. With particles averaging 2.5 and 44 microns, this study found the compound processability, as given by its melt index, unchanged for filler loadings lower than 35%. Tensile strength of the original polymer doubled with the addition of the first 10% of Miconite and stayed constant for all loadings tested up to 60%. Tensile modulus increased linearly with filler loading. Elongation and impact behavior showed negligible decreases for loadings lower than 30%. Deterioration by ultraviolet and/or heat-aging was negative. Miconite provides matrix materials with fire and smoke retarding qualities.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 5-9 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rigid PVC profiles for window frames are required to follow quality standards (usage properties and aging resistance). Our concern is to describe the role of additives and mainly thermal stabilizers on the required properties. Until recently, PVC stabilization was based on heavy metal soaps in the European PVC building industry. Though their resulting efficiency was not questioned, problems of toxicity were raised. Regarding the ecological pressure increase, numerous investigations on co-stabilizers have been carried out in order to improve the performances of mixed Ca/Zn systems. Our results show the properties of rigid profiles stabilized with Ca/Zn systems. First, the extruded profiles properties such as optical (color) and mechanical properties (impact resistance…) are shown. The aging resistance of toxic heavy metal free vinyl formulations is also studied in comparison with typical Pb/Ba/Cd. The performances achieved indicate that an opportunity to move from toxic heavy metallic stabilizers to mixed Ca/Zn systems, resulting, perhaps, in wider development of Ca/Zn stabilizing systems for food packaging and medical plastics.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 114-118 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sulfonate salts are commonly employed together with other standard flame retardant (FR) additives to improve FR performance in polycarbonate resins. The structure and loading level of the salt and the synergistic FR additives determine the level of FR performance. The salts show varying levels of FR effetiveness as measured by different flammability test methods. In this paper, two common sulfonate salt additives in Lexan polycarbonate resins are discussed. FR effectiveness measured by UL94, OSU and cone calorimeter flammability testing, physical and mechanical properties, and processability of the thermoplastic products are compared. TGA-IR studies and the ability to predict FR performance are also discussed.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computer model is proposed to simulate the flow of molten polymer in the melt conveying zone of extruders provided with mixing pins. This model is based on the calculation of down-channel velocities within cross sections perpendicular to the flow. A Lagrangian reference frame (i.e. that of the barrel sliding on top of the channel) is used to describe the flow in a convenient manner, the mixing pins being represented as a set of virtual boundary conditions (geometric constraints). The proposed method is compared to a full 3D finite element flow simulation with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids showing a good agreement in term of the pressure drop calculation. Numerical tests are also carried out in the case of a rigid PVC compound used for window profile extrusion. The adequacy found between the predictions and experimental measurements obtained on an industrial extruder confirms the performance of the proposed model.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 10-14 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behavior of PVC plastisols during gelation and fusion was studied by the ATR-FTIR technique (Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). DBP, DOP, and DIDP, three common phthalate plasticizers for PVC, were used in plastisols formulations. Three heating rates - 5, 10 and 15°C/min - and formulations with different plasticizer concentrations were studied. The IR spectra of a plastisol coincides with the IR spectra of the plasticizer except for the bands at 1435 and 613 cm-1 from the PVC (CH2 wagging and C - Cl stretching, respectively). When the plastisol is heated, a progressive decrease of the plasticizer bands areas can be observed, while bands from PVC increase their intensity, probably because of the adsorption of the plasticizer by the resin. On cooling, the area of all bands follows the same path as when heating, but the paths separate at a certain temperature, showing the irreversible nature of this process. The analysis of the band at 1280 cm-1 (C(O) - O from plasticizer) during heating and cooling, shows that the temperature of separation areas (Ts) takes place at temperatures coherent with plasticizer compatibility. Studies at different heating rates and different plasticizer content are in good agreement with results using other techniques, available in the literature.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 30-35 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Prompted by commercial significance and academic interest, extensive model compound and in-situ studies of PVC degradation/stabilization appear in the literature. This paper presents the results of some in-situ studies of the chemical reaction pathways undergone by organotin thioglycollate esters during PVC stabilization. Infrared spectroscopy indicates that in the case of diocyltin bis(isooctylthioglycollate), not only is the mercaptoester/chloride generated, but also the corresponding thioglycollate (Oct2 Sn TG). The extent to which this species is observed is dictated by the processing technique. An attempt is made to correlate the chemical reaction pathway of the organotin compounds with the changes (unsaturation) within the polymer. The possible relevance of these observations to the phenomenon of mono/di synergism is also discussed. While these studies extend our knowledge of the organotin stabilization of PVC, they also show that our understanding is far from complete.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 46-50 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper makes an overall review on performance, cost, compoundability, and environmental compatibility of flame retardant chemicals used for commercial flame retardant impact polystyrene (FR-HIPS) and flame retardant acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (FR-ABS) resins. Commercially available, key bromine and chlorine chemicals along with antimony oxide are discussed with the typical formulations focusing on the overall advantage(s) and weakness(es) of each chemical.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 59-60 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 66-70 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of processing variables on the rheological properties of PVC/ENR blends was investigated. The role of crosslinking in determining the flow behavior of blends was also examined by means of dynamically cured blends. It was found that PVC/ENR blends yield melts that are power law fluids. The flow of the melts improves with an increase in temperature and shear rate. However, the introduction of crosslinks reverses this trend, although under more rigorous conditions, the influence of crosslinks is superseded, and subsequently, flow becomes shear rate and temperature dependent. PVC/ENR systems also manifested elastic phenomena. The dependence of the elastic phenomena such as die swell and melt fracture on L/D ratio of the die was demonstrated.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 84-87 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Titanium dioxide is widely used as a cost-effective UV radiation protector for exterior PVC applications, particularly vinyl building products. As the exterior surface weathers by oxidation, an increasing number of pigment-air interfaces are formed, resulting in increased light scattering. This increased light scattering is often mistakenly described as color fade. Results are shown to clearly measure the difference between this titanium dioxide opacity effect versus color pigment fade. The effect of several chemicals on surface color restoration and long-term color retention is explored.
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 98-102 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Parts used under the hood of automobiles are increasingly made from polymeric materials. These parts are often exposed to relatively high temperatures and corrosive chemicals, exposure conditions that can affect their long-term performance. This paper provides quantitative information on the combined effect of high temperatures and corrosive chemicals on the long-term performance of glass fiber reinforced nylon 6,6 parts. Glass fiber reinforced nylon 6,6 is one of the more widely used polymers in underhood applications. Parts made from this material include radiator headers, oil caps, and, more recently, intake manifolds. In this project the in-service environmental conditions imposed on an oil cap and radiator were monitored, and the exposed parts examined by dynamic mechanical analysis. Data taken from the exposed parts were compared to comparably laboratory aged samples. The basic finding was that glass fiber reinforced nylon 6,6 parts should have an excellent survival rate in the parts investigated.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Among the various marine plastic debris, abandoned or lost fishing gear is a major pollutant, adversely affecting marine life and disturbing the ecological equilibrium. In an attempt to find a technological solution to recycling of the plastic fishing gear, two routes are evaluated. The first is melt reprocessing. Here, compatibilized blends and composites are prepared using various polymers - HDPE, nylon 6 (N6), nylon 66 (N66), etc. - obtained from melt reprocessing of fishnets. This approach involves cleaning, size reduction, melt extrusion and filtering, modification, and injection molding. Mechanical properties of blends and composites thus made are compared with commercial materials. The second approach uses these nets as organic fibrous reinforcements in polymeric matrices. N6 and N66 fibers obtained from fishnets are compounded with a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix at temperatures below the melting point of nylons. Good adhesion between the fibers and the matrix is obtained because of the interaction between nylons and TPU. Addition of nylon fibers to the TPU matrix result in improved stiffness. Shore hardness, abrasion resistance, etc.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 228-229 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relative rates are given for the reaction of a model compound, phenacyl chloride, with simple lead carboxylates and actual lead stabilizers. The data suggest that lead stabilization is more complex than previously indicated, with reaction products that are lead double salts, rather than simply lead dichloride. This is rationalized in terms of reactive site coordination to the extended lead stabilizer structure, as opposed to the stabilizer being merely a carrier of PbO.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 223-227 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride) was post-polymerization copolymerized with a highly basic amine, piperazine, using an aprotic solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide. By using this highly dipolar solvent, a more dilute nucleophile concentration and a lower reaction temperature were possible than in methanol-moderated reactions. The linear substitutional reaction dominated over both the crosslinked substitutional reaction and the elimination reaction. From the nitrogen assays, pH response curves, and colorimetric results, the evidence suggests that this route may be more promising for fabricating electrode membranes or other components in which an ionically conductive film is desirable.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 250-254 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Molecular modeling software is employed to correlate the thermal stability of an organotin molecule in PVC and molecular structure. Synthesizing model organotin compounds, measuring dynamic properties in PVC, and calculating structural and electronic properties yield an empirical relationship between the stabilizing ability of the tin molecule and electron density of the heteroatom.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 255-260 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Miles Inc. recently developed an impact-modified, high-flow polycarbonate to help meet the material requirements for thin wall applications. Melt temperature and heat aging were found to affect its impact strength, yield stress, and dynamic mechanical relaxations. The results are explained in terms of the presence of polycarbonate's high-energy intramolecular conformations formed as a result of intermolecular packing effects during molding, their rearrangement to trans-tans conformations, and the increased interlocking between neighboring chains during heat aging.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation of the processing of glass-fiber reinforced polypropylene is presented. Final fiber length distribution, chopped strand disgregation, matrix and composite rheological properties, die swelling, and surface morphology are analyzed. Strand disgregation is observed to increase with shear rate and fiber concentration and to decrease with the length of the die. Final fiber length distribution appears to be independent of die length but decreases with fiber concentration and shear rate. The viscosity and first normal coefficient functions show a linear dependence with shear rate and increases with fiber concentration. The extruded filament surface shows a minor roughness when the shear rate increases. The results of this experimental characterization give useful information for determining the influence of processing variables on the final properties of short fiber reinforced polypropylene and constitutes the first part of a more ambitious project that also includes the development of a modeling strategy of the processing behavior of short fiber composites.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 279-281 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polyblends of three engineering thermoplastics with three engineering thermoplastic elastomers and three compatibilizers produced four examples of synergistic improvement of impact strength and, in one case, surprisingly, increase of modulus. Blending 10% of polyetheramide with polysulfone increased impact strength up to 5×. Blending 10% of polyurethane with polysulfone increased impact strength up to 4×. Blending 10% of polyetheramide plus 1-5% of phenoxy resin with polyarylate increased impact strength up to 2×. Blending 25% of polyetherester plus 2-4% of compatibilizers (phenoxy resin, polybutylene terephthalate, or styrene/maleic anhydride) with polyarylate surprisingly increased tensile modulus up to 31%. Blending 10% of polyetherester with polybutylene terephthalate increased impact strength 58%.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 286-286 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 87
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 230-232 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lead replacement heat stabilizers have made considerable inroads in areas where water resistance is not significant, primarily in wire jackets and insulations not for wet locations. In areas where short-term moisture resistance is required, such as with flexible cord insulation and electrical tapes, nonlead products are either in use or under development. In those areas where long-term water resistance is needed, as with geomembranes and many wire insulations, despite much experimentation, commercial products are not in use as yet in the United States. The factors involved are discussed.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 241-249 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Semiempirical Molecular Orbital Calculations (MNDO AM1) support kinetic results concerning the molecular mechanism of thermal degradation of PVC and show that under special conditions radical and ionic mechanisms are also possible. The degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) is a complex chain dehydrochlorination that consists of an initiation process to generate an active intermediate followed by chain reactions that generate additional active intermediates with progressively increased numbers of double bonds. Each intermediate partitions between an intermediate with one more double bond and a stable conjugated polyene with the same number of double bonds. At low and moderate temperatures thermal degradation of PVC in an inert atmosphere is a succession of molecular concerted reactions. The initiation process is a 1,2-elimination through a four center transition state requiring a synperiplanar conformation. There are two main chain reactions: the first is a 1,4-elimination from allylic chlorine atoms and methylenes cis to a double bond through a transition state of six centers; the second is a 1,3-rearrangement of hydrogen atoms catalyzed by hydrogen chloride. The chain reaction is interrupted when a relatively stable trans double bond is formed and no hydrogen chloride is present to catalyze trans-cis isomerization or 1,3-rearrangement. Macro carbocations formed by heterolysis of carbon-halogen bonds in the presence of strong Lewis acids react much faster than does the original PVC in concerted elimination by 1,2-syn or 1,4-cis mechanisms, promoting a so-called catastrophic, very fast degradation. Macro radicals formed by thermal homolysis, irradiation or reaction with promoters can also promote very fast hydrogen chloride elimination because of a special mechanism consisting of a 1,2-rearrangement of a chlorine atom followed by a concerted 1,3-elimination through a five center transition state.
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In our continuing efforts to both (1) exploit the versatility of our unique emulsion based diimide hydrogenation technology and (2) expand the performance range of hydrogenated-SBR TPEs derived from this technology, we have investigated some of the physical and chemical effects of incorporating a polymer-bound antioxidant into HSBR. A polymerizable amine-type antioxidant was incorporated into the SBR structure using a conventional type “cold” emulsion polymerization recipe. For comparative purposes, unmodified and AO-modified SBRs were then “hydrogenated” in their latex forms by the diimide technique to approximately the same extent. Samples of the extracted, isolated polymers were evaluated by DSC techniques to ascertain any effects of the bound antioxidant. Additionally, latex cast films of the HSBRs were evaluated for their initial and aged physical properties. The results of these studies indicate that while hydrogenation of SBR into the 80-90% range does dramatically improve its resistance to oxidation compared with SBR (without antioxidant), a further substantial improvement in oxidation resistance can be obtained at the same hydrogenation level by the incorporation of a bound antioxidant. Furthermore, because the bound antioxidant molecule is too large to be incorporated into the polyethylene-like crystallites, it resides in the TPE's amorphous phase, where antioxidant protection is needed most, and does not appear to affect crystallite size, distribution, or overall initial TPE physical properties compared with the unmodified HSBRs.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 15-20 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics involved in the thermal decomposition of PVC plastisols and unmixed PVC-plasticizer systems were compared using dynamic thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Three kinetic models were tested. In all cases thermograms obtained at different heating rates were simultaneously correlated with the same constants. Significant differences indicative of PVC-plasticizer (DOP) interactions were found between the plastisol systems and the unmixed PVC-plasticizer systems. When the plasticizer is in the paste, its evolution suffers a delay with respect to the case when PVC and plasticizer were separated. The activation energy for DOP evolution takes the value 109.2 in the first case and 81.6 KJ/mol in the second case. PVC decomposition takes place at lower temperatures when it is in the paste, and its activation energy is 177.4 and 206.7 KJ/mol for PVC in plastisol and unmixed PVC, respectively.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 26-29 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rigid vinyl foam offers fabricators a maintenance-free alternative to wood. It is suitable for both internal and external uses, and unlike wood, vinyl foam products will not rot, warp, or peel, and will never need painting. In order to thoroughly evaluate potential applications for foam PVC, samples were provided to a commercial cabinet manufacturer to obtain his perspective of pertinent properties and potential applications. Results of this evaluation are presented along with processing and formulation recommendations for making good-quality PVC foam.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 41-45 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some of the additives used in plastics formulations, such as flame retardants, fillers, heat distortion temperature modifiers, and pigments, can have a detrimental effect on the impact resistance of the material. Impact modifiers can sometimes be used to “correct” for the detrimental effects of these additives by boosting the impact performance of the material. The functions of core/shell impact modifiers in improving impact resistance are described. Some general guidelines for selecting impact modifier products are discussed.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 57-58 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 94
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several methods were developed to measure and identify the volatile species generated when PVC is heated to decomposition temperatures. PVC film compound containing various organotin stabilizers was processed under a range of typical conditions. The film samples were subjected to degradation temperatures of 210 to 230°C in both enclosed sampling systems (for optimum collection efficiency) and open systems that were designed to mimic working conditions. The collected samples were analyzed for amounts of hydrogen chloride, organotin compounds and organics in general. Variables such as type of stabilizer, degradation time and temperature, and sample thickness and fusion time were studied.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 76-83 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Calendering of rigid and semirigid PVC (and ABS) compounds require an understanding of compound rheology and critical processing parameters. Compound rheology is modified with processing aids and lubricants. The choice of processing aid can be critical to achieving the desired rheology needed for calendering. This paper will focus on defining calendering rheology parameters as a function of a super high molecular weight MMA/SAN copolymer processing aid. These rheology parameters will be defined in terms of mill roll gap pressure, adhesive force (compound roll release) melt temperature, and shear rate. The ability to measure these parameters via a computerized two roll mill and relate this data to the actual calendering line will also be discussed.
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  • 96
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of elemental sulfur (S8) and tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) on the chemical crosslinking of PVC is studied. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and gel content of crosslinked and uncrosslinked PVC molded samples, cured at different times in hot air, are evaluated. It was found that crosslinking PVC with TMTD improves its mechanical properties, and adding S8 produces a slight improvement. Also, the S8 presence accelerated the PVC/TMTD crosslinking reaction when the crosslinking reaction was carried out under shear forces, but not when the curing was done in hot air, where the S8 retards the process.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the thermal degradation of solid powdered poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) under nitrogen was studied by thermogravimetry, rate of hydrogen chloride evolution, and rate of polyene sequence formation. These results are accommodated by a chain mechanism involving initiation by random dehydrochlorination at normal monomer residues of PVC, and a series of intermediates, each leaking to a stable conjugated polyene sequence. Structural irregularities such as allylic and tertiary chlorine are responsible for a fast initiation process at the very beginning of the degradation. Mean rate constants and activation parameters for random initiation, propagation, and termination reactions of the PVC degradation chain were calculated by simulation. Activation enthalpy/entropy correlations for the experimental data available for dehydrochlorination of chloroalkanes and chloroalkenes in the gas and in the liquid phase or nonpolar solvents and elementary reactions of PVC degradation show that initiation is an HCl elimination through a transition state of four centers requiring a synperiplanar conformation of the 〉CH-CCl〈 group, whereas propagation is a dehydrochlorination through a transition state of six centers requiring a cis configuration of the double bond.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 261-263 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction of maleic anhydride (MAH) with molten copolymers of ethylene with methyl acrylate and vinyl acetate in the presence of a peroxide catalyst yields soluble, maleated copolymers containing appended units of MAH, accompanied by insoluble, crosslinked copolymers. The amount of crosslinking that occurs in the presence of the peroxide alone is increased in the presence of MAH-peroxide. The crosslinking is suppressed in the presence of stearamide and caprolactam.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 282-285 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The antistatic behavior of glyceryl monoesters in polypropylene (PP) is measured at concentrations down to 0.30 wt%. Water contact angles and XPS analyses are used to explore the mechanism of internal antistats. Orientation of glyceryl monostearate (GMS) at the surface of PP is determined. Several new antistat compositions for PP are introduced.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 51-54 
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of melt blending core-shell impact modifiers (EXL-3330, acrylic, and EXL-3647 MBS) and flame retardants (polypentabromobenzyl acrylate - FR-1025 and 40-60,000 molecular weight brominated epoxy resin - F-2400) on the physical properties of PBT (polybutylene terephthalate) was determined using antimony oxide as a flame retardant synergist and Teflon 60 as an anti-drip agent. The major objectives of the study were to develop formulations having maximum impact strength while maintaining a V-0 UL-94 flammability rating. Excellent impact strength and flammability performance were achieved in the modified FR-PBT systems at 20% impact modifier concentration, 13.5% and 12% F-2400 and FR-1025 concentrations, respectively, a 3/1 FR/AO ratio and 1% Teflon 60 concentration.
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