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  • Articles  (36,680)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (36,680)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (36,680)
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  • Articles  (36,680)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ESTIMATING AVERAGE MONTHLY LAKE EVAPORATION IN THE NORTHEAST UNITED STATES (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A methodology to estimate the average monthly lake evaporation, E(τ), (month τ=1,12) for fresh water bodies located in the northeast United States is presented. The approach combines analysis of at-site, lake-specific vertical water temperature profile data and a previously developed regional air temperature based model approximation of the widely accepted modified Penman energy budget estimate of mean monthly potential evaporation, Ep(τ) (mm/day). The paper presents procedures to develop site-specific estimates of Ep(τ) and to convert water temperature data to average monthly conductive heat flux, G(τ). With monthly estimates of G(τ), the average monthly potential evaporation, Ep(τ), is then convertible to estimates of the average monthly lake evaporation, E(τ). This new method permits a good estimate of site-specific lake evaporation rates without the data and computational requirements of the Penman energy budget procedure nor the comparatively expensive, time consuming field eddy correlation approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04304.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ARSENIC POISONING IN BANGLADESH: A GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Drinking of arsenic-contaminated tubewell water has become a serious health threat in Bangladesh. Arsenic contaminated tubewells are believed to be responsible for poisoning nearly two-thirds of this country's population. If proper actions are not taken immediately, many people in Bangladesh will die from arsenic poisoning in just a few years. Causes and consequences of arsenic poisoning, the extent of area affected by it, and local knowledge and beliefs about the arsenic problem — including solutions and international responses to the problem — are analyzed. Although no one knows precisely how the arsenic is released into the ground water, several contradictory theories exist to account for its release. Initial symptoms of the poisoning consist of a dryness and throat constriction, difficulty in swallowing, and acute epigastric pain. Long-term exposure leads to skin, lung, or bladder cancer. Both government and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Bangladesh, foreign governments, and international agencies are now involved in mitigating the effects of the arsenic poisoning, as well as developing cost-effective remedial measures that are affordable by the rural people.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04307.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AUTOMATED METHODS FOR ESTIMATING BASEFLOW AND GROUND WATER RECHARGE FROM STREAMFLOW RECORDS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : To quantify and model the natural ground water recharge process, six sites located in the midwest and eastern United States where previous water balance observations had been made were compared to computerized techniques to estimate: (1) base flow and (2) ground water recharge. Results from an existing automated digital filter technique for separating baseflow from daily streamflow records were compared to baseflow estimates made in the six water balance studies. Previous validation of automated baseflow separation techniques consisted only of comparisons with manual techniques. In this study, the automated digital filter technique was found to compare well with measured field estimates yielding a monthly coefficient of determination of 0.86. The recharge algorithm developed in this study is an automated derivation of the Rorabaugh hydrograph recession curve displacement method that utilizes daily streamflow. Comparison of annual recharge from field water balance measurements to those computed with the automated recession curve displacement method had coefficients of determination of 0.76 and predictive efficiencies of 71 percent. Monthly estimates showed more variation and are not advocated for use with this method. These techniques appear to be fast, reproducible methods for estimating baseflow and annual recharge and should be useful in regional modeling efforts and as a quick check on mass balance techniques for shallow water table aquifers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03599.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED MODELING OF STREAM FLOW DURING STORM EVENTS (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach for the spatially distributed modeling of water flow during storm events. Distributed modeling of flow during storm events is an important basis for any environmental modeling, including turbidity or sediment transport. During the initial phase of a rainstorm, surface runoff is the main contributor of flow. To provide the spatial components for distributed hydrological modeling a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to map and visualize contributing areas around a stream channel. Stream segments were defined using the hydrologic response unit (HRU) concept. Lateral flows were derived from GIS output for each segment of the stream and at each time interval of the rain storm and were routed using the kinematic routing equation. This approach is new in hydrological modeling and can be used to enhance many existing simulations. The model is also unique in the fine time scale (i.e., intervals are on the order of minutes). Model results showed good correlation with measured discharge values; however, further studies of contributing area behavior, its relationship with soil types and slope categories, and the influence of watershed size are needed to improve model performance. This model will be used in the future as the basis to model turbidity in streams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04284.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AN EMPIRICALLY-BASED SEQUENTIAL GROUND WATER MONITORING NETWORK DESIGN PROCEDURE (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A procedure using a simple, empirically-based model that makes efficient use of available information has been developed for designing a ground water monitoring well network. A moving plume is described by siting wells in a sequential manner, relying upon two-dimensional concentration data obtained from previously installed wells to determine the locations of future wells. Data sets from two well known, densely monitored natural gradient tracer studies were used to test the procedure. Plumes defined by all information in the original networks were compared to those defined by reduced networks designed by the new procedure. The new procedure tracked the plumes using only a portion of that information. The new procedure could have reduced the number of wells in the original tests by about 50 percent without appreciable loss of plume information as measured by plume location and extent and by tracer mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04286.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SIZING OF SURFACE WATER RUNOFF DETENTION PONDS FOR WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Historically, storm water management programs and criteria have focused on quantity issues related to flooding and drainage system design. Traditional designs were based on large rainfall-runoff events such as those having two-year to 100-year return periods. While these are key criteria for management and control of peak flows, detention basin designs based on these criteria may not provide optimal quality treatment of storm runoff. As evidenced by studies performed by numerous public and private organizations, the water quality impacts of storm water runoff are primarily a function of more frequent rainfall-runoff events rather than the less frequent events that cause peak flooding. Prior to this study there had been no detailed investigations to characterize the variability of the more frequent rainfall events on Guam. Also, there was a need to develop some criteria that could be applied by designers, developers, and agency officials in order to reduce the impact of storm water runoff on the receiving bodies. The objectives of this paper were three-fold: (1) characterize the hourly rainfall events with respect to volume, frequency, duration, and the time between storm events; (2) evaluate the rainfall-runoff characteristics with respect to capture volume for water quality treatment; and (3) prepare criteria for sizing and designing of storm water quality management facilities. The rainfall characterization studies have provided insight into the characteristics of rainstorms that are likely to produce non-point source pollution in storm water runoff. By far the most significant fmdings are the development of a series of design curves that can be used in the actual sizing of storm water detention and treatment facilities. If applied correctly, these design curves could lead to a reduction of non-point source pollution to Guam's streams, estuaries, and coastal environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04285.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DEVELOPMENT OF A GIS-BASED FLOOD INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR FLOODPLAIN MODELING AND DAMAGE CALCULATION (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This work presents a flexible system called GIS-based Flood Information System (GFIS) for floodplain modeling, flood damages calculation, and flood information support. It includes two major components, namely floodplain modeling and custom designed modules. Model parameters and input data are gathered, reviewed, and compiled using custom designed modules. Through these modules, it is possible for GFIS to control the process of flood-plain modeling, presentation of simulation results, and calculation of flood damages. Empirical stage-damage curves are used to calculate the flood damages. These curves were generated from stage-damage surveys of anthropogenic structures, crops, etc., in the coastal region of a frequently flooded area in Chia-I County, Taiwan. The average annual flood damages are calculated with exceedance probability and flood damages for the designed rainfalls of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 year recurrence intervals with a duration of 24 hours. The average annual flood depth in this study area can also be calculated using the same method. The primary advantages of GFIS are its ability to accurately predict the locations of flood area, depth, and duration; calculate flood damages in the floodplain; and compare the reduction of flood damages for flood mitigation plans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04287.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DEM AGGREGATION FOR WATERSHED MODELING (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The widely available USGS 7.5-minute Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has a cell size of approximately 30 m × 30 m. This high resolution topographic information is impractical for many applications of distributed hydrologic and water quality models. In this study, cells were aggregated into coarse-resolution areal units, termed grids, and a method to approximate flow direction for coarse-resolution grids from 30 m DEM cells was developed. The method considers the flow path defined from the fine-resolution DEM in determining a grid's flow direction and makes flow directions for grids closely follow the flow pattern suggested by the DEM. The aggregation method was applied to a DEM of Goodwater Creek, a nearly flat watershed that is located in central Missouri. The drainage networks derived for different levels of cell aggregations showed that grid aggregates of the Goodwater Creek watershed provided an adequate representation of the landscape topography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04288.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE EVAPORATION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR CONTINUOUS MODELING (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The importance of evaporation in hydrologic modeling has been investigated by analysis of water budget at various scales and application of a water management model at plot scale. The data at all scales indicate that evaporation constitutes a major hydrological output. Accurate determination of watershed evapotranspiration depends upon appropriate accounting for the various components of evapotranspiration and their areal and temporal variability. An application of a water management model has revealed that the ranking of the sensitivity of input parameters depends upon the method of determination of evapotranspiration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04289.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECT OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ON FARM INCOME, RISK, AND NPS POLLUTION (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Enforceable standards play a crucial role in the design and implementation of most water quality policies. The impacts of these standards on farm income and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution can provide valuable information to develop economic policies that can improve water quality with minimal loss in income and minimal risk. This study uses an integration of nonlinear programming and a simulation model to assess the impacts of enforceable standards at technology and farm boundary levels. The results indicate that the type of pollutant regulated, enforcement type, and the level of standard had a significant impact on farm income and water quality. Choice of farm boundary standards over technology standards is dependent on the impact of the policy on other NPS pollutants, in addition to the reduction of nitrate and phosphorus pollutants. Enforcing farm boundary standards on nitrates had desirable effects on subsurface and percolate nitrogen and variance in income. Technology standards were uncertain in their effects because of the restriction on the choice of technologies available to farmers. A comparative policy analysis considering incentives, multiple impacts, transaction costs of implementation, and regional consideration is important to an effective policy design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04290.x
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