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  • Articles  (161,346)
  • Springer  (161,346)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (161,346)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limitation of stomatal conductance by hydraulic traits: sensing or preventing xylem cavitation? (2000)
    Springer
    Trees 15 (2000), S. 14-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Stomatal conductance Hydraulic conductance Xylem cavitation Leaf resistance Woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. We tested the hypothesis that hydraulic conductance per unit leaf surface area of plant shoots (K SL) determines the maximum diurnal stomatal conductance (g L) that can be reached by plants growing in the field. A second hypothesis was tested that some xylem cavitation cannot be avoided by transpiring plants and might act as a signal for regulating g L. Eleven woody species were studied, differing from each other with respect to taxonomy, wood anatomy and leaf habit. Maximum diurnal g L, transpiration rate (E L), pre-dawn and minimum diurnal leaf water potential (Ψ pd and Ψ min, respectively) were measured in the field. The critical Ψ level at which stem cavitation was triggered (Ψ cav) was measured on detached branches, using the acoustic method. A high-pressure flow meter was used to measure maximum K SL of 1-year-old shoots. Both g L and E L were positively related to K SL. The whole-plant hydraulic conductance per unit leaf area (K WL) of all the species studied, calculated as the ratio of E L to ΔΨ (=〈I〉Ψ〈/I〉〈SUB〉pd〈/SUB〉-〈I〉Ψ〈/I〉〈SUB〉min〈/SUB〉) was closely related to K SL. In every case, Ψ min (ranging between –0.85 and –1.35 MPa in the different species) dropped to the Ψ cav range or was 〈Ψ cav (ranging between –0.71 and –1.23 MPa), thus suggesting that some cavitation-induced embolism could not be avoided. The possibility is discussed that some cavitation-induced reduction in K SL is the signal for stomatal closure preventing runaway embolism. The lack of correlation of g L to Ψ cav is discussed in terms of the inconsistency of Ψ cav as an indicator of the vulnerability of plants to cavitation. No differences in hydraulic traits were observed between evergreen and deciduous species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680000071
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stem radius changes and their relation to stored water in stems of young Norway spruce trees (2000)
    Springer
    Trees 15 (2000), S. 50-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Water relations Bark water storage Point dendrometer Cavitation Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Changes in the stem radius of young Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were related to changes in stem water content in order to investigate the relationship between diurnal stem size fluctuations and internally stored water. Experiments were performed on living trees and on cut stem segments. The defoliated stem segments were dried under room conditions and weight (W), volume (V), and xylem water potential (Ψ s) were continuously monitored for 95 h. Additionally, photos of cross-sections of fresh and air-dried stem segments were taken. For stem segments we found that the change in V was linearly correlated to the change in W as long as Ψ s was 〉–2.3±0.3 MPa (phase transition point). Stem contraction occurred almost solely in the elastic tissues of the bark (cambium, phloem, and parenchyma), and the stem radius changes were closely coupled to bark water content. For living trees, it is therefore possible to estimate the daily contribution of "bark water" to transpiration from knowledge of the stem size and continuous measurements of the stem radius fluctuations. When Ψ s reaches the phase-transition point, water is also withdrawn from the inelastic tissue of the stem (xylem), which – in the experiment with stem segments – was indicated by an increasing ratio between Δ V and Δ W. We assume that for Ψ s below the transition point, air is sucked into the tracheids (cavitation) and water is also withdrawn from the xylem. Due to the fact that in living P. abies Ψ s rarely falls below –2.3±0.3 MPa and the xylem size is almost unaffected by radius fluctuations, dendrometers are useful instruments with which to derive the diurnal changes in the bark water contents of Norway spruce trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680000072
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport of [1-14C]-indole-3-acetic acid in Abies balsamea shoots ringed with Ethrel (2000)
    Springer
    Trees 15 (2000), S. 58-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Balsam fir 2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid Cambial region Ethrel Ethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The terminal (1-year-old) shoot of dormant, 2-year-old Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. seedlings was ringed with 0 or 10 mg Ethrel g–1 lanolin. After 5 weeks of culture under environmental conditions favorable for growth, some of the treated shoots were harvested to measure tracheid number by microscopy and ethylene evolution by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The remaining shoots were used to measure basipetal IAA transport in the cambial region by decapitating the shoot apex, applying a pulse of [1-14C]-IAA to the cut surface, and monitoring the subsequent distribution of radioactivity. Ringing with 10 mg Ethrel g–1 lanolin, compared with lanolin alone, stimulated cambial region ethylene evolution about 26-fold at, and 3-fold above and below the ringing site, but promoted tracheid production at the ringing site only. Ethrel ringing also increased the velocity, after 26 h transport, at which the front of the [1-14C]-IAA pulse moved below the ringing site. After 72 h of [1-14C]-IAA transport, when only immobilized radioactivity was present, the amount of radioactivity recovered in shoots ringed with 10 mg Ethrel g–1 lanolin was higher than with lanolin alone at the ringing site but lower below it. No difference was observed above the ringing site. The distribution of radioactivity was the same in shoots ringed with lanolin alone and in unringed shoots. The results support the hypothesis that an abnormally high cambial region concentration of ethylene derived from Ethrel ringing inhibits the capacity of basipetal IAA transport at the ringing site, resulting in a local accumulation of IAA that stimulates tracheid production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680000075
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of soil fauna in desert agriculture of the Mariut region (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mesic detritivores ; Dry farming ; Mariut desert ; Carabidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The soil fauna of 23 sites in the Mariut region, west of Alexandria, Egypt, was sampled monthly or seasonally for periods of 1,5–2.5 years. These sites range from unutilized littoral sand dunes, to free-grazing pasture, to low- and high-intensity dry farming, to irrigated agriculture. The average population densities of the encountered taxa were compared by corresponding analysis and by ascending hierarchic classification. With intensification of the agricultural practices, true detritivores of the original system, capable of dealing with the available plant and animal litter and adapted to the harsh desert climate, are replaced by other mesic detritivores adapted to the changes in litter quality (less animal and more plant) and also adapted to the new physical and chemical soil conditions. Meanwhile, the increase in plant biomass encourages the appearance and proliferation of cryptic phytophages (agricultural pests), occupying the niche of the removed large (domestic) herbivores. Carnivores (e.g.Carabidae) also change accordingly. Sites can thus be characterized on the basis of their soil faunas, according to the stage of their evolution, and a system of exchange of missing key taxa between sites should be established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710965
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of synthetic and microbially produced chelates on the diffusion of iron and phosphorus to a simulated root in soil (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Iron ; Phosphorus ; Siderophore ; Hydroxamate ; Chelates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Hydroxamate siderophores (HS) are microbially produced, ferric-specific chelates, known to occur in soil, and to be capable of providing iron to higher plants. This study examined the potential for HS to influence the diffusion of both iron and phosphorus to plant roots in soil. The HS desferrioxamine-B (DFOB) and desferriferrichrome (ferrichrome) were compared with the synthetic chelates ethylenediamine [di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic)acid] (EDDHA) and ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and citrate, oxalate, and distilled water in their ability to increase diffusion of iron using a simulated root technique. Chelate solutions were pumped through porous fiber bundles imbedded in soil previously labeled with55Fe. In a sandy loam of pH 7.5,55Fe diffusion caused by 10−4 M DFOB was twice that of water, but similar to that caused by 10−4 M EDDHA. However, 10−3 M EDDHA resulted in greater diffusion than 10-3 M DFOB. The diffusions resulting from equimolar quantities of citrate, oxalate, and EDTA were similar to that with distilled water. In a clay soil of pH 5.2 previously labeled with55Fe and32 P, the response in55Fe diffusion to chelate treatments was: 10−4 M EDDHA 〉 10−4 M ferrichrome 〉 10−3 M DFOB 〉 10−4 M DFOB 〉 water. Both ferrichrome and EDDHA caused2 P diffusion to increase substantially over that of distilled water. These results suggest that hydroxamate siderophores present in the rhizosphere could effectively increase the level of soluble iron for root uptake and possibly increase phosphorus uptake by solubilization of phosphorus from iron phosphates at acid pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710970
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of grazer regulation and algal inoculation on photodependent nitrogen fixation in a wetland rice field (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cyanophyceae ; Ostracoda ; Ricefields ; Grazing ; N2-fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A dry season field experiment conducted for two consecutive years highlighted problems of achieving increased populations of N2-fixing blue-green algae (BGA) in wetland rice fields. Inoculation of non-indigenous BGA strains, either dried or as fresh viable inocula even at high levels of application, was unsuccessful. A limiting effect of grazing invertebrate populations on BGA establishment was evident, but other factors were involved. Reducing grazer pressure did not permit establishment of inoculated BGA; interspecific competition and environmental factors may explain the inoculation failure. Grazer regulation permitted the establishment of a fast-growing indigenous N2-fixing Anabaena and the doubling of N2-fixing activity over a control. Neither inoculation nor grazer control affected grain yields significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255132
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of ecophysiological maintenance carbon requirements of soil microorganisms in a dormant state (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dormant populations ; Maintenance carbon requirements ; Microbial biomass ; Biomass carbon loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An experimental approach was attempted for determining the maintenance carbon requirements of the dormant microbial biomass of two agricultural soils (I, II) and one, forest soil (III). The amount of carbon needed for preventing microbial-C loss during incubation expressed as coefficient m (mg glucose-C·mg-1 biomass-C·h-1) was 0.00031, 0.00017 and 0.00017 h-1 at 28°C and 0.000043, 0.000034 and 0.000016 h-1 at 15°C for soils I, II and III, respectively. Depending on the temperature, the determined m values of the dormant population were two to three orders of magnitude below known values from pure cultures or m values of metabolically activated biomasses under in situ conditions. Corresponding microbial-C loss quotients were comparable to the observed maintenance coefficients but were always above m. The metabolic quotient q for CO2 (mg CO2-C·mg-1 biomass-C·h-1) of the dormant populations in the three soils tested was at q = 0.0018 h-1 (22°C) one order of magnitude below metabolically activated cells but did not correspond to the low maintenance values determined, which implies that in addition to possible utilization of native soil organic matter dormant biomasses must largely have an endogenously derived respiratory activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255134
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The electro-ultrafiltration method for controlling the effect of Bacillus cereus on phosphorus mobilization in a calcareous soil (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bacillus cereus ; Calcareous soil ; Electro-ultrafiltration ; P-Mobilization ; Phosphorus Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the phosphorus mobilization and P utake by Lolium multiflorum from a calcareous soil were investigated using a greenhouse pot experiment. The soil was inoculated with Bacillus cereus and the pots were either planted with Lolium multiflorum or left fallow. Treatments were designed to study the effect of inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on phosphorus dynamics throughout the experiment. The dynamics were studied by the electro-ultrafiltration method, the results of which were used to interpret phosphorus mobilization in the soil. Phosphate uptake by L. multiflorum from the inoculated soil showed a 40% increase over the control soil, and an increase in total dry matter of 50%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255136
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc effects on soil microflora and glucose metabolites in soil amended with 14C-glucose (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil respiration ; 14C-glucose metabolites ; Zn effects ; bacterial and fungal populations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of zinc added to a diluvial sandy clay loam soil on its microflora and the metabolic products of amended glucose in the soil were investigated, and its influences on both biological and chemical turnover are discussed. Changes in the soil microflora were followed by counting the microbes and measuring their contributions to soil respiration. The transformations of 14C-glucose products were traced in five divided fractions. Amended glucose was readily assimilated into microbial tissues and transformed to metabolites in the control soil. Within the initial 24 h of the incubation, most of the glucose was decomposed and about 40% of the substrate evolved as carbon dioxide. This primary metabolism was attributed to the bacterial population, and the subsequent secondary metabolism was associated with fungal growth rather than bacteria. On the other hand, zinc (1000 μg/g) added as chloride prolonged the primary metabolism of glucose and a large part of the incubation period for 96 h was occupied by this metabolism, which was mostly dependent on the fungal population. Viable bacterial number noticeably within the first 24 h of the incubation. During the course of the subsequent incubation, however, this number increased and the selection for zinc tolerance was suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301778
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity of metals to the earthworm Eisenia fetida (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 149-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eisenia fetida ; Artificial soil test ; Contact test ; Acute toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Development of methods to measure the effect of man's residuals on soil ecosystems is desirable. Earthworms, as one of the largest and most easily obtained components of the soil biota, are suitable for evaluating perturbations to soil ecosystems. The impact of five metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) on the survival of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny) was evaluated using the contact and artificial soil tests. There was no difference in toxicity between the different metal salts (acetate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate) of each of the five metals using the contact test. In the contact test, the order of toxicity, from most toxic to least toxic, was Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Ni ≈ Cd 〉 Pb. The nitrate salt of the five metals was tested using the artificial soil test and the order of toxicity, from most toxic to least toxic, was Cu ≈ Zn ≈ Ni 〉 Cd 〉 Pb. Stress on earthworm populations, as shown by weight loss, was shown to increase with increasing concentrations of metal salts. These studies indicate that: (a) earthworms can be a suitable biomonitoring tool to assist in measuring the effect of metals in wastes added to soils and (b) the contact and artificial soil tests can measure the biological impacts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301782
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