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  • Articles  (51,896)
  • 1945-1949  (51,896)
  • Physics  (51,896)
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  • Articles  (51,896)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 8-18 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The vertical temperature gradient for selectet stations shows an annual variation which cannot be explained by the diurnal variation of temperature. The annual variation of temperature at fixed levels in the lower layers of atmosphere shows a trend opposite to these variations at fixed elevations in the middle layers. This fact indicates that the troposphere cannot be regarded as a layer of uniform structure. The interdiurnal variations of pressure and temperature for the individual levels and their opposite trend compel us to postulate within the troposphere a lower layer as has been observed before in various occasions and then called the layer of disturbation. It is possible to generalize these observations and to conceive of the lower layer as a planetary phenomenon and as the ground layer of the atmosphere.
    Abstract: Riassunto Il gradiente termico verticale presenta una variazione annuale che non può venir spiegata con la variazione diurna della temperatura. La variazione annuale della temperatura a livelli determinati nei bassi strati dell'atmosfera rivela un andamento opposto a quello che si riscontra negli strati centrali della troposfera. I due fatti dimostrano che la tropofera non può venir considerata come uno strato avente struttura uniforme. Le variazioni interdiurne della pressione e della temperatura nei singoli strati verticali ed il loro comportamento inverso conducono all'esistenza di uno strato inferiore in seno alla troposfera, già prima occasionalmente osservato e definito strato di perturbazione. Simili osservazioni sono atte a venir generalizzate in quanto questo strato inferiore è concepibile come fenomeno planetärio e come strato base dell'atmosfera.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der vertkkale Temperaturgradient hat bei ausgewahlten Stationen einen jährlichen Gang, der nicht durch den täglichen Temperaturgang erklärbar ist. Die jährliche Temperaturschwankung in Abhängigkeit von der Höhe zeigt ein gegenläufiges Verhalten zwischen den unteren und den mittleren Schichten der Troposphäre. Beide Erscheinungen weisen darauthin, dass man die Troposphäre nicht als eine Schicht von einheitlichem Aufbau ansehen kann. Die interdiurnen Anderungen von Druck und Temperatur in den einzelnen Höhenschichten und ihr gegenläufiges Verhalten zwingen dazu eine untere Schicht in der Troposphäre auszusondern, die scho gelegentlich früher beobachtet und dann als Störungsschicht bezeichnet wurde. Diese Beobachtungen sind aber einer Verallgemeinerung fähig, indem diese untere Schicht als planetarische Erscheinung aufzufassen und als Grundschicht der Atmosphäre zu kennzeichnen ist.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The exceptional thermic conditions of the winter 1946–47 and the summer 1947 are discussed. These conditions do not mean a change of the climate of Western Europe. They concide with a period of intensive solar activity. Generally narrow connexion are present between periods of large (small) variability of the climate and large (small) solar activity.
    Notes: Résumé Les conditions thermiques exceptionelles de l'hiver 1946–47 et de l'été 1947 sont discutées en déduisant que cela ne signifie pas un changement de climat pour l'Europe occidentale: en effet, il s'agit seulement d'une coincidence avec une période d'intense activité solaire, y ayant en général une correspondance entre les époques de grande (ou petite) variabilité du climat et les périodes de forte (ou faible) activité solaire.
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  • 3
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 23-52 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to investigate the conditions of propagation of a transmitter situated below the surface of the ground. This problem is of interest to both radio engineers and geophysicists. By determination of the extinction and reflection areas of electrical discontinuity may be located. The experiments were carried out in German potassic salt mines. Rocks of potassic salts are known as very bad conductors. Therefore the extinction is but very little. In this area ranges up to 14 kilometres were reached. This is the greatest range obtained up to now under the surface of the ground. The investigations were carried out with different wave lengths from 10 up to 2000 metres. The influence of geological discontinuities, alkaline deposits and disturbed areas was always very great. The author mentions that the above ranges could certainly still be considerably increased by application of all technical means available at present.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1) Die Versuche fanden in den Gruben Hannovers, des Werragebietes und des Südharzes statt. 2) Die Untersuchungen erstreckten sich über das ganze praktisch in Betracht kommende Wellenband, angefangen von den Meterwellen bis in den 1000 Meter-Bereich. 3) Im Zuge der Untersuchungen konnten die bisher grössten, unter Tag überhaupt erzielten Reichweiten erreicht werden. Die grösste Reichweite wurde zwischen zwei Hannoverischen Gruben erzielt und betrug bei 14 Kilometer. 4) Frequenz und geologische Faktoren sind stets von Einfluss. 5) Die Versuche zeigen, dass unter Kalilagerstätten Funkmutungsverfahren nach dem Reflexions- und Refraktionsprinzip für grössere Aufschlussteufen möglich sind. 6) Die Versuche haben alle Voraussetzungen des Grubenfunks so weit geklärt, dass dessen praktischer Einführung nichts im Wege steht.
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  • 4
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 108-112 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 105-107 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die in Uppsala registrierte Bodenunruhe ist für die Zeit 1907–1947 betreffs langperiodischen Schwankungen untersucht worden. Eine 11-jährige Variation wird festgestellt und es gibt weiter Anzeichnungen einer Variation von 28 Monaten. Die 11-jährige Variation ist seit 1923 zur Sonnenflecken-frequenz negativ korreliert und ist durch entsprechende meridionale Verschiebungen der am meisten betretenen Zyklonenbahnen, erklärt.
    Abstract: Riassunto L'agitazione microsismica registrata a Uppsala nel quarantennio 1907–1947 venne esaminata in vista di determinare le oscillazioni di lungo periodo. Si è accertata una oscillazione undecennale, trovandosi altresi indizi per una oscillazione di 28 mesi. Dal 1923 l'oscillazione undecennale manifesta una correlazione negativa con la frequenza delle macchie solari e viene spiegata con i corrispondenti spostamenti meridionali delle rotte cicloniche dominanti.
    Notes: Summary The microseisms recorded at Uppsala have been studied for the time 1907–1947 with regard to long period variations. There is clear evidence of an 11 year variation and slight indications of a 28 month variation. The 11 year variation is from 1923 negatively correlated to the sunspot frequency and is explained by corresponding meridional displacements of the dominant cyclonic tracks.
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 168-169 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 134-144 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It was yet often noted that the earth's magnetic field has been steadily modified on the result of seismic earth movements. The author cites many recent examples of magnetic anomalies measured in Japan after major earthquakes (Kato). The «Bassin de Paris»'s magnetic anomaly is modified during a certain time in a possible connection with magmatic removals and with some seismic activity. The earthquake of June 11 th., 1938 in Belgium shows some very interesting connections with the belgian magnetic anomaly. Suggestive relationships are noted between changes in the earth's secular magnetic field and areas of seismicity (Omer). The author thinks that the earthquakes and the deformations of the earth's magnetic field are more or less closely connected one with another, and it may perhaps be that the atomic energy (chain reactions) may explain some orogenic earthquakes and their aftershocks.
    Notes: Résumé On a déjà souvent signalé que le champ magné ique terrestre s'est trouvé modifié de façon durable à la suile de mouvements séismiques. L'auteur rappelle plusieurs exemples récents d'anomalies magnétiques mesurées au Japon à la suite d'importants séismes (Kato). L'anomalie magnélique duBassin de Paris se déforme dans le temps en liaison possible avec des déplacements magmatiques et une activité séismique avortée. Le séisme du 11 juin 1938 en Belgique montre d'intéressants rapports avec l'anomalie magnétique belge. Les cartes isoporiques mondiales présentent des relations avec les cartes de séismicité (Omer). L'auteur pense que séismes et déformations du champ magnétique terrestre sont plus ou moins étroitement liés et que peut être une réaction atomiqueen chaine peut expliquer les séismes orogéniques et leurs répliques.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 286-292 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 295-296 
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 293-294 
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 210-253 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In continuing former studies about the USA and in employing the recent observations—especially the ascents of radio-sounds—this investigation treats the average thermical conditions over the North-American continent in dependance from time and space till a height of about 20 km. The influences of the three geographical coordinates, i. e. latitude, longitude and height, and of the factor of time are developed gradually. The resulting consequences concerning the average conditions of pressure and air moving are derived and interpreted. In this manner one particularly succeeds in proving the effects of the distribution of the temperature on the planetary wind circulation, its modifications by the monsoon tendency and the component of the interhemispherical air circulation in the troposphere and in the stratosphere; a problem that has been explored relatively seldom till now. Furthermore the variations of the tropopause in time and space are shown. The study being a further contribution to a systematical development of a world-wide climatology of the free atmosphere will help to enlarge the necessary empirical foundation for all the theoretical speculations of the general circulation in the third dimension.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Fortführung früherer analoger Untersuchungen über die USA behandelt die vorstehende Arbeit unter Benutzung der seither hinzugekommenen Beobachtungen (namentlich von Radiosonden-Aufstiegen) die durchschnittlichen raum-zeitlichen Temperaturverhältnisse über dem nordamerikanischen Erdteil bis über 20 km Höhe. Die Einflüsse der drei geographischen Koordinaten: Breite, Länge, Höhe und des Zeitfaktors werden schrittweise herausgearbeitet, die sich daraus ergebenden Folgen für die mittleren Druck- und Bewegungsbedingungen abgeleitet und interpretiert. Auf diese Weise lassen sich insbesondere auch die Wirkungen der Temperaturverteilung auf die planetarische, die monsunale und die relativ noch wenig erforschte Komponente der interhemisphärischen Zirkulation in Tropo- und Stratosphäre, sowie die raum-zeitlichen Änderungen ihrer Trennungsfläche, der Tropopause, nachweisen. Die Arbeit ist im ganzen gedacht als ein weiterer Beitrag zur systematischen Entwicklung einer weltweiten Klimatologie des freien Luftmeeres, die das notwendige empirische Fundament für alle theoretischen Eröterungen des allgemeinen atmosphärischen Kreislaufs nach der dritten Dimension ausbauen soll.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 89-90 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 53-60 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results of some measures of magnetic susceptibility of italian magnetic ores are reported and discussed. It is proved the impossibility of a general relation between the magnitude of the susceptibility and the genetic character of the ores; however, new views are pointed out to successfully deepen the results.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse einiger Suszeptibilitäts-Messungen von ital. Magnetit-Mineralien verschiedener Genesis werden angegeben und erläutert. U. a. beweist man, dass ein allgemeine Gesetz für eine einfache Zusammenhang zwischen den Werte der Suszeptibilität und die genetischen Eigentümlichkeiten der Lagerstätten nicht bestehen kann. Neue Forschungsrichtungen dafür werden vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono esposti e discussi i risultati di alcune misure della suscetività magnetica di minerali magnetitiferi italiani. Fra l'altro si dimostra l'impossibilità di una legge generale di interdipendenza fra i valori della suscettività ed il carattere genetico dei giacimenti, indicando nuovi orientamenti per approfondire con successo simili indagini.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 97-104 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Man beschreibt ein Verfahren für eine mareographische Nivellierung womit man eine absolute vertikale Küstenbewegung bemessen kann und zwar unabhängig von der relativen Bewegung der Küste und des mittleren Wasserniveaus. Das Verfahren begründet sich auf die Bestimmung der Geschwindigkeiten der Zunahme (Zunahme in einer bestimmten Zwischenzeit) des mittleren Wasserniveaus aller Meere und von der gleichzeitigen Geschwindigkeit der Zunahme der mareographischen Station die geprüft werden soll. Mit diesen Bestimmungen ist es möglich ein fondamentales Niveau unverändert in Zeit und Raume festzustellen. Man bezeigt ausserdem wie das Verfahren eine Präzision eines mm für 200–400 km Küstenlänge geben kann. Man vergleicht die mareographische mit der geometrischen Nivellierung. Man gibt die Resultate der Anwendung dieses Verfahrens an der italienischen Küste.
    Notes: Riassunto Si descrive un procedimento di livellazione mareografica mediante il quale è possibile determinare la misura di un movimento verticale costiero in senso assoluto, cioè indipendentemente dai moti relativi della costa e del livello medio marino. Esso si basa sulla determinazione delle velocità dell'aumento (aumento in un dato intervallo di tempo) del livello medio marino di tutti i mari e di quella contemporanea della stazione in esame. Queste determinazioni rendono possibile di stabilire un piano fondamentale invariabile nel tempo e nello spazio. Si mette inoltre in evidenza come il procedimento possa dare una precisione che arriva sino al mm su zone costiere lunghe centinaia di km. Si confronta la livellazione mareografica con quella geometrica di precisione. Sono dati infine i risultati di una applicazione al caso delle coste italiane.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 162-167 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Verf. berichtet über das von ihm durchgeführte Feinnivellement um die vertikale Lage einiger Festpunkten des Geophysikalisch-Geodätischen Instituts der Universität Genua genau zu bestimmen und zwar mit Verbindung an die dortige mareographische Station.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. riferisce sulla livellazione di precisione da lui eseguita per determinare le quote assolute dei caposaldi esterni ed interni dell'Istituto Geofisico e Geodetico dell'Università di Genova, con collegamento allo zero mareografico locale.
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  • 18
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 1-3 
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  • 19
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 11-19 
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  • 20
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 28-42 
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  • 21
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 234-237 
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  • 22
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 20-24 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary The Torsion Balance is to be used only in case if more information than presented by the Gravimeter is required. Being so, it is advisable then to make most of the fineness obtainable by the Torsion Balance. Therefore, a survey must be done carefully and reliably. One of its accessories is a proper calculus of the cartographic effects, specially for the curvature data which in their crude state — over a hilly topography — are of not much use. The cartographic method of Eötvös is right, for it works with a prism resting over a circle parcel which best fits the contourlines. The method itself is good, but Eötvös's approximate formulae — simple as they are — are accurate only within 2/10s of topographic elevation or depression. Generally speaking this limit is sufficient for the curvature data as beyond it they are rarely reliable. In order to speed up their evaluations from the map the author drew up a scale. On the other hand, for the gradient-effects a table was computed; it contains the effects of prisms of different heights at different distances. This table is handy in use; the basis used for it is the exact formula of gradient-effect. Same has to be done for curvature data beyond the two-tenth elevation. Suitably constructed tables for both effects may also be used for masses of three dimensions.
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  • 23
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 75-87 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seismische Wellen aller Art zeigen mit zunehmender Entfernung vom Quellpunkt eine Verlängerung ihrer Perioden. Zugleich findet eine Abnahme der Amplituden und ein Ausglätten der Bodenbewegung statt, die schliesslich, wie immer sie beschaffen gewesen sein mag, sinusartigen Charakter annimmt. Dieser Erscheinungskomplex wird durch die Theorie nicht wiedergegeben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, wo der Grund für diese Nichtübereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Erfahrung liegen könnte. Er könnte einerseits in der Art und Weise zu suchen sein, wie die Diffgn. der Elastizitätstheorie integriert werden (die Dichte wird als konstant vorausgesetzt), er könnte aber auch darin liegen, dass die Erde kein vollelastisches, sondern ein visko-elastisches Medium ist. In jedem der beiden Fälle müsste, wenn sie berücksichtigt werden, der fragliche Erscheinungskomplex durch die Theorie wiedergegeben werden. Wahrscheinlich aber hat man beide Umstände zusammen zu berücksichtigen.
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  • 24
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 132-137 
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  • 25
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 138-144 
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  • 26
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 157-166 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les relations entre la radiation globale du soleil et du ciel, la durée de l'insolation et la nébulosité sont discuté. La proportion entre la radiation globale du ciel totalement couvert et du ciel totalement éclairci est une grandeur géophysique bien definie, laquelle est constante pour un éspace de la terre assez grand. Elle a une variation annuelle petite mais explicable et elle peut characteriser la structure moyenne des nuages. D'autre côté la constante «a» de l'équation deÅngström I M =I 0[1+(1−a)M] est très dependante du procès du calcul, elle est seulement la constante d'une équation d'interpolation. La supposition d'une relation linéaire entre la radiation globale et la nébulosité ou la durée rélative de l'insolation est remplie seulement en mesure réduite. Quelques valeurs du facteur «a» et de la proportion susmentionnée sont données.
    Abstract: Summary Some relations between the total radiation of sun and sky, the sunshine and the cloudiness are discussed. The relation of the total radiation on completely overcast days and on perfectly clear days is a well defined geophysical quantity, wich is constant about rather a large area of the earth. It has a slight but intellegible annual variation and has a physical meaning characterizing the structure of the clouds. Compared to this the constant ofÅngström's equationI M =I 0[1+(1−a)M] largely depends on how it is calculated. It is only the coefficient of a formula of interpolation. The supposing of a linear connection between the total incoming radiation and the cloudiness or the relative duration of sunshine is only fullfilled in a moderate degree. Some figures of «a» and the relation above mentioned are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Zusammenhänge zwischen der Globalstrahlung, der relativen Sonnenscheindauer und der Bewölkung diskutiert. Das Verhältnis der Globalstrahlung bei völlig bedecktem Himmel zur Globalstrahlung bei völliger Wolkenlosigkeit ist eine klar definierte geophysikalische Grösse, die offenbar über grössere Räume hinweg konstant ist. Sie zeigt einen schwachen verständlichen Jahresgang und hat eine physikalische Bedeutung, indem sie die Struktur der Bewölkung charakterisiert. Die Konstante «a» derÅngströmschem GleichungI M =I 0[1+(1−a)M] ist demgegenüber in hohem Masse von der Art der Berechnung abhängig. Sie hat nur die Bedeutung einer Konstanten in einer Interpolationsformel. Dabei ist die Voraussetzung des linearen Zusammenhanges zwischen Globalstrahlung und Bewölkung oder relativer Sonnenscheindauer in Bochum nur in bescheidenem Masse erfüllt. Es werden eine Reihe von Zahlenwerten füra und das Verhältnis der Globalstrahlung bei bedecktem und wolkenfreiem Himmel mitgeteilt.
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  • 27
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 77-94 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The application to regional climatology of the synoptical elements is consistent with the conception of climate being the condensation of a variety of weather patterns. These elements are gained from analysis which is permitting the determination of air-masses (or air-bodies), frontal systems, and broad scale weather patterns. In this study it is attempted to arrive at an absolute system of air-masses. Improved technical conditions make it possible representing the distribution of individual meteor. elements, forming highly refined analyses of air-masses and frontal systems, and determining broad scale weather patterns. Statistical evaluation as well as investigations of the relationship between meteor. and geogr. factors point to modern climatology. This field of activity is part of basic research. Its practical applicability is in regional climatology and regional weather forecasting.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Anwendung der synoptischen Grundlagen über das Wettergeschehen in der regionalen Klimakunde ist im Einklang mit der Definition des Klimas als der Gesamtheit der Witterung. Die Grundlagen werden aus der Analyse entnommen, welche die Bestimmung der Luftmassen (oder Luftkörper), Fronten und Grosswetterlagen zulässt. Die Erläuterung führt zu dem Versuch einer absoluten Luftmassengliederung. Verbesserte technische Voraussetzungen lassen die Darstellung von Einzelfeldern, die Feinanalyse von Luftmassen und Fronten sowie die Bestimmung der Grosswetterlage zu. Die statistische Auswertung sowie die Betrachtung des Zusammenhangs der meteorologischen Verhältnisse mit den geographischen Gegebenheiten führen zur modernen Klimakunde. Dieses Arbeitsgebiet gehört zur Grundlagenforschung. Die Nutzanwendung liegt in der Heimatklimakunde und in der regionalen Wettervorhersage.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 108-119 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Beobachtungen des Zirrenzuges in Mogadiscio während des Polarjahres 1932–33 werden zuerst zusammengefasst. Es folgt dann die Darstellung der Luftströmungen in der oberen Troposphäre auf Grund der Pilotballonvisierungen, woraus u.a. gezeigt wird, dass oft die Richtung des Zirrenzuges nicht mit derjenigen der herrschenden Luftströmungen zusammenfällt. Besonders durch die zahlreichen Beobachtungen des Zeitraumes 24.10-5-12.1932 werden die Eigentümlichkeiten dieser Strömungen eingehend erläutert und damit gezeigt, dass durch die Ablenkung derselben nach Nord oder Süd (für Nachgiebung der Fronten zwischen den O- und W-Strömungen und nachfolgende Senkung der Luftmassen) die Grosswetterlage in tropischen und auch in mittl. Breiten gesteuert und abgeändert wird. Die wenigen Beobachtungen weiche die Stratosphäre erreicht haben, lassen in der Höhe von etwa 30 km die Existenz einer Strömung wahrnehmen von fast gleicher Intensität wie der Krakatauwind, aber von entgegengesetzter Richtung (W). — Die besprochenen Ergebnisse zeigen ausserdem, dass das Bestehen der Ostströmungen in der unteren äquatoriellen Stratosphäre nicht allgemein gilt und dass auch dort die Tropopause nicht mit dem Maximum der Windgeschwindigkeit gekennezeichnet ist.
    Notes: Riassunto Riferiti i risultati delle osservazioni dei Cirri, vengono illustrate le caratteristiche delle correnti dell'alta troposfera su Mogadiscio in base ai lanci di palloni piloti eseguiti durante l'Anno Polare 1932–33, ponendo in luce, specialmente per il periodo dal 24–10 al 5-12-1932, il comportamento dettagliato delle correnti orientali ed occidentali, indicando come le deviazioni verso N e verso S di queste (per deformazione deifronti di contatto e successivo abbassamento delle masse d'aria) siano fattori determinanti delle condizioni del tempo in grande nelle regioni tropicali in grado d'influenzare anche quello delle latitudini medie e di giustificare quindi le relative singolarità. Le poche osservazioni stratosferiche hanno accertato una corrente all'incirca di eguale intensità, ma contraria di quella di Krakatoa: però in stagione diversa da quella dell'eruzione e delle osservazioni raccolte a Batavia.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 189-193 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der hier abgeleitete Erhaltungs-Satz sagt Folgendes aus: Wenn $$\vec v$$ die absolute Geschwindigkeit, $$\vec \xi = curl\vec v$$ den absoluten Wirbel, σ=σ(p) das spezifische Volumen einer barotropen Flüssigkeit und ΔW den Gradienten der Wirkungsfunktion bedeuten, so gilt: $$\frac{D}{{Dt}}\left\{ {\sigma {\text{ }}\vec \xi (\vec v - \nabla W)} \right\} = 0,$$ wobei $$\frac{D}{{Dt}}$$ die individuelle Zeitableitung der Hydrodynamik darstellt.
    Notes: Summary The conservation-theorem derived here can be expressed thus: Let $$\vec v$$ be the absolute velocity and $$\vec \xi = curl\vec v$$ the absolute vorticity, further σ=σ(p) the specific volume of a barotropic fluid and ΔW the gradient of the actionW (=Hamilton's principal-function), then $$\frac{D}{{Dt}}\left\{ {\sigma {\text{ }}\vec \xi (\vec v - \nabla W)} \right\} = 0,$$ where $$\frac{D}{{Dt}}$$ denotes differentiation following the motion of the fluid.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 197-202 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Störungen in der Bewegung des Erdkörpers und Verschiebungen seiner Rotaktionsachse rufen Wirkungen hervor, welcke mit der Anpassung der Luftmassen an den neuen Bewegungen und an den neuen Lagen der Rotaktionsachse sich ausdrucken. Das führt zu Veränderungen der Luftströmungen, der Luftdruckverteilungen und daher der Grossewetterlagen. Einige meteorologischen Korrelationen dieser Art werden für die bedeutende Störung der Polarbewegung des 1923 gezeigt. Nachher werden damit besonders die starken Luftdruckanomalien erklärt, welche in Genua in der Periode 1924–32 beobachtet worden sind.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono documentate ed illustrate alcune correlazioni fra le alterazioni del moto di rotazione terrestre iniziatesi nel 1923 con gli eventi meteorologici; in particolare si discutono e si spiegano in tal modo le forti anomalie della pressione osservate a Genova nel periodo 1924–32.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 41-53 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper deals with the results of the earth-current-observations made at Mogadiscio during 1933. The analysis reveal elements for a new picture of the distribution of the earth-currents in the equatorial regions, particularly concerning the daily variation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse des Erdstrom-Beobachtungen durchgeführt in einigen Monaten des Jahres 1933 in Modagiscio sind angegeben. Aus des Diskussion folgen einige Elemente die eine Neubearbeitung des Darstellung des Erdstrom-Verteilung in dem äquatorialem Gürtel nötig machen und dazu dienen werden sollen. besonders in Beziehung auf den täglichen Gang.
    Notes: Riassunto Si espongono i risultati delle osservazioni sulle correnti telluriche eseguite a Mogadiscio nel 1933 con misure delle due componenti NS ed EW, traendone alcune deduzioni che permettono di precisarne le caratteristiche, specie nei confronti del relativo andamento diurno.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 54-66 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 21-28 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Porto Lignano is situated between Trieste and Venice. The self-reconding tide gauge have a height ratio 1∶10 and a time scale 7,2 cm/day. The method of analysis adopted for the calculation of harmonic tidal constant is that ofDoodson applied to 3 months. The tides are generally semidiurnal, near the quadrature they becom diurnal. From the harmonic constant are deducted the nonharmonic. The determined values are compared with that of Trieste and Venice.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Porto Lignano liegt zwischen Triest und Venedig. Der selbstregistriende Pegel reduziert im Verhältnis 1∶10 und hat einen Ablauf von 72 mm pro Tag. Die harmonischen Konstanten wurden mit derDoodson Methode von einer dreimonatlichen Reihe berectnet. Die Tiden sind vorwiegend Halbtagsgezeiten, bei den Quadraturen werden sie Eintagstiden. Aus den harmonischen Konstanten wurden die nictharmonischen Konstanten abgeleitet. Die berechneten Werte wurden mit jenen von Triest und Venedig verglichen.
    Notes: Riassunto Porto Lignano si trova fra Trieste e Venezia. Il mareografo riduce nel rapporto 1∶10 e ha uno scorrimento di 72 mm per giorno. Le costanti armoniche sono dedotte col metodo delDoodson da una serie di tre mesi. Le maree sono di tipo prevalentemente semidiurno, in vicinanza alle quadrature diventano diurne. Dalle costanti armoniche si deducono quelle non armoniche. I valori trovati si confrontano con quelli di Trieste e Venezia.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 174-180 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si esamina l'azione gravimetrica di un parallelepipedo bidimensionale in base agli elementi misurabili con la bilancia di torsione nel piano verticale. Risulta che il luogo dei punti di eguali gradienti e curvature di un parallelogrammo pure estendentesi all'infinito con il lato finito in comune col rettangolo sono esprimibili a mezzo degli analoghi elementi di quest'ultimo ed 1 loro valori estremi risultano distribuiti lungo iperboli isosceli.
    Notes: Summary The gravimetric effect of a two dimensional parallelepipedon measurable by Torsion Balance in the vertical plane is examined. It is found that the places of the equal gradients and curvatures of a rectangle stretching into the infinity are orthogonal circles. The gradients and curvatures of a parallelogramm (stretching into the infinity) which has the finite side in common with the rectangle are expressed by those of the latter, their extreme values lie along isosceles hyperbolas.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 195-201 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 60-62 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The area around the Baltic Sea is known as magnetically intensely disturbed. The map shows the distribution of most intensive anomalies, where ΔZ is more than 2000 γ and 5000 γ. The direction of the group of these intensive anomalies can be as appr.N supposed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Gebiet um die Ostsee ist als erdmagnetisch stark gestört bekannt. Die Karte zeigt die Verteilung der intensiven Anomalien, wo ΔZ 2000 γ and 5000 γ überschreitet. Der Gruppierung dieser Anomalien kann man eine ung.N Richtung zuschreiben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 111-113 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Intervals of large variability in the winter temperatures of Western Europe coincide with a period of solar activity of about 80 or 90 years. The correlation coefficient for the year 1831–1937 amounts to +0.74 at Prague, +82 at De Bilt.
    Notes: Résumé Des intervalles de grande variabilité dans les températures des hivers en Europe occidentale coincident avec une période de l'activité solaire d'environ 80 ou 90 années. Le coefficient de corrélation pour la serie 1831–1937 est +0.74 à Prague, +0.82 à De Bilt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 156-167 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary As significant the part, played by the vertical lapse rate of temperature in the appearance of the sky in uniform airmasses, as determinant for weather conditions during the passage of a cold front is the vertical lapse rate of temperature in the frontal area. Generally, the recordings of meteorological instruments show a pronounced difference between «stable» and «unstable» coldfronts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung So wie für das Himmelsbild in einer einheitlichen Luftmasse der vertikale Temperaturgradient die wichtigste Rolle spielt, so erweist sich für den Wetterablauf beim Kaltfrontdurchgang die vertikale Temperaturschichtung im Frontbereich von entscheidender Bedeutung. In den Registrierungen der meteorologischen Elemente zeigt sich meist deutlich der Unterschied zwischen «stabilen» und «labilen» Kaltfronten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 148-155 
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    Notes: Summary By means of charts of distribution of amplitude and phase of the first term of harmonic series of the annual pressure variation in the Alps it is shown that it represents a wave which by increasing her amplitude progresses from the outside to the central part of the mountains. Essentially it illustrates the annual process of heating. In renewing earlier studies byConrad about the average change of the annual pressure variation with height illustrated by harmonic dial the altitude of reversing of the sign of this variation is found surprisingly smaller in the Alps than in other regions of the earth probably on account of the maritime influence.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 130-147 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Avec la cellule au cadmium on a mesuré la radiation ultraviolette directe du soleil durant la période 1945–1947. On examine la variation diurne et annuelle de cette grandeur, ainsi que sa dépendance du degré de pureté de l'air, des masses d'air maritime et continental, des situations avec «Föhn» du nord, avec divergence des vents, etc. Nos recherches ont montré que l'intensité des radiations UV subissent de très fortes variations.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Von 1945–47 wurde in Locarno-Monti mit einer Cadmiumzelle die direkte Sonnenstrahlung im Ultraviolett gemessen. Neben dem Tages- und Jahresgang wurde vor allem die Abhängigkeit der UV-Strahlung von der Reinheit der Luft, von den Luftmassen und den herrschenden Wetterlagen (maritime und kontinentale Luftmassen, Nordföhnlagen, Winddivergenz, Fronten, usw.) untersucht. Dabei zeigen sich sehr bedeutende Unterschiede in der UV-Strahlung.
    Notes: Summary From 1945–47 measurements of direct ultra-violet radiation from the sun have been carried out with a cadmium cell at Locarno-Monti. Besides seasonal and diurnal variations, researches were made concerning the influence of airclearness, of airmasses and of pervailing weather conditions upon UV-radiation (continental and marittime airmasses, northfoehn, divergences of the wind, fronts, etc.). Very important differences in the amount of UV-radiation were observed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 114-129 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On entend ici par climatologie dynamique la partie de la météorologie mathématique qui a pour but la déduction des propriétés moyennes des perturbations atmosphériques qui sont compatibles avec un champ moyen donné de température, vent et pression. Tout d'abord on rappelle les équations fondamentales de la théorie des perturbations de l'auteur et l'on en déduit une équation générale des variations de la pression au niveau de la mer. Cette équation conduit à la détermination des éléments de la climatologie dynamique, tels que la stabilité du champ moyen, les trajectoires moyennes des perturbations, la fréquence avec laquelle elles sont parcourues, les régions de creusement et de comblement ou de naissance et de disparition des perturbations, etc. Ces résultats expliquent de nombreux faits d'observation et des règles empiriques sur le comportement moyen des perturbations atmosphériques au niveau de la mer pour les différentes époques de l'année.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Unter dynamischer Klimatologie wird hier der Zweig der mathematischen Meteorologie verstanden, der auf die Ableitung der mittleren Eigenschaften atmosphärischer Störungen, die mit einem gegebenen mittleren Temperatur-, Wind- und Druckfeld vereinbar sind, abzielt. Zunächst wird an die fundamentalen Gleichungen der Störungstheorie des Verfassers erinnert, um dann die allgemeine Gleichun; der Druckschwankungen auf dem Meeresniveau abzuleiten. Diese Gleichung führt dann zur Bestimmung der verschiedenen Elemente der dynamischen Klimatologie, z. B. zur Bestimmung der Stabilität des mittleren Feldes, der mittleren Trajektorien der Störungen, der Häufigkeit, mit welcher diese durchlaufen werden, der Gebiete der Vertiefung und Auffüllung oder des Entstehens und Verschwindens der Störungen usw.
    Notes: Summary By dynamical climatology is understood here the branch of mathematical meteorology which aims at a deduction of the mean properties of the atmospheric perturbations that are compatible with a given mean field of temperature, wind and pressure. First of all, the fundamental equations of the author's theory of perturbations are recalled and a general equation for the pressure variations at sea level is deduced. From this equation the different elements of dynamical climatology are then derived, for instance the stability of the mean field, the mean trajectories of the perturbations, the frequencies with which they are visited, the regions of deepening and filling or of birth and death of the perturbations, etc. These results explain many observational facts and empirical rules about the mean behaviour of the atmospheric disturbances at sea level throughout the year.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 168-172 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 190-194 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With the aid of the density formula there have been made some contemplations as well as a comparison between the daily courses of the temperatures of the air, and the density of the air. Taking into account the diminution of the air corresponding to the height which follows certain laws, the vertical density gradient has been calculated for 60 grades latitude. The medium course of density in the free atmosphere for January and July shows that, contrary to former assumptions, there results a medium annual isopykny not in a height of 8, but only in a height of 10 km.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Dichteformel wurden einige allgemeine Betrachtungen und ein Vergleich zwischen den täglichen Gängen der Lufttemperatur und der Luftdichte angestellt. Auf Grund der gesetzmässigen Abnahme der Luftdichte mit der Höhe erfolgte die Berechnung des vertikalen Dichtegradienten für 60 Grad Breite. Der mittlere Dichtegang in der freien Atmosphäre für Januar und Juli zeigt, dass eine mittlere jährliche Isopyknie entgegen früheren Annahmen nicht in 8, sondern erst in 10 km Höhe auftritt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 215-219 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of the differential equations of curl and divergence of horizontal turbulent motion of air and the equation of continuity an approaching vertical motion is determined in dependance of pressure changes the temporal variation of which is supposed as a vertically decreasing oscillation (with regard to different frequencies ω). In all calculated cases the vertical motion of the troposphere is modified by friction in a high degree (varying with ω). With many, especially the smaller frequencies ω of realized magnitude vertical velocity of the lower troposphere consists prevailingly of that part which would not arise without additional stress components of turbulent motion. In this way friction at the earth's surface is able to influence essentially the vertical motion and by it the air currents and pressure changes in all levels.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mittels der Differentialgleichungen für den Rotor und die Divergenz horizontaler turbulenter Luftbewegung und der Kontinuitätsgleichung wird näherungsweise die Vertikalbewegung in Abhängigkeit von den Druckänderungen bestimmt, deren zeitliche Variation als vertikal abnehmende periodische Schwankung (unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Frequenzen ω) angenommen wird. In allen durchgerechneten Fällen hängt die Vertikalgeschwindigkeit der Troposphäre in hohem (mit ω variierendem) Masse von der Reibung ab. Bei vielen, insbesondere den kleineren Frequenzen ω vorkommender Grösse besteht die Vertikalbewegung der unteren Troposphäre überwiegend aus dem Teil, der ohne Turbulenzreibung nicht entstehen würde. Auf diesem Wege kann die Bodenreibung die Vertikalbewegung und mittels dieser die Luftströmungen und Druckänderungen in allen Höhen massgeblich beeinflussen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 244-247 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 8 (1946), S. 94-103 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The conditions are given to a climatic cycle in order to have a physically reality. To 30 long series of annual values of climatic elements has been applied the periodal analysis after the method of Vercelli. In all the cases results with strong evidence a remarkable oscillation of 5,6 years. Attention is drawn to the physically reality of that cycle. It has an amplitude often greater that all other component-waves; the period remains almost constant, the phase change from region to region.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Bedingungen, damit ein klimatischer Cyklus als eine physische Realität betrachtet werden kann, angegeben. Man untersucht die periodalen Analysen von längeren Reihen klimatischer Elemente und es wird die Existenz, die bemerkenswerte Amplitude und die physische Realität des 5,6 jährigen Cyklus angedeutet. Derselbe ist immer vorhanden, in allen geophysischen Faktoren und in allen Erdteilen. Der Cycklus hat eine grosse Amplitude, ofter mehr als jeder andere. Behält constant seine Periode. Die Phase wechselt je nach der Zone. Er stellt im allgemeinen eigenartige Dämpfungen vor.
    Notes: Riassunto Date le condizioni perchè un ciclo climatico possa considerarsi una realtà fisica ed esaminate le analisi periodali di lunghe serie di elementi climatici si mette in evidenza l'esistenza, la notevole ampiezza e la realtà fisica del ciclo di 5,6 anni. Esso si presenta sempre, in tutti i fattori geofisici e in tutte le regioni della terra. E' molto ampio, spesso più di ogni altro. Mantiene costante il periodo; la fase varia con la regione. Presenta particolari smorzamenti di carattere universale.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 8 (1946), S. 104-117 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 8 (1946), S. 160-166 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After the characteristics of the seismic instruments, is given the statistics of the activity of the Seismographics Observatory at Prato (Italy) from January 1, 1931, to December 31, 1945.
    Notes: Riassunto Premesse le caratteristiche degli strumenti, viene esposta una statistica dell'attività dell'Osservatorio dal suo inizio, al 1 gennaio 1931, a tutto il 31 dicembre 1945.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 8 (1946), S. 191-196 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 9 (1946), S. 30-36 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From tidal records is examined the variation of the mean sealevel observed in the last 70 years in the ports of Venice, Trieste and Pola. The variation is attributed to the glacial eustatic. The mean sea-level increase for every ten years of 3,8 cm for Venice, 1,7 cm for Trieste and 1,6 cm for Pola. The remarkable value for Venice is caused from a contemporary abatement of the coast.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Man prüft auf Grund mareographischer Angaben Veränderungen des mittleren Wasserstandes, welche, in den letzten 70 Jahren in den Häfen von Venedig, Triest und Pola beobachtet wurden. Die Bewegung wird der glazialen Eustatik zugeschrieben. Es ergibt sich, dass das Meeresniveau in Venedig um 3,8 cm., in Triest 1,7 cm. und in Pola 1,6 cm. für Jahrzehnt steigt. Die mittlere Erhöhung der drei Häfen beträgt 2,4 cm. für Jahrzehnt. Der ansehnliche Wert von Venedig wird einer gleichzeitigen Senkung der Küstenzone zugeeignet.
    Notes: Riassunto Si esamina, sul fondamento di dati mareografici, la variazione del medio livello marino avvenuta negli ultimi 70 anni nei porti di Venezia, Trieste e Pola. Il movimento si attribuisce all'eustatismo glaciale. Risulta che il livello del mare aumenta di 3,8 cm. per decennio a Venezia, di 1,7 a Trieste e di 1,6 a Pola. L'aumento medio per i tre porti è di 2,4 cm. per decennio. Il notevole valore di Venezia è dovuto ad un contemporaneo abbassamento della zona costiera.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 9 (1946), S. 106-113 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 9 (1946), S. 81-94 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The caracteristics of the landslide of C. le Rive (Comune di Fumane, Verona), the topographical, geological and hydrographical (at the surface and underground) conditions of the region, the meteorological circumstances come before are examined, and all the necessary works are advised in order to prevent its repeating and enlarging. It is tried to put the phenomenon in the most important italian classifications. It corresponds to theSharpe's slump, that we may translate, with a strict meaning, «smottamento».
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono esaminate le caratteristiche della frana di C. le Rive in Comune di Fumane (Verona), lc condizioni topografiche, geologiche, idrografiche (superficiali e sotterranee) della zona, le circostanze meteorologiche che l'hanno preceduta, e vengono indicati i lavori possibili e necessari per evitare che essa si ripeta e si estenda. Si cerca poi di collocare la frana nelle più importanti classificazioni italiane. Essa corrisponde aglislumps delSharpe, che possiamo tradurre, con preeisazione di significato, come «smottamenti».
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    Pure and applied geophysics 9 (1946), S. 113-114 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 9 (1946), S. 122-136 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 7 (1945), S. 16-22 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To the series of yearly values of rainfall happened in Mantua from 1841 to 1941 has been applied the periodal analysis after the method of Vercelli. From this are derived compounded waves almost periodical and almost persistent of 34, 21, 16.5, 11.4, 8, 5.6, 4.2, 3, 2 years. The waves found by these means are compared with the corresponding ones of Triest and Padua.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An Hand der jährlichen Werte der Niederschläge, welche in Mantua von 1841 bis 1941 gefallen sind, wird die Vercelli Periodal-Analyse angewendet. Man erhält fast-periodische und fast-beständige Komponentewellen, die Perioden von 34, 21, 16.5, 11.4, 8, 5.6, 4.4, 3, 2 Jahre haben. Die gefundenen Komponenten werden mit den entsprechenden Wellen von Triest und Padua verglichen.
    Notes: Riassunto Alla serie dei valori annui delle precipitazioni atmosferiche avute a Mantova dal 1841 al 1941 si applica l'analisi periodale del Vercelli. Si ottengono onde componenti quasi-periodiche e quasi-persistenti di anni 34, 21, 16.5, 11.4, 8, 5.6, 4.4, 3, 2. Le onde trovate si confrontano con quelle corrispondenti di Trieste e Padova.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 7 (1945), S. 1-15 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Applying the proceedings of Malkin verified by experiments of Ramsayer is studied the influence on the declination in upper levels of some magnetic anomalies in Italy, for which exist detailed reliefs in the vertical component (Colli Euganei, Stromboli). For the anomalous zones capable to influence the maintaining of the route in compass-airnavigation special maps are proposed containing the position of the isogons at various fondamental heights, an instance of which is presented for the isle of Stromboli. An examination of the magnetic anomalies in Italy shows the zones of probable and those of secure danger for compass-airnavigation as long as it will not be possible to prepare maps in the proposed type. For the rest of the Italian air-space the opportunity is prospected to construct the isogons for the pilots on the basis of the normal field.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Nach dem Malkinschen Verfahren wird der Einfluss einiger magnetischer Störgebiete (Colli Euganei, Stromboli) auf die Flugnavigation berechnet. Es wird vorgeschlagen, wo nötig, spezielle Deklinationskarten mit den Isogonen zu verschiedenen Haupthöhen vorzubereiten; ein Beispiel hiefür wird für die Insel Stromboli gegeben. Die Störgebiete, welche eine Gefahr für die Flugnavigation mit dem Magnetkompass bilden können, werden für Italien begrenzt. In dem übrigen Raum in Italien wird als das beste Verfahren für die Flugnavigation vorgeschlagen, die Isogonen nach dem vom Verf. berechneten Normalfeld darzustellen.
    Notes: Riassunto Con i procedimenti del Malkin, verificati sperimentalmente dal Ramsayer, viene intrapreso lo studio dell'influsso sulla declinazione in quota di alcune anomalie magnetiche in Italia, per cui esistono rilievi di dettaglio nella componente verticale (Colli Euganei, Stromboli). Per le zone anomale, capaci di influenzare il mantenimento della rotta nella navigazione aerea con la bussola, vengono proposte carte speciali con l'andamento delle isogone a varie quote fondamentali, di cui si presenta un saggio per l'isola di Stromboli. Attraverso un esame delle anomalie magnetiche in Italia, si indicano le zone di probabile e quelle di sicuro pericolo per la navigazione aerea con la bussola finchè non si potrà costruire per esse carte del tipo proposto. Per il rimanente spazio aereo italiano si prospetta l'opportunità che le isogone per i piloti siano costruite sulla base del campo normale.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 7 (1945), S. 23-32 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After having collected by a very simple method the atmospheric dust of Venice in different places and various conditions of weather, this was then analysed. The quantity of salt found in it is put into relation with the wind and rain.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Verf. berichtet über die Salzgehalt-Bestimmungen welche er, mit einem einfachen Verfahren, für den atmosphärischen Staub in verschiedenen Orten von Venedig und Umgebungen, sowie bei verschiedenem Wetter, durchgeführt hat. Die Engebnisse sind mit der Wind- und Niederschlag-Verteilungen verglichen und erläutert.
    Notes: Riassunto Raccolta con un metodo molto semplice, venne analizzata la polvere atmosferica di Venezia in diverse località ed in condizioni diverse di tempo. La quantità di sale trovata viene posta in relazione col vento e con la pioggia.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 19-41 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Once made a short description of theMicrobarografo Alfani, the author examines the wavesand atmospheric registrations of the period inferior to an hour, until to the shortest period of second minute, and compares the period and amplitude of these pulsations with the phenomena of storms and of waterspouts observed in Venice, gathering from that new and important relations.
    Notes: Riassunto Richiamata una breve descrizione delMicrobarografo Alfani, l'Autore esamina le registrazioni di onde atmosferiche di periodo inferiore ad un'ora, fino al brevissimo periodo di un minuto secondo e mette in confronto periodo ed ampiezza di queste pulsazioni con i fenomeni di temporali e di una tromba marina osservati a Venezia, ricavandone relazioni nuove ed importanti.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 79-80 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 80-80 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 132-141 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von den mittleren Niederschlagsverhältnissen in der Region von Mailand, wird die Verteilung der Niederschläge im Frühjahr, Sommer und Herbst der Jahre 1946 und 1947 im Stadtareal von Mailand dargestellt und diskutiert. Der Einfluss der Stadt auf die Niederschlagsverteilung tritt deutlich in Erscheinung, besonders im Frühjahre.
    Notes: Riassunto Richiamate le condizioni pluviometriche medie cui è soggetta la regione milanese, vengono illustrati e discussi i risultati ottenuti nel biennio 1946–1947 per la distribuzione della pioggia nell'area cittadina, durante la primavera, l'estate e l'autunno. L'influenza alteratrice delle città in tale distribuzione appare evidente, particolarmente nella primavera.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 68-77 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Mittelwerte der wichtigsten meteorologischen Elemente die in Moncalieri ohne Unterbrechung gesammelt worden sind, werden angegeben und zwar für den Zeitraum 1865–1945, ausgenommen für den Wind, deren Beobachtungen auf die Periode 1907–1946 sich beziehen. Die Gänge der fünfjährigen und jährlichen Mitteln zeigen einige Eigentümlichkeiten der sekularen Variation für denselben Elemente, die herausgehoben werden.
    Notes: Riassunto Si espongono ed illustrano i valori medi dei principali elementi meteorologici osservati a Moncalieri senza alcuna interruzione nell'ottantennio 1865–1945 e durante il quarantennio 1907–1946 per il vento. L'analisi delle medie quinquennali ed annuali pone in luce qualche caratteristica della variazione secolare dei medesimi fattori.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 82-82 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 83-89 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 122-126 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Genua-Zyklonen der Perioden 1901–15 und 1947–48 werden statistisch hinsichtlich ihrer Genesis, Lebenslänge und Entwicklung untersucht und in Beziehung zu den entsprechenden, über Europa herrschenden Grosswetterlagen (nach der Klassifikation vonFr. Baur gesetzt).
    Notes: Riassunto Le depressioni del Golfo di Genova dei periodi 1901–15 e 1947–48 vengono indagate statisticamente in funzione della loro genesi, durata e sviluppo, ponendole in relazione con le corrispondenti situazioni bariche del tempo in grande dominanti sull'Europa (secondo la classificazione diFr. Baur).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 101-121 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The site of the ancient littoral bank, that protected the Medma's Emporium (VIth century before Christ) in Magna Graecia, is placed in correlation with the geological «veto», established by the EngineerCortese at the eventual construction of new maritime works along the tirrenic littoral of the meridional Calabria and with the increased rhythm of denudation and of dispersion of the agrarian soil in the modern epoch.
    Notes: Riassunto L'ubicazione dell'antico cordone litorale, che ridossava l'Emporio di Medma (VIo secolo avanti Cristo) in Magna Grecia, è messa in correlazione con il veto geologico posto dall'Ing.Cortese all'eventuale costruzione di nuove opere marittime lungo il litorale tirrenico della Calabria meridionale e con l'incrementato ritmo di denudazione e di dispersione del terreno agrario nell'epoca moderna.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 142-144 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 144-144 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 81-81 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 90-100 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 127-131 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Anzahl der gleichzeitigen Niederschlagstagen in Genua und Savona (Abstand 35 km) wurde der AehnlichkeitsindexS nachBouët für jedes Jahr der Periode 1886–1900 berechnet. Die Diskussion der Ergebnisse zeigt u.a., dass die maritimen Orte, die am Fusse einer Bergkette liegen, gewöhnlich besser als die kontinentalen geeignet sind die zeitlichen Veränderungen der klimatischen Verhältnisse darzustellen.
    Notes: Riassunto L'esame dei giorni di ciascun anno dal 1886 al 1900 nei quali si sono avute precipitazioni apprezzabili tanto a Genova quanto a Savona (località distanti fra loro 35 km) viene istituito utilizzando l'indice di similitudineS recentemene introdotto daM. Bouët. La discussione dei risultati dimostra fra l'altro come le località marittime a ridosso di catene montuose siano più adatte a mettere in luce le variazioni nel tempo delle caratteristiche climatiche.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 130-133 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Tabelle I geben die Verff. eine Liste der ihnen bekannten Tiefenbeben im östlichen Mittelmeer. Fig. 1 zeigt, dass deren IIerde im Allgemeinen in den Zonen der tätigen Vulkane liegen, ähnlich wie in der Umgebung des Pazifischen Ozeans. Dagegen ist deren Zusammenfallen mit positiven Schwereanomalien weniger doutlich.
    Abstract: Riassunto Gli AA. hanno raccolto nella Tab. 1 l'elenco dei terremoti profondi a loro noti del bacino mediterraneo orientale. La Fig. 1 mostra che in generale gli epicentri relativi sono distribuiti nelle zone dei vulcani attivi, analogamente a quanto accade ne'le regioni dell'Oceano Pacifico. Per contro, la connessione con le anomalie gravimetriche positive risulta meno evidente.
    Notes: Summary In Table I the authors give a list of known deep-focus earthquakes in the eastern Mediterranean. Fig. 1 shows that their epicenters generally lie in the zones of active volcanoes, as in the regions surrounding the Pacific Ocean; however, their coincidence with positive gravity anomalies is less evident.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 145-161 
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    Notes: Summary In ammunition sunk into the sea off the Danish coasts two large explosions occurred. Records of the resulting shocks were obtained at Köbenhavn, Lund and Göttingen. These are discussed and compared with those of some mine-explosions and of the earthquake of Oct. 31. 1930, 23h. Some macroseismic evidence is given and the methods available for the evaluation of the energy of the shocks are discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 170-176 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 189-199 
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    Notes: Resumen En la presente Nota se expone la evolución que la teoria isostática ha seguido desde los fundamentales trabajos deHayford yBowie hasta el momento actual en que las importantes investigaciones deHeiskanen muestran el acuerdo de la teoría deAiry con los datos que resultan de la propagación de las ondas sísmicas, cuyo estudio hecho a fondo en la California meridional por el eminente SismólogoB. Gutenberg permite determinar los espesores de los estratos granítico é intermedios, así como la profundidad de la superficie deMohorovičič, lo que permite esperar una contribución esencial de la Sismología, que de solución definitiva al problema isostático.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 200-209 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After having remembered the law of registration at Venice of the microseisms produced by the cyclones of the Atlantic NE and related the new facts and new studies which confirm it, after having found insufficient other explanations of the phenomenon and introduced the comparison withthe pulsation of the atmospheric pressure of period inferior to one hour, studied by the author lately, as explanation, a new hypothesis of work is proposed.
    Notes: Riassunto Ricordata la legge delle registrazioni a Venezia dei microsismi generati dai cicloni dell'Atlantico NE, e riportati fatti nuovi e nuovi studi che la confermano, trovate insufficienti altre spiegazioni del fenomeno, e introdotto il confronto con lePulsazioni della pressione atmosferica di periodo inferiore cd un'ora, ultimamente studiato dall'Autore, si propone per la spiegazione una nuovaipotesi da lavoro.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 254-285 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Conformably to the uniformity of the tropics there exist in the lower troposphere uniform structural conditions. Therefore, nearly continuous types of ground layer are found to prevail throughout whole seasons. Upper air observations in the tropical parts of East Africa indicate that during the dry season the peplopause will occur at a level of 3 to 4 kms. Interdiurnal variability is slight. The day winds over the east coast of Victoria occupy only part of the ground layer. It is to be anticipated that in the equatorial coast zone the peplopause will occur at a level of 3 to 21/2 kms, and that in the region of the SE trade winds it will gradually subside to 1200 to 1400 meters. Similar conditions exist for the peplopause over the Somali Coast.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dem gleichförmigen Klima der Tropen entspricht ein gleichförmiger Aufbau der unteren Troposphäre. Demnach sind hier für ganze Jahreszeiten ziemlich einheitliche Typen der Grundschicht nachzuweisen. Aerologische Beobachtungen im tropischen Ostafrika weisen auf eine Höhenlage der Peplopause von 3–4 km in der Trockenzeit hin. Die tägliche Schwankung ist gering. Die Tageswinde an der Ostküste des Victoriasees nehmen nur einen Teil der Grundschicht ein. In der äquatorialen Küstenzone ist eine Höhenlage der Peplopause bei 2 bis 21/2 km Höhe zu erwarten, im Bereiche des SE-Passates sinkt sie auf 1200–1400 m ab. Ähnliche Lagen der Peplopause gelten für die Somaliküste.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 65-74 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les membres les plus grands en longitude et latitude du mouvement théorique de la lune développés parHill 1891, fondés sur la théorie deDelaunay, sont ici calculés avec de nouvelles valeurs numériques de meilleure connaissance. C'est pourquoi une bonne accordance est obtenue des valeurs observées avec les valeurs théoriques. La méthode donne une contribution importante à la détermination de la figure de la terre par rapport à l'aplatissement géométrique et l'aplatissement statique, principalement par égard aux observations de la lune 1850–1950.
    Notes: Summary The largest members in longitude and latitude of the theoretical movement of the earth's moon, developped byHill 1891 fromDelaunays theory of the moon, have been here calculated with new, now better known numerical values. Effectively a highly better accordance of the observed values with the theoretical ones has been obtained. This method will be able to give an important contribution to the determination of the figure of the earth with regard to the geometrical and the static flattening, specially by moons observation material of 1850–1950.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 88-101 
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    Notes: Summary This paper discusses the atmospheric refractive index (a) throughout the year at the surface of the earth and (b) for each season in various air masses. Mean monthly or seasonal values, respectively, are employed. The annual variation in the refractive index at the earth's surface is examined by noting the contributions of the optical and the water vapor terms. The former exhibits a sinusoidal variation with a period of a year, having a maximum in winter and a minimum during summer. The amplitude of the cycle is latitude dependent, appearing greater in polar than in tropical regions. The magnitude of the water vapor term is more strongly dependent upon both season and latitude. Excepting areas where the dew point changes little from month to month, the water vapor term attains a single yearly maximum at about mid July. Graphs of the variation of refiactive index with altitude for the major air masses are included. Highest values of the index up to a height of 6 km are found in tropical maritime and monsoon air masses; lowest values, in arctic air masses. The rate of decrease of refractive index with height is usually quite different for diverse air masses. From the surface to an altitude of 6 km, the most constant rate of decrease with altitude, considering all air mass types, was found in the superior air mass.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 145-156 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La formule deStokes qui donne les hauteurs du géoïde a été appliquée au calcul des déviations de la verticale et du radius de courbure du géoïde. On déduit trois nouvelles conditions qui doivent être satisfaites par les lignes géodésiques réalisant ainsi un moyen de control des triangulations. Enfin on pose en rélation la formule deStokes avec celles deEötvös et deEvjen en ce qui concerne les applications géophysiques.
    Notes: Summary Applications of theStokes-formula, expressing the height of the geoid by gravity anomalies, to the deflections of the vertical and the radius of curvature of the geoid. There are introduced 3 new conditions for the geodetic lines for improvement of triangulations. Furthermore the relations fromStokes toEötvös andEvjen formulas have been explored with regard to the geophysical applications.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 4-5 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 25-27 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 115-123 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 129-131 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 167-188 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Per Trieste e Punta d'Ostro (presso Cattaro) si espongono i valori giornalieri medi della frequenza delle precipitazioni e della nebulosità, confrontandoli quindi con quelli corrispondenti di Milano, Firenze e Roma. La questione della realtà di tali singolarità è trattata sotto l'aspetto statistico. In base ai risultati così ottenuti si ha modo di porre in luce le componenti principali dell'andamento annuale del tempo nelle regioni del bacino mediterraneo, fra le quali risaltano particolarmente le componenti cicloniche. Contemporaneamente si discutono i rapporti con lo sviluppo del tempo nell'Europa centrale, dal che si rileva fra l'altro che le date di massima attività temporalesca sono quasi identiche per Milano e per Monaco. Il periodo di siccità estiva per l'Italia centrale ed il bacino adriatico medio si aggira fra il 25 Giugno ed il 9 Settembre. Le principali regole e detti popolari antichi (Febbraio-Marzo) ben si accordano coi dati recenti.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die Stationen Triest und Punta d'Ostro (bei Cataro) werden mittlere tägliche Häufigkeitswerte für Niederschlag und Bewölkung abgeleitet und auf ihre Singularitäten untersucht, wobei entsprechende Daten für Mailand, Florenz, und Rom veigleichend herangezogen werden. Die Frage nach der Realität dieser Singularitäten wird auf statistischem Wege nachgeprüft. An Hand dieser Witterungsregelfälle werden die wichtigsten Abschnitte im jährlichen Witterungsablauf des mittleren Mittelmeergebietes geschildert, wobei sich die zyklonalen Abschnitte besonders herausheben. Gleichzeitig werden Beziehungen zum Witterungsablauf Mitteleuropas nachgewiesen; die Häufungstermine der Gewitter in Mailand und München sind fast identisch. Die sommerliche Trokkenperiode umfasst in Mittelitalien und im Gebiet der mittleren Adria die Zeit vom 23. Juni bis 9. September. Die wichtigsten antiken Witterungsregelfälle (Februar-März) stimmen mit den heute vorliegenden Daten auffällig gut überein; für Eintritt und Ende der Etesien ist kein überzeugender Beweis möglich. Zum Abschluss wird noch der jährliche Gang der Niederschlagshäufigkeit in Oberitalien (Frühjahrs- bezw. Herbstregen), Süditalien und Albanien (Wintermaximum) auf den entsprechenden Jahresgang typischer Grosswetterlagen zurückgeführt. Grosswetterlagen mit meridionaler Zirkulation treten vorwiegend im Frühjahr und Herbst, solche mit zonaler Zirkulation vorwiegend im Winter und Sommer auf.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 189-212 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary If the occurence of the ground layer is a planetary phenomenon, it must be easily traceable in the vicinity of broadscale wind areas. As a phenonenon of the ground layer the trade-wind stream can be fully explained, and this shall be done now for the monsoon streams of tropical and subtropical Asia. The monsoon over Java is the example of a monsoon stream in an equatorial area where a dissipation of the ground layer through formation of depressions does not occur. In an equatorial monsoon the precipitation is of the type occuring in showery air (squall-type of ground layer), or thundery precipitation (thunder-type of ground layer). The NW monsoon of Java is a striking example for that, while, apart from isolated local dissipation, the SE monsoon is of trade wind character. To some extent this is true also in the case of the monsoon of India, the NE monsoon in a shallow phenomenon (standart-type of ground layer), while in its precipitation the SW monsoon closely resembles the rain monsoon of Java. A transformation takes place only in North India, especially over Assam. With the Himalaya mountainrange blocking the further advance, and with minor depressions forming, the ground layer begins to dissipate on a broad scale. This can lead to precipitation of extreme abundance in isolated locations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wenn das Auftreten der Grundschicht eine planetarische Erscheinung ist, so muss sie im Bereiche grossräumiger Windgebiete leicht nachzuweisen sein. Die Passatströmung kann als Erscheinung der Grundschicht vollständig beschrieben werden; jetzt soll dieser Nachweis für die Monsunströmungen des tropischen und subtropischen Asiens geliefert werden. Der Monsun über Java ist das Beispiel einer monsunalen Strömung in einem äquatorialen Gebiet, in dem Auflösungen der Grundschicht durch Depressionsbildungen nicht vorkommen. Die Niederschläge in einem äquatorialen Monsun sind Niederschläge in Schauerluft (Böenwettertyp der Grundschicht) oder gewittrige Niederschläge (Gewittertyp der Grundschicht). Ein grossartiges Beispiel hierfür ist der NW-Monsun Javas, während der SE-Monsun — von lokalen Auflösungen abgesehen — Passatcharakter hat. Ähnliches gilt auch für den Monsun Indiens, der NE-Monsun ist eine flache Erscheinung (Normaltyp der Grundschicht), während der SW-Monsun in seiner Niederschlagsbildung durchaus dem Regenmonsun Javas ähnelt. Eine Umwandlung tritt erst im nördlichen Indien, insbesondere über Assam ein. Infolge des Staus der Luftmassen am Himalaja und des Beginnes der Bildung kleiner Depressionen, beginnt auch hier die grossräumige Auflösung der Grundschicht, was in lokalen Lagen zu dem extremsten Niederschlägen führen kann.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 141-144 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 163-172 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a calculé dans la présente étude le rayonnement global relatif (rayonnement du soleil et du ciel sur une surface horizontale) pour différents genres de nuages, en partant des enregistrements d'un actinographe Fuess-Robitzsch et d'observations de nuages simultanées. Il apparait que les nuages élevés n'ont qu'une faible influence sur le rayonnement. Plus les nuages sont denses, plus la relation entre le rayonnement global relatif et la nébulosité se rapproche d'une fonction linéaire. La composition réelle de la couverture nuageuse, c'est à dire la proportion de chaque genre nuageux dans la nébulosité totale, est déterminante pour la forme de la dite relation. Les courbes graphiques reflètent clairement le rôle quejoue la façon d'apprécier la nébulosité. L'auteur étudie enfin la relation existant entre l'insolation relative et les types de nébulosité. La conclusion est nette: toute mesure de la nébulosité ne tenant pas compte de l'épaisseur du plafond naugeux conduit à des valeurs dépourvues de sens en climatologie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Grösse der relativen Globalstrahlung (Strahlung von Sonne+Himmel auf eine horizontale Fläche) für verschiedene Wolkenarten aus Registrierungen mit einem Bimetallaktinographen Fuess-Robitzsch und aus gleichzeitigen Wolkenbeobachtungen berechnet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die hohen Wolken nur einen kleinen Einfluss auf die Strahlung ausüben. Je dichter die Wolken sind, umso mehr nähert sich die Beziehung der relativen Globalstrahlung zur Bewölkungsmenge einer linearen Funktion. Die effektive Zusammensetzung der Bewölkung, d. h. der Anteil der verschiedenen Arten an der Gesamtbewölkungsmenge ist für die Form der Beziehung ausschlaggebend. In den Kurven kommt zudem die Schätzungsart der Bewölkung sehr klar zum Ausdruck. Endlich wird noch der Zusammenhang zwischen der relativen Sonnenscheindauer und den Bewölkungsarten untersucht. Das Ergebnis ist eindeutig: Die Bewölkungsschätzungohne Berücksichtingung der Dichte der Wolken führt zu klimatologisch unsinnigen Werten.
    Notes: Summary In the present paper the amount of the relative radiation from sun and sky upon a horizontal surface has been calculated for different forms of clouds, based upon recordings of a «Bimetallaktinograph Fuess-Robitzsch» and simultanous observations of clouds. It results that the highest clouds have only a small influence on radiation. The larger the density of the clouds the more of a linear function is the relation of the relative radiation from sun and sky to the cloudiness. The effective composition of cloudiness, that is the share of the several forms of the total amount of clouds, is very decisive for the nature of that relation. The curves show clearly, in which way cloudiness has been estimated. Finally the relation of the sunshine to the forms of clouds has been examined. The result is evident: The estimation of cloudiness without consideration of the density of gives clouds misleading values for climatological purposes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 203-224 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With the help of several weather-situations with particularty violent microseism the progress of amplitudes and periods as perceived at Stuttgart is examinated. The law of dependency between period and amplitude is found empirically, the spectrum of periods is drawn up. The period, which occurs most frequently is used for calculating the thickness of the swinging layer as this layer is supposed to be in loose connection with its support and as the sort of oscillations is not essentially different from Rayleight waves. Thus there is found the theoretical connection between periods and amplitudes and, on the other side, the thickness of layer of something more than 40 km for Norway.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand einiger Wetterlagen mit besonders starker Mikroseismik wird der Verlauf von Amplituden und Perioden in Stuttgart verfolgt. Das Gesetz der Abhängigkeit zwischen Periode und Amplitude wird empirisch ermittelt, das Periodenspektrum gezeichnet. Die am häufigsten auftretende Periode wird zur Berechnung der Dicke der schwingenden Schicht benutzt unter der Annahme, dass diese Schicht mit ihrer Unterlage lose verbunden ist und die Art der Schwingungen sich nicht wesentlich von Rayleighwellen unterscheidet. Es ergibt sich so der theore tische Zusammenhang zwischen Periode und Amplitude einerseits und der Schichtdicke andrerseits. Sie beträgt für Norwegen etwas über 40 km.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 289-291 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 68-76 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Le condizioni orografiche particolari della piana di Catania determinano fenomeni interessanti sui venti marini, i quali vengono illustrati con convenienti esempi del relativo andamento diurno. Anche l'andamento annuale viene successivamente discusso. Infine, coi dati aerologici si sviluppano alcuni calcoli relativi all'energia termica del regime anemologico considerato.
    Abstract: Summary On account of various influences of orography, the sea-breeze in the plain of Catania presents many interesting and characteristic features that are explained by choised examples. Then is given a discussion of the annual variation. Finally is joined some calculation of the thermal energy of this regime on the base of aerological values.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Infolge der Eigenart der Orographie bietet der Seewind in der Ebene von Catania interessante Erscheinungsformen, die an ausgewählten Beispielen des täglichen Ablaufes erläutert werden. Sodann wird auf den Jahresgang eingegangen. Abschliessend sind auf Grund aerologischer Werte einige Berechnungen über die thermische Energie dieses Kreislaufes angefügt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 132-138 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 138-139 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 14 (1949), S. 293-300 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 11-20 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On fait connaître les conditions et les activités actuelles de l'Observatoire; on expose, par moyen de prospects, les principales valeurs météoriquesnormales et on les confronte avec les valeursmoyennes corréspondantes de l'année 1946; enfin on énumère et on classifie les tremblements de terre enrégistrés pendant la dernière année.
    Abstract: Summary We take care to notify the present conditions and activity of the Observatory. We are showing through some prospects the chief meteorologicalnormal values, confronting them with the respective middle values of the year 1946. At the end we give a statistical sketch of the earthquakes registered during the last year.
    Notes: Riassunto Si rendono note le condizioni e le attività attuali dell'Osservatorio; si espongono, mediante alcune tabelle, i principali valori meteoricinormali e si confrontano coi rispettivi valorimedi del 1946; infine si enumerano e si classificano i terremoti registrati nell'ultimo anno.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si espongono per la prima volta le formole che reggono l'oscillazione di un pendolo bicilindrico snodabile, d'interesse notevole per le questioni inerenti alle misure gravimetriche relative ed assolute come per quelle connesse allo sviluppo di un orologio astronomico a pendolo di grande precisione. Il sistema snodabile rotolante indicato dall'A. consente ad un pendolo pesante di oscillare con moto isocrono e praticamente invariabile anche con amplitudini molto forti, senza attrito sensibile e senza oscillazioni elastiche dannose. Il periodo di oscillazione viene rappresentato in funzione della traiettoria del baricentro ed esaurientemente indagato. Affinchè il periodo si mantenga indipendente dall'amplitudine dev'essere soddisfatta una determinata relazione differenziale. Oltre all'esame dettagliato della dipendenza dell'amplitudine dal periodo sono trattate le condizioni di minimo per la forma del pendolo in base ai corrispondenti valori del quoziente differenziale della traiettoria del baricentro nella posizione di riposo. La soluzione sinora nota per un pendolo matematico isocrono, il cui baricentro si muove su di una cicloide, non soddisfa praticamente nel caso di un pendolo fisico. Successivamente si indicano i moti cinematici possibili per un pendolo bicilindrico snodabile a nastro. Applicando poi le equazioni generali ad un pendolo con sistema snodabile bicilindrico tale che: 1) a seguito della forma minimale sia insensibile a piccoli allungamenti del nastro e che 2) il suo periodo dipenda soltanto dalla quarta potenza e da quelle di ordine superiore dell'amplitudine. Infine, vengono chiaramente illustrati tutti i possibili pendoli che risultano praticamente invariabili in un campo abbastanza esteso, mantenendosi isocroni anche per forti amplitudini. Un esempio numerico dimostra il notevole vantaggio nei confronti del pendolo circolare sinora usato.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für Aufgaben der relativen und absoluten Schweremessung wie für die Entwicklung einer sehr genauen astronomischen Pendeluhr werden ertsmalig die neuen Ergebnisse für ein Zweizylinderrollgelenkpendel dargestellt. Das von mir angegebene allgemeine Rollgelenk erlaubt, ohne wesentliche Reibung und ohne schädliche elastische Beanspruchungen ein Schwerependel auch mit sehr grossen Amplituden praktisch isochron und weitgehend invariabel schwingen zu lassen. Die Pendelschwingungsdauer wird als Funktion der Schwerpunktbahn dargestellt und eingehend untersucht. Damit die Schwingungsdauer unabhängig von der Amplitude bleibt, muss eine Differentialbeziehung erfüllt sein. Im, einzelnen werdèn die amplitudenunabhängigkeit der Schwingungsdauer und die Bedingung für die Minimumform des Pendels durch die entsprechenden Differentialquotienten der Schwerpunktbahn in der Ruhelage dargestellt. Die bisher bekannte Lösung für ein isochrones mathematisches Pendel, dessen Schwerpunkt sich auf einer Zykloide bewegt, versagt bei einem physikalischen Pendel praktisch. Für ein Zweizylinderrollbandgelenk werden die möglichen kinematischen Gelenkbewegungen angegeben. Es werden die allgemeinen Gleichungen auf ein Pendel mit einem Zweizylinderbandrollgelenk angewandt, das 1) infolge der Minimumform gegenüber geringen Bandlängungen unempfindlich ist und 2) dessen Schwingungsdauer erst von der vierten und den höheren Potenzen der Amplitude abbängt. In übersichtlicher Darstellung lassen sich alle möglichen Pendel angeben, die praktisch weitgehend invariabel und auch bei grossen Amplituden isochron sind. Ein durchgerechnetes Beispiel zeigt den erheblichen Vorteil gegenüber dem bisherigen Kreispendel.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 144-148 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 181-191 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Verf. hat die effektiv mögliche Sonnenscheindauer in verschiedenen Punkten des «Villaggio Sanatoriale di Sondalo» berechnet und auch direkt gemessen. Die Ergebnissen werden verglichen und erörtet. Folgt eine Prüfung der Zusammenhang mit der Verteilung der Bewölkung.
    Notes: Riassunto Si calcolano — mediante la rappresentazione gratica degli archi diurni descritti dal Sole nel suo apparente moto diurno al disopra dell'orizzonte topografico visto dall'Osservatorio Meteorologico del Villaggio Sanatoriale di Sondalo — gli azimut, le altezze, gli istanti del sorgere e tramontare astronomico e topografico del Sole, mettendo in evidenza la decurtazione che il soleggiamento viene a subire a causa dei rilievi montuosi della località. Si determina, valendosi della diretta osservazione, la distribuzione del soleggiamento effettivamente possibile in diversi punti del Villaggio. Si esaminano infine i coefficienti di soleggiamento mettendoli in rapporto con la nebulosità osservata sulla località nel periodo di tempo 1940–44.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 201-202 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 10 (1947), S. 208-216 
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