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  • Articles  (7,954)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
  • Physics  (7,954)
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  • 1
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    Gold Nanorods as Single and Combined Saturable Absorbers for a High-Energy $Q$ -Switched Nd:YAG Solid-State Laser (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: Gold nanorods (GNRs) with surface plasmon resonance peak at 1063.8 nm were fabricated and experimentally exploited as the single and combined saturable absorber (SA) in a $Q$ -switched Nd:YAG laser for the first time. In the situation using GNRs as a single SA, the maximum pulse energy of 19 $muhbox{J} $ was achieved at a pulse repetition rate of 20 kHz. However, due to the small effective modulation depth of the GNRs, microsecond pulses were generated in such a GNRs-based passively $Q$ -switched laser. A novel configuration using GNRs as a combined SA in an acoustooptic $Q$ -switched Nd:YAG laser was proposed. The small nonlinear loss modulation induced by the GNRs played a distinctive role in flexibly manipulating the nanosecond pulse waveforms. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of generating high-energy pulses by singly using GNRs-based SA in all solid-state lasers. Meanwhile, a new application mode incorporating GNRs as a combined SA was studied, providing an alternative method to take advantage of the nanomaterial-based SA with a relatively small modulation depth.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 2
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    Improved Design of UV- and Blue-Light-Inhibited White Light-Emitting Diode (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Description: This paper proposes the improved design of an ultraviolet (UV)- and-blue-light-inhibited white light-emitting diode for use as a safe and practical light source. Covered with a glass substrate coated with a photocatalyst resin on one side and a reflectance film on the other side, wavelengths below 400 nm are reflected back to re-excite the red–green–blue phosphors and, consequently, enhance luminous efficiency. The absorption spectrum of bismuth oxide photocatalysts is below 521 nm, and the leaked UV and blue light can be absorbed, thereby exciting electron–hole pairs and producing the photocatalytic effect. Thus, blue light and UV leakage can be suppressed appreciably, and the luminous efficiency can be increased markedly. Experimental results showed a UV suppression ratio of 88.43% and a visible light increasing ratio of 21.66%. The Commission International de L'Eclairage chromaticity coordinates $(x,y)$ were (0.343, 0.404), the correlated color temperature and the deviation from de Blackbody locus were (5201 K, 0.0250), and the color rendering index was 93.16. In addition, the photocatalyst coating layer can act as a diffuser to provide a comfortable visual experience and facilitate environmental purification.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 3
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    Polarization Tunable Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Description: Metamaterial-based perfect absorbers have attracted considerable attention due to their potential for practical applications. The existing absorbers, however, are mostly polarization insensitive or only sensitive to one direction, which is inapplicable in some areas. Polarization tunable or high absorption in two orthogonal directions is very useful and necessary. Herein, we present a polarization tunable absorber formed by an asymmetric patch and a dielectric layer on top of a metallic board. With this structure, the frequency of the absorber can be tuned by merely changing the polarization of the incident. The tunable mechanism originates from the different length of the patch along the two orthogonal directions. The concept is rather general and applicable to various absorbers, as long as the asymmetric design is valid. The absorber can find practical applications in manipulation of the polarization of the light and detecting waves with specific polarization.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 4
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    25-Gb/s 1310-nm Optical Receiver Based on a Sub-5-V Waveguide-Coupled Germanium Avalanche Photodiode (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: We demonstrate low-voltage waveguide-coupled germanium avalanche photodetectors (APDs) with a (wafer-scale mean) gain $times$ bandwidth product of 140 GHz at $-$ 5 V by utilizing a 185-nm-thick Ge layer. An optical receiver based on such an APD operating up to 25 Gb/s is demonstrated.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 5
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    Magnetic Properties and Magnetization Reversal of Thin Films and Nanodots Consisting of Exchange-Coupled Composite Co/Pd Multi-Layer and Co Layer With Orthogonal Anisotropies (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: We report on the fabrication and measurement of the switching characteristics of Co/Pd multi-layer thin films and nanodots. We used the method of anomalous Hall effect to obtain the hysteresis curves of both in-plane and out-of-plane magnetization. While Co/Pd thin film is found to switch by nucleation followed by domain propagation, Co/Pd nanodots switch by quasi-coherent rotation. We found that the coercivity of Co/Pd increases by a power law with respect to decreasing dots size. The coercivity can be reduced by exchange coupling the Co/Pd multi-layer to a 2 nm thick Co layer. Adding a Cu spacer layer between the Co/Pd multi-layer and Co layer provides a reliable way to modulate the strength of exchange coupling and tailoring the coercivity. As the Cu spacer becomes thicker, the coercivity increases. The exchange energy density is estimated to be 14.6 Merg/cm 3 and the exchange constant, 2.92 erg/cm 2 . The dependence of saturation field and coercivity on the thickness of the Cu spacer layer is fitted to the same empirical model and the exchange interaction is found to decay exponentially with distance. The exchange-coupled samples switch by quasi-domain propagation for both thin films and nanodots.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9464
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0069
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Magnetics Society.
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  • 6
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    Microstructural Characterization of Quenched AISI D2 Tool Steel Using Magnetic/Electromagnetic Nondestructive Techniques (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: In the past decade, nondestructive electromagnetic techniques have been extensively used for the characterization of materials. In this paper, the relation between the microstructural/mechanical characteristics of D2 tool steel with magnetic and electrical properties and eddy current (EC) test outputs has been established. Quenched samples obtained from different austenitizing temperatures (from 1000 °C to 1130 °C) were used to investigate the effect of retained austenite, martensite, and carbides phase fraction as well as prior austenite grain size, on the electromagnetic properties such as electrical resistivity and magnetic saturation. Variations of induced voltage in the pickup coil and location of impedance point in the impedance plane as a function of austenitizing temperature were interpreted by considering the changes in magnetic saturation and electrical resistivity and their effects on the EC outputs. This paper indicated that there is a good correlation between the EC parameters and retained austenite.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9464
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0069
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Magnetics Society.
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  • 7
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    A Method for Improving SNR of Drill Pipe Leakage Flux Testing Signals by Means of Magnetic Concentrating Effect (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) technique is generally considered as an efficient and effective nondestructive testing method, which has been widely used in the drill pipe detection in oil field. This paper aims at studying the magnetic concentrating effect, and proposing a method of gathering the MFL by means of magnetic concentrating device. Electromagnetic finite-element analysis shows that pipe MFL signals centralize near defects obviously and the leakage signals detected by Hall elements enhance greatly as magnetic concentrating structure can collect useful magnetic component. A drill pipe MFL experiment confirms the analysis results that the probe with magnetic concentrating device could obviously improve SNR of MFL signals, increase measuring the width of defects and reduce the requirements of liftoff value. Therefore, it is of great help to improve pipe leakage flux testing sensitivity.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9464
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0069
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on behalf of The IEEE Magnetics Society.
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  • 8
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    IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science publication information (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 9
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    NSTX-U Advances in Real-Time C++11 on Linux (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: Programming languages like C and Ada combined with proprietary embedded operating systems have dominated the real-time application space for decades. The new C++11 standard includes native, language-level support for concurrency, a required feature for any nontrivial event-oriented real-time software. Threads, Locks, and Atomics now exist to provide the necessary tools to build the structures that make up the foundation of a complex real-time system. The National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) is breaking new ground with the language as applied to the needs of fusion devices. A new Digital Coil Protection System (DCPS) will serve as the main protection mechanism for the magnetic coils, and it is written entirely in C++11 running on Concurrent Computer Corporation’s real-time operating system, RedHawk Linux. It runs over 600 algorithms in a 5 kHz control loop that determine whether or not to shut down operations before physical damage occurs. To accomplish this, NSTX-U engineers developed software tools that do not currently exist elsewhere, including real-time atomic synchronization, real-time containers, and a real-time logging framework. Together with a recent (and carefully configured) version of the GCC compiler, these tools enable data acquisition, processing, and output using a conventional operating system to meet a hard real-time deadline (that is, missing one periodic is a failure) of 200 microseconds.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 10
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    Power Efficiency Evaluation of Mapping Multiplexing Technique and Pulse Amplitude Modulation for Noncoherent Systems (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: The two-, three-, and four-channel mapping multiplexing technique (MMT) is demonstrated to increase the data capacity of multilevel intensity-modulated transmission formats to 2, 3, and 4 bits/symbol with a substantial reduction in power penalty. This paper outlines the $N$ -channel MMT design metric consideration influence on the performance enhancement of higher order amplitude modulated systems in terms of power penalty, receiver sensitivity, and spectral efficiency. The signal space model has been developed for $N$ -channel MMT, where the average electrical and optical power expressions are derived. Transmission of 2, 3, and 4 bits/symbol using MMT system shows better performance in terms of the average optical power penalty, in comparison with pulse amplitude modulation (M-PAM) formats, with respect to the information capacity. The proposed scheme can be considered as an alternative to M-PAM systems with enhanced power efficiency.
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-0655
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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