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  • Articles  (16,234)
  • 1950-1954  (16,234)
  • Geosciences  (16,234)
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  • Articles  (16,234)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 174-178 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude s'occupe de l'influence des taches solaires sur la pluie estivale des 30 Stations de la Mediterranée, choisies parmi celles qui couvrent au moins 4 cycles des taches solaires. — On a trouvé que le minimum des pluies estivales a lieu près du maximum des taches solaires et que le maximum des pluies aussi a lieu au commencement ou à la fin du cycle de l'activité solaire. — La variation de la pluie durant le cercle des taches solaires presente 4 typesA: une oscillation simple,B etC une oscillation double etD une oscillation triple.
    Notes: Summary This study deals with the influence of sunspots on the summer rainfall of 30 selected Stations of the Mediterranean, having records covering at least 4 cycles of sunspots. — It was found that the minimum of summer rainfall occurs near the maximum of sunspots and the maximum of rainfall in the beginning or at the end of sunspots cycle. — The variation of summer rainfall during the sunspots cycle presents four typesA: simple oscillation,B andC: double oscillation andD: triple oscillation.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The monthly average values of the run-off of italian rivers, measured in 229 gauging stations enabled the autors to calculate the annual component and the semi-annual component by the linear combinations of ordinates method (established by M. and MmeH. Labrouste). The geographical repartition of the phase of each component shows the different bearings of continental relief and coast outline on the time-distribution of these two permanent fractions of the flow.
    Notes: Résumé Les moyennes mensuelles des débits mesurés à 229 stations de jaugeage des cours d'eau italiens ont permis le calcul de la composante annuelle et de la composante semi-annuelle par la méthode des combinaisons linéaires d'ordonnées de M. et MmeH. Labrouste. L'examen de la répartition géographique de la phase de chacune de ces composantes fait ressortir les différentes influences du relief continental et de la forme des côtes sur la mise en place dans le temps de ces deux fractions permanentes de l'écoulement.
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  • 3
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 179-189 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A comparison of the diurnal range of fog and visibility conditions at Milano and Roma, the station near the coast, showed that at Roma good seeing occurs much more often than at Milano, the inland station, whilst conditions are vice versa in case of low visual range and fog at every daytime. The monthly variation of fog frequency was mapped out for the northern and central part of Italy. Centres of fog frequency are prevalent in winter, the most outstandig of which is to be found near Bologna with 15 days with fog in December. Summer shows some very unimportant and single centres with up to 2 days with fog only. Further tests were made on the frequency and variation of humidity at Venezia in their monthly course as well as on days with continuous fog in December at Pavia and on the distribution of frequency along one meridional section. The annual conditions of fog are pointed out in a map of the annual average sum of days with fog. The plain of the Po shows an average sum of 30–40 days p.a. The absolute maximum of 86 days, caused partly by cloud barrage, is situated near Bologna. The average number of days with fog per year amounts to 57 at Venezia and 19 at Roma. Finally the frequency of fog was studied in connection with the prevailing weather conditions. It has been found, that at any rate wind distribution has to be considered for the explanation of fog frequencies. At Venezia moist seawinds, blowing nearly throughout the year, account for the occurence of mixing fog. In winter the Apennins often are causing cloud barrage which explains the relatively high number of days with fog in that region. In winter or spring Genova and the area of the Riviera often have low visual range which is bound up withV b-activity. At Roma and Ancona the frequency of fog is low because the local winds often blow from land to sea.
    Abstract: Riassunto Si esamina dapprima l'andamento giornaliero della nebbia e della visibilità in alcune località dell'Italia settentrionale e centrale. Risulta fra l'altro che le condizioni migliori della visibilità presentano la massima frequenza lungo le coste del Lazio, mentre esse si verificano con frequenza minima nella pianura padana, attorno a Milano. Circa la distribuzione mensile, rappresentata graficamente, risalta il numero di 15 giorni di nebbia che si ha in media a Bologna nel mese di Dicembre. Vengono anche indagati i rapporti fra la frequenza mensile della nebbia e l'umidità dell'aria a Venezia ed a Pavia. Le condizioni annuali sono quindi esaminate con una cartina delle medie del totale annuo dei giorni di nebbia. La pianura padana accusa un totale medio di 30–40 giorni. Il massimo assoluto si ha a Bologna con 86 giorni, da ascriversi all'azione di sbarramento degli Appennini. Il numero medio annuo dei giorni di nebbia a Venezia è di 57, si riduce per Roma a soli 19. Infine, vengono discussi i rapporti esistenti fra la frequenza della nebbia e le situazioni meteorologiche dominanti, dal che risulta la notevole importanza che rivestono i venti. Così a Venezia i venti umidi che soffiano in gran parte dell'anno dal mare verso terra dànno origine a nebbia di mescolamento. La nebbia sugli Appennini o presso questi è determinata dal loro effetto di sbarramento. Nella Riviera Ligure le condizioni di scarsa visibilità sono spesso legate a situazioni baricheV b. A Roma e sulle coste dell'Adriatico (Ancona) la nebbia è assai scarsa perchè i venti soffiano prevalentemente da terra verso il mare.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dertägliche Gang der Nebel- und Sichtverhältnisse zwischen Mailand und Rom wurde verglichen. Es ergaben sich sehr ausgeprägte Merkmale. Gute Sichten traten viel häufiger an der küstennahen Station Rom und viel seltener an der oberitalienischen Binnenstation Mailand auf, während bei schlechten Sichten und Nebel zu allen Tageszeiten die Verhältnisse umgekehrt liegen. Dermonatliche Verlauf der Nebelhäufigkeit wurde für Ober- und Mittelitalien kartiert. Im Winter ergaben sich Nebelzentren, deren auffallendstes mit 15 Nebeltagen im Dezember bei Bologna zu finden ist. Der Sommer weist einzelne, sehr schwache Nebelzentren bis nur 2 Nebeltage im Juni auf. Im monatlichen Verlauf werden dann weiterhin Nebelhäufigkeit und Feuchteverlauf in Venedig, Tage mit anhaltendem Nebel im Dezember in Pavia und Häufigkeitsverteilung auf einem Meridionalschnitt untersucht. Die Nebelverhältnisseim Jahr zeigt eine Karte dermittleren Jahressumme der Nebeltage. Die Poebene weist eine mittlere Jahressumme von 30–40 Tagen auf. Das absolute Maximum mit 86 Tagen liegt bei Bologna, es ist zu einem Teil durch Stau bedingt. Diemittlere Anzahl der Nebeltage beträgtim Jahr in Venedig 57 und in Rom nur 19. Abschließend wird noch die Nebelhäufigkeit mit der vorherrschenden Wetterlage in Zusammenhang gebracht. Es ergibt sich, daß unbedingt die Windverhältnisse bei der Erklärung von Nebelhäufigkeiten herangezogen werden müssen. In Venedig geben die fast das ganze Jahr wehenden feuchten Seewinde Anlaß zu Mischungsnebel. Im Winter befinden sich die Apenninen oft im Wolkenstau, daher tritt dort eine relativ hohe Zahl von Nebeltagen auf. Genua und der Raum an der Riviera haben öfters im Winter und Frühjahr schlechte Sichten, die durch dieV b-Tätigkeit bedingt sind. In Rom und Ancona tritt die Nebelhäufigkeit wegen oft ablandiger Winde stark zurück.
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  • 4
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 47-56 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The radiation fields of a vertical electric antenna situated on a horizontally stratified ground are discussed. The attenuation and “wave-tilt” of the surface wave and the “height-gain” factor are shown to be a function of the horizontal stratification in the ground. It is possible that the results have application to an airborne geophysical exploration scheme.
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 75-90 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen der Permeabilität von Grundwasser und Erdöl führenden Gesteinsschichten haben gezeigt, dass dieselbe in vielen Fällen richtungsabhängig ist. Hierbei bleibt die Richtung extremaler Permeabilität oft über weite Gebiete konstant.Johnson & Hughes untersuchten eine Reihe von Bohrkernen von Oelquellen auf Richtungsabhängigkeit der Permeabilität. Hierzu schnitten sie aus denselben kleine, waagrechte Stücke, bestimmten deren Permeabilität und stellten das Ergebnis ihrer Messungen in der Form von Permeabilitätspolardiagrammen dar. Sie waren nicht im Stande, eine theoretische Erklärung der erhaltenen Kurven zu geben. Auf der anderen Seite existiert eine Theorie der Permeabilität, wobei die letztere als symmetrischer Tensor behandelt wird. Diese Theorie wurde vonFerrandon vorgeschlagen; es scheint aber, dass keine experimentelle Bestätigung davon je versucht worden ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit vergleicht der Verfasser die zwei Typen von Untersuchungen. Nach derFerrandon'schen Theorie wird die «gerichtete» Permeabilität (mitk bezeichnet), die den Experimenten vonJohnson & Hughes entspricht, berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, dassk −1/2, als Polardiagramm dargestellt, die Gestalt einer Ellipse haben sollte. Die Resultate vonJohnson & Hughes werden dann in die Form vonk −1/2 umgerechnet und als entsprechende Polardiagramme dargestellt. In dieser Weise wird eine experimentelle Bestätigung der Tensortheorie vonFerrandon erhalten.
    Notes: Summary Investigations have shown that in groundwater- and oil-bearing strata there are preferential directions of flow that are often maintained over wide areas.Johnson & Hughes (1948, see Ref.) analysed a series of oil well cores by cutting them into small horizontal plugs and they obtained directional permeabilities which they plotted in the form of polar graphs. They were not able to give a physical explanation of this phenomenon. On the other hand, there exists a theory of permeability in which the latter is represented as a symmetric tensor. This theory has been developed byFerrandon (1948, see Ref.), but no experimental substantiation of it seems ever to have been attempted. In the present paper, the author undertakes to compare the two sets of findings. FromFerrandon's theory, the directional permeabilities (denoted byk) corresponding to the experiments ofJohnson & Hughes are calculated and it is shown thatk −1/2 if plotted as polar graph, should form an ellipse. The data ofJohnson & Hughes are then are drawn. In this manner, a substantiation of the tensor theory ofFerrandon is obtained.
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 91-108 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Manganerzkörper in Indien erzeugen an der Erdoberfläche elektrische Potentialfelder, die für die Lagerstätten typisch sind und durch kombinierte Potentiometer- und Widerstandsmessungen exakt aufgenommen werden können. Die bisher ermessenen Werte der relativen Potentiale bewegen sich zwischen allgemein 150 bis 200 Millivolt, bei tieferer Lage entsprechend niedriger, jedoch nicht unter 100 m V. Die scheinbaren Widerstände schwanken zwischen 50 und 400 megohm. Die elektrischen Oberflächenindikatoren sind so ausgeprägt, dass das Einschieben der Erzkörper mit beachtlicher Genauigkeit bestimmt werden kann wie in diesem Aufsatz nachgewiesen wird. Des weiteren wird dargetan, wie mittels dieses Verfahrens grosse geologische Räume in kürzester Zeit zum Nutzen des Erz-Bergbaues prospektiert werden können, wofür bislang noch keine geeignete Methode erprobt war.
    Notes: Summary The Manganese ore-bodies in India are producing certain electrical potential-fields on the surface, which are typical for those deposits and which can exactly be surveyed by combined Potentiometer- and Resistivity-Method. The range of the relative Potentials, recorded so far, are generally varying between 150 to 200 millivolts, near deeper burried deposits accordingly lower but not lower than 100 millivolts, the relative resistivities varying from 50 to 400 megohms. The electrical surface indications are so clear that the respective position of an ore body can be located with an evident exactness as it is proved in this paper. Furthermore it is demonstrated how vaste geological areas can be prospected in a minimum of time by this method for the benefit of the mining industry.
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 223-245 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to investigate the relations between atmospheric electric phenomena in different altitudes and various meteorological processes, continuous automatical recordings of the statical atmospheric potential gradient have been performed in the alpine region since several years. — Two stations in the Allgäu Mountains:Oberstdorf (815 m) andNebelhorn (1930 m) and four stations in the Wetterstein Mountains:Garmisch-Partenkirchen (705 m),Eibsee (1000 m),Riffelriss (1640 m) andZugspitze (2963 m) serve to this purpose. — Using typical curves, we demonstrate the results of the study of the following problems: 1) Local effects at both valley stations and mountain stations, caused bya) various aerosols (dust, smoke, vapour, fog, etc.),b) winds, conditioned by orographical circumstances,c) foehn; 2) Synoptical problems of the atmospheric electricity:a) the behaviour of the atmospheric potential gradient both above and below inversions and superior limits of convection in order to study the status of the fundamental layer of the atmosphere («Grundschicht»,Schneider-Carius),b) the vertical variation of the electric charge in sheet clouds (polarisations of sheet clouds),c) the vertical variation of electric charge in shower and thunderstorm clouds in order to study their electric structure and chronologic development.d) vertical exchange of air masses,e) the behaviour of the atmospheric potential gra- dient during various forms of precipitation, especially if there is a change of the phase.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Erforschung von Beziehungen zwischen luftelektrischen Phänomenen in verschiedenen Höhenstufen und zahlreichen meteorologischen Vorgängen wurden seit einigen Jahren im Alpenbereich Dauerregistrierungen des statischen luftelektrischen Feldes ausgeführt. Es dienten hierzu das StationspaarOberstdorf (815 m) undNebelhorn (1930 m) im Allgäu sowie die StationenGarmisch-Partenkirchen (705 m),Eibsee (1000 m),Riffelriss (1640 m) undZugspitze (2963 m) im Wetter-steingebirge. — Anhand von typischen Kurvenbeispielen werden folgende Beziehungen besprochen: 1)Untersuchungen von Lokaleffekten an den Tal- Hang- und Gipfelstationen, ausgelöst durch:a) verschiedene Aerosole (Staub, Rauch, Dunst, Nebel usw.);b) orographisch bedingte Windsysteme (Berg-Talwind, Hangwind);c) Föhnerscheinungen. — 2)Synoptisch-Luftelektrische Beobachtungen, und zwar:a) Verhalten des luftelektrischen Feldes über und unter Inversionsschichten, Dunstgrenzen und Konvektionsgrenzen zum Studium des Verhaltens der Grundschicht (Schneider-Carius);b) Erforschung der vertikalen Ladungsverteilung in stratiformer Bewölkung (Untersuchungen über polarisierte Wolkenschichten);c) Erforschung der vertikalen Ladungsverteilung in Turbulenzbewölkung zum Studium des elektrischen Aufbaus von Schauer- und Gewitterwolken unter Berücksichtigung ihrer zeitlichen Entwicklung;d) Studien über den vertikalen Luftmassenaustausch;e) Studien über das Verhalten des luftelektrischen Feldes bei Niederschlägen verschiedener Art insbesondere bei Phasenwechsel.
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 285-291 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The contradiction ofPouillet's ≪radiation≫ and the physical laws of radiation sinceKirchhoff, Boltzmann-Stefan, Wien, Lummer andKurlbaum is by the model of the black radiating body ofKirchhoff demonstrated. The measurements of radiation have followed til now to the antiquated idea ofPouillet. The determination of the solar constant as inKalitin's list represented also is lost.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Widerspruch zwischen den Strahlungsgesetzen der Physik und der Definition der Strahlung durchPouillet, die allen bisherigen Strahlungs-Messungen zu Grunde liegt, wird am Modell des schwarzstrahlenden Hohlraums vonKirchhoff gezeigt. Auch die Bestimmungen der Solarkonstante (Kalitins's Liste) sind verloren.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 273-284 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Maps of hourly precipitation were drawn for two hurricanes of North-America. The development of precipitation areas can be shown in the course of the development of the hurricane. The precipitation area is rather circular only in the beginning. It changes very quickly: The rain area ends suddenly on the rear; moreover it is not large on the left side of the path. But there is extended precipitation ahead and on the right side. In the last stage the precipitation area leaves the center of the hurricane. A dynamical explanation is tried; influences of different air masses are rejected; influences of the surface of the earth are supposed to be very small. Convergences which may lead to the formation of clouds or to precipitation are formed on the one hand by deviation from geostrophic wind with the deepening of the vortex and because of the falling of pressure in front of the hurricane, on the other hand by convergences of flow in the area of entrance («Einzugsgebiet»). Divergences are formed in filling up and in the rising of pressure behind the moving center and in the delta of the isobars. The changing of precipitation areas may be explained by superposition of these facts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für zwei nordamerikanische Hurrikane wurden aufeinanderfolgende Karten der stündlichen Niederschlagsmengen gezeichnet. Sie lassen eine Beurteilung der Entwicklung der Niederschlagsgebiete im Laufe der Entwicklung des Hurrikans zu. Nur anfangs ist das Niederschlagsgebiet annähernd kreisförmig. Sehr rasch deformiert es in der Art, daß auf der Rückseite das Regengebiet sehr rasch abbricht und auch links von der Zugrichtung keine sehr große Ausdehnung hat. Dagegen ist der Niederschlag sehr ausgedehnt nach vorn und nach rechts in der Zugrichtung gesehen. Im letzten Stadium löst sich der Niederschlag sogar vom Kern des Hurrikans ab. Eine Erklärung für diese Entwicklung wird dynamisch versucht, Einflüsse von Luftmassengegensätzen werden abgelehnt, solche des Untergrundes gering eingeschätzt. Konvergenzen, die zur Wolken-und Niederschlagsbildung führen können, entstehen einmal durch Abweichungen vom Gradientwind bei der Vertiefung des Wirbels und infolge des raschen Druckfalles vor dem wandernden Wirbelsturm, zum anderen als Strömungskonvergenzen im Einzugsgebiet. Divergenzen entstehen beim Auffüllen, ferner beim Druckanstieg hinter dem wandernden Kern und im Delta der Isobaren. Durch Ueberlagerung dieser Vorgänge lassen sich prinzipiell die Aenderungen des Niederschlagsgebietes erklären.
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 308-312 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 84-105 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author completes his analytical investigation on the surfacewave (ε), in continuation of Part I. Following subjects are treated: 1) The spatial distribution of the displacement vector and, correlatively, the trajectory-equation of a point displaced by periodic strain; 2) The ratio between the maximal components of (ε)-wave motion, as well as the corresponding group velocity formula; 3) An estimate of the elastic constants λ and μ of surface-rocks, trough the dynamic method give by the Author, based on the recording of any pulses (ε) spread by an explosion (Genoa's experiences, 1939); 4) the analytical demonstration of the geometric divergence existing between seismic and energetic rays of this surface-waves.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. completa le proprie ricerche sull'onda superficiale (ε) già trattata in precedenza (Parte I). Gli argomenti qui svolti rispettivamente riguardano: 1) la distribuzione spaziale del vettore spostamento totale e, correlativamente, il «locus» (traiettoria ideale stazionaria) per un punto del mezzo legato allo «strain» periodico dell'onda (ε); 2) il rapporto delle componenti massimali, nonchè la velocità di gruppo del moto vibratorio studiato; 3) la determinazione delle costanti elastiche λ e μ di una roccia superficiale della crosta terrestre, attraverso un metodo suggerito dall'A. e basato sulla registrazione di impulsi del tipo (ε) (Esperienze di Genova-Fegino, 1939); 4) una dimostrazione analitica della divergenza geometrica fra i raggi sismici (rettilinei) relativi ad un'onda piana teorica ed i raggi (curvilinei) lungo i quali fluisce l'energia del moto ondoso esaminato.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 87-97 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Approximate adjustment do not always allow the determination of the reflecting plane with the necessary accuracy. The latter may be increased by severe adjustment. One of severe systems supposes equally high seismic detectors placed in the same plane [Equation (5)]. But, on the one hand, this proved to be a protracted procedure, on the other hand, the conversion to equal highness does not seem to be simple [Equation (9)]. We reach our aim in a more simple way, if we make the measurements by employing the method of indirect observations so, that we obtain the most probable values of the coordinates belonging to the image of the shotpoint and of the propagation velocity [Equ. (10)–(14)]. From the adjustment we may calculate the mean square errors of the unknown quantities [Equ. (20)–(21)]. The approximate values needed for the adjustment we may calculate best from the lineare equations (23).
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 30-34 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary R. v. Eötvös has showed two methods for the measurement of differences between vertical lines with his torsion-balance. Both methods are only applicable, if they are connected with astronomic and geodetic measurements, and they are very troublesome. In the special publications are no remarks, that one of these methods everytime has been applied since the measurement ofEötvös. —At Freiburg i. Br. (Western Germany) now a new torsion-balance is built, with which foreseeable the direct measurement of the gradientU zzs will be possible. In the following publication will be demonstrated, that the fixation of differences between the vertical lines of two points of the gravity field of the earth is possible with this gradientU zzs without astronomic and geodetic measurements.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung R. v. Eötvös hat für die Bestimmung von Lotrichtungsdifferenzen mit seiner Drehwaage zwei Verfahren angegeben, die aber nur unter Hinzuziehung astronomisch-geodätischer Messungen zum Ziel führen. Beide Verfahren sind sehr umständlich, und in der einschlägigen Literatur finden sich keine Hinweise, daß eines der genannten Verfahren seitEötvös nochmals angewandt wurde. — In Freiburg i. Br. wird zur Zeit eine Drehwaage erprobt, mit der voraussichtlich die direkte Messung des GradientenU zzs möglich sein wird. Es soll nun gezeigt werden, daß die Bestimmung der Lotrichtungsdifferenz zweier Feldpunkte mit Hilfe dieser Größe, ohne Zuhilfenahme von astronomisch-geodätischen Messungen, möglich ist.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 7-29 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A particular group of noticeable surface-wave, as revealed from many seismographic records of near blasts, is considered here, also with regard to a theoretical point of view. Two caracteristic equations are established for analytic research on the constitution of such a vibratory disturbance which spreads over the boundary surface of hypothetic half-infinite medium (isotropic, homogeneous), when a punctual, perpendicular shock is loading on the surface with dynamic intensity. Specific phase-velocities of motion: $$v_1 = V_* /\Omega _1 ; v_2 - V_* /\Omega _2 ; $$ are consequently formulated as functions of Poisson's modulus σ, involving also ratiosk and Ф1 which hold between absorption coefficients, respectively referred to each component wave of two types and to principal directionsx, z. Author shows how typicRayleigh-wave has a relatively lower velocity than that of motion here examined; also same other different aspects between two surface-wave are pointed out and discussed. Suitable valutation of the phase-velocity is drawn from the Author's records obtained in his experiences of Fegino (Genova), in good agreement with theoretical inferences and seismological results.
    Notes: Riassunto Una particolare onda superficiale, che si rivela nelle registrazioni sismografiche di esplosioni vicine, viene posta in evidenza dall'A. L'analisi della perturbazione è ottenuta stabilendo due equazioni caratteristiche mediante le quali sono determinabili (in funzione delle costanti elastiche del mezzo, supposto un semispazio isotropo ed omogeneo):a) le specifiche velocità di fase dell'onda studiata $$v_1 = V_* /\Omega _1 ; v_2 - V_* /\Omega _2 ; $$ b) il rapportok dei coefficienti d'estinzione assialmente omologhi relativi alle singole onde costitutive (condensazione e distorsione);c) il rapportok dei coefficienti di estinzione assialmente eteronimi relativi alle due direzioni principali del semispazio;d) le grandezze assolute di detti coefficienti, nota che sia in più la frequenza o la lunghezza dell'onda superficiale (ɛ) studiata. Completa l'esposizione una applicazione delle formole trovate al calcolo della velocità di faseV * di una delle onde registrate nel corso delle esperienze compiute dall'A. a Genova.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 98-104 
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    Notes: Summary A new apparatus for determining the temperature variation of susceptibility of rocks is described, along with a brief outline of an essential piece of subsidiary equipment.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 110-115 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La technique des mesures aeromagnétiques a été developpée pendant les derniers vingt ans. Un résultat très remarquable est représenté par le «fluxgate magnetometer», dont le type général donne la composante dans la direction de la force magnétique totale. Cependant, des buts divers exigent aussi la conaissance des autres composantes. Ces composantes peuvent être obtenues par détermination directe ou par une procédure de calculation basée sur la force totale mentionnée. Mais quelques difficultés se presentent dans les deux cas. Ces difficultés font l'objet de la discussion suivante et quelques solutions du problème sont proposées.
    Notes: Summary Aeromagnetic surveying has been developped during more than twenty years. An outstanding result of this development is the airborne fluxgate magnetometer, which satisfies a plurality of demands. Meantime, some problems appear, as the quantity measured by the common type of the airborne fluxgate magnetometer is a component along the direction of the total magnetic force. For different purposes other components may be desired. They can be obtained either by direct measurements or by computing procedures on the basis of the firstmentioned component; but in both cases difficulties arise. These difficulties are discussed, and some possibilities are set forward.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 116-120 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In modern technique for recordings the directly visible drawing of geophysical processes is more and more used by means of electrical arrangements of transmission (amplifier). The photographic recording in the research of earth-magnetism could not be substituted with another method on account of its exactness. An electrical transmission at point-writers is only possible with differential-photocells. At the Observatory in Fürstenfeldbruck an arrangement for declination and horizontalintensity is now working since October 1953. TheH-variometer (byTöpfer) is compensated for temperature; theD-variometer was constructed at the Observatory and has a case of plexigum. The projecters furnished with special diaphragm lights up the variometers which throw equal clear rectangles of light at the cells. — The scalevalues are inD 0.70±0.03′, inH: 4.2±0.05 Gamma per pars. The arrangement is very usefull for prognosis of ionospheric disturbances.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der modernen Registriertechnik strebt man immer mehr danach mittels elektrischer Übertragungsanlagen (Verstärker) geophysikalische Vorgänge sofort sichtbar aufzuzeichnen. Bei der Erdmagnetik konnte die photographische Aufzeichnung wegen ihrer Genauigkeit durch keine andere Methode ersetzt werden. Eine elektrische Übertragung auf P. Schreiber ist nur mit Hilfe von Differential-Photozellen möglich. Am obigen Observatorium läuft seit Oktober 1953 eine Anlage für die Deklination und Horizontalintensität. DasH-Variometer (einTöpfer-Instrument) ist temperaturkompensiert; dasD-Variometer wurde am Observatorium hergestellt und besitzt ein Plexiglas-Gehäuse. Die mit besonderen Blenden ausgestatteten Projektoren beleuchten die Variometer, die gleichmäßig ausgeleuchtete Lichtrechtecke auf die Zellen werfen. — Die Skalenwerte betragen inD: 0.70′±0.03′, inH: 4.2±0.05 Gamma pro pars. Die Anlage erweist sich als sehr praktisch für die Prognose ionosphärischer Störungen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 167-173 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The part of snow of the total precipitation is finding out by different former methods and compounded with the probable part of snow according the records of the winter precipitations. Using the precipitation sums of every part it results a good concordance when the half of sleet is attributed to the part of snow. Going out from the depth of new snowcover the least deviation is demonstrated, if the part of pure new snow is taken from the precipitation measurement in the rain gage, and the part of sleet is equalized to the water equivalent of new snow cover. For these calculations new monthly means of density of snow from sleet are given to information.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der nach verschiedenen Verfahren berechnete Schneeantei am Gesamtniederschlag wird mit dem nach Registrierungen der winterlichen Niederschläge ermittelten wahrscheinlichen Schneeanteil verglichen. Ausgehend von den Niederschlagssummen ergibt sich gute Uebereinstimmung, wenn bei Mischniederschlägen die Hälfte dem Schneeanteil zugerechnet wird. Ausgehend von der Neuschneehöhe zeigt sich die geringste Abweichung, wenn der Anteil aus reinem Schnee der Niederschlagsmessung, der Anteil aus Mischniederschlägen dem Wasserwert der Neuschneedecke gleichgesetzt wird, für dessen Errechnung neue Monatsmittel der Schneedichte aus Mischniederschlägen mitgeteilt werden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 1-35 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le champ de la gravité possède deux parties régulières: la partie continentale et la parte régionale. Ce qui reste est la partie locale. Les parties régionales se rapportant à des territoires trop grands, leur définition exige deux différentes étapes. Au but de séparer les 4 parties citées on peut appliquer deux méthodes différentes. La première comporte le calcul point par point avec des fonctions théoriques: c'est pour celà qu'elle est liée à des applications singulières. La deuxième permets le calcul aire par aire avec une forme d'ajustement pratique. C'est la méthode appliquée ici à plusieurs cartes gravimétriques.
    Notes: Summary The regular parts of the gravity field means the continental and the regional ones. The residuals are the local parts. The regional parts contain a too large area, as to establish them by a single rate, they demand two rates. The separation of all 4 parts can be obtained by two different methods. The one demands calculation point by point by means of theoretical gravity functions and therefore allows application only in particular cases. The other one permits derivation area by area with a method of practical adjustment. Several gravity maps are the result of those calculations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 159-170 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With respect to the attainments of the modern surf phenomena research and based on new results of observations in the littoral zone the theory of the neutral line, developed byCornaglia, which looked upon the wave-moved grain as an isolated individual, is no longer useful. In its place the better theory of the surging wave's «momentum of mass» is set, which considers the whole cloud of material whirled up by the oscillatory undulation near the bottom. The advantages of this new consideration are shortly sketched and particularly illustrated by means of some examples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter Beachtung der Fortschritte der modernen Brandungsforschung sowie neuerer Beobachtungsergebnisse im Litoral erscheint die vonCornaglia entwickelte Theorie der neutralen Linie, die das einzelne Sedimentkorn isoliert in Ansatz brachte, unhaltbar. An ihre Stelle tritt die den tatsächlichen Verhältnissen besser Rechnung tragende Theorie des «Massenmomentes» der brandenden Wellen, die nicht mehr das einzelne Korn, sondern die gesamte unter der Einwirkung der Oszillation entstehende Suspensionswolke betrachtet. Die Vorteile dieser neuen Betrachtungsweise werden kurz skizziert und an Hand einiger Beispiele näher erläutert.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 208-222 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Making use of different series of meterological observations carried out in high mountains, particularly in the Alps, the Author proves that the conservations-tendency of undercooled fog and the formation of snow are essentially controlled by the air-temperatures around −11°, −4°–5° and −19°C, in perfect agreement with the spectrum of freezing nuclei, known from laboratory work. The result is of general validity. — Some interpretations are presented.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund verschiedenen, im Hochgebirge, besonders in den Alpen, gesammelten meteorologischen Beobachtungsreihen, beweist der Verf., das die Erhaltungstendenz des unterkühlten Nebels und die Schneebildung wesentlich mitbestimmt werden durch die Luft-Temperaturen um −11°, −4°–5° und −19° C, in vollkommener Uebereinstimmung mit dem experimentell abgeleiten Spektrum der Gefrierkerne. Das Ergebnis hat allgemeine Gültigkeit. — Es folgen einige erläuternde Betrachtungen.
    Notes: Riassunto In base a diverse serie di osservazioni meteorologiche raccolte su alte montagne, specie delle Alpi, l'A. dimostra che la conservazione della nebbia sottoraffreddata e la genesi delle precipitazioni nevose, sono regolate dalle temperature intorno a −11°, −4°–5° e −19° C, in completo accordo con lo spettro dei nuclei di congelamento dedotto sperimentalmente. Il risultato ha validità generale. — Segue l'illustrazione di talune deduzioni, con considerazioni interpretative.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 261-272 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von acht Stationen, die ungefähr auf der Linie Mailand-Zürich liegen, wurden für die Periode 1936–1950 die mittlere Anzahl der Tage mit Gewittern und Andauer aufeinanderfolgender Gewittertage berechnet. Des weiteren wurde für die Station Locarno-Monti (1936–1953) der Anteil der Niederschlagsmenge an Gewittertagen an der Gesamtmenge ermittelt und für die Periode 1949–1953 von April bis September die Niederschlagsmenge an den Tagen untersucht, an denen Front-, Südstauoder Lokalgewitter vorkamen. Auch die Fälle, an denen am gleichen Tag verschiedene Gewitterarten auftraten, wurden berücksichtigt.
    Notes: Riassunto Per il periodo 1936–1950 vengono comunicati il numero medio annuo dei giorni con temporali (udito almeno un tuono) e la statistica dei periodi di giorni successivi con temporali, secondo la loro lunghezza, per 8 stazioni poste pressapoco su di una sezione da sud a nord attraverso le Alpi, con estremi Milano e Zurigo. Per Locarno-Monti, periodo 1936–1953, sono confrontate le precipitazioni dei giorni con temporali con la quantità totale. Per il semestre aprile-settembre del quinquennio 1949–1953, le precipitazioni di Locarno-Monti dei giorni con temporali vengono suddivise secondo i tre tipi di temporali: frontali, di “Südstau” e locali, tenendo conto che nello stesso giorno ad ore diverse possono verificarsi temporali di diverso tipo, e paragonate fra loro.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 246-260 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto A complemento di un precedente lavoro, gli autori studiano se abbia un senso l'impiego di coefficienti di correlazione in problemi ecologici e in particolare in quelli meteorologici-forestali. Dapprima vengono calcolate le correlazioni dirette tra la crescita annua del legno e ciascuna di 12 grandezze meteorologiche; in seguito, allo scopo di raggiungere coefficienti più elevati la curva della crescita del legno vien riferita alla sua retta di regressione del tempo invece che al valore medio; in ultimo vengono rese note diverse correlazioni parziali ottenute considerando anche una seconda grandezza meteorologica. Dal materiale assai abbondante utilizzato, sembra potersi dedurre che tra crescita del legno e condizioni meteorologiche non esiste una relazione statistica in senso matematico. Siccome questo risultato è in contrasto con l'esperienza pratica, bisogna dedurre che il calcolo del coefficiente di correlazione non è adatto per il problema in questione. E' questa una conseguenza che può appoggiarsi su ragionamenti di natura fisiologica ed essere minuziosamente motivata.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In Ergänzung zu einer früheren Arbeit untersuchen die Autoren, ob Korrelationskoeffizienten in oekologischen, speziell forstmeteorologischen Aufgaben sinnvoll angewendet werden können. Zuerst werden die direkten Korrelationen zwischen dem jährlichen Holzzuwachs und je einer von 12 meteorologischen Grössen berechnet; dann wird zur Erzielung höherer Koeffizienten die Kurve des Holzzuwachses auf ihre zeitliche Regressionsgerade statt auf den Mittelwert bezogen, und schiesslich werden verschiedene partielle Korrelationen unter Berücksichtigung von je einer zweiten meteorologischen Grösse angegeben. Aus dem ziemlich unfangreichen Zahlenmaterial scheint hervorzugehen, dass zwischen Holzzuwachs und Witterung kaum ein statistischer Zusammenhang im mathematischen Sinne besteht. Da dieses Ergebnis der praktischen Erfahrung widerspricht, muss geschlossen werden, dass die Korrelationsrechnung der vorliegenden Aufgabe nicht angemessen ist, eine Folgerung, die durch Ueberlegungen physiologischer Natur gestützt und eingehend begründet ist.
    Notes: Résumé En complément d'une étude précédente, les auteurs ont examiné si les coefficients de corrélation pouvaient s'utiliser avec profit pour résoudre les problèmes écologiques et plus spécialement de météorologie forestière. Pour cela ils ont calculé les coefficients résultant de la comparaison de l'accroissement forestier avec 12 grandeurs météorologiques. Afin d'obtenir des coefficients plus élévés ils ont considéré ensuite la courbe d'accroissement sur la base de sa droite de régression au lieu de sa moyenne. Ils ont enfin calculé diverses corrélations partielles en tenant compte d'une seconde grandeur météorologique. Il ressort de l'important matérial ainsi rassemblé, qu'il n'existe pas de corrélation entre les éléments météorologiques et l'accroissement forestier, du moins pas au sens mathématique du terme. Comme cette conclusion est en contradiction avec l'expérience pratique, on en déduit que cette méthode est inutilisable dans le cas particulier. Cette déduction est en outre étayée par des considérations d'ordre physiologique.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 301-307 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vonT. E. Aurén entwickelte Methode, aus einer grossen Anzahl von Messungen der Totalstrahlung der Sonne Kurven der mittleren Maxima zu gewinnen, wird befürwortet. Diese Kurven repräsentieren die für jeden Messort charakteristische, optimale Durchlässigkeit der Atmosphäre. Sie können daher auch als strahlungsklimatischer Parameter verstanden werden, sei es etwa als Intensität des solaren Strahlungsstromes bei bestimmten Höhenwinkeln, oder als Tagessummen usw.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 212-217 
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    Notes: Summary Temperature records of a long period (1858–1952) for Athens, in the form of overlapping 30-year intervals, are analyzed with a view to be investigated temperature trends. While the winter temperature has been rising almost continously during the period under consideration, the increase of summer temperature — to which the annual temperature and the annual temperature range as well are rather similar — has occured altogether during the second half of the record. During the first half the summer and annual temperatures and the annual range were all decreasing. The oceanicity increased during the first half and decreased during the second. The total change has been a rise of 0.90 deg. in winter temperature, a fall of 0.7 followed by a rise of 1.00 deg. in summer temperature, and a fall of 0.3 then a rise of 0.70 deg. in annual temperature. The rapid increase of population and also variations in solar activity seem to have partly influenced the Athens temperature trends.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 234-235 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 236-236 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 237-240 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 218-225 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author proposes a systematical cloud classification according to their form (shape), their association (structure) and their repartition on the sky. Every form of a single cloud which appears independent of other forms is called main form or main shape. The following forms can be distinguished: layer, wave, lens, veil, thred, bale, flake, cumulus, thorn. Other forms may be added if necessary. All possible combinations of forms are to be found inbetween the main forms, so that there will be a secondary form next to the mainform (e. g. wave-lens). Additional forms which exist only together with main or secondary forms are details (e. g. mammatus). Some examples given in this study show the importance of combination's assembly and their repartitition in space. A clear difference made between the form, association and repartition allows to establish a convenient way of determining the clouds.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur propose une classification des nuages d'après leur forme, leur structure (assemblage) et aussi d'après leur répartition dans l'espace. L'allure d'un nuage indépendant donne sa forme principale définie comme suit: couche, voile, veine, vague, lentille, balle, flocon, cumulus et pointe. D'autres formes peuvent être ajoutées. Entre les formes principales se trouvent toutes les combinaisons possibles qui ne sont pas dominantes, elles sont nommées les formes secondaires. Des états supplémentaires qui ne sont pas indépendants, constituent le jeu des formes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Wolkensystematik vorgeschlagen auf Grund der Wolkenform, der struktur — Verband — des Wolkenhimmels und auf Grund der räumlichen Verteilung der Wolken. Jede an einer Einzelwolke selbständig auftretende Form wird als Hauptform bezeichnet und folgende Typen werden genannt: Schicht, Scheier, Faser, Welle, Linse, Balle, Flocke, Haufen (Cumulus) und Dorn. Andere, dem Verfasser bisher unbekannte Formen könnten dazugefügt werden. Zwischen den Hauptformen treten alle möglichen Uebergänge auf, die noch mit der nicht dominierenden Hauptform, Nebenform genannt, charakterisiert werden. Zusätzliche Formen-elemente, die aber nicht selbständig auftreten können, werden Spielformen genannt (Mammatus etc.). Auf die Bedeutung der Verbandsverhältnisse und der räumlichen Anordnung wurde in Beispielen hingewiesen. Die klare Unterscheidung zwischen Form, Verband und Anordnung gestattet, Wolkenbestimmungstabellen zu erstellen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 1-6 
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    Notes: Summary Displacements and stresses produced by impulsive radial pressure and by impulsive twists have been determined. In the former case total flow of energy across a spherical boundary has been obtained.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 85-86 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 121-155 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The basic formula, expressing an analytical property of a very general class of functions, is a corollary of the fundamental theorem, proved in a previous paper, according to which, given a functionp(φ, λ,t) of the points (φ, λ) of a closed regular surface σ and of the time, and a transfer or advection velocity vector $$\overrightarrow H _\sigma (\varphi ,\lambda )$$ tangent to σ and having regular closed streamlines, there is a spatial, linear, non singular operatorA such thatA(p+const.) is a purely advective function in respect to $$\overrightarrow H _\sigma $$ (no deepening). This theorem can be expressed by the equation $$\partial p/\partial t = - \mathfrak{M}[\overrightarrow H _{\sigma \cdot } \nabla p]$$ where $$\mathfrak{M}$$ is a spatial, linear, non singular operator depending onA. The determination of $$\mathfrak{M}$$ can be attained, either by the comparison of two different forms of the general solution of the $$\mathfrak{M}$$ -equation, or by a simple a priori reasonning. The conclusion is thus reached that $$\mathfrak{M} = M avec M = u^{ - 1} \int_0^u {d\xi } $$ for a certain scalaru(φ, λ). Whenp(φ, λ,t) is the pressure perturbation at sea level, it was shown, in the preceding paper, that the equation $$\partial p/\partial t = - M[\overrightarrow H _{\sigma \cdot } \nabla p]$$ can also be derived from our hydrodynamical perturbation theory. We now show that for this particular case, the same equation is also a consequence of the equation of continuity together with the condition of quasi statical vertical equilibrium. The following problems are then analysed by means of the basic formula: 1o deepening and filling in general; 2o deepening and filling of the centres and cols; 3o motion of the centres and cols; 4o instability of a mean field; 5o spatial properties of the analytical fields and advection vectors $$\overrightarrow H _\sigma $$ . The errors in the forecast of a field,p(φ, λ,t) by means of the basic formula, due to the observational and computational errors, are discussed, and some peculiarities of the transfer or advection of a fieldf 0(φ, λ) by $$\overrightarrow H _\sigma $$ are examined. Finally, complementary points are disclosed on the structure of the electronic computer «Temp» which performs automatically the mathematical operations of the basic formula, and a brief report is given of the present state of its construction.
    Notes: Résumé La formule de base, traduisant une propriété analytique d'une classe très générale de fonctions, est un corollaire du théorème fondamental démontré dans un mémoire précédent, d'après lequel, étant donnés une fonction continue,p(φ, λ,t) des points (φ, λ) d'une surface régulière fermée σ et du temps et le champ $$\overrightarrow H _\sigma (\varphi ,\lambda )$$ d'un vecteur vitesse de transfert ou d'advection tangent à σ et ayant des lignes de flux fermées et régulières, il existe un opérateur spatial, linéaire, non singulierA tel que la fonctionA(p+Const.) soit purement advective par rapport a $$\overrightarrow H _\sigma $$ (sans creusement ni comblement). Ce théorème peut être exprimé par l'équation $$\partial p/\partial t = - \mathfrak{M}[\overrightarrow H _{\sigma \cdot } \nabla p]$$ , où $$\mathfrak{M}$$ est un opérateur spatial, linéaire et non singulier, fonction deA. La détermination de $$\mathfrak{M}$$ peut être faite, soit en comparant deux formes différentes de la solution générale de l'équation en $$\mathfrak{M}$$ , soit en utilisant un raisonnement a priori très simple. On arrive ainsi au résultat $$\mathfrak{M} = M avec M = u^{ - 1} \int_0^u {d\xi } $$ pour un certain scalaireu(φ, λ). Dans le cas oùp(φ, λ,t) est la perturbation de la pression sur la surface du géoïde l'équation $$\partial p/\partial t = - M[\overrightarrow H _{\sigma \cdot } \nabla p]$$ résulte aussi, comme nous l'avons montré dans le mémoire précédent, de notre théorie hydrodynamique des perturbations. On montre ici que la même équation peut encore être déduite de l'équation de continuité associée à la condition d'équilibre quasi statique selon la verticale. Comme applications de la formule de base (solution générale de l'équation enM), on étudie les problèmes suivants: 1o creusement et comblement en général; 2o creusement et comblement des centres et des cols; 3o mouvement des centres et des cols; 4o instabilité d'un champ moyen; 5o propriétés spatiales des champsp(φ, λ,t) et des vecteurs d'advection $$\overrightarrow H _\sigma (\varphi ,\lambda )$$ analytiques. Après une discussion des erreurs de la prévision d'un champp(φ, λ,t) par la formule de base, du fait des erreurs des observations et du fonctionnement du calculateur, on examine quelques particularités du transfert ou advection d'un champf 0(φ, λ) par le vecteur $$\overrightarrow H _\sigma (\varphi ,\lambda )$$ . Enfin, le dernier chapitre du mémoire donne des éclaircissements complémentaires sur la structure du calculateur électronique «Temp» (qui effectue automatiquement les opérations mathématiques de la formule de base) et expose l'état actuel de sa construction.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 216-219 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 109-148 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The origin of reversed magnetism in igneous-rocks is discussed. Results of measurements on various sorts of basalt and sediments from the Rhönmountains are presented. A method is given for measuring the Vertical-Gradient of the geomagnetic field.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Entstehung der anomalen Magnetisierung in Gesteinen wird diskutiert an Hand von Messergebnissen an verschiedenen Basaltarten und Tongesteinen des Rhöngebirges. Die Annahme einer Aenderung des geomagnetischen Feldes erweist sich mit grosser Wahrscheinlichkeit als am besten begründet. Es wird eine Methode zur Messung des geomagnetischen Vertikalgradienten angegeben und zur Tiefenbestimmung von Störkörpern verwendet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 149-158 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this article some geoelectrical problems of soil consolidation are discussed. The principal part of the electrical power is effective only near the electrodes. The resistance in this zone rises quickly during the course of time. After a «critical time» it becomes so high that no further consolidation of soil can be achieved. This time depends on the number, form and configuration of the electrodes. Rollings and plates are preferable to sticks. The voltage of electrodes has to be adapted to the specific resistivity of soil. The content of water of the soil can be reduced by electric means only if it surmounts a certain lowest value. By this geoelectrical consolidation the moisture-density relationship (Proctor-diagram) is deformed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Eine Verfestigung über die «kritische Zeit» hinaus ist unwirtschaftlich. Daher sollten Elektroden verwendet werden, bei deren Anwendung die kritische Zeit sehr gross ist, oder die leicht verlegt werden können, wenn die kritische Zeit abgelaufen ist. Bei Stabelektroden geschieht dies durch Umstecken. Man kann aber auch Rollenelektroden verwenden, die über das zu verfestigende Volumen hinwegrollen. Dies ist allerdings nur dann zulässig, wenn nur eine ziemlich schwache Oberflächenschichte zu verfestigen ist. — 2. Um die günstigste Verfestigungsleistung zu erreichen, muss die Elektrodenspannung und der Elektrodenstrom den bodenphysikalischen Bestimmungsstücken richtig angepasst werden. — 3. Die geoelektrische Entwässerung ist nur dann anwendbar, wenn der Boden einen Mindestwassergehalt hat. Dieser ist durch die Kornverteilungskurve bestimmt. — 4. Durch die geoelektrische Behandlung des Bodens wird das Verhältnis zwischen Raumgewicht und Wassergehalt verändert und daher die Verfestigungskurve verformt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 190-198 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Supposing the Earth sorrounded by a veil of an incompressible perfect fluid rotationally moved by a point shaped double vortex, the Author calculates the total kinetic energy of the system as a function of the Eulerian angles θ, ϕ, ψ which expres the Earth motion referred to an inertial tern, and of the angles θ0, ψ0 for the vortex motion referred to the Earth. He determines the above said angles as temporal functions by means of the equations of Lagrange. It results that the vortex motion is determined by θ0= const., $$\dot \psi _0 = const.$$ and that its influence on the rate of rotation of the Earth is negligeable.
    Notes: Riassunto Si suppone la Terra avvolta da un velo di un fluido perfetto incomprimibile messo in rotazione da un vortice doppio puntiforme. Si calcola l'energia cinetica totale della Terra e del fluido in funzione degli angoli di Eulero θ, ϕ, ψ, che esprimono il moto della Terra rispetto a una terna inerziale, e degli angoli θ0, ψ0 esprimenti il moto del vortice rispetto alla Terra. Si determinano i predetti angoli in funzione del tempo mediante le equazioni di Lagrange; risulta che il moto del vortice è caratterizzato da θ0= const., $$\dot \psi _0 = const.$$ e che la sua influenza sulla polodia è trascurabile.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 171-189 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The deepening and filling (development) of a functionp(ϕ, λ,t) of the timet and the points (ϕ, λ) of a regular closed surface σ is first of all defined, in respect to a given advection or transfer velocity field $$\vec H_\sigma (\varphi ,\lambda )$$ tangent to σ, as the variation ofp on any fictitious particle moving constantly and everywhere with the velocity $$\vec H_\sigma $$ . For a givenp(ϕ, λ,t) and to any $$\vec H_\sigma $$ there corresponds a well defined development fieldC (ϕ, λ,t). All theseC fields are a priori admissible, but a very general analytical condition of the perturbation fields in synoptic meteorology (the integral of the development fieldC (ϕ, λ,t) on any geopotential surface vanishes at any moment), leads to an important restriction to advection vectors of the form: $$\vec H_\sigma = (R/2\Omega )\gamma ^{ - 1} (\varphi )k_z x \nabla _\sigma T_\sigma $$ , whereT σ is any regular scalar, γ(ϕ) any regular function of latitude, $$\vec k_z $$ the unit vector of the ascending verticals andR/2Ω a constant. These $$\vec H_\sigma $$ vectors are a natural generalisation of the geostrophic velocities attached to any regular scalar. Whenp(ϕ, λ,t) is the pressure perturbation at sea level, its development must be defined in respect to a geostrophic advection vector belonging to the above defined class of $$\vec H_\sigma $$ vectors with γ(ϕ)=sinϕ andT σ a well defined mean temperature field. A general formula of the differential geometry and kinematics ofp(ϕ, λ,t) is then derived, giving the velocity of any centre and col of ap(ϕ, λ,t) as a function of the advection vector $$\vec H_\sigma $$ and the corresponding development fieldC (ϕ, λ,t). This formula can be transformed and takes the form of a general relation between the deepening (and filling) of a centre (or a col) of ap(ϕ, λ,t) and its displament velocity, the advection vector $$\vec H_\sigma $$ appearing no more explicitly. A detailed analysis of the consequences of these formulae is then given for the following cases: 1o) circular perturbations in the vicinity of a centre; 2o) perturbations having, in the vicinity of a centre, an axis of symmetry normal or tangent to the velocity of the centre; 3o) normal evolution of the tropical cyclones. Finally, the relations between the developmentC (ϕ, λ,t) of a fieldp(ϕ, λ,t), the advection velocity vector $$\vec H_\sigma $$ and the configuration of the iso-lines in the vicinity of a centre are analysed. These theoretical results give a rational explanation of several well known properties of the behaviour of the perturbations in different geographical regions.
    Notes: Résumé On commence par définir le creusement et le comblement d'une fonctionp(ϕ, λt) du tempst et des points (ϕ, λ) d'une surface régulière fermée σ en se donnant, sur cette surface, un vecteur vitesse d'advection ou de transfert $$\vec H_\sigma (\varphi ,\lambda )$$ tangent à σ. Le creusement (ou le comblement) est la variation dep sur les particules fictives se déplaçant constamment et partout à la vitesse $$\vec H_\sigma $$ , A chaque vecteur $$\vec H_\sigma (\varphi ,\lambda )$$ et pour un mêmep(ϕ, λ,t) correspond naturellement une fonction creusementC (ϕ, λ,t) admissible a priori; mais une condition analytique très générale (l'intégrale du creusement sur toute la surface fermée du champ est nulle à chaque instant), à laquelle satisfont les fonctions de perturbation sur les surfaces géopotentielles, permet de restreindre beaucoup la généralité des vecteurs d'advection admissibles a priori et conduit à des vecteurs de la forme: $$\vec H_\sigma = (R/2\Omega )\gamma ^{ - 1} (\varphi )k_z x \nabla _\sigma T_\sigma $$ , oùT σ est un scalaire régulier, γ(ϕ) une fonction régulière de la latitude ϕ, $$\vec k_z $$ le vecteur unitaire des verticales ascendantes etR/2Ω une constante. Ces vecteurs sont donc une généralisation naturelle des vitesses géostrophiques attachées à tout scalaire régulier. Dans le cas oùp(ϕ, λ,t) est la perturbation de la pression sur la surface du géoïde, le vecteur d'advection par rapport auquel on doit définir le creusement est précisément une vitesse géostrophique: on a alors γ(ϕ)=sinϕ etT σ un certain champ bien défini de température moyenne. On déduit ensuite une formule générale de géométrie et de cinématique différentielles reliant la vitesse de déplacement d'un centre ou d'un col d'un champp(ϕ, λ,t) à son champ de creusementC (ϕ, λ,t) et au vecteur d'advection $$\vec H_\sigma (\varphi ,\lambda )$$ correspondant. Cette formule peut être transformée et prend la forme d'une relation générale entre le creusement (ou le comblement) d'un centre ou d'un col et la vitesse de son déplacement, sans que le vecteur d'advection $$\vec H_\sigma (\varphi ,\lambda )$$ intervienne explicitement. On analyse alors les conséquences de ces formules dans les cas suivants: 1o) perturbations circulaires dans le voisinage du centre; 2o) perturbations ayant, dans le voisinage du centre, un axe de symétrie normal ou tangent à la vitesse du centre; 3o) évolution normale des cyclones tropicaux. Finalement, on examine les relations qui existent entre le creusement ou le comblement d'un champ, le vecteur d'advection et la configuration des iso-lignes du champ dans le voisinage d'un centre. Ces considérations permettent d'expliquer plusieurs propriétés bien connues du comportement des perturbations dans différentes régions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 199-207 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary When starting from the knowledge that at finite temperatures only by elastic impact forces of water-vapour-molecules in the free atmosphere a condensation cannot take place, those intermolecular forces are discussed which according to the to-day-knowledge must be taken for the final component parts for the formation or increase of condensation nuclei. — The nuclei are subdivided according to the physico-chemical nature of the substances, respectively according to the persistance of the nuclei by which the formation of the nuclei is caused into duration-, initial- and mixed nuclei. The mixed nuclei result from the coagulation of the two other kinds in the couise of which the initial nuclei supply the chief water quantity. On account of the predominance of the mixed nuclei the initial nuclei can be seized pratically seldom by optical methods or conimetre, so that the study of them must be carried out by chemical comparison methods. — It must be pointed to the fact that the chemical nuclei substances in the high mountains are in quality the same as in the air over the plain, but that a remarkable displacement in quantity of the chemical components of nuclei takes place with increasing height. Consequently the aerosol in the high-mountains is not a rarefied aerosol of the plains, but a composition of nuclei with a chemical different character.
    Abstract: Résumé La condensation ne peut se produire, dans l'atmosphère libre et aux températures finies, par le seul choc élastique des molécules de vapeur d'eau. Il est ainsi nécessaire d'admettre, selon les données actuelles, des forces intermoléculaires agissant comme facteurs déterminants dans la formation et la croissance des noyaux de condensation. Ces noyaux se répartissent en trois catégories: noyaux permanents, initiaux et mixtes. Cette répartition est basée sur la nature physico-chimique des substancs dont se composent les noyaux ou selon la stabilité de ces derniers. Les noyaux mixtes naissent de la coagulation d'unités des deux autres catégopries. Les noyaux initiaux apportent à la nouvelle composition la plus grande partie de l'eau. Comme les noyaux mixtes dominent, il est rare dans la pratique de pouvoir déterminer les noyaux initiaux par voie optique ou conimétrique. On devra donc les étudier par le moyen de recherches comparatives. L'auteur remarque que les substances chimiques dont sont composés les noyaux sont qualitativement les mêmes en haute montagne qu'en plaine. Un décalage quantitatif de ces composants chimiques intervient cependant en fonction de l'altitude. On ne rencontre par conséquent pas en montagne un aérosol de plaine diffus, mais au contraire un mélange de noyaux ayant une composition chimique différente.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Erkenntnis, dass bei endlicher Temperatur allein durch elastischen Zusammenstoss von Wasserdampfmolekülen in der freien Atmosphäre keine Kondensation stattfinden kann, werden diejenigen zwischenmolekularen Kräfte besprochen, die nach der heutigen Kenntnis als die entscheidenden Faktoren für die Entstehung oder das Wachstum von Kondensationskernen angeommen werden müssen. — Die Kerne werden nach der physikochemischen Natur der die Kernbildung verursachenden Substanzen bzw. nach der Kernbeständigkeit in Dauer-, Initial- und Mischkerne unterteilt. Die Mischkerne entstehen durch Koagulation der beiden anderen Arten, wobei die Initialkerne die Hauptwassermenge zuführen. Infolge des Dominierens der Mischkerne können die Initialkerne mit optischen Verfahren oder Konimeter praktisch nur selten erfasst werden, sodass ihi Studium vermittels chemischer Vergleichsuntersuchungen durchgeführt werden muss. — Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die chemischen Kernstoffe im Hochgebirge qualitativ die gleichen sind wie in der Luft über den Ebenen, dass aber eine wesentliche quantitative Verschiebung der chemischen Kernbildner mit zunehmender Höhe eintritt. Das Aerosol im Hochgebirge ist infolgedessen kein «verdünntes» Aerosol der Niederungen, sondern eine Kernmischung mit einem chemisch andersartigen Charakter.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 35-84 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In Chapter I the outlines of the problem of the interpretation in geophysics are given, followed by an example of the linear interpretation: seismic mirror. The author differentiates between the algebric interpretation and the statistical one. Examples of application of the method of the least squares are mentioned too. Chapter II contains the classification of the problems of the interpretation in geophysics: the author points out that there arefour fundamental problems. Thefirst one consists in choosing the hypothetical geologic structure and in describing it in mathematical forms having various parameters. Thesecond problem is the determination of the numerical values of these parameters. Usually an engineer looks for the most probable numerical values; but these values are not the only possible ones. Therefore thethird problem consists in determining the likelihood of all possible values. This is to determine the likelihood of this or other geological structures entering in the outlines of the assumed hypothesis. Thefourth and last problem is the determination of the likelihood of the hypothesis itself. In Chapter III the author investigates the certitude of the geophysical calculations, he indicates that it is necessary to accept some limitations for the variations of the parameters; the likelihood can correspond only to a group of these variations. He gives a detailed scheme for the numerical computation of the likelihood of the assumed geological structure. Chapter IV contains the application of the general theory to the determination of a fault from the gravimetric observations. This more complicated computation completes the simple examples from the seismic survey given in the preceding chapters.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 105-109 
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    Notes: Summary A brief argument is put forward to support the suggestion that dykes such as the members of the Pilandsberg and Tholeiite systems acquire their remanent magnetism in a period of the order of 1 to 10 years. This means that such dykes will cool from, say 550°C to 450°C in that time period.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 156-158 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durchgeführt wurde eine Untersuchung über den maximalen Energiebetrag, der bei einer sprunghaften ionosphärischen Störung bis auf eine Tiefe von 80 km herab durch die Atmosphäre absorbiert werden dürfte Wenn man annimmt, dass die Ionisation durch die Lymansche α-Strahlung von der Sonne her bewirkt wird und dass der ganze vorhandene Sauerstoff ionisiert wird, dann ist die von der sonnenbestrahlten Hemisphäre absorbierte Energie 5.65·1027 ergs.
    Notes: Summary A study was made of the maximum amount of energy which might be absorbed by the atmosphere down to 80 km during a sudden ionospheric disturbance. Assuming that the ionization is caused by Lyman α radiation from the sun, and that all oxygen present is ionized, the energy absorbed by the sunlit hemisphere is 5.65·1027 ergs.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 190-200 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From the Macelwane-Microbarographs of cold fronts recorded in Ottawa and Florissant results have been obtained that are in well agreement with those found by the Author in Venice with an Alfani-Microbarograph at the passage of similar fronts.
    Notes: Riassunto Si dimostra che i risultati ottenuti col microbarografo Macelwane, in occasione di parecchi passaggi del fronte freddo ad Ottawa ed a Florissant, concordano con quelli desunti dalle registrazioni raccolte col microbarografo Alfani durante il passaggio di analoghi fronti a Venezia.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 27 (1954), S. 201-215 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die mittlere monatliche und jährliche Verteilung der Oberflächentemperatur des Ligurischen und Tyrrhenischen Meere mitgeteilt aufgrund von Messungen, die von 1906–14 und 1920–39 von deutschen Handelsschiffen gesammelt wurden. Die Analyse der Karten der mittleren Isothermen erlaubt auch, verschiedene Schlüsse über das Regime der Ströme, im besonderen über die Charakteristiken der Küstenströmung und der Kompensationsströmung im Kanal von Korsika zu zieben.
    Abstract: Summary In the following paper the average monthly and annual repartition of the water temperature on the surface of the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas and adjoining waters is illustrated with the help of measurements which had been taken by German trading vessels from 1906 till 1914 and from 1920 till 1939. The analysis of the charts of mean isotherms allows various conclusions to be drawn about the characteristics of the coastal stream and also of the compensation stream in the Channel of Corsica.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene illustrata la distribuzione media, annuale e mensile della temperatura dell'acqua marina in superficie nei Mari Ligure e Tirreno e loro adiacenze, mediante le osservazioni raccolte da mercantili germanici negli anni 1906–14; 1920–39. L'annalisi delle cartine delle isoterme medie consente anche di trarre varie deduzioni sul regime delle correnti, in particolare sulle caratteristiche della corrente costiera e della corrente di compensazione nel Canale di Corsica.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 66-74 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The notations of the different phases of an earthquake published in the seismic bulletins will certainly not be so reliable as the results from a monographic study of a single earthquake. Nevertheless one should suppose, that it is possible, to use these dates of the bulletins as a statistic collective. To test this opinion all the differencesPb-Pn of some european stations were plotted as a function of the epicentre distance of the seism and as a function of the differenceSg-Pg. This latter difference was supposed to be more reliable than that ofPb-Pn. In this diagram a very wide scattering of the dots (Pb-Pn againstSg-Pg) resultet, which is so suspicious, that one is obliged to suppose, that oftenPb had been interpreted instead ofPg and viceversa. It is striking, that the differencePg-Pn plotted as well againstSg-Pg is smaller, when there is no date ofPb but whenPb is published besidesPg. Parts of hodographs according to the dates of the bulletins strengthen the impression, that different and not corresponding indents have been interpreted to representPb. Therefore detailed inquirations are required, to check the detailedPb dates as published in the bulletins.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die in den «Bulletins» der Erdbebenstationen angegebenen Einsatzbezeichnung en haben zweifellos nicht die Sicherheit wie die aus einer monographischen Bearbeitung eines Bebens gewonnenen Ergebnisse. Doch sollte man annehmen, daß die Verwertung der Bulletin-Angaben als statistisches Kollektiv möglich ist. Um dies an denPb-Einsätzen zu prüfen, wurden vor allen die DifferenzenPb-Pn einer Reihe europäischer Stationen als Funktion der Epizentralentfernung der Beben und als Funktion der ZeitdifferenzSg-Pg dargestellt. Der Auswertung der EinsätzePg undSg wurde dabei von vornherein eine größere Sicherheit zugeschrieben als derjenigen derPb-Einsätze. Es ergab sich in dieser Darstellung eine sehr starke Streuung der DifferenzenPb-Pn als Funktion vonSg-Pg, die so weit geht, daß man annehmen muß, daß vielfachPg-Einsätze alsPb gedeutet wurden und umgekehrt. Auffällig ist, daß die ebenfalls als Funktion vonSg-Pg dargestellte DifferenzPg-Pn beim Fehlen einer Angabe vonPb kleiner ist als bei gleichzeitig angegebenemPb undPg. Teile von Laufzeitkurven nach den Angaben der «Bulletins» verstärken den Eindruck, daß von den einzelnen Stationen verschiedene und nicht sich entsprechende Einsätze alsPb gedeutet wurden. Es wird deshalb die Forderung erhoben, diePb-Einsätze zum Studium von Einzeluntersuchungen zu machen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 37-46 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se expone el curso de las perturbaciones en la declinación magnética por los periodos de 11 años, anual y diario, principalmente mediante investigaciones estadisticas de la cantidad de promedios horarios perturbados en algunas estaciones árticas. La asimetria de las desviaciones hacia el este y oeste es una característica general de este fenómeno de perturbación. Algunas estaciones tienen probablemente fuertes influencias locales.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird der 11-Jahrenperiodischer, jahreszeitlicher und täglicher Verlauf der zeitlichen Störungen in der magnetischen Deklination, hauptsächlich durch statistische Untersuchungen der Anzahl der gestörten Stundenmittel, an einiger arktischen Stationen geschildert. Die Asymmetrie der Ost- und Westablenkungen ist eine allgemeine Besonderheit dieser Störungserscheinung. Einige Stationen haben vermutlich starke lokale Einflüsse.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 57-65 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'A. donne la solution d'un problème géomatrans, pour un terrain homogène, avec interstratification (plan conducteur) profonde. Il examine particulièrement le champ magnétique (matran), au but de donner des indications pour une nouvelle prospéction de surface géomatrans.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. risolve un problema di transitorio magnetico (Matrans). Un emittore rettilineo di lunghezza finita, percorso da corrente alternata a bassa frequenza, è posto sopra la superficie orizzontale d'un suolo. Il terreno è ovunque omogeneo e isotropo, meno che ad una determinata profondità, in cui esiste un'interstrato sottile conduttivo molto esteso, parallelo alla superficie del suolo. Unastep-function di corrente interessa ad un dato istante il bipolo. Si determina con ciò un campo elettromagnetico (c.e.m.) transitorio: (geoeltrans). Di questo c.e.m. trans l'A. esamina particolarmente il campo magnetico (matrans). Ne deduce una nuova prassi d'indagine e.m. (specie per prospezione di corpi buoni conduttori), analoga a quella d'indagine di campi e.m., regime a cui sono legati soprattutto i nomi diLevi-Civita eSundberg.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 1-10 
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    Notes: Summary Effects of low-velocity channels in the atmosphere, the ocean and the solid earth are discussed. There are two major low-velocity channels in the atmosphere, one with its axis at the tropopause, and another at a height of about 80 km. They produce “zones of silence” and permit the transmissions of waves involving the whole atmosphere. Low-velocity layers in the ocean result from the combined effects of temperature, pressure and salinity. In the earth, the sudden decrease of velocity at the boundary of the core produces a low-velocity at the boundary of the core produces a low-velocity channel for elastic waves. In the earth's crust there are two major low velocity shannels, one below theMohorovičić discontinuity, the other at a depth of about 15 Km. Misinterpretation of their effects has caused incorrect conclusions concerning the structure of the outer portion of the earth's mantle.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 106-114 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The resistance of gypsum disk units for soil moisture measurements is destined not only by the amount of water of gypsum, but also by temperature, quality of soil and individuality of the unit. The influence of temperature can be got and disconnected by simultaneous measuring of soil temperature. Quality of soil and individuality of the unit require calibration of each unit in the soil to be measured. Sources of error result from the applied procedure of calibration because the «natural» soil cannot be reproduced completely, and by premature corrosion of the electrods. Measurements by gypsum disk units supply useful amounts of soil moisture in natural unfertilized soils.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In zahlreichen Versuchen mit Gipsscheibenelektroden wird festgestellt, daß das Meßergebnis nicht nur vom Wassergehalt des Gipses, sondern auch von Temperatur, Bodenart und Individualität der Elektrode bestimmt wird. Von diesen Faktoren kann der Temperatureinfluß durch gleichzeitige Bodentemperaturmessung erfasst und ausgeschaltet werden. Bodenart und Individualität der Gipsscheibe erfordern Eichung einer jeden Elektrode in dem Boden, in welchem gemessen werden soll. Fehlerquellen ergeben sich durch das angegebene Eichverfahren, da sich der «natürliche» Boden nicht vollkommen reproduzieren läßt, sowie durch vorzeitige Korrosion der Elektrodengitter. Als Endergebnis wird festgestellt, daß Messungen mit Gipsscheibenelektroden im natürlichen ungedüngten Boden brauchbare Bodenfeuchtewerte ergeben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 71-83 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The relative amplitudeA of the earth tide is deduced from the ratio of the theoretical variations of gravity to the observed. The direct comparison of their hourly values allows the determination of this ratio, but this method neglects the eventual dephasing of the earth tide over the generating forces. The resulting (negative) error on the usual values ofA is about 11% (supposing a dephasing of 1 hour), if only extreme amplitudes are compared; it reaches 14% if the totality of the hourly values is taken into account. If the effect of the dephasing is slight at the hours when the tide has a great value, it is conceivable that it introduces a noticeable relative error on the hourly readings corresponding to a low value. The computation shows nevertheless that the total result is little improved by systematic elimination of the latter.
    Notes: Résumé L'amplitude relativeA de la marée de l'écorce se déduit du rapport entre les variations de pesanteur théorique et observée. La comparaison directe de leurs valeurs horaires permet de déterminer ce rapport, mais cette méthode néglige le déphasage éventuel de la marée de l'écorce par rapport aux forces génératrices. L'erreur (négative) qui en résulte sur les valeurs habituelles deA est d'environ 11% (en supposant un déphasage de 1 h), si l'on compare uniquement les amplitudes extrêmes; elle atteint 14% si l'on tient compte de l'ensemble des valeurs horaires. Si l'effet du déphasage se fait peu ressentir aux heures où la marée est importante, on conçoit qu'il introduise une erreur relative considérable sur les valeurs horaires correspondant à une marée faible. Le calcul montre cependant qu'on n'améliore guère lè résultat global en éliminant systématiquement ces dernières.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Utilizando todos los promedios anuales deF registrados por cada uno de los observatorios geomagnéticos instalados en el globo, se analizan, con el mayor detalle posible, las características presentadas, durante el periodo 1885–1951, por la evolución de la intensidad de la fuerza geomagnética. Teniendo en cuenta los errores que podría introducir la heterogeneidad que caracteriza e la distribución geográfica de los observatorios, se divide la superficie terrestre en ocho sectores idénticos. Para cada época han sido calculados los promedios de los gradientes anuales de la variación registrados en la totalidad de los observatorios instalados en cada sector y, promediando los valores obtenidos para los cuatro sectores correpondientes, se calculan las series de gradientes atribuibles a uno y otro hemisferios. Los promedios de los valores correspondientes a los dos hemisferios son considerados como representativos de la evolución atribuible al fenómeno en el conjunto del globo. Este método de análisis conduce a la conclusión de que nuestro planeta estuvo sometido a un proceso de reimanación en las épocas precedentes a 1895 y que, en esta época, se estableció un proceso de desimanación que fué neutralizado en 1915, permitiendo el establecimiento de un nuevo proceso de reimanación que ha persistido hasta la época 1941, desde la qual viene sometido nuestro planeta a otro proceso de desimanación. De estas oscilaciones se dedce la existencia de un periodo medio de 50 años para los ultimos ciclos de reimanación-desimanación. Utilizando las referencias obtenidas por los diversos investigadores que han aplicado el análisis armónico al estudio de la distribución general de la inanación terrestre, se establecen los gradientes de la variación experimentada por el valor medio del momento geomágnético entre las épocas 1885, 1922 y 1945, que son comparados con los revelados, para los mismos periodos, por las variaciones experimentadas por los promedios generales deF calculados en este trabajo. Finalmente se establecen los coeficientes representativos de la intensidad media anual de los procesos de reimanación y desimanación puestos de relieve en esta investigación.
    Notes: Summary Against what has been so far unanimously believed, our former investigations have proved that the neutralization of the process of dismagnetization which our planet has been going through had been fulfilled and that this process has been replaced by a process of re-magnetization; we could deduce also that the inversion of the sign in the medium gradients of the variation must have taken place in an epoch near 1930. But, both on account of the improper material used in that investigation and of the kind of analytic manipulations to which it was submitted it was impossible to achieve a detailed study of the characteristics that can be attributed to the evolution experienced by the intensity of the earth's magnetization. In this research we used all the yearly averages of the whole geomagnetic forceF, recorded by all the geomagnetic observatories that exist in the world; these figures have made it possible to establish the corresponding yearly gradients of the variation referring to the 1st January every year. In order to eliminate as far as possible the errors due to the lack of homogeneity in the geographic distribution of the observatories throughout the earth, we have divided its surface into eight equal sectors; by working out the average of all the gradients recorded in each epoch by all the observatories established in each sector we have obtained the medium gradients which we consider representatives of the evolution experienced byF in its corresponding sector. Working out the average of the gradients corresponding to each of the four sectors in which each hemisphere had been divided, we established the series of gradients of each hemisphere; finally, the averages of the latter can be considered as representative of the evolution experienced by the geomagnetic intensity during the period 1885.0-1950.0. Besides having made it possible for us to establish numerous considerations on the individual characteristics displayed by the secular variation in the eight sectors and in each hemisphere, this analytical method has enabled us to reveal that magnetic intensity of our planet has gone through the following variations: 1) Process of re-magnetization during the period 1885–1895. 2) Process of dismagnetization during the period 1895–1915. 3) Process of re-magnetization during the period 1915–1941. 4) Process of dismagnetization during the period 1941–1950. From these oscillations we infer an average period of 50 years for the last cycles of the remagnetization-dismagnetization wich makes it advisable to change the denomination (quite improper from now on) of secular variation given to this phenomenon when on account of lacking the necessary observations, essential to know its real duration it was that it lasted a long time.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit beschreibt einen neuartigen Instrumentensatz für Messungen von Strahlung verschiedener Art. Der komplete Satz ist zum leicht beweglichen Betrieb bestimmt und besteht aus drei Einheiten, nämlich (A) Photozelle und optischer Teil, (B) Verstärker, und (C) Galvanometer. Nach einer eingehenden Einführung zu den vorliegenden Problemen ist jede Einheit in einzelheiten beschrieben, und entsprechende Abbildungen sind ebenfalls beigefügt. Ein weiterer Abschnitt der Arbeit behandelt Halbstandardgeräte, die für das beschriebene und ähnliche Instrumente Verwendung finden können, um kontrollierbare Messungen zu jeder Zeit zu erhalten. Abschließend werden mehrere Anwendungsmöglichkeiten erwähnt.
    Notes: Summary The paper describes a new instrument combination for the measurement of various kinds of radiation. The complete set-up is for mobile use and consists of three units, namely: (A) Phototube and Optical part, (B) Amplifier, and (C) Galvanometer. After a comprehensive introduction to the problems involved, each unit is described in detail and appropriate figures are also included. Another section of the paper covers semi-standard adaptors, useful for this instrument and similar ones, in order to allow controllable readings at all times. Finally, various applications are mentioned.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 178-191 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On recordings of nuclei-countings (accordingVerzár) over a period of one and a half year et Basle the yearly and daily variations of the number of nuclei are discussed. The influence of wind direction and wind velocity on the number of nuclei are studied. A weekly periodicity of nuclei numbers is shown and the abundance of nuclei in different air masses is studied. Finally the results of simultaneous recordings in the center and at the border of the city are communicated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand von eineinhalbjährigen Registrierungen der Kernzahlen (nachVerzár) in Basel wird der Jahresgang und Tagesgang der Kernzahlen besprochen. Die Abhängigkeit von der Windrichtung und Windgeschwindigkeit wird eingehend untersucht. Es wird ein Wochenrythmus der Kernzahlen nachgewiesen und die Häufigkeit der Kerne bei verschiedernartigen Luftmassen untersucht. Anschliessend wird über gleichzeitige Registrierungen im Stadtinnern und am Stadtrand kurzberichtet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 192-200 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1) With the automatic Condensation Nucleus Counter the number of atmospheric condensation nuclei was recorded during 12 months in the years 1952, 1953 and 1954. 2) The daily variation in middle values per month, the daily variation on sunny and cloudy days, and the daily variation at different wind directions are described. 3) The records in two different places in Basel and in St. Moritz are compared.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1)Mit dem automatischen Kondensationskernzähler sind Messungen in St. Moritz in den Jahren 1953–1954, während insgesamt 12 Monaten, durchgeführt worden. 2) Es wird der Tagesgang der Stundenmittel der Kernzahlen pro Monat, ferner dasselbe an trüben und sonnigen Tagen und an Tagen mit verschiedener Windrichtung untersucht. 3) Der Verlauf der Kernzahlkurve in 2 verschiedenen Stationen in Basel und in einer Station in St. Moritz wird verglichen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 28 (1954), S. 292-300 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From March to Oct. 1953, the atmospheric long wave radiation has been recorded in Frankfurt during day and night time. For evaluating the records, no instantaneous values were taken, but the hourly sums, so that the relations found can more generally be used for computations. The atmospheric long wave radiation is almoust twice as strong as the short wave radiation from sun and sky on a horizontal plane. The mean measured values of the atmospheric long wave radiation coincide well with theFeussners formula. However, the deviations of the single values are very large. Confirming the results of other authors, it has been found that the atmospheric long wave radiation increases with the second power of the cloudiness, only with low clouds in daytime the increase is approximatly linear. Negative values of the effektive radiation occurs more frequently than expected uptil to day, but only in the time before noon. So with a dense low cloud cover the flow of heat after sunrise is directed downward. The atmospheric long wave radiation may satisfactorily be computed, ifFeussners formula, mean values of temperature, vapour pressure, cloudiness, and the mentioned cloudiness relation are taken.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über Registrierungen der langwelligen Gegenstrahlung berichtet, die von März bis Oktober 1953 tags und nachts in Frankfurt durchgeführt wurden. Bei der Bearbeitung des Materials wurden erstmalig die gemessenen stündlichen Summenwerte und keine Einzelwerte zugrundegelegt, wodurch die hier gefundenen Beziehungen für Berechnungen der Gegenstrahlung grössere Allgemeingültigkeit haben. Die langwellige Strahlung ist fast doppelt so gross wie die kurzwellige Sonnen- und Himmelsstrahlung auf die Horizontalfläche. Die gemessenen Werte der Gegenstrahlung stimmen im grossen Mittel mit den nach derFeussner-schen Formel berechneten gut überein, doch sind die einzelnen Abweichungen davon sehr gross. Wie schon von anderen Autoren wurde auch hier festgestellt, dass die Gegenstrahlung mit zunehmender Bewölkung quadratisch zunimmt, allein bei tiefer Bewölkung ist tagsüber ein annähernd linearer Zusammenhang vorhanden. Negative Effektivstrahlung ist weit häufiger, als bisher angenommen, jedoch kommt sie fast nur in den Vormittagsstunden vor. Bei dichter niedriger Bewölkung ist der Wärmestrom nach Sonnenaufgang daher von oben nach unten gerichtet. Die Gegenstrahlung lässt sich hinreichend gut berechnen, wenn man dieFeussnersche Formel, Mittelwerte der Temperatur, des Dampfdruckes, der Bewölkungsstärke und die hier gefundene Bewölkungs-Beziehung zugrundelegt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 11-21 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper a new direct method for calculating the wave velocityc(z) from the recorded travel-time-curves is developed. Further a comparison of the well-known average ofc(z) is made with the exact average. Finally a concrete example is given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 57-70 
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    Notes: Summary Some results are given of the thermo-magnetic behaviour of typical dolerites. It includes some work on the stability of their thermo-remanent magnetism and their variation in susceptibility, with temperature up to the Curie point, which was, also, determined for a number of samples.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 167-167 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 115-154 
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    Notes: Summary This paper describes instruments and evaluation methods of a radiation network established some time ago under the technical supervision of the author. The network is closely attached to a normal network of meteorological stations and instruments are operated by meteorological personnel. Observations at each station cover direct solar radiation, short wave sky radiation and outgoing radiation while continuous recordings of global radiation are also obtained. The instrument used for the latter purpose, theRobitzsch-actinograph, is the only orthodox and commonly known apparatus among the network equipment. All other instruments had to be developed with particular regard to simple operation. At the same time, their design aimed at measurement accuracies at least equal to those of radiation equipment utilized so far. Entirely new ways have also been created for the evaluation of results, in order to make measurements with secondary radiation equipment, as much as possible, independent of frequent calibrations by means of standard apparatus at the central observatory. This has been achieved by determining the appropriate constants of the instruments from their own series of observation. For this purpose, the writer's formula for global radiation, found twenty years ago and more recently confirmed theoretically, was available. It allows that radiation component at clear sky to be calculated as monthly mean values within a few percent. The formula enables the calibration factors of theRobitzsch-actinograph, known to be affected by both annual and diurnal variations, to be determined from hour to hour. Thus errors of all hourly mean values should not exceed ±5%. The validity of the method is proved by obvious agreement of calibration factors for the same month in different years. For actinometrical measurements, the paper describes a method whose application allows the solar constant to be determined from measurements of one season, or viceversa, as this quantity is known, calibration factors of the actinometer used may be found for the total radiation behind different filters. Corresponding methods for pyrgeometric measurements are also discussed in the paper. Beside the description of a new simple photographic recorder for global radiation at day and night a survey has been made of meteorological problems solvable by recordings of that radiation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 168-177 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The continuous recording during a year of condensation nuclei with the automatic counter ofVerzár at Payerne, situated in a typical agricultural country, shows the following results: 1) The number of nuclei reaches a first maximum in April and a second in October. 2) The diurnal variation of nuclei shows two high peaks at sunrise and at sunset. 3) Typical changes in nuclear content with airmass are founded but these relations depends highly from season.
    Abstract: Résumé La mesure des noyaux de condensation à Payerne pendant l'année 1953 avec le compteur automatique et enregistreur deF. Verzár a donné les résultats suivants: 1) Le nombre des noyaux de condensation est beaucoup plus grand pour les mois d'avril à octobre que pour le reste de l'année. Ceci est en contradiction avec les mesures faites à ce jour dans les villes. 2) Le nombre des noyaux de condensation subit un rythme journalier très prononcé avec des maxima après le lever et le coucher du soleil. 3) Le nombre des noyaux pour une masse d'air distincte varie avec la saison.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kondensationskernzählung in Payerne mit dem automatisch registrierenden Kernzähler vonF. Verzár ergab folgende Resultate: 1) Im Jahresverlauf weisen die Monate April bis Oktober bedeutend grössere Kernzahlen auf als die restlichen Monate, dies im Gegensatz zu städtischen Messungen. 2) Es besteht ein ausgesprochen deutlicher Tagesgang der Kernzahl mit Maxima nach Sonnenaufund Untergang. 3) Die Kernzahl der Luftmassen ist von der Jahreszeit abhängig.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 201-211 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The formation of ice germs down to −85°C was investigated with artificial supercooled nebula. At low temperatures the densities of ice particles are so high that they could only be determined by photographs of the ice clouds with suitable enlargements. The multiplication of the number of ice particles which, according to assertions from another side, should take place at −40°C and which was interpreted by homogeneous formation of germs, could not be ascertained. In most cases the density of particles increases considerably at −30° at the latest, and then remains practically constant between −40 and −65°C with an average of 174 ice particles per cm3. This transition which can directly be observed at the complete icing of the cloud of droplets, takes place — according to the weather conditions —between −40 and −50°C and must, therefore, also be caused by freezing nuclei. Extremely dense and constant nebula consisting of the finest ice particles with signs of homogeneous formation are only formed with an approximation to −70°C, which is in good agreement with earlier results of the author.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An künstlich erzeugten unterkühlten Nebeln wurde die Eiskeimbildung his −85°C untersucht. Bei tiefen Temperaturen treten so hohe Eisteilchendichten auf, daß sie erst an fotografischen Aufnahmen der Eiswolken bei geeigneter Vergrösserung bestimmt werden konnten. Die von anderer Seite bei −40°C behauptete und mit homogener Keimbildung gedeutete Vervielfachung der Eisteilchenzahl konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Meistens steigt die Teilchendichte spätestens bei −30°C stark an, bleibt dann aber zwischen −40°C und −65°C praktisch konstant bei im Mittel 174 Eisteilchen pro cm3. Dieser Uebergang, der an der vollständigen Vereisung der Tröpfchenwolke direkt zu erkennen ist, findet je nach Wetterlage zwischen −40 und −50°C statt und muß somit noch durch Gefrierkerne hervorgerufen sein. Erst bei Annäherung an −70°C bilden sich in Uebereinstimmung mit früheren Ergebnissen des Verf. ausserordentlich dichte und beständige Nebel aus feinsten Eisteilchen mit. Anzeichen von homogener Bildung.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 226-229 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 29 (1954), S. 230-233 
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    Geophysical prospecting 2 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
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    Notes: The efficient production of “Geophysical Prospecting” depends upon the co-operation of the individual authors and this paper serves as a guide for them. Some suggestions are also made on the presentation of papers at meetings in the hope of promoting successful discussions.
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    Notes: The dependence of the apparent resistivity on the distance between the potential electrodes is examined and a numerical method is described permitting quantitative calculations. Such a numerical relation is also established for the transformation of Wenner graphs into Schlumberger graphs.In addition it is shown, in which manner the jumps in observed Schlumberger curves, that result from changing the probe spacing, must be smoothed out.
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    Notes: The common notion, that the regional anomaly must be as regular as possible, can be translated into mathematical language by requiring that the regional anomaly shall be represented, over a not too large area, by a surface of the second or of the third degree. The residual anomaly is commonly defined by the requirement that its horizontal dimensions must be as small as possible. This implies that also its amplitude should be small. This requirement may be moulded into a mathematical form by stating that the square of the difference between the Bouguer anomaly and the regional anomaly, integrated over a certain area, must be a minimum. On these two definitions an analytic method is based for deriving the regional anomaly. Practical computation procedures are presented.
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    Notes: Exploration of the Catania region was carried out for over a year by means of electrical soundings. The thickness of the overburden (lava and alluvium) was thus computed and the contour map of the blue clays basement shows the existence of several buried channels where new wells were drilled, all of them successful.
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    Notes: A process is described whereby the interpretation of seismic reflection data is carried out by a preliminary two-dimensional plotting procedure followed by a three-dimensional migration. The concept of a surface of maximum convexity is introduced as an integral part of the process of migration. The procedures for deriving the necessary charts of curves are considered and a number of serviceable charts presented.
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    Notes: When a rather extensive network of short distance refraction profiles was shot the following two observations were made. Firstly, the wave velocity in the weathered layer showed a quite considerable fluctuation in horizontal direction, the extreme values being of the order of 300 and 700 m/sec. A practical result of this scattering of the velocities is that an uncertainty of about 10% is introduced in the computation of the weathering corrections. The second observation is that, in the majority of cases, the travel time curve does not pass through the origin. It could be ascertained that this observation was not caused by errors in the method of observation. A probable explanation of the phenomenon is found in a theory that has been developed by Gassmann, who derived the velocity distribution for a hexagonal packing of spherical solid bodies. According to this theory extremely low velocities would occur in the first few centimeters of the crust of the earth. Qualitatively, our observations are in agreement with the theory of Gassmann.
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    Notes: It has been shown in a paper by L. Y. Faust that the wave velocity in rock depends on the depth below the ground surface according to a specified equation. It follows that the attitude of the planes of equal velocity is influenced by the topographic relief. Under these conditions the problem arises of how to place the reference plane in such a manner, that the fluctuations of the planes of equal velocity, that result from the fluctuations in the topography, shall not affect the results of the depth computations. In the present paper an analytical solution of this problem is given.
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    Notes: In a previous paper by the first author a method has been presented for computing the first vertical derivative of the gravity field or of the magnetic field. In the present paper an analysis is given of the errors in the first vertical derivative that result when the latter is computed by the above method. Two sorts of errors are considered. Firstly, the error in the first vertical derivative that results from the errors in interpolating between isogam lines on the Bouguer anomaly map. Secondly, the error in the first vertical derivative that results from the approximations upon which the computation method is based. The conclusion is reached that both sorts of error are only of minor importance.
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    Notes: The luni-solar corrections are considered under the three following aspects:Quality of results: the application of tidal corrections to all stations is pointless as long as the operations do not substantially exceed two hours.Working conditions: it seems possible to increase the duration of programs without any loss of precision, but operating in such a way requires particular care.Behaviour of gravity meters: the introduction of tidal corrections allows to separate three kinds of instrumental drifts; a good knowledge of the mean operational drift enables to appreciate the quality of a given set of measurements.An example is given to show the possibility in some cases to detect small errors which are close to the limit of precision of the instrument.
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The geophysicists who attempted to evaluate elastic anisotropy of some bedded formations most often gave but little information about recording and interpretating the measurements.May be they did not lay enough stress on the fact that any determination of the anisotropy factor is a critical operation and that, to have some certainty. it must be made under good conditions and then discussed.Due to the very favourable conditions offered: undisturbed tectonics and topography, relatively regular series the Berriane district in Northern Sahara, is rather well suited to accurate measurements and to an anisotropy study down to 1,250 meters. Since measurements have been carried out in the wildcat drilled at Berriane by S. N. Repal, it seems interesting to communicate the results obtained and to discuss them according to the influence of high velocity layers.It can be noted that in the clay and sand series which have been investigated, anisotropy coefficient amounts to 1.09 or so.To conclude, it seems desirable that determinations made by numerous operators should allow a more accurate knowledge of the anisotropy factor in the main types of rocks.
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    Notes: The different equations of elasticity concerning the departure of the behaviour of rocks from perfect elasticity are discussed. The theory of elastic afterworking and its significance for the propagation of elastic waves is studied in detail. It is found that this theory does not explain the observations on seismic waves in exploration geophysics so well as the theory of viscoelasticity suggested by Ricker.
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    Notes: In the first part of the present paper we shall investigate the possibility of localising highly situated inclined faults with the aid of the vertical gradient and the second derivative in the direction of the vertical. Since these quantities have been computed from gravity values by means of formulae of approximation we shall have to study the question as to their applicability for possible quantitative interpretation. Particular caution should be exercised when making the usual comparison with theoretical test examples. For three effects have to be taken into account which result from the application of the formulae of approximation:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1) The extreme values appear more or less smoothed out2) Extremal abscissae are being displaced3) The results are influenced by the orientation of the grid which forms the basis of the calculation.For a practical instance it was possible to locate a well under troublesome circumstances. This well is situated on the downthrown side of an inclined fault, the depth of the upthrown side being known as a result of another well.We shall show in the second part of the present paper how small, deeply situated structures may be recognised in the diagrams of the vertical gradient and of the second derivative. In the case of two practical instances the effect of these structures is rendered unrecognisable in the isogam map in view of regional influences. The results according to the formulae of Baranov, Elkins and Rosenbach are contrasted with each other.
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    Notes: The aim of the present investigation is to examine the significance of the second derivative for the purpose of the prospective determination of the geological properties of the district of Offenburg, which are relatively wellknown as a result of both reflection seismic and bore profile findings.The calculation of the second derivative is carried out by means of three approximation formulae, which are compared with each other. In contrast to the isogam map the second derivative shows some additional characteristics, whose structural significance illuminates the comparison with the results of reflection seismics.A geological profile constructed on the basis of 6 wells completely confirms the geophysical findings.
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    Notes: The paper consists of an account of a resistivity investigation into an old river valley in Coal Measure strata. This valley denuded several of the upper coal seams leaving behind unconsolidated material and it was the purpose of the work to be described to investigate how far the extent and nature of this material could be determined by resistivity methods conducted at the surface.As such the survey fits into a wider programme of research instigated by the National Coal Board.The feature, which is quite well known geologically, was surveyed by conventional methods and the results obtained are discussed in relation to the above project.Thus, the investigations succeeded in tracing the approximate centre line of the feature and in yielding some information on the nature and order of thickness of the deposits. Limitations of the method and its future application are also discussed.
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    Notes: The writer classifies problems of geophysical interpretation. He distinguishes four fundamental problems and indicates the methods of solving them. Among these methods he refers to classical methods and methods based on the writer's theoretical work.The geophysical examples are developed, as well as the very simple numerical examples. Methods of enumeration are also referred to. The whole object is to show that the practical application of the geophysical methods suggested will not give prospectors any difficulty.
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    Notes: The results obtained from a number of seismic velocity well-logging surveys and adjacent refraction sections are compared. The velocities derived by these two methods for a certain layer are found to differ appreciably. This is shown by presenting the time-depth relations of the well-surveys and the time-d stance relations of the refraction sections at three locations, plotted on graphs with sloping depth- and distance axes.
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    Notes: The formulas derived by the author in a preliminary paper for taking into consideration refraction when dealing with the problem of a vertical plane are extended to the three-dimensional case. Vector analysis is extensively applied. Among others it is shown that in the general case the 3 horizontal twodimensional vectors, i.e.〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1) the gradient of the time of reflection2) the direction of true dip3) the vector from the shot point to the projection of the reflecting point, point into 3 different directions.
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    Geophysical journal international 6 (1954), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The energy in various model primitive Earth-Moon bodies containing a normal phase X and two high-pressure phases Y and Z has been examined. In each model, the first high-pressure phase Y has been taken to be in agreement with the data for the outer central core of Bullen's Earth Model B. On certain simplifying assumptions, it is then shown that disappearance of the phase Z from the primitive body would be accompanied by the release of sufficient energy to eject a body of the Moon's mass, provided that the radius of the region occupied by the phase Z was at least about 1500 km and that the density of Z is at least about 18 g/cm3. This result gives some quantitative support to Bullen's theory of the origin of the Moon, provided that his suggested mechanism of resonance could lead to sufficient distortion to take the primitive body over a potential barrier into the state in which the phase Z has disappeared.
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The times of P in six Japanese and five “European” earthquakes, selected because good determinations of epicentres are possible from stations within 30°, are studied. Revised tables for earthquakes in Europe and Japan are constructed. Evidence concerning differences of the times at distances over 30° is some what conflicting; if there are any they do not exceed 28, but a difference of the order of I part in 300 between the velocities under the eastern and western halves of Eurasia is possible.
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    Notes: Simultaneous measurements of the vertical component and two perpendicular horizontal components of gravity have been made in the I. C. I. Salt Mine at Winsford (Cheshire) over the period 1951 April 16 to 24. Apart from the gravitational tide the measurements show a well-developed influence of the variations in the maritime loading, especially in the horizontal components. A common drift in all components indicates the influence of meteorological pressure variations over a large area. Furthermore, diurnal variations of presumably meteorological origin have been observed. The “load tilt” has been determined. It is elliptical with an azimuth of N. 47° W. of the main axis and has an amplitude of 1.65 millisec per foot tide at Liverpool (5.5 millisec/m). The load influences in the vertical component are only 2.4 per cent of those in the horizontal direction and indicate the influence of more distant oceanic areas.
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The effect of winds is to vary the length of day by 0.7 milliseconds between February and August. The bodily tides result largely in a semiannual variation of 0.4 ms. The combined effect of winds and tides is not far out of line with astronomical measurements since 1950. The fluid core of the Earth hardly participates in these variations in angular velocity and there is a half-year slippage of 23 metres between core and mantle at the equator. Eventually the astronomical measurements may provide a basis for determining the Love number h.
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: An analysis of the natural magnetic polarization of the basalt flows of Mull shows that many are adversely magnetized but the mean direction of magnetization of each flow, based on observations of a number of specimens, is not always significant. For such flows measurements of the magnetic stability, response to heat treatment, etc., suggest that the original intensities have been modified by later events. Finally, the observed natural intensities could be acquired by cooling in a field similar in magnitude to that of the Earth's present field.
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    Notes: Free air and Bouguer anomalies are given for 22 stations on Malta. A density of 2.25 g/c. c. is used for the Bouguer reductions on the basis of density measurements on five samples. In the second part of the paper discussion is made of the best Potsdam values for No. 3 dock Malta and at Tunis airport. The adopted values are shown to be consistent, within the rather low accuracy of the connections, with values accepted in Sicily.
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    Notes: The magnetic properties of oriented rock samples from some Tertiary igneous intrusions in the Isle of Mull have been investigated. Analysis of the directions of natural residual magnetization, supported by some subsidiary experiments, shows that most of the natural magnetization could have been acquired by cooling in an ambient magnetic field. The analysis reveals two main directions of magnetization, one approximately in the direction of the present terrestrial field and the other in opposition to it. Various possible causes of the reversed magnetization are discussed and a suggestion is put forward that it may have been produced by reversals of the terrestrial field in the past.
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    Notes: The propagation of waves of Rayleigh type in a uniform semi-infinite elastic medium with two uniform surface layers is discussed. The waves are dispersive, and the wave velocity equation is obtained as a determinant of the tenth order.By making infinite the thickness of the surface sheet one can derive the velocity equation for waves in an internal stratum. By making the thickness of either sheet zero one can retrieve the known equation for the velocity of Rayleigh waves in a medium with a single surface layer. If the wave-length is very small the determinant reduces to the product of three determinants which, equated in turn to zero, are the velocity equations of very short Rayleigh waves at the free surface and of very short waves of Rayleigh type at the two interfaces.The results of a numerical solution of the wave equation and the application to the surface waves of earthquakes will be communicated in a later paper.
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    Notes: A split-beam radio-echo technique has been used to measure the heights of the reflecting points of meteor trails. The measured width of the distribution of heights has been used in conjunction with the theories previously developed by Kaiser to determine the atmospheric scale height. The observations of sporadic meteors have been divided into velocity groups and values of the scale height have been calculated for each. A value of the atmospheric pressure at the mean height of each group is calculated from the evaporation theory of meteors. For purposes of comparison these results are converted into atmospheric densities which are compared with those obtained from rocket flights and meteor photographs made in New Mexico and Massachusetts. The present results for scale heights and densities are in close agreement with those obtained in New Mexico. In view of this a latitude variation in the density profile, which has been suggested as an explanation of the difference between the New Mexico and Massachusetts results, now seems unlikely.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 4 (1954), S. 65-74 
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verteilung und Lagenkugelbesetzung eines inhomogenen Skapolith-Gefüges ohne Gesamtsymmetrie in einem Skapolith-Pyroxen-Granatfels, das aus homogenen, scharf geregelten Teilbereichen zusammengesetzt ist, werden beschrieben. Die Merkmale sprechen für einen „Nichttektonit”, die regelnden Vorgänge sind aber nicht verständlich (vielleicht Wachstum nach der Wegsamkeit). Abschließend wird ein Vergleich mit andern Skapolith-Gefügen durchgeführt und die Petrologie des Gesteins kurz besprochen.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 4 (1954), S. 138-144 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 4 (1954), S. 145-158 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 4 (1954), S. 125-137 
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    Notes: Inhaltsangabe Die Gebiete beiderseits des Silltalbruches wurden bei der Kartierung auf ihr tektonisches Gefüge hin untersucht. Der Quarzphyllit im Osten weist bei flacher Lagerung zwei prägende Verformungen nach den Plänen P 1 mit B=WNW und P 2 mit B=ENE auf. Das Altkristallin der Stubaier Alpen im Westen läßt Merkmale einer alten Schlingenbildung erkennen, die durch einzelne steile B-Achsen und wechselndes Streichen (mit flacheren Achsen) gegeben ist. P 1 und P 2 wirkten nur nachkristallin überprägend. Eine Achsenverteilungskarte und Gefügediagramme veranschaulichen den Gefügebau.
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    Mineralogy and petrology 4 (1954), S. 187-192 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 4 (1954), S. 203-215 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 5 (1954), S. 18-20 
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    Mineralogy and petrology 5 (1954), S. 1-17 
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